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Miralles C, Alonso Y, Verge B, Setó S, Gaviria AM, Moreno L, Cortés MJ, Gutiérrez-Zotes A, Vilella E, Martorell L. Personality dimensions of schizophrenia patients compared to control subjects by gender and the relationship with illness severity. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:151. [PMID: 24884428 PMCID: PMC4039307 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits and schizophrenia present gender differences; however, gender has not been considered in most studies on personality and schizophrenia. This study aims to identify the different personality dimensions of schizophrenia patients and healthy control subjects by gender and to explore the relationship between personality dimensions and illness severity variables by analyzing data for males and females separately. METHODS Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised dimensions were compared by gender between 161 schizophrenia patients and 214 healthy controls from a population-based sample using independent t-tests. We then investigated whether personality dimensions are related to illness severity variables using correlation analyses and bivariate logistic regression, also by gender. RESULTS The patients had significantly higher scores for harm avoidance (HA) and self-transcendence (ST) and lower scores for reward dependence (RD), cooperativeness (C), and self-directedness (SD) than the controls. Similar results were obtained when the sample was stratified by gender, however the differences were higher and more significant for HA among males and for RD among females. The number of admissions to a psychiatric hospital positively correlated with novelty seeking (NS) in males and negatively with SD in females. In males, SD and ST negatively correlated with the number of suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS Male and female patients present difficulties for regulating and adapting behavior to achieve goals (SD) and for identifying and accepting others (C), as well as a great sense of spirituality and universe identification (ST). However, male patients are more characterized by being fearful, doubtful and easily fatigued (HA), while female patients are characterized by presenting difficulties maintaining and pursuing associated reward behaviors (RD). Furthermore, male and female patients who are frequently admitted to psychiatric hospitals and male patients who attempt suicide should be evaluated regarding their personality dimensions. Future studies assessing the relationship between personality dimensions and the clinical features of schizophrenia should consider gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Miralles
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Yolanda Alonso
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Begoña Verge
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Sònia Setó
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Ana M Gaviria
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Lorena Moreno
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - María J Cortés
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Unitat de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Psiquiàtric Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, C/ SantLlorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Lu X, Katoh T, Chen Z, Nagata T, Kitamura T. Text messaging: are dependency and Excessive Use discretely different for Japanese university students? Psychiatry Res 2014; 216:255-62. [PMID: 24560613 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Text messaging may be excessive and young people may be dependent on it. We distributed the Self-perception of Text-message Dependency Scale (STDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) to 223 Japanese university students in a two-wave study, separated by a 5-month interval. The STDS yielded a three-factor structure. The STDS scores across the two measurement occasions were stable across time (except for the Relationship Maintenance subscale). A hierarchical cluster analysis suggested a three-class structure interpreted as Normal Users, Excessive Users, and Dependent Users. Excessive Users and Dependent Users were characterized by a young age at initial mobile phone use, more frequent use of text messaging, higher Novelty Seeking, and better Other-Model patterns of adult attachment. Unlike Excessive Users, Dependent Users were characterized by lower Self-directedness, poorer Self-Model of adult attachment, and higher anxiety and depression. The Excessive Users, but not the Dependent Users, were characterized by high Reward Dependence and Co-operativeness. The present study demonstrated that the STDS has a robust factor structure, good construct validity, and temporal stability (except for Relationship Maintenance subscale); students could be classified into normal, excessive, and Dependent Users of the text messaging; and Dependent Users were characterized by Excessive Use and personality immaturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Department of Clinical Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahiko Katoh
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Zi Chen
- Research Center of Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Toshiaki Nagata
- Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare, Tamana, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kitamura
- Kitamura Institute of Mental Health Tokyo, 101 Akasaka 8-13-5, Minato, Tokyo 107-0057, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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203
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Shek DTL, Yu L, Fu X. Confucian virtues and Chinese adolescent development: a conceptual review. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2014; 25:335-44. [PMID: 23612532 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2013-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that different Chinese communities have already undergone industrialization and urbanization, Confucian virtues are still regarded as developmental ideals in Chinese culture. Unfortunately, while Confucian virtues are commonly discussed under Chinese philosophies, they are rarely examined in the context of developmental research. In this paper, several key Confucian virtues are discussed, including loyalty ("zhong"), filial piety ("xiao"), benevolence ("ren"), affection ("ai"), trustworthiness ("xin"), righteousness ("yi"), harmony ("he"), peace ("ping"), propriety ("li"), wisdom ("zhi"), integrity ("lian") and shame ("chi"). These Chinese traditional virtues are also linked to the concepts of character strengths and positive youth development constructs highlighted in Western culture. It is argued that Confucian virtues provide an indigenous conceptual framework to understand character strengths and positive youth development in Chinese culture. Furthermore, when service leadership is considered in Chinese contexts, these virtues should be regarded as important cornerstones.
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Abstract
Rural and remote environments are challenging places in which to achieve health and well-being. In this woman-centered, grounded theory study, I explored the meaning of health and well-being as well as how it is achieved from the perspective of women living in remote inland parts of Australia. The study was based on semistructured interviews with 23 women living in geographically remote areas. The findings are presented as a model of the capacity to flourish. Flourishing describes an optimal achievable state of well-being, delineated by four interrelated dimensions of experience: control, connecting, belonging, and identity. I identify individual, contextual, and structural factors that enable and constrain the capacity to flourish. The findings suggest that approaches to understanding and promoting women's health in remote areas should be more holistic and contextual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desley Harvey
- 1Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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205
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Boden TW. The first shall be last: the essence of servant-leadership. J Med Pract Manage 2014; 29:378-379. [PMID: 25108987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to test whether personality variables are independently associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in lung cancer patients. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 86 non-small cell lung cancer patients and 73 healthy subjects matched for gender and age were assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory. In the patient group QOL was assessed with EORTC QLQ-C30. We used multiple linear regressions to determine whether personality dimensions predict HRQOL. Data on tumor stage, patient age, education and marital status were also collected. RESULTS Lung cancer patients differed from healthy controls in the temperament dimension of persistence and the character dimension of self-transcendence. The temperament dimension of harm avoidance and the character dimension of cooperativeness were significant predictors of QOL functional scales and global health status. CONCLUSIONS In lung cancer patients, the personality dimensions of harm avoidance and cooperativeness showed associations with most QOL dimensions. Personality factors are relevant for patients' QOL perception and should be included in cancer patients' QOL assessment.
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Wilson MB, Sedlacek WE, Lowery BL. An approach to using noncognitive variables in dental school admissions. J Dent Educ 2014; 78:567-574. [PMID: 24706686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dental school admissions committees continue to grapple with challenges associated with recruiting, admitting, and enrolling students who best meet the mission of the particular institution. For many students, particularly underrepresented minority students and those from non-traditional backgrounds, standardized tests such as the Dental Admission Test (DAT) are poor predictors of their potential for success. Noncognitive assessment methods can be used in conjunction with traditional cognitive measures in making admissions decisions. These methods have been employed by hundreds of higher education institutions, foundations, and scholarship programs, but are relatively new in dental education. This article describes a prevalent assessment model and discusses one dental school's implementation of the model, with the outcome of enrolling students from diverse backgrounds whose career goals parallel the mission of the school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B Wilson
- School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 107, Greenville, NC 27834;.
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209
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Salas-Prato M. PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF DR. HANS SELYE AND OF HIS INSTITUT DE MèDECINE ET DE CHIRURGIE EXPèRIMENTALES (IMCE). Ideggyogy Sz 2014; 67:81-86. [PMID: 26118245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article is a short personal recollection of Dr. Hans Selye (HS) and of his institute in order to show, first, why and how he influenced us; second, who he was as a person, human being, physician, scientist, professor, mentor; third, what was the structure and functioning of the Institut de Mèdecine et Chirurgie Expèrimentales (IMCE) and fourth, what HS' contributions and accomplishments were.
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210
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Somogyi A. SELYE'S CONCEPT OF PLURICAUSAL DISEASES AND ITS IMPACT ON REGULATORY SCIENCE. Ideggyogy Sz 2014; 67:87-90. [PMID: 26118246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Science assumed in recent decades an increasingly important role in the regulatory field. Regulatory science is now regarded as established specific brunch of science. A disturbing anomaly, the emergence of fraudulent data is of major concern both in the field of research and in the regulation. Hans Selye's work on stress, on several forms of pluricausal diseases and on other experimental models came into the focus of interest on the occasion of the Selye Symposium - 2013 held in May 2013 at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest.
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211
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Schellekens AFA, de Jong CAJ, Buitelaar JK, Verkes RJ. Co-morbid anxiety disorders predict early relapse after inpatient alcohol treatment. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:128-36. [PMID: 24630346 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders often co-occur. Yet, the effect of co-morbid anxiety disorders on the alcohol relapse-risk after treatment is under debate. This study investigated the effect of co-morbid anxiety disorders on relapse rates in alcohol dependence. We hypothesized that co-morbid anxiety disorders would be particularly predictive for early relapse, but not late relapse. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In a prospective design, male alcohol dependent patients (n=189) were recruited from an inpatient detoxification clinic. Psychiatric diagnoses and personality traits were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for psychiatric disorders and the Temperament and Character Inventory. The addiction severity index was used to assess addiction severity and follow-up. RESULTS One year after detoxification, 81 patients (53%) relapsed and nine patients (7%) were deceased, due to alcohol related causes. Co-morbid anxiety disorder, marital status, addiction severity, in particular legal problems, and harm avoidance predicted relapse. Anxiety disorders specifically predicted early relapse. CONCLUSION Alcohol dependence is a severe mental disorder, with high relapse rates and high mortality. Alcohol dependent patients with co-morbid anxiety disorders are particularly prone to relapse during the first three months of treatment. These patients may therefore require additional medical and psychological attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F A Schellekens
- Radboud Medical Centre Nijmegen, Department of Psychiatry, 966, PO Box 9101, Reinier Postlaan 10, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA).
| | - C A J de Jong
- Nijmegen Institute for Science Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA)
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Radboud Medical Centre Nijmegen, Department of Psychiatry, 966, PO Box 9101, Reinier Postlaan 10, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R J Verkes
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Medical Centre
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Abstract
Symptoms of persistent genital arousal are expected to negatively affect women's sexual and emotional well-being. However, not all women who experience persistent genital arousal complain about their genital condition. Against this background, this study aimed to evaluate psychological predictors of the distress associated with persistent genital arousal symptoms, as well as psychological moderators influencing the conditions under which persistent genital arousal causes distress. A total of 117 women reporting symptoms of persistent genital arousal answered to online questionnaires measuring personality traits, sexual beliefs, and dyadic adjustment. Women have also completed a checklist measuring the frequency/severity of persistent genital arousal symptoms and the distress/impairment caused by these symptoms. Results showed that neuroticism, (low) openness, sexual conservatism, and (low) dyadic adjustment significantly predicted distress associated with genital symptoms. Furthermore, sexual conservatism was found to moderate the relation between the symptoms' severity and the distress associated with those symptoms. Overall, sexual conservatism seems to be a key differentiator factor, influencing the psychological conditions under which women may report higher levels of distress caused by persistent genital arousal. Because such findings focus on the distress to genital arousal symptoms rather than on persistent genital arousal disorder as a clinical entity, the results under consideration may or may not characterize women formally assigned to the persistent genital arousal disorder label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Carvalho
- a Faculty of Psychology and Sciences of Education , Porto University , Porto , Portugal
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214
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Parolaa N, Boyer L, Simon N, Aghababian V, Lançon C. [Pathological gambling and addiction to cannabis: common psychosocial profile?]. Soins Psychiatr 2014:40-43. [PMID: 24741830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Addiction can involve substances (heroin, cannabis, cocaine) or be characterised by behaviour (pathological gambling, addiction to sport, etc.). The question is to establish whether or not there is a specific personality profile (character, temperament) and emotional functioning (anxiety, depression, alexithymia) in subjects presenting addictive behaviour with and without substance use. To find some answers, a team from Sainte-Marguerite General Hospital in Marseille carried out a study comparing a group of cannabis addicts and a group of pathological gamblers.
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215
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Kerr KL, Avery JA, Barcalow JC, Moseman SE, Bodurka J, Bellgowan PSF, Simmons WK. Trait impulsivity is related to ventral ACC and amygdala activity during primary reward anticipation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:36-42. [PMID: 24526181 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait impulsivity is characterized by behavioral disinhibition and rash decision-making that contribute to many maladaptive behaviors. Previous research demonstrates that trait impulsivity is related to the activity of brain regions underlying reward sensitivity and emotion regulation, but little is known about this relationship in the context of immediately available primary reward. This is unfortunate, as impulsivity in these contexts can lead to unhealthy behaviors, including poor food choices, dangerous drug use and risky sexual practices. In addition, little is known about the relationship between integration of reward and affective neurocircuitry, as measured by resting-state functional connectivity, and trait impulsivity in everyday life, as measured with a commonly used personality inventory. We therefore asked healthy adults to undergo a functional magnetic resonance imaging task in which they saw cues indicating the imminent oral administration of rewarding taste, as well as a resting-state scan. Trait impulsivity was associated with increased activation during anticipation of primary reward in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and amygdala. Additionally, resting-state functional connectivity between the ACC and the right amygdala was negatively correlated with trait impulsivity. These findings demonstrate that trait impulsivity is related not only to ACC-amygdala activation but also to how tightly coupled these regions are to one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Kerr
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Jason A Avery
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Joel C Barcalow
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Scott E Moseman
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Patrick S F Bellgowan
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - W Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136-3326, USA, Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA, Laureate Psychiatric Clinics and Hospital, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA, College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA, and Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
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Stiefelhagen P. [Progressive change in disposition is puzzling. Not a case for the psychiatrist]. MMW Fortschr Med 2014; 156:31. [PMID: 24934044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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217
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Curzer HJ. Patients who make terrible therapeutic choices. J Am Coll Dent 2014; 81:41-45. [PMID: 25951682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The traditional approaches to dental ethics include appeals to principles, duties (deontology), and consequences (utilitarianism). These approaches are often inadequate when faced with the case of a patient who refuses reasonable treatment and does not share the same ethical framework the dentist is using. An approach based on virtue ethics may be helpful in this and other cases. Virtue ethics is a tradition going back to Plato and Aristotle. It depends on forming a holistic character supporting general appropriate behavior. By correctly diagnosing the real issues at stake in a patient's inappropriate oral health choices and working to build effective habits, dentists can sometimes respond to ethical challenges that remain intractable given rule-based methods.
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218
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Witt A, Schmid M, Fegert JM, Plener PL, Goldbeck L. [Temperament and character-traits as protective factors among adolescents in juvenile residential facilities]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2014; 63:114-129. [PMID: 24693806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although adolescents in juvenile residential facilities are at high risk for mental disorders, not all of these adolescents develop psychiatric symptoms. The aim of our study was to define traits protecting these adolescents. A total of 314 adolescents of 20 juvenile residential facilities were examined using standardized assessment instruments (Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI)). Educators of the facilities filled out a sociodemographic questionnaire for each participant. Adolescents were divided into two groups (resilient vs. mental problems) by CBCL-Cut-off-Scores. Analyses were based on these two groups. Resilient youth differed from youth with psychiatric symptoms in temperament- and character-traits (e. g. self-directedness F = 28.4, p < .001, d = 0.64) with small to moderate effect sizes (d = 0.36 to 0.64). Resilient adolescents lived in larger facilities (U = 9080, p = .025). No associations were found between gender and resilience, as well as age at placement in the facility and duration of the stay in the facility and resilience. Significant differences in temperament- and character-traits between resilient adolescents and adolescents with mental problems were identified. Especially character-traits could be a basis for developing strategies for promoting mental health and further resilience factors, as social support.
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Davis KC, Stappenbeck CA, Norris J, George WH, Jacques-Tiura AJ, Schraufnagel TJ, Kajumulo KF. Young men's condom use resistance tactics: a latent profile analysis. J Sex Res 2014; 51:454-65. [PMID: 23548069 PMCID: PMC3723757 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2013.776660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that many men have used a variety of tactics to avoid using condoms when having sex with women. Guided by previous work demonstrating that men's use of coercive condom resistance tactics was predicted by negative attitudes toward women, inconsistent condom use, multiple partners, and sexual sensation seeking, the current study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to determine whether similar constructs were associated with a variety of resistance tactics. A community sample of 313 moderate-drinking men participated, of whom 80% reported employing at least one condom use resistance tactic since adolescence. The LPA revealed three classes of men. In general, men with the least negative beliefs about women, low levels of sexual sensation seeking and impulsivity, and positive beliefs about condoms (Condom Positive/Low Hostility) reported less use of resistance tactics than men with moderate sexual sensation seeking and impulsivity, negative beliefs about condoms, and moderate (Condom Negative/Moderate Hostility) or high (Condom Negative/High Hostility) negative attitudes about women. The classes also differed in terms of their sexual behaviors. This study demonstrated that sexual risk behavior interventions should not only address the tactics through which men resist using condoms but also tailor these efforts to men's individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cue Davis
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Jeanette Norris
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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220
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van Oenen FJ, van Deursen S, Cornelis J. [A new, more comprehensive role model for the psychiatrist; the need to adapt and personalise psychiatric concepts and actions]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2014; 56:728-736. [PMID: 25401680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More and more criticism is being levelled at the traditional cornerstones of psychiatric treatment such as medication, diagnostics and the specific effectiveness of treatment models. On the other hand, however, increasing attention is being given to other 'non-specific' factors such as the quality of the working alliance, the value of feedback and the personality and character of the therapist. In addition, there is an ever-increasing demand on the part of the public who want a more prominent role in the treatment process for relatives and family members. AIM To respond to these societal developments by delineating a new and more comprehensive role for the psychiatrist. METHOD The authors analyse how the need for new roles is connected with the fact that psychiatrists and the general public have different conceptual frameworks and tend to use different conversational styles and vocabulary. RESULTS According to the authors, the psychiatrist should be able to fulfill several roles in the treatment process. The traditional psychiatric 'jargon' is inadequate for expressing the specific value of the differing roles and conceptual frameworks of psychiatrists and members of the public. CONCLUSION When opting for a specific role and type of language, the psychiatrist should be guided by what is most likely to lead to fruitful cooperation with the patient and his or her relatives. In discussing treatment plans with the patient the psychiatrist must learn to use more comprehensive and flexible language.
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221
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Rader MD. The summer of '64. J Indiana Dent Assoc 2014; 93:43. [PMID: 25286487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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222
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Leroux AJ, Dodd BG. A comparison of stopping rules for computerized adaptive screening measures using the rating scale model. J Appl Meas 2014; 15:213-226. [PMID: 24992246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluates three stopping rules for computerized adaptive testing (CAT): the predicted standard error reduction (PSER), the fixed-length, and the minimum SE using Andrich's rating scale model with a survey to identify at-risk students. PSER attempts to reduce the number of items administered and increase measurement precision of the trait. Several variables are manipulated, such as trait distribution and item pool size, in order to evaluate how these conditions interact and potentially help improve the correct classification of students. The findings indicate that the PSER stopping rule may be preferred when wanting to correctly diagnose or classify students at-risk and at the same time alleviate test burden for those taking screening measures based on the rating scale model with smaller item pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey J Leroux
- University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station D4900, Austin, TX 78712, USA,
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223
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Fayyazi Bordbar MR, Faridhosseini F, Kaviani H, Kazemian M, Samari AA, Kashani Lotfabadi M. [Temperament and character personality dimensions in patients with bipolar I disorder]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2014; 25:149-156. [PMID: 25219688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare Cloninger's dimensions of temperament and character in patients with bipolar I disorder (BP-I) and healthy controls from the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross sectional study included 96 BP-I patients (according to DSM-IV-TR criteria) that were admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Iran due to an acute episode of mania or depression, or a mixed episode during 2011. Following stabilization of the acute phase, the patients completed the 125-item Temperament and Character Inventory-Persian Version of (TCI-125-PV). The scale's 7 dimensions of temperament and character were compared between the bipolar group and 1212 healthy controls via independent samples t-test. Moreover, the correlation between temperament and character scores, and age, duration of disorder, and mood variables (depression and mania scores) were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS The bipolar patients had significantly higher harm avoidance (P= 0.001), and lower reward dependency (P= 0.001), persistence (P =0.044), cooperativeness (P= 0.001), self-directedness (P= 0.001), and self-transcendence (P= 0.004) scores than the controls. Female patients had lower reward dependency (P= 0.001), self-directedness (P= 0.001), and cooperativeness (P= 0.001) scores than male patients. In addition, TCI-125- PV scores were not strongly correlated with depression or mania scores, duration of disorder, or marital status. CONCLUSION The personality profiles of the BP-I patients differed from those of the controls. Lower self-directedness and cooperativeness scores in the bipolar group appeared to be associated with more immature personality traits.
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Abstract
Late-life depression (LLD) has detrimental effects on family caregivers that may be compounded when caregivers believe that depressive behaviors are volitional or within the patient's capacity to control. In this study we examined three person-centered caregiver attributions that place responsibility for LLD on the patient (i.e., character, controllability, and intention), and the impact of such attributions on levels of general caregiver burden and burden specific to patient depressive symptoms. Participants were 212 spouses and adult children of older adults enrolled in a depression treatment study. Over one third of caregivers endorsed character attributions, which significantly predicted greater levels of both general and depression-specific burden. Intention attributions were significantly associated with general burden, but not depression-specific burden. Contrary to our expectation, controllability attributions did not predict either type of burden. Our findings suggest that the assessment of family caregiver attributions for LLD may be useful in identifying caregivers at risk for burden and subsequent health effects, as well as those who may need education and support to provide effective care to a vulnerable population of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Allyn Polenick
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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225
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Fassino S, Amianto F, Sobrero C, Abbate Daga G. Does it exist a personality core of mental illness? A systematic review on core psychobiological personality traits in mental disorders. Panminerva Med 2013; 55:397-413. [PMID: 24434348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Research investigating the relationship between mental disorders and personality traits leads to interesting results. Individuals affected by several mental disorders have been worldwide assessed according to the psychobiological model of personality. This review aims to explore which temperament and character traits are recurrent in mental disorders and to highlight what traits may be shared determinants or consequences of the expression of a mental disorder. METHODS Systematic search of Medline database between 1998 and 2011 has been conducted to select the studies exploring the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) dimensions in the most relevant axis I psychiatric disorders. Of the 110 studies that were retrieved, 88 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were analyzed. RESULTS High HA (HA) and low self-directedness are recurrent and can be considered as a "personality core" regardless of the diagnosis. They may be risk factors and relapse-related, they can indicate incomplete remission or chronic course of mental disorders, and consistently influence patients' functioning. Furthermore, they can be modified by medications or psychotherapy and represent outcome predictors of treatments. CONCLUSION This "core" may represent a personality diathesis to psychopathology. Relational environment can influence the development of both temperament and character, thus prevention of mental disorders should promote a positive development of these traits. Although further research is needed, psychotherapeutic interventions should be performed also considering that mental disorders could benefit from HA desensitization and SD reinforcement. Finally, these traits may be used to provide diagnostic, prognostic, quality of life and efficacy inferences on psychiatric treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fassino
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Neurosciences, Eating Disorders Program, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
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226
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Whitehead CR, Hodges BD, Austin Z. Dissecting the doctor: from character to characteristics in North American medical education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2013; 18:687-99. [PMID: 23053868 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-012-9409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Medical educators develop student selection criteria and design curricula based on underlying assumptions about who is best suited to the profession and how these learners should be taught. Often these assumptions are not made explicit but instead are embedded in the words and phrases used to describe trainees and curricula. They may then be considered inevitable, rather than being seen as particular social constructs. Using Foucauldian critical discourse analysis methodology, the authors examined a major shift in language in the late 1950s in North American medical education texts. The discourse of the good doctor as a man of character, which had been present since the 1910 Flexner Report, was replaced by a new discourse of characteristics. Analysis of this sudden discursive shift shows a change in thinking about the medical trainee and learning environment from a personal journey of discovery to a dissectible set of component parts that could be individually measured and manipulated. Understanding the discursive effects of language that we use will allow medical educators greater insight into the implications and consequences of different constructions of important issues in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Whitehead
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 500 University Ave., 5th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada,
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227
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Reuter H. [Psychological health at the work site for managers and subordinates]. Kinderkrankenschwester 2013; 32:387-390. [PMID: 24303591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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228
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Vangberg HCB, Eisemann M, Waterloo K, Richter J, Rozsa S, Cloninger CR. The Norwegian Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI): an assessment of its psychometric properties. Compr Psychiatry 2013; 54:904-10. [PMID: 23642632 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of adolescent personality concerning mental health, well-being, self development, and academic performance is an interesting aspect that needs more attention. The use of the JTCI (Junior Temperament and Character Inventory) can contribute to more knowledge and a better understanding of a possible influence of personality in this context. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the JTCI among an adolescent sample in terms of factor analysis, reliability and validity. The sample included 2075 subjects in the age from 15-18years. We analyzed the factor structure, internal consistency, and validity of the measure. The Norwegian version of the JTCI was found to have good psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, a reasonable factor structure and significant correlations with depression, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. However, further research on its differentiation of Harm Avoidance and Self-directedness is needed. The JTCI appears as a useful tool in addressing issues ranging from scholastic performance to developmental issues, mental health and well-being.
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229
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McGlynn AH, Hahn P, Hagan MP. The effect of a cognitive treatment program for male and female juvenile offenders. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2013; 57:1107-1119. [PMID: 23123384 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12463341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of a cognitive intervention treatment program for juvenile offenders, which is called the Juvenile Cognitive Intervention Program. The program was provided to incarcerated delinquents at three juvenile correctional facilities in Wisconsin. The results indicated that using the How I Think (HIT) Questionnaire as a measure of change, significant improvement in reducing cognitive distortions were found across age groups and gender, and included individuals who were unable to successfully complete the program the first time and then completed it successfully. The HIT is a measure of cognitive distortions that are associated with delinquent thinking patterns and behavior. Cognitive change is a major focus of treatment programs in juvenile corrections as there has been substantive research demonstrating a link to reduced delinquent and later criminal behavior.
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230
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Fong W. Medical professionalism: is it on your mind? Hawaii J Med Public Health 2013; 72:84-5. [PMID: 24052922 PMCID: PMC3764545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Fong
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI
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231
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Warfe L. Determining the risk of recidivism in previously de-registered health practitioners. J Law Med 2013; 21:67-81. [PMID: 24218783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Health practitioners who have been de-registered in the past due to serious professional misconduct pose significant challenges to registration boards and tribunals when applying for re-registration. These practitioners need to demonstrate to their professional regulatory body that they possess the necessary attributes expected of a member of a caring profession. Boards are obliged by legislation to decline to grant registration to any applicant if that person is deemed not fit and proper to be a member of the profession or who poses a risk to public safety. Studies have shown a significant incidence of repeated misconduct among previously de-registered practitioners and the exercise of re-registration requires an accurate assessment of this risk of recidivism. This article examines the incidence and risk of recidivism in previously de-registered health practitioners. It also discusses how boards may more accurately perform an assessment of the risk and thereby assist them to meet their statutory obligation of public protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Warfe
- Victorian Board of the Medical Board of Australia.
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232
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Garcia D, Lundström S, Brändström S, Råstam M, Cloninger CR, Kerekes N, Nilsson T, Anckarsäter H. Temperament and character in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS): comparison to the general population, and genetic structure analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70475. [PMID: 23940581 PMCID: PMC3734246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) is an on-going, large population-based longitudinal twin study. We aimed (1) to investigate the reliability of two different versions (125-items and 238-items) of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) used in the CATSS and the validity of extracting the short version from the long version, (2) to compare these personality dimensions between twins and adolescents from the general population, and (3) to investigate the genetic structure of Cloninger's model. Method Reliability and correlation analyses were conducted for both TCI versions, 2,714 CATSS-twins were compared to 631 adolescents from the general population, and the genetic structure was investigated through univariate genetic analyses, using a model-fitting approach with structural equation-modeling techniques based on same-sex twin pairs from the CATSS (423 monozygotic and 408 dizygotic pairs). Results The TCI scores from the short and long versions showed comparable reliability coefficients and were strongly correlated. Twins scored about half a standard deviation higher in the character scales. Three of the four temperament dimensions (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Persistence) had strong genetic and non-shared environmental effects, while Reward Dependence and the three character dimensions had moderate genetic effects, and both shared and non-shared environmental effects. Conclusions Twins showed higher scores in character dimensions compared to adolescents from the general population. At least among adolescents there is a shared environmental influence for all of the character dimensions, but only for one of the temperament dimensions (i.e., Reward Dependence). This specific finding regarding the existence of shared environmental factors behind the character dimensions in adolescence, together with earlier findings showing a small shared environmental effects on character among young adults and no shared environmental effects on character among adults, suggest that there is a shift in type of environmental influence from adolescence to adulthood regarding character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Garcia
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Research & Devolopment unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Brändström
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Råstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C. Robert Cloninger
- Departments of Psychiatry & Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nóra Kerekes
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Research & Devolopment unit, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nilsson
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Anckarsäter
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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233
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Jencks JW, Burton DL. The role of trait anxiety in reducing the relationship between childhood exposure to violence/victimization and subsequent violent behavior among male delinquent youth. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2013; 57:985-995. [PMID: 22627688 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12448856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this project, the authors examined the relationship trait anxiety has on incarcerated male adolescents' progression from childhood exposure to violence/victimization to violent behavior. Self-report survey data were analyzed to determine the youth's levels of trait anxiety, how the degree of childhood trauma was related to their level of anxiety, as well as whether their level of anxiety affected the relationship between trauma and subsequent frequency and severity of their delinquent acts using a moderation analysis. Anxiety significantly decreased the relationship between victimization and the commission of violence (F = 15.93, p < .001).
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234
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Imura T, Aoki T, Takahashi T, Nonaka Y, Yamada T. [ Character strengths and well-being in Japanese children and youth: creating good habits]. Shinrigaku Kenkyu 2013; 84:247-255. [PMID: 24063151 DOI: 10.4992/jjpsy.84.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Character education in the US aims to establish good habits corresponding to good character. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure of character strengths and the relations among these strengths and wellbeing in Japanese children and youth. Peterson and Seligman (2004) developed a classification of character strengths called VIA-IS. We thought, however, that VIA-IS had too many items to use with school children. We selected 15 categories and developed a questionnaire for Japanese children and youth. Fourth to eighth grade students (N = 1,351) answered questionnaires in Study 1. We found four categories of character strengths, each of which consisted of 25 items: perseverance-honesty, courage-ideas, compassion-gratitude, and fairness-care. These categories were very similar to previous research findings which simplified the categories. In Study 2, we found a positive relationship among four categories of character strengths and well-being, which we called the hope scale, life satisfaction scale, subjective happiness scale, and social support scale. We discussed what additional research was needed for establishing good habits using our categories with children and youth in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Imura
- Department of Science of Early Childhood Care and Education, Seika Women's Junior College, Minamihachiman-machi, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0886, Japan.
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235
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Peters-Scheffer N, Didden R, Korzilius H, Sturmey P. Therapist characteristics predict discrete trial teaching procedural fidelity. Intellect Dev Disabil 2013; 51:263-272. [PMID: 23909620 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-51.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Early intensive behavioral intervention is generally effective for children with autism spectrum disorder but is associated with variability in treatment outcome and quality of treatment delivery may contribute to this. This study examined the relationship between therapist personality, attitude toward individuals with a disability, and perceived relationship between therapist and child on procedural fidelity. Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT) was provided at a preschool for children with intellectual disabilities. Seventy DTT sessions between 22 therapists and 35 children were videotaped and analyzed. Data on therapist's attitude toward individuals with a disability, therapist's personality traits, and perceived relationship between therapist and child were also collected. Procedural fidelity was high and significantly related to therapist's attitude toward individuals with a disability, therapist's openness to experience, and perceived relationship between therapist and child. Therapists with high procedural fidelity tended to have a more positive attitude toward individuals with disabilities on the cognitive dimension, a more negative attitude toward individuals with disabilities on the affect dimension, lower levels of openness to experience, and perceived the relationship between themselves and the child as less positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Peters-Scheffer
- Radboud University Nijmegen/Driestroom, Behavioural Science Institute,Montessorilaan 3/Postbus 139, Nijmegen/Elst, Gelderland, Netherlands.
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236
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[Does the person grow with his responsibilities, and if yes, where?]. MMW Fortschr Med 2013; 155:7. [PMID: 23923294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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237
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Ritz-Schulte G. [Supporting and promoting desirable processes]. Pflege Z 2013; 66:366-370. [PMID: 23798177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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238
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Hori H, Teraishi T, Sasayama D, Hattori K, Hashikura M, Higuchi T, Kunugi H. [Personality dimensions in major depressive disorder predict cortisol reactivity to the combined dexamethasone/CRH test]. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 33:61-63. [PMID: 25314740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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239
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Tuominen L, Salo J, Hirvonen J, Någren K, Laine P, Melartin T, Isometsä E, Viikari J, Cloninger CR, Raitakari O, Hietala J, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Temperament, character and serotonin activity in the human brain: a positron emission tomography study based on a general population cohort. Psychol Med 2013; 43:881-894. [PMID: 22850434 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171200164x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychobiological model of personality by Cloninger and colleagues originally hypothesized that interindividual variability in the temperament dimension 'harm avoidance' (HA) is explained by differences in the activity of the brain serotonin system. We assessed brain serotonin transporter (5-HTT) density in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) in healthy individuals with high or low HA scores using an 'oversampling' study design. Method Subjects consistently in either upper or lower quartiles for the HA trait were selected from a population-based cohort in Finland (n = 2075) with pre-existing Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores. A total of 22 subjects free of psychiatric and somatic disorders were included in the matched high- and low-HA groups. The main outcome measure was regional 5-HTT binding potential (BPND) in high- and low-HA groups estimated with PET and [11C]N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-methylphenylthio)benzylamine ([11C]MADAM). In secondary analyses, 5-HTT BPND was correlated with other TCI dimensions. RESULTS 5-HTT BPND did not differ between high- and low-HA groups in the midbrain or any other brain region. This result remained the same even after adjusting for other relevant TCI dimensions. Higher 5-HTT BPND in the raphe nucleus predicted higher scores in 'self-directedness'. CONCLUSIONS This study does not support an association between the temperament dimension HA and serotonin transporter density in healthy subjects. However, we found a link between high serotonin transporter density and high 'self-directedness' (ability to adapt and control one's behaviour to fit situations in accord with chosen goals and values). We suggest that biological factors are more important in explaining variability in character than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tuominen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatry is characterised by bio-psycho-social approaches and therapies. Thus there should be an interest in comprehensive theoretical models for didactic purposes. METHODS A narrative synthesis of key themes in the current literature on psychiatric aspects of violence was conducted with the aim of integrating biological, psychological and sociological ideas in this area. RESULTS Two didactical models are proposed for 1) individual disposition and for 2) acting in specific situations, each including available evidence-based knowledge. CONCLUSIONS The proposed models may be helpful for a comprehensive understanding of all relevant influencing factors in violent mentally ill people and for didactical purposes.
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Jarrott SE, McCann BR. Analysis of intergenerational relationships in adolescent fiction using a contact theory framework. Gerontol Geriatr Educ 2013; 34:292-308. [PMID: 23384047 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2012.737387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intergenerational relationships and the media influence young persons' attitudes about aging. The authors analyzed 20 contemporary adolescent novels with intergenerational relationships using Allport's (1954) contact theory to assess whether the relationships demonstrated conditions that foster positive attitudinal change toward outgroups. When tenets were met, characters strengthened relationships, demonstrated resilience, and gained insight and respect for the other generation as they cooperated to resolve crises. Adolescent characters' attitudes toward elders often started out negative but tended to improve over the course of the stories. With these findings, educators, librarians, and parents can realistically inform older children's ideas about aging and elders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Jarrott
- Department of Human Development, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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242
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Kuperman S, Chan G, Kramer JR, Wetherill L, Bucholz KK, Dick D, Hesselbrock V, Porjesz B, Rangaswamy M, Schuckit M. A model to determine the likely age of an adolescent's first drink of alcohol. Pediatrics 2013; 131:242-8. [PMID: 23296431 PMCID: PMC3557403 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the use of a new cohort of adolescent subjects, predictors from the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) interview and the Achenbach Youth Self Report (YSR) were combined to model age of first drink (AFD). METHODS Subjects consisted of 820 adolescents (ages 14-17) drawn from the current phase of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Three Cox proportional hazards models were considered. Model 1 contained SSAGA variables equivalent to AFD predictors from our previous study: interview age, family history of alcohol dependence, and number of conduct disorder symptoms. Model 2 incorporated 2 additional SSAGA questions (best friends drink and smoked a cigarette before a reported AFD) plus 8 YSR-derived scale scores. Model 3 was a reduced version of model 2, retaining only significant predictors. RESULTS Model 2 was a significant improvement over model 1. Model 3 was the best and the most parsimonious of the 3 with respect to likelihood ratio and Wald χ(2) tests and retained only 5 variables from model 2. Included variables were the following: (1) best friends drink, (2) membership in a high-risk alcohol dependence family, (3) number of conduct disorder symptoms, (4) YSR externalizing score, and (5) YSR social problems score. CONCLUSIONS Adding variables to those from our original study improved our ability to model the likely age of alcohol initiation. In addition to the SSAGA, the YSR appears to have utility as a research tool to predict the age of alcohol initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr, RM 1873 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Lynøe N. [Researchers, excellence, academic pride...]. Lakartidningen 2013; 110:39-40. [PMID: 23373186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Lynøe
- Centrum för hälso-och sjukvårdsetik, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm
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245
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Abstract
Although impulsivity has been consistently linked to perpetration of sexual aggression, results lack clarity because they do not account for the substantial heterogeneity associated with the construct. The UPPS-P model (Lynam, Smith, Whiteside, & Cyders, 2006), which was proposed to clarify the multidimensional nature of impulsivity, has yet to be applied to sexual aggression. We measured UPPS-P Impulsivity in a sample of male college students who also self-reported on perpetration of sexual aggression. As predicted, impulsivity distinguished perpetrators from nonperpetrators. Perpetrators scored higher than non-perpetrators on Negative Urgency, Positive Urgency, and lack of Premeditation. Results suggest that the impulsivity traits most relevant to sexual aggression are the tendency to act impulsively when experiencing intense emotions (Positive and Negative Urgency) and lack of forethought and planning (lack of Premeditation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Mouilso
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA.
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246
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Mendelevich VD, Makushkina OP. [The relationship of drug and alcohol addiction in teenagers with the character of their relations with parents]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2013; 113:72-74. [PMID: 23887473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An experimental-psychological study of 62 male teenagers with drug addiction and alcohol addiction revealed that the character of their relations with parents was dependent on the form of addiction. It has been concluded that these types of addictions have different psychological mechanisms of formation.
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247
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Kurdybacha AK. [Neurologic conditions for partner selection]. Ann Acad Med Stetin 2013:93-98. [PMID: 24669423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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248
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Rader MD. Who is your hero? J Indiana Dent Assoc 2013; 92:63. [PMID: 25286504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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249
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Drerup Stokes L, McCord D, Aydlett L. Family environment, personality, and psychological symptoms in adults sexually abused as children. J Child Sex Abus 2013; 22:658-676. [PMID: 23924176 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2013.811142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the relationships between family environment characteristics, personality traits, and current psychological symptoms in adults with a history of child sexual abuse. Family environment characteristics, personality traits, and psychological symptoms in 18 abused and 18 nonabused college students were examined using ANOVAs and MANOVAs. Pearson product moment correlations were also performed. Results indicated significantly more dysfunctional family environment characteristics (inflexibility, poor cohesion, family dissatisfaction, and poor family communication) in the abused versus the nonabused group. There were significantly higher levels in the personality traits of neuroticism and openness to experience in the abused group; however, there were no significant differences in psychological symptoms when comparing the two groups. The implications of the results and areas of future research are discussed.
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250
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Kesselring A. [Passionate, respectful, open, defiant, humble]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm 2013; 106:24-25. [PMID: 23405448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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