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Sale MJ, Cook SJ. The increase in BIK expression following ERK1/2 pathway inhibition is a consequence of G₁ cell-cycle arrest and not a direct effect on BIK protein stability. Biochem J 2014; 459:513-24. [PMID: 24527759 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BIK (BCL2-interacting killer) is a pro-apoptotic BH3 (BCL2 homology domain 3)-only protein and a member of the BCL2 protein family. It was proposed recently that BIK abundance is controlled by ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2)-catalysed phosphorylation, which targets the protein for proteasome-dependent destruction. In the present study, we examined ERK1/2-dependent regulation of BIK, drawing comparisons with BIM(EL) (BCL2-interacting mediator of cell death; extra long), a well-known target of ERK1/2. In many ERK1/2-dependent tumour cell lines, inhibition of BRAF(V600E) (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1, V600E mutation) or MEK1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase 1/2) had very little effect on BIK expression, whereas BIM(EL) was strongly up-regulated. In some cell lines we observed a modest increase in BIK expression; however, this was not apparent until ~16 h or later, whereas BIM(EL) expression increased rapidly within a few hours. Although BIK was degraded by the proteasome, we found no evidence that this was regulated by ERK1/2 signalling. Rather, the delayed increase in BIK expression was prevented by actinomycin D, and was accompanied by increases in BIK mRNA. Finally, the delayed increase in BIK expression following ERK1/2 inhibition was phenocopied by a highly selective CDK4/6 (cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6) inhibitor, which caused a strong G₁ cell-cycle arrest without inhibiting ERK1/2 signalling. In contrast, BIM(EL) expression was induced by ERK1/2 inhibition, but not by CDK4/6 inhibition. We conclude that BIK expression is not subject to direct regulation by the ERK1/2 pathway; rather, we propose that BIK expression is cell-cycle-dependent and increases as a consequence of the G₁ cell-cycle arrest which results from inhibition of ERK1/2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sale
- *Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Simon J Cook
- *Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
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Bouchard-Cannon P, Mendoza-Viveros L, Yuen A, Kærn M, Cheng HYM. The circadian molecular clock regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis by controlling the timing of cell-cycle entry and exit. Cell Rep 2013; 5:961-73. [PMID: 24268780 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgranular zone (SGZ) of the adult hippocampus contains a pool of quiescent neural progenitor cells (QNPs) that are capable of entering the cell cycle and producing newborn neurons. The mechanisms that control the timing and extent of adult neurogenesis are not well understood. Here, we show that QNPs of the adult SGZ express molecular-clock components and proliferate in a rhythmic fashion. The clock proteins PERIOD2 and BMAL1 are critical for proper control of neurogenesis. The absence of PERIOD2 abolishes the gating of cell-cycle entrance of QNPs, whereas genetic ablation of bmal1 results in constitutively high levels of proliferation and delayed cell-cycle exit. We use mathematical model simulations to show that these observations may arise from clock-driven expression of a cell-cycle inhibitor that targets the cyclin D/Cdk4-6 complex. Our findings may have broad implications for the circadian clock in timing cell-cycle events of other stem cell populations throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Bouchard-Cannon
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Lucia Mendoza-Viveros
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Andrew Yuen
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Mads Kærn
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Hai-Ying M Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
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Sanphui P, Pramanik SK, Chatterjee N, Moorthi P, Banerji B, Biswas SC. Efficacy of cyclin dependent kinase 4 inhibitors as potent neuroprotective agents against insults relevant to Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78842. [PMID: 24244372 PMCID: PMC3823981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no cure till today. Aberrant activation of cell cycle regulatory proteins is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. We and others have shown that Cyclin dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) is activated in AD brain and is required for neuron death. In this study, we tested the efficiency of commercially available Cdk4 specific inhibitors as well as a small library of synthetic molecule inhibitors targeting Cdk4 as neuroprotective agents in cellular models of neuron death. We found that several of these inhibitors significantly protected neuronal cells against death induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation and oligomeric beta amyloid (Aβ) that are implicated in AD. These neuroprotective agents inhibit specifically Cdk4 kinase activity, loss of mitochondrial integrity, induction of pro-apoptotic protein Bim and caspase3 activation in response to NGF deprivation. The efficacies of commercial and synthesized inhibitors are comparable. The synthesized molecules are either phenanthrene based or naphthalene based and they are synthesized by using Pschorr reaction and Buchwald coupling respectively as one of the key steps. A number of molecules of both kinds block neurodegeneration effectively. Therefore, we propose that Cdk4 inhibition would be a therapeutic choice for ameliorating neurodegeneration in AD and these synthetic Cdk4 inhibitors could lead to development of effective drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Sanphui
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Nandini Chatterjee
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ponnusamy Moorthi
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswadip Banerji
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (SCB); (BB)
| | - Subhas Chandra Biswas
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail: (SCB); (BB)
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He G, Kuang J, Koomen J, Kobayashi R, Khokhar AR, Siddik ZH. Recruitment of trimeric proliferating cell nuclear antigen by G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinases following DNA damage with platinum-based antitumour agents. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2378-88. [PMID: 24104967 PMCID: PMC3817341 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cycling tumour cells, the binary cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk4/cyclin D or Cdk2/cyclin E complex is inhibited by p21 following DNA damage to induce G1 cell-cycle arrest. However, it is not known whether other proteins are also recruited within Cdk complexes, or their role, and this was investigated. METHODS Ovarian A2780 tumour cells were exposed to the platinum-based antitumour agent 1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane(trans-diacetato)(dichloro)platinum(IV) (DAP), which preferentially induces G1 arrest in a p21-dependent manner. The Cdk complexes were analysed by gel filtration chromatography, immunoblot and mass spectrometry. RESULTS The active forms of Cdk4 and Cdk2 complexes in control tumour cells have a molecular size of ~140 kDa, which increased to ~290 kDa when inhibited following G1 checkpoint activation by DAP. Proteomic analysis identified Cdk, cyclin, p21 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the inhibited complex, and biochemical studies provided unequivocal evidence that the increase in ~150 kDa of the inhibited complex is consistent with p21-dependent recruitment of PCNA as a trimer, likely bound to three molecules of p21. Although p21 alone was sufficient to inhibit the Cdk complex, PCNA was critical for stabilising p21. CONCLUSION G1 Cdk complexes inhibited by p21 also recruit PCNA, which inhibits degradation and, thereby, prolongs activity of p21 within the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G He
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1950, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Kuang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1950, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Koomen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A R Khokhar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1950, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z H Siddik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1950, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, USA
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Barton KL, Misuraca K, Cordero F, Dobrikova E, Min HD, Gromeier M, Kirsch DG, Becher OJ. PD-0332991, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, significantly prolongs survival in a genetically engineered mouse model of brainstem glioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77639. [PMID: 24098593 PMCID: PMC3788718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an incurable tumor that arises in the brainstem of children. To date there is not a single approved drug to effectively treat these tumors and thus novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent studies suggest that a significant fraction of these tumors contain alterations in cell cycle regulatory genes including amplification of the D-type cyclins and CDK4/6, and less commonly, loss of Ink4a-ARF leading to aberrant cell proliferation. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic approach of targeting the cyclin-CDK-Retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway in a genetically engineered PDGF-B-driven brainstem glioma (BSG) mouse model. We found that PD-0332991 (PD), a CDK4/6 inhibitor, induces cell-cycle arrest in our PDGF-B; Ink4a-ARF deficient model both in vitro and in vivo. By contrast, the PDGF-B; p53 deficient model was mostly resistant to treatment with PD. We noted that a 7-day treatment course with PD significantly prolonged survival by 12% in the PDGF-B; Ink4a-ARF deficient BSG model. Furthermore, a single dose of 10 Gy radiation therapy (RT) followed by 7 days of treatment with PD increased the survival by 19% in comparison to RT alone. These findings provide the rationale for evaluating PD in children with Ink4a-ARF deficient gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Barton
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine Misuraca
- Graduate Program in Molecular Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Francisco Cordero
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena Dobrikova
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hooney D. Min
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gromeier
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Logan JE, Mostofizadeh N, Desai AJ, VON Euw E, Conklin D, Konkankit V, Hamidi H, Eckardt M, Anderson L, Chen HW, Ginther C, Taschereau E, Bui PH, Christensen JG, Belldegrun AS, Slamon DJ, Kabbinavar FF. PD-0332991, a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6, demonstrates inhibition of proliferation in renal cell carcinoma at nanomolar concentrations and molecular markers predict for sensitivity. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:2997-3004. [PMID: 23898052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PD-0332991 is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, and was evaluated to determine its anti-proliferative effects in 25 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of PD-0332991 were determined with cell line proliferation assays, as were its effects on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation. Molecular markers for response prediction, including p16, p15, cyclin D1 (CCND1), cyclin E1 (CCNE1), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), RB, CDK4 and CDK6, were studied using array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and gene expression. RESULTS IC50 values for PD-0332991 ranged from 25.0 nM to 700 nM, and the agent demonstrated G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, induction of late apoptosis, and blockade of RB phosphorylation. Through genotype and expression data p16, p15 and E2F1 were identified as having significant association between loss and sensitivity to PD-0332991: p16 (p=0.021), p15 (p=0.047), and E2F1 (p=0.041). CONCLUSION PD-0332991 has antiproliferative activity in RCC cell lines, and molecular markers predict for sensitivity to this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Logan
- Institute of Urologic Oncology, Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd., Suite 1050, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Dickson MA, Tap WD, Keohan ML, D'Angelo SP, Gounder MM, Antonescu CR, Landa J, Qin LX, Rathbone DD, Condy MM, Ustoyev Y, Crago AM, Singer S, Schwartz GK. Phase II trial of the CDK4 inhibitor PD0332991 in patients with advanced CDK4-amplified well-differentiated or dedifferentiated liposarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2024-8. [PMID: 23569312 PMCID: PMC3661937 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.46.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE CDK4 is amplified in > 90% of well-differentiated (WDLS) and dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLS). The selective cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)/CDK6 inhibitor PD0332991 inhibits growth and induces senescence in cell lines and xenografts. In a phase I trial of PD0332991, several patients with WDLS or DDLS experienced prolonged stable disease. We performed an open-label phase II study to determine the safety and efficacy of PD0332991 in patients with advanced WDLS/DDLS. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients age ≥ 18 years experiencing disease progression while receiving systemic therapy before enrollment received PD0332991 200 mg orally once per day for 14 consecutive days in 21-day cycles. All were required to have CDK4 amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization and retinoblastoma protein (RB) expression by immunohistochemistry (≥ 1+). The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) at 12 weeks, with 12-week PFS of ≥ 40% considered promising and ≤ 20% not promising. If ≥ nine of 28 patients were progression free at 12 weeks, PD0332991 would be considered active. RESULTS We screened 48 patients (44 of 48 had CDK4 amplification; 41 of 44 were RB positive). Of those, 30 were enrolled, and 29 were evaluable for the primary end point. Grade 3 to 4 events included anemia (17%), thrombocytopenia (30%), neutropenia (50%), and febrile neutropenia (3%). At 12 weeks, PFS was 66% (90% CI, 51% to 100%), significantly exceeding the primary end point. The median PFS was 18 weeks. There was one partial response. CONCLUSION Treatment with the CDK4 inhibitor PD0332991 was associated with a favorable progression-free rate in patients with CDK4-amplified and RB-expressing WDLS/DDLS who had progressive disease despite systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Dickson
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Liu L, Wu J, Ong SS, Chen T. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 phosphorylates and positively regulates PAX3-FOXO1 in human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58193. [PMID: 23469153 PMCID: PMC3585270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is an aggressive childhood muscle sarcoma with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. More than 80% of ARMSs harbor a PAX3-FOXO1 fusion transcription factor. However, expression of PAX3-FOXO1 in muscle cells alone is not sufficient and requires the loss of function of Ink4a/ARF to promote malignant proliferation of muscle cells in vitro or initiate ARMS tumor formation in vivo. This prompted us to examine the signaling pathways required to activate the function of PAX3-FOXO1 and to explore the functional interaction between the Ink4a/ARF and PAX3-FOXO1 signaling pathways. Here we report that inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) by fascaplysin (a small molecule selective inhibitor of Cdk4/cyclin D1 that we identified in a screen for compounds that inhibit PAX3-FOXO1) led to inhibition of the transcriptional activity of PAX3-FOXO1 in ARMS cell line Rh30. Consistent with this finding, activation of Cdk4 enhanced the activity of PAX3-FOXO1. In vitro kinase assays revealed that Cdk4 directly phosphorylated PAX3-FOXO1 at Ser(430). Whereas fascaplysin did not affect the protein level of PAX3-FOXO1, it did increase the cytoplasmic level of PAX3-FOXO1 in a portion of cells. Our findings indicate that Cdk4 phosphorylates and positively regulates PAX3-FOXO1 and suggest that inhibition of Cdk4 activity should be explored as a promising avenue for developing therapy for ARMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Su Sien Ong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lee J, Baek JH, Choi KS, Kim HS, Park HY, Ha GH, Park H, Lee KW, Lee CG, Yang DY, Moon HE, Paek SH, Lee CW. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 signaling acts as a molecular switch between syngenic differentiation and neural transdifferentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:442-51. [PMID: 23324348 PMCID: PMC3587445 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types from different germ layers. However, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the transdifferentiation of MSCs into specific cell types still need to be elucidated. In this study, we unexpectedly found that treatment of human adipose- and bone marrow-derived MSCs with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, in particular CDK4 inhibitor, selectively led to transdifferentiation into neural cells with a high frequency. Specifically, targeted inhibition of CDK4 expression using recombinant adenovial shRNA induced the neural transdifferentiation of human MSCs. However, the inhibition of CDK4 activity attenuated the syngenic differentiation of human adipose-derived MSCs. Importantly, the forced regulation of CDK4 activity showed reciprocal reversibility between neural differentiation and dedifferentiation of human MSCs. Together, these results provide novel molecular evidence underlying the neural transdifferentiation of human MSCs; in addition, CDK4 signaling appears to act as a molecular switch from syngenic differentiation to neural transdifferentiation of human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sil Choi
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Geun-Hyoung Ha
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Ho Park
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kangbuk Samsung Hospital; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo-Won Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kangbuk Samsung Hospital; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Geun Lee
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Research Center; Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science; Pusan, Korea
| | | | - Hyo Eun Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery; College of Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery; College of Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
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Choi YJ, Li X, Hydbring P, Sanda T, Stefano J, Christie AL, Signoretti S, Look AT, Kung AL, von Boehmer H, Sicinski P. The requirement for cyclin D function in tumor maintenance. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:438-51. [PMID: 23079655 PMCID: PMC3487466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
D-cyclins represent components of cell cycle machinery. To test the efficacy of targeting D-cyclins in cancer treatment, we engineered mouse strains that allow acute and global ablation of individual D-cyclins in a living animal. Ubiquitous shutdown of cyclin D1 or inhibition of cyclin D-associated kinase activity in mice bearing ErbB2-driven mammary carcinomas triggered tumor cell senescence, without compromising the animals' health. Ablation of cyclin D3 in mice bearing Notch1-driven T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL) triggered tumor cell apoptosis. Such selective killing of leukemic cells can also be achieved by inhibiting cyclin D associated kinase activity in mouse and human T-ALL models. Inhibition of cyclin D-kinase activity represents a highly-selective anticancer strategy that specifically targets cancer cells without significantly affecting normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jong Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Per Hydbring
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Takaomi Sanda
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joanna Stefano
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amanda L. Christie
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A. Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrew L. Kung
- Lurie Family Imaging Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Harald von Boehmer
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Correspondence:
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Sawai C, Freund J, Oh P, Ndiaye-Lobry D, Bretz JC, Strikoudis A, Genesca L, Trimarchi T, Kelliher MA, Clark M, Soulier J, Chen-Kiang S, Aifantis I. Therapeutic targeting of the cyclin D3:CDK4/6 complex in T cell leukemia. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:452-65. [PMID: 23079656 PMCID: PMC3493168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
D-type cyclins form complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4/6) and promote cell cycle progression. Although cyclin D functions appear largely tissue specific, we demonstrate that cyclin D3 has unique functions in lymphocyte development and cannot be replaced by cyclin D2, which is also expressed during blood differentiation. We show that only combined deletion of p27(Kip1) and retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb) is sufficient to rescue the development of Ccnd3(-/-) thymocytes. Furthermore, we show that a small molecule targeting the kinase function of cyclin D3:CDK4/6 inhibits both cell cycle entry in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and disease progression in animal models of T-ALL. These studies identify unique functions for cyclin D3:CDK4/6 complexes and suggest potential therapeutic protocols for this devastating blood tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sawai
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jacquelyn Freund
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Philmo Oh
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Delphine Ndiaye-Lobry
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jamieson C. Bretz
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065
| | - Alexandros Strikoudis
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lali Genesca
- INSERM U944 and University Paris Diderot, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Trimarchi
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michelle A. Kelliher
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Marcus Clark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jean Soulier
- INSERM U944 and University Paris Diderot, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Selina Chen-Kiang
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- To Whom Correspondence Should Be Addressed: Dr. Iannis Aifantis, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 538, New York, NY 10016, , Phone: 212 263 5365
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Subramaniam D, Periyasamy G, Ponnurangam S, Chakrabarti D, Sugumar A, Padigaru M, Weir SJ, Balakrishnan A, Sharma S, Anant S. CDK-4 inhibitor P276 sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine-induced apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1598-608. [PMID: 22532602 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in molecular pathogenesis, pancreatic cancer remains a major unsolved health problem. It is a rapidly invasive, metastatic tumor that is resistant to standard therapies. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt and mTOR signaling pathways are frequently dysregulated in pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine is the mainstay treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer. P276 is a novel CDK inhibitor that induces G(2)/M arrest and inhibits tumor growth in vivo models. Here, we determined that P276 sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine-induced apoptosis, a mechanism-mediated through inhibition of Akt-mTOR signaling. In vitro, the combination of P276 and gemcitabine resulted in a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation and colony formation of pancreatic cancer cells but not with normal pancreatic ductal cells. This combination also induced apoptosis, as seen by activated caspase-3 and increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Gene profiling studies showed that this combination downregulated Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, which was confirmed by Western blot analyses. There was also a downregulation of VEGF and interleukin-8 expression suggesting effects on angiogenesis pathway. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of the P276-Gem combination significantly suppressed the growth of pancreatic cancer tumor xenografts. There was a reduction in CD31-positive blood vessels and reduced VEGF expression, again suggesting an effect on angiogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest that P276-Gem combination is a novel potent therapeutic agent that can target the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway to inhibit both tumor growth and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmalingam Subramaniam
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Abstract
Fractionated radiotherapy (RT) is widely used in cancer therapy for its advantages in the preservation of normal tissues. However, repopulation of surviving tumor cells during fractionated RT limits the efficacy of RT. In fact, repopulating tumors often acquire radioresistance and this is the major cause of failure of RT. We have recently demonstrated that human tumor cells acquire radioresistance when exposed to fractionated radiation (FR) of X-rays every 12 hours for 1 month. The acquired radioresistance was associated with overexpression of cyclin D1, a result of a series of molecular changes; constitutive activation of DNA-PK and AKT with concomitant down-regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) which results in suppression of cyclin D1 proteolysis. Aberrant cyclin D1 overexpression in S-phase induced DNA double strand breaks which activated DNA-PK and established the vicious cycle of cycling D1 overexpression. This overexpression of cyclin D1 is responsible for the radioresistance phenotype of long-term FR cells, since this phenotype was completely abrogated by treatment of FR cells by the API-2, an AKT inhibitor or by a Cdk4 inhibitor. Thus, targeting the AKT/GSK3β/cyclin D1/Cdk4 pathway can be an efficient modality to suppress acquired radioresistance of tumor cells. In this article, I overview the newly discovered molecular mechanisms underlying acquired radioresistance of tumor cells induced by FR, and propose a strategy for eradication of tumors using fractionated RT by overcoming tumor radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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217
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Ismail A, Bandla S, Reveiller M, Toia L, Zhou Z, Gooding WE, Kalatskaya I, Stein L, D'Souza M, Litle VR, Peters JH, Pennathur A, Luketich JD, Godfrey TE. Early G₁ cyclin-dependent kinases as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4513-22. [PMID: 21593195 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chromosomal gain at 7q21 is a frequent event in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). However, this event has not been mapped with fine resolution in a large EAC cohort, and its association with clinical endpoints and functional relevance are unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a cohort of 116 patients to fine map the 7q21 amplification using SNP microarrays. Prognostic significance and functional role of 7q21 amplification and its gene expression were explored. RESULTS Amplification of the 7q21 region was observed in 35% of tumors with a focal, minimal amplicon containing six genes. 7q21 amplification was associated with poor survival and analysis of gene expression identified cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) as the only gene in the minimal amplicon whose expression was also associated with poor survival. A low-level amplification (10%) was observed at the 12q13 region containing the CDK6 homologue cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Both amplification and expression of CDK4 correlated with poor survival. A combined model of both CDK6 and CDK4 expressions is a superior predictor of survival than either alone. Specific knockdown of CDK4 and/or CDK6 by siRNAs shows that they are required for proliferation of EAC cells and that their function is additive. PD-0332991 targets the kinase activity of both molecules and suppresses proliferation and anchorage independence of EAC cells through activation of the pRB pathway. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that CDK6 is the driver of 7q21 amplification and that both CDK4 and CDK6 are prognostic markers and bona fide oncogenes in EAC. Targeting these molecules may constitute a viable new therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ismail
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
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218
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Park KI, Park HS, Kang SR, Nagappan A, Lee DH, Kim JA, Han DY, Kim GS. Korean Scutellaria baicalensis water extract inhibits cell cycle G1/S transition by suppressing cyclin D1 expression and matrix-metalloproteinase-2 activity in human lung cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 133:634-641. [PMID: 21073943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a widely used medicinal herb in several Asian countries including Korea. The various medicinal properties attributed to Scutellaria baicalensis include anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of Scutellaria baicalensis water extract (SBWE) on A549 non-small-cell-lung cancer cells and the A549 expression of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and the effects of SBWE on cell cycle progression, especially the G1/S phase, and on cell motility. MATERIALS AND METHODS SBWE cytotoxicity was assessed by a standard colorimetric assay utilizing 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 protein in SBWE-treated A549 cells was assessed by Western blot analysis. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine the effect of SBWE on A549 cell cycle progression. A549 cell MMP-2 activity was examined by zymography. Cell motility and migration was assessed by a scratch wound healing assay. RESULTS SBWE was not cytotoxic. The production of Cyclin D1, CDK4 and MMP-2 activity were significantly decreased in a SBWE dose-dependent manner, with maximum inhibition occurring at SBWE concentrations of 250 μg/ml and 500 μg/ml. SBWE inhibited cell cycle progression in the G1/S phase and significantly inhibited the motility of A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS Cyclin D1 protein may be associated with MMP-2 activity and cell motility. Thus, SBWE promotes a strong protective effect against MMP-2 mediated metastasis and cell proliferation through the down-regulation of cyclin D1. SBWE may be a useful chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Il Park
- Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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219
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Sakaue-Sawano A, Kobayashi T, Ohtawa K, Miyawaki A. Drug-induced cell cycle modulation leading to cell-cycle arrest, nuclear mis-segregation, or endoreplication. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:2. [PMID: 21226962 PMCID: PMC3277280 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cell responses to chemotherapeutic agents vary, and this may reflect different defects in DNA repair, cell-cycle checkpoints, and apoptosis control. Cytometry analysis only quantifies dye-incorporation to examine DNA content and does not reflect the biological complexity of the cell cycle in drug discovery screens. RESULTS Using population and time-lapse imaging analyses of cultured immortalized cells expressing a new version of the fluorescent cell-cycle indicator, Fucci (Fluorescent Ubiquitination-based Cell Cycle Indicator), we found great diversity in the cell-cycle alterations induced by two anticancer drugs. When treated with etoposide, an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II, HeLa and NMuMG cells halted at the G2/M checkpoint. HeLa cells remained there, but NMuMG cells then overrode the checkpoint and underwent nuclear mis-segregation or avoided the checkpoint and entered the endoreplication cycle in a drug concentration dependent manner. In contrast, an inhibitor of Cdk4 led to G1 arrest or endoreplication in NMuMG cells depending upon the initial cell-cycle phase of drug exposure. CONCLUSIONS Drug-induced cell cycle modulation varied not only between different cell types or following treatment with different drugs, but also between cells treated with different concentrations of the same drug or following drug addition during different phases of the cell cycle. By combining cytometry analysis with the Fucci probe, we have developed a novel assay that fully integrates the complexity of cell cycle regulation into drug discovery screens. This assay system will represent a powerful drug-discovery tool for the development of the next generation of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Life Function and Dynamics, ERATO, JST, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Advanced Technology Development Group, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tamiyo Kobayashi
- MIS Division, Olympus Corp., 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohtawa
- Brain Science Research Division, Brain Science and Life Technology, Research Foundation, 1-28-12 Narimasu, Itabashi, Tokyo 175-0094, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Life Function and Dynamics, ERATO, JST, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Advanced Technology Development Group, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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221
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Zelivianski S, Cooley A, Kall R, Jeruss JS. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4-mediated phosphorylation inhibits Smad3 activity in cyclin D-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1375-87. [PMID: 20736297 PMCID: PMC3253857 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smad3, a component of the transforming growth factor β signaling cascade, contributes to G(1) arrest in breast cancer cells. Cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) promotes G(1)-S-phase transition, and CDK phosphorylation of Smad3 has been associated with inhibition of Smad3 activity. We hypothesized that overexpression of cyclin D1 exerts tumorigenic effects in breast cancer cells through CDK4-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of Smad3 and release of G(1) arrest. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblotting were used to evaluate expression of study proteins in cyclin D1-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Smad3 transcriptional activity and cell cycle control were examined in cells transfected with wild-type (WT) Smad3 or Smad3 with single or multiple CDK phosphorylation site mutations (M) in the presence or absence of the CDK4 inhibitor or cotransfection with cdk4 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Transfection of the Smad3 5M construct resulted in decreased c-myc and higher p15(INK4B) expression. Compared with WT Smad3, overexpression of the Smad3 T8, T178, 4M, or 5M mutant constructs resulted in higher Smad3 transcriptional activity. Compared with cells transfected with WT Smad3, Smad3 transcriptional activity was higher in cells overexpressing Smad3 mutant constructs and treated with the CDK4 inhibitor or transfected with cdk4 siRNA. Cells transfected with Smad3 T8 or T178 and treated with the CDK4 inhibitor showed an increase in the G(1) cell population. Inhibition of CDK-mediated Smad3 phosphorylation released cyclin D1-regulated blockade of Smad3 transcriptional activity and recovered cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells. Targeted inhibition of CDK4 activity may have a role in the treatment of cyclin D-overexpressing breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Zelivianski
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Anne Cooley
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ron Kall
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jacqueline S. Jeruss
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60611
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222
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Kim HS, Lee WJ, Lee SW, Chae HW, Kim DH, Oh Y. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 induces G1 cell cycle arrest with inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and 4 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42:165-72. [PMID: 19960406 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1243190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 has been shown to potently inhibit proliferation of various cell types in an insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent manner. We have previously shown that IGFBP-3 induces apoptosis in an IGF-independent manner through the activation of caspases involved in a death receptor-mediated pathway in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. In the present study, we present further evidence that IGFBP-3 inhibits cell proliferation through the induction of cell cycle arrest in the same cell line. Induction of IGFBP-3 in MCF-7 cells inhibited cell proliferation whereas presence of small interfering RNA against IGFBP-3 abolished cell inhibitory effect of IGFBP-3, suggesting that the observed growth inhibition is specific. Flow cytometry analysis showed that induced expression of IGFBP-3 led to an arrest of the cell cycle in G1-S phase. Western immunoblot analysis showed a significant decrease in the levels of the cell cycle-regulated proteins such as cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin E, cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, retinoblastoma protein (pRB), and phosph-pRB, suggesting a possible mechanism for cell cycle arrest by IGFBP-3. Northern blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated a significant decrease in gene expression of cyclin D1. Additional phosphorylation assay showed that IGFBP-3 decreased the phosphorylation activity of CDK2 and CDK4. These results show that cellular production of IGFBP-3 leads to G1 cell cycle arrest with inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4. Taken together, IGFBP-3 exerts its growth inhibitory action through not only induction of apoptosis but also the G1 cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-S Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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223
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Pei XH, Bai F, Smith MD, Usary J, Fan C, Pai SY, Ho IC, Perou CM, Xiong Y. CDK inhibitor p18(INK4c) is a downstream target of GATA3 and restrains mammary luminal progenitor cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:389-401. [PMID: 19411068 PMCID: PMC2699569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelia are composed of luminal and myoepithelial/basal cells whose neoplastic transformations lead to distinct types of breast cancers with diverse clinical features. We report that mice deficient for the CDK4/6 inhibitor p18(Ink4c) spontaneously develop ER-positive luminal tumors at a high penetrance. Ink4c deletion stimulates luminal progenitor cell proliferation at pubertal age and maintains an expanded luminal progenitor cell population throughout life. We demonstrate that GATA3 binds to and represses INK4C transcription. In human breast cancers, low INK4C and high GATA3 expressions are simultaneously observed in luminal A type tumors and predict a favorable patient outcome. Hence, p18(INK4C) is a downstream target of GATA3, constrains luminal progenitor cell expansion, and suppresses luminal tumorigenesis in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hai Pei
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Feng Bai
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Matthew D. Smith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Jerry Usary
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Charles M. Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
| | - Yue Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295
- Correspondence:
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224
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Hsia TC, Yang JS, Chen GW, Chiu TH, Lu HF, Yang MD, Yu FS, Liu KC, Lai KC, Lin CC, Chung JG. The roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress and Ca2+ on rhein-induced apoptosis in A-549 human lung cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:309-318. [PMID: 19331167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although rhein has been shown to induce apoptosis in several cancer cell lines, the mechanism of action of rhein-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis at the molecular level is not well known. In this study, the mechanism of rhein action on A-549 human lung cancer cells was investigated. Rhein induced G0/G1 arrest through inhibition of cyclin D3, Cdk4 and Cdk6. The efficacious induction of apoptosis was observed at 50 microM for 12 h and up to 72 h as examined by a flow cytometric method. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that rhein increased the levels of GADD153 and GRP78, both hallmarks of endoplasmic reticulum stress, promoted ROS and Ca2+ production, induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi(m)), promoted cytochrome c release from mitochondria, promoted capase-3 activation and led to apoptosis. Rhein also increased the levels of p53, p21 and Bax but reduced the level of Bcl-2. The Ca2+ chelator BAPTA was added to the cells before rhein treatment, thus blocking the Ca2+ production and inhibiting rhein-induced apoptosis in A-549 cells. Our data demonstrate that rhein induces apoptosis in A-549 cells via a Ca2+ -dependent mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Chun Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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225
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Abstract
The p16INK4a-Rb tumour suppressor pathway is required for the initiation and maintenance of cellular senescence, a state of permanent growth arrest that acts as a natural barrier against cancer progression. Senescence can be overcome if the pathway is not fully engaged, and this may occur when p16INK4a is inactivated. p16INK4a is frequently altered in human cancer and germline mutations affecting p16INK4a have been linked to melanoma susceptibility. To characterize the functions of melanoma-associated p16INK4a mutations, in terms of promoting proliferative arrest and initiating senescence, we utilized an inducible expression system in a melanoma cell model. We show that wild-type p16INK4a promotes rapid cell cycle arrest that leads to a senescence programme characterized by the appearance of chromatin foci, activation of acidic β-galactosidase activity, p53 independence and Rb dependence. Accumulation of wild-type p16INK4a also promoted cell enlargement and extensive vacuolization independent of Rb status. In contrast, the highly penetrant p16INK4a variants, R24P and A36P failed to arrest cell proliferation and did not initiate senescence. We also show that overexpression of CDK4, or its homologue CDK6, but not the downstream kinase, CDK2, inhibited the ability of wild-type p16INK4a to promote cell cycle arrest and senescence. Our data provide the first evidence that p16INK4a can initiate a CDK4/6-dependent autonomous senescence programme that is disabled by inherited melanoma-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haferkamp
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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226
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Stevens KL, Reno MJ, Alberti JB, Price DJ, Kane-Carson LS, Knick VB, Shewchuk LM, Hassell AM, Veal JM, Davis ST, Griffin RJ, Peel MR. Synthesis and evaluation of pyrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazines as selective cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5758-62. [PMID: 18835709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrazolo[1,5-b]pyridazines have been synthesized and identified as cyclin dependant kinase inhibitors potentially useful for the treatment of solid tumors. Modification of the hinge-binding amine or the C(2)- and C(6)-substitutions on the pyrazolopyridazine core provided potent inhibitors of CDK4 and demonstrated enzyme selectivity against VEGFR-2 and GSK3beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L Stevens
- Department of Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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227
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Horsley V, Aliprantis AO, Polak L, Glimcher LH, Fuchs E. NFATc1 balances quiescence and proliferation of skin stem cells. Cell 2008; 132:299-310. [PMID: 18243104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quiescent adult stem cells reside in specialized niches where they become activated to proliferate and differentiate during tissue homeostasis and injury. How stem cell quiescence is governed is poorly understood. We report here that NFATc1 is preferentially expressed by hair follicle stem cells in their niche, where its expression is activated by BMP signaling upstream and it acts downstream to transcriptionally repress CDK4 and maintain stem cell quiescence. As stem cells become activated during hair growth, NFATc1 is downregulated, relieving CDK4 repression and activating proliferation. When calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling is suppressed, pharmacologically or via complete or conditional NFATc1 gene ablation, stem cells are activated prematurely, resulting in precocious follicular growth. Our findings may explain why patients receiving cyclosporine A for immunosuppressive therapy display excessive hair growth, and unveil a functional role for calcium-NFATc1-CDK4 circuitry in governing stem cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Horsley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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228
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Frizelle SP, Kratzke MG, Carreon RR, Engel SC, Youngquist L, Klein MA, Fourre L, Shekels LL, Kratzke RA. Inhibition of both mesothelioma cell growth and Cdk4 activity following treatment with a TATp16INK4a peptide. Anticancer Res 2008; 28:1-7. [PMID: 18383817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Disruption of the 9p21 locus is common in mesothelioma and leads to loss of both the p16INK4a and the p14ARF gene products. This study tested the hypothesis that reexpression of p16INK4a carried out using the TAT delivery system that carries the protein transduction domain of the HIV TAT will result in mesothelioma cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS A synthetic TATp16INK4a peptide and a charge matched control were transduced into mesothelioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cells were assayed for Cdk4 inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and cell death. RESULTS Treatment of mesothelioma cells with TATp16INK4a for 48 hours resulted in cell death. Apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest was also observed. Following transduction of cells with TATp16INK4a there was complete but transient hypophosphorylation of pRb. Similar effects were observed in mesothelioma xenografts. CONCLUSION Therapeutic strategies which introduce either TATp16INK4a peptide, or small molecule mimetic, could be an effective strategy for mesothelioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra P Frizelle
- Research Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
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229
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Abstract
Whether p27 is a cyclin D-cdk4/6 inhibitor or not is controversial, and how it might switch between these two modes is unknown. Arguing for a two-state mechanism, we show that p27 bound to cyclin D-cdk4 can be both inhibitory and noninhibitory, due to its differential-growth-state-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation. We found that p27 from proliferating cells was noninhibitory but that p27 from arrested cells was inhibitory, and the transition from a bound noninhibitor to a bound inhibitor was not due to an increase in p27 concentration. Rather, two tyrosine residues (Y88 and Y89) in p27's cdk interaction domain were phosphorylated preferentially in proliferating cells, which converted p27 to a noninhibitor. Concordantly, mutation of these sites rendered p27 resistant to phosphorylation and locked it into the bound-inhibitor mode in vivo and in vitro. Y88 was directly phosphorylated in vitro by the tyrosine kinase Abl, which converted p27 to a cdk4-bound noninhibitor. These data show that the growth-state-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of p27 modulates its inhibitory activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K James
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave., Box 49, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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230
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Cánepa ET, Scassa ME, Ceruti JM, Marazita MC, Carcagno AL, Sirkin PF, Ogara MF. INK4 proteins, a family of mammalian CDK inhibitors with novel biological functions. IUBMB Life 2007; 59:419-26. [PMID: 17654117 DOI: 10.1080/15216540701488358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin D-Cdk4-6/INK4/Rb/E2F pathway plays a key role in controlling cell growth by integrating multiple mitogenic and antimitogenic stimuli. The members of INK4 family, comprising p16(INK4a), p15(INK4b), p18(INK4c), and p19(INK4d), block the progression of the cell cycle by binding to either Cdk4 or Cdk6 and inhibiting the action of cyclin D. These INK4 proteins share a similar structure dominated by several ankyrin repeats. Although they appear to be structurally redundant and equally potent as inhibitors, the INK4 family members are differentially expressed during mouse development. The striking diversity in the pattern of expression of INK4 genes suggested that this family of cell cycle inhibitors might have cell lineage-specific or tissue-specific functions. The INK4 proteins are commonly lost or inactivated by mutations in diverse types of cancer, and they represent established or candidate tumor suppressors. Apart from their capacity to arrest cells in the G1-phase of the cell cycle they have been shown to participate in an increasing number of cellular processes. Given their emerging roles in fundamental physiological as well as pathological processes, it is interesting to explore the diverse roles for the individual INK4 family members in different functions other than cell cycle regulation. Extensive studies, over the past few years, uncover the involvement of INK4 proteins in senescence, apoptosis, DNA repair, and multistep oncogenesis. We will focus the discussion here on these unexpected issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo T Cánepa
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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231
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Dessalew N, Bharatam PV. 3D-QSAR and molecular docking study on bisarylmaleimide series as glycogen synthase kinase 3, cyclin dependent kinase 2 and cyclin dependent kinase 4 inhibitors: An insight into the criteria for selectivity. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:1014-27. [PMID: 17335939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition over cyclin dependent kinases such as cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) is an important requirement for improved therapeutic profile of GSK3 inhibitors. The concepts of selectivity and additivity fields have been employed in developing selective CoMFA models for these related kinases. Initially, sets of three individual CoMFA models were developed, using 36 compounds of bisarylmaleimide series to correlate with the GSK3, CDK2 and CDK4 inhibitory potencies. These models showed a satisfactory statistical significance: CoMFA-GSK3 (r(2)(con), r(2)(cv): 0.931, 0.519), CoMFA-CDK2 (0.937, 0.563), and CoMFA-CDK4 (0.892, 0.725). Three different selective CoMFA models were then developed using differences in pIC(50) values. These three models showed a superior statistical significance: (i) CoMFA-Selective1 (r(2)(con), r(2)(cv): 0.969, 0.768), (ii) CoMFA-Selective 2 (0.974, 0.835) and (iii) CoMFA-Selective3 (0.963, 0.776). The selective models were found to outperform the individual models in terms of the quality of correlation and were found to be more informative in pinpointing the structural basis for the observed quantitative differences of kinase inhibition. An in-depth comparative investigation was carried out between the individual and selective models to gain an insight into the selectivity criterion. To further validate this approach, a set of new compounds were designed which show selectivity and were docked into the active site of GSK3, using FlexX based incremental construction algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigus Dessalew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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232
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Abstract
Components of the cyclin D-CDK4/6-INK4-Rb pathway are key regulators of the cell cycle and are frequently disrupted in cancer. Defects in this pathway usually manifest as an increase in CDK4 activity, leading to unrestricted proliferation of tumour cells. CDK4 inhibitors have been shown to possess anti-tumour activity in vitro and agents that target the cyclin D1/CDK4 complex are currently the focus of intense scrutiny for clinical application as cancer therapeutics. However, the mechanisms by which these agents mediate their effects remains to be fully elucidated. We recently described a novel mechanism by which a CDK4 inhibitor induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells through activation of the NFkB signaling pathway. Specific inhibition of CDK4 activity induced translocation of RelA, the principal component of NFkappaB, from the cytoplasm to the nucleoplasm and then to the nucleolus. This was accompanied by a repression of NFkappaB-driven transcription and apoptosis of the cancer cells. To determine the role of RelA in apoptosis, we utilised a mutant form of the protein, where the critical domain required for nucleolar targeting had been deleted. When cells expressing this mutant protein were treated with the CDK4 inhibitor, RelA translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleoplasm, but was excluded from the nucleolus. Furthermore, apoptosis induced by CDK4 inhibition was also abrogated in cells expressing mutant RelA protein. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that regulate programmed cell death induced by disruption of the cyclin D1/CDK4 complex and consider the wider implications these findings have for the future development of novel chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel C Thoms
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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233
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Retzer-Lidl M, Schmid RM, Schneider G. Inhibition of CDK4 impairs proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and sensitizes towards TRAIL-induced apoptosis via downregulation of survivin. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:66-75. [PMID: 17304504 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most common causes of cancer death in Western countries with an average survival after diagnosis of 3-6 months and a five-year survival rate under 5%. Because of the lack of effective therapies, there is the need to characterize new molecular treatment strategies. Abnormal regulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of neoplasia. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), a key regulator of G1-phase of the cell cycle, has been shown to be overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. Until now, the contribution of CDK4 to tumor maintenance of pancreatic cancer has not been investigated. In this study, we used the chemical CDK4 inhibitor 2-bromo-12,13-dihydro-5H-indolo[2,3-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-5,7(6H)-dione, as well as RNA interference, to investigate the function of CDK4 in pancreatic cancer cells. Both approaches led to a reduction of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation due to G1-phase cell cycle arrest and Rb activation. Furthermore, we observed increased sensitivity of G1-arrested pancreatic cancer cells towards TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Sensitization towards TRAIL was due to the transcriptional downregulation of survivin. These findings show that a combined sensitizer/inducer strategy may be a potential therapeutic strategy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Retzer-Lidl
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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234
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Moran DM, Mattocks MA, Cahill PA, Koniaris LG, McKillop IH. Interleukin-6 mediates G(0)/G(1) growth arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma through a STAT 3-dependent pathway. J Surg Res 2007; 147:23-33. [PMID: 17574577 PMCID: PMC2587231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates diverse cell functions including proliferation and differentiation. Within the liver IL-6 signaling plays a central role during normal hepatic growth and regeneration yet can inhibit the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The aim of the current study was to identify underlying mechanisms whereby IL-6 induces cell-cycle arrest in HCC cells. These studies demonstrate that IL-6 inhibits cell-cycle progression at the G(0)/G(1) interface through inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 2 and cdk4 activity in the absence of changes in total cyclin (A, D1, D3, and E) or cdk (cdk2, 4, and cdc2 p34) expression. Inhibition of signal transduction pathways associated with IL-6 receptor activation demonstrates that IL-6-dependent inhibition of G(0)-G(1) progression occurs via Janus tyrosine kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (Jak-STAT3)-dependent induction of p21(waf1/cip1) and is independent of ERK-MAPK signaling. These data demonstrate that, while IL-6 plays a central role in hepatocyte priming and proliferation in vivo, the pronounced inhibition of proliferation observed in HCC cells occurs due to IL-6-STAT3-dependent regulation of cdk2/cdk4 activity and p21(waf1/cip1) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dairmuid M Moran
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
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235
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Tallack MR, Keys JR, Perkins AC. Erythroid Kruppel-like Factor Regulates the G1 Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p18INK4c. J Mol Biol 2007; 369:313-21. [PMID: 17442339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF, KLF1) is an essential erythroid cell specific C(2)H(2) zinc finger transcription factor that binds CACC box elements in promoters and distant regulatory elements to activate transcription. Forced expression of EKLF arrests cell division. The cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p18(INK4c) was identified as a potential novel EKLF target gene from an expression profiling study. The p18(INK4c) protein functions as an inhibitor of Cdk4 and Cdk6 activity during early G1 phase of the cell cycle, thus acting as a physiological brake on cell division. We confirmed p18(INK4c) is downregulated in EKLF null mice by real-time PCR and Western blotting, and identified three closely associated and highly conserved EKLF binding sites (CCNCNCCCN) approximately 1 kb upstream of the p18(INK4c) transcriptional start site. We showed that EKLF binds to one of these elements by gel shift assay and demonstrated this site is capable of driving EKLF dependent transcription. We also determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that this region of the p18(INK4c) promoter is bound by EKLF in erythroid cells. Thus, EKLF is a direct regulator of p18(INK4c) gene expression, and much of EKLF's role in driving erythroid cell differentiation may occur via p18(INK4c).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Tallack
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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236
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Wang L, Wang J, Blaser BW, Duchemin AM, Kusewitt DF, Liu T, Caligiuri MA, Briesewitz R. Pharmacologic inhibition of CDK4/6: mechanistic evidence for selective activity or acquired resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2007; 110:2075-83. [PMID: 17537993 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-071266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry into the cell cycle is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) activation, followed by CDK2 activation. We found that pharmacologic inhibition of the Flt3 internal tandem duplication (ITD), a mutated receptor tyrosine kinase commonly found in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), led to the down-regulation of cyclin D2 and D3 followed by retinoblastoma protein (pRb) dephosphorylation and G(1) cell-cycle arrest. This implicated the D-cyclin-CDK4/6 complex as a downstream effector of Flt3 ITD signaling. Indeed, single-agent PD0332991, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, caused sustained cell-cycle arrest in Flt3 ITD AML cell lines and prolonged survival in an in vivo model of Flt3 ITD AML. PD0332991 caused an initial cell-cycle arrest in well-established Flt3 wild-type (wt) AML cell lines, but this was overcome by down-regulation of p27(Kip) and reactivation of CDK2. This acquired resistance was not observed in a Flt3 ITD and a Flt3 wt sample from a patient with primary AML. In summary, the mechanism of cell-cycle arrest after treatment of Flt3 ITD AML with a Flt3 inhibitor involves down-regulation of cyclin D2 and D3. As such, CDK4/6 can be a therapeutic target in Flt3 ITD AML but also in primary Flt3 wt AML. Finally, acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition can arise through activation CDK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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237
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Kröger A, Stirnweiss A, Pulverer JE, Klages K, Grashoff M, Reimann J, Hauser H. Tumor suppression by IFN regulatory factor-1 is mediated by transcriptional down-regulation of cyclin D1. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2972-81. [PMID: 17409403 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IFNs have been ascribed to mediate antitumor effects. IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a major target gene of IFNs. It inhibits cell proliferation and oncogenic transformation. Here, we show that 60% of all mRNAs deregulated by oncogenic transformation mediated by c-myc and H-ras are reverted to the expression levels of nontransformed cells by IRF-1. These include cell cycle-regulating genes. An indirect target is cyclin D1. Activation of IRF-1 decreased cyclin D1 expression and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 kinase activity concomitant with change in the levels of hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein. These effects are mediated by inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and a transcriptional repression of cyclin D1. As shown by in vitro assays and tumor growth in nude mice, IRF-1-mediated effects on cell cycle progression were found to be overridden by ectopic expression of cyclin D1. Conversely, decrease of cyclin D1 by RNA interference experiments prevents transformation and tumor growth. The data show that cyclin D1 is a key target for IRF-1-mediated tumor-suppressive effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cyclin D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin D1/biosynthesis
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, myc
- Genes, ras
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kröger
- Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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238
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Thoms HC, Dunlop MG, Stark LA. p38-mediated inactivation of cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 stimulates nucleolar translocation of RelA and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1660-9. [PMID: 17308107 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling plays a role in cancer initiation and progression; thus, it represents a potential therapeutic target. We previously identified a mechanism of repression of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells involving nuclear/nucleolar translocation of the RelA (p65) component of NF-kappaB. This response was stimulated by cellular stress-inducing agents, including aspirin, but not by tumor necrosis factor. Here, we investigate the upstream molecular mechanisms responsible for nucleolar targeting of RelA and show that aspirin activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in colorectal cancer cells. We also show that aspirin causes rapid, ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin D1, a known p38 target. Aspirin-induced p38 activation preceded cyclin D1 degradation, which was then followed by activation of the NF-kappaB pathway, suggesting a causative link. Indeed, chemical p38 inhibition (PD169316) and small interfering RNA directed against p38 blocked aspirin-induced cyclin D1 degradation, nucleolar translocation of RelA, and apoptosis. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of the cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) kinase complex, used as a surrogate for cyclin D1 degradation, caused nucleolar translocation of RelA, repression of kappaB-driven transcription, and apoptosis, thereby reproducing the effects of aspirin. In addition, we found that aspirin and the CDK4 inhibitor induced nucleolar translocation of RelA and apoptosis through a common mechanism involving the NH(2)-terminal nucleolar localization signal. Collectively, these data suggest that aspirin causes inhibition of cyclin D1/CDK4 through the p38 MAPK pathway. This inhibition stimulates the NF-kappaB pathway to induce nucleolar translocation of RelA and apoptosis. These novel findings have considerable relevance to the rational design of novel chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel C Thoms
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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239
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240
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Frazer-Abel AA, McCue JM, Lazis S, Portas M, Lambert C, Freed BM. Cigarette tar phenols impede T cell cycle progression by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:488-93. [PMID: 16584776 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes profound suppression of pulmonary T cell responses, which is associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infections and decreased tumor surveillance. We previously demonstrated that the phenolic compounds in cigarette tar inhibit blastogenesis and interfere with human T cell cycle progression. To identify the mechanism by which cell cycle arrest occurs, we examined the effects of these compounds on cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) that control the G0/G1 transition. We found that hydroquinone inhibited induction of Cdk4 and Cdk6 kinase activities by >80%, while catechol and phenol were markedly less potent. HQ did not affect mitogenic induction of the Cdk6 protein, but inhibited expression of cyclin D3 by >90% resulting in a dramatic reduction in proper Cdk6/Cyclin D3 complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Frazer-Abel
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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241
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Paternot S, Dumont JE, Roger PP. Differential Utilization of Cyclin D1 and Cyclin D3 in the Distinct Mitogenic Stimulations by Growth Factors and TSH of Human Thyrocytes in Primary Culture. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:3279-92. [PMID: 16916940 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct mitogenic modes coexist in thyroid epithelial cells. TSH via cAMP induces proliferation and differentiation expression, whereas growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF) induce proliferation and dedifferentiation. Divergent models of TSH/cAMP-dependent mitogenesis have emerged from different thyroid cell culture systems. In the FRTL-5 rat cell line, cAMP cross-signals with transduction pathways of growth factors to induce cyclin D1 and p21(cip1) and down-regulate p27(kip1). By contrast, in canine primary cultures, mitogenic pathways of cAMP and growth factors are fully distinct. cAMP does not induce D-type cyclins and p21, it up-regulates p27, and it stimulates the formation and activity of cyclin D3-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 complexes. In primary cultures of normal human thyrocytes, EGF + serum increased cyclin D1 and p21 accumulation, and it stimulated the assembly and activity of cyclin D1-CDK4-p21 complexes. By contrast, TSH repressed or did not induce cyclin D1 and p21, and it rather up-regulated p27. TSH did not increase cyclin D1-CDK4 activity, but it stimulated the activating phosphorylation of CDK4 and the pRb-kinase activity of preexisting cyclin D3-CDK4 complexes. As recently demonstrated in dog thyrocytes and other systems, cyclin D1 and cyclin D3 differently oriented the site specificity of CDK4 pRb-kinase activity, which might differently impact some pRb functions. Cyclin D1 or cyclin D3 are thus differentially used in the distinct mitogenic stimulations by growth factors or TSH, and potentially in hyperproliferative diseases generated by the overactivation of their respective signaling pathways. At variance with dog thyroid primary cultures, rat thyroid cell lines might not be valid models of TSH-dependent mitogenesis of human thyrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Paternot
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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242
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Singh SK, Dessalew N, Bharatam PV. 3D-QSAR CoMFA study on indenopyrazole derivatives as cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:1310-9. [PMID: 16890327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) have appeared as an important drug targets over the years with diverse therapeutic potentials. With the objective of designing new chemical entities with enhanced inhibitory potencies against CDK 2 (CDK2) and CDK 4 (CDK4), the 3D-QSAR CoMFA study carried out on indenopyrazole derivatives as inhibitors of these kinases is presented here. The developed model showed a strong correlative and predictive capability having a cross validated correlation co-efficient of 0.747 for CDK4 and 0.755 for CDK2 inhibitions. The conventional and predictive correlation co-efficients were, respectively, found to be 0.913 and 0.760 for CDK4, 0.941 and 0.765 for CDK2. The models could be employed to design ligands with enhanced inhibitory potencies and/or to predict the potencies of analogues to guide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Singh
- Pharmacoinformatics Division, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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243
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Pratt DJ, Bentley J, Jewsbury P, Boyle FT, Endicott JA, Noble MEM. Dissecting the determinants of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor selectivity. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5470-7. [PMID: 16942020 DOI: 10.1021/jm060216x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinases are a key family of kinases involved in cell cycle regulation and are an attractive target for cancer chemotherapy. The roles of four residues of the cyclin-dependent kinase active site in inhibitor selectivity were investigated by producing cyclin-dependent kinase 2 mutants bearing equivalent cyclin-dependent kinase 4 residues, namely F82H, L83V, H84D, and K89T. Assay of the mutants with a cyclin-dependent kinase 4-selective bisanilinopyrimidine shows that the K89T mutation is primarily responsible for the selectivity of this compound. Use of the cyclin-dependent kinase 2-selective 6-cyclohexylmethoxy-2-(4'-sulfamoylanilino)purine (NU6102) shows that K89T has no role in the selectivity, while the remaining three mutations have a cumulative influence. The results indicate that certain residues that are not frequently considered in structure-aided kinase inhibitor design have an important role to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Pratt
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Mahale S, Aubry C, Jenkins PR, Maréchal JD, Sutcliffe MJ, Chaudhuri B. Inhibition of cancer cell growth by cyclin dependent kinase 4 inhibitors synthesized based on the structure of fascaplysin. Bioorg Chem 2006; 34:287-97. [PMID: 16904725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptamine derivatives, a new structural class of cyclin dependent kinase 4 inhibitors, have been identified during extensive biological screening of synthetic molecules. The molecules were synthesized based on the structure of fascaplysin, which is not only a specific inhibitor of the Cdk4-cyclin D1 enzyme but also a relatively toxic molecule, probably because it binds and intercalates DNA. Interestingly, the new structural analogues of fascaplysin do not interact or intercalate with double-stranded DNA, although they inhibit Cdk4-cyclin D1 specifically. We found that compound CA199 was the most potent molecule, showing at least 25-fold specificity towards Cdk4-cyclin D1 (IC50 for Cdk4-cyclin D1 = 20 microM, Cdk2 > 500 microM). CA199 inhibits the growth of different cancer cell lines at concentrations ranging from 10-40 microM. It blocks growth of asynchronous cells at G0/G1 in a retinoblastoma protein (pRb) dependent manner. Moreover, CA199 blocks growth only at early G1 in synchronised cells released from a mimosine-induced G1/S block. These observations are reminiscent of a true Cdk4 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Mahale
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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Kawanishi N, Sugimoto T, Shibata J, Nakamura K, Masutani K, Ikuta M, Hirai H. Structure-based drug design of a highly potent CDK1,2,4,6 inhibitor with novel macrocyclic quinoxalin-2-one structure. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5122-6. [PMID: 16876403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The design of a novel series of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors containing a macrocyclic quinoxaline-2-one is reported. Structure-based drug design and optimization from the starting point of diarylurea 2, which we previously reported as a moderate CDK1,2,4,6 inhibitor [J. Biol.Chem.2001, 276, 27548], led to the discovery of potent CDK1,2,4,6 inhibitor that were suitable for iv administration for in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kawanishi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute in collaboration with Merck Research Laboratories, Okubo-3, Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan.
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246
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Baughn LB, Di Liberto M, Wu K, Toogood PL, Louie T, Gottschalk R, Niesvizky R, Cho H, Ely S, Moore MAS, Chen-Kiang S. A novel orally active small molecule potently induces G1 arrest in primary myeloma cells and prevents tumor growth by specific inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7661-7. [PMID: 16885367 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle deregulation is central to the initiation and fatality of multiple myeloma, the second most common hematopoietic cancer, although impaired apoptosis plays a critical role in the accumulation of myeloma cells in the bone marrow. The mechanism for intermittent, unrestrained proliferation of myeloma cells is unknown, but mutually exclusive activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4)-cyclin D1 or Cdk6-cyclin D2 precedes proliferation of bone marrow myeloma cells in vivo. Here, we show that by specific inhibition of Cdk4/6, the orally active small-molecule PD 0332991 potently induces G(1) arrest in primary bone marrow myeloma cells ex vivo and prevents tumor growth in disseminated human myeloma xenografts. PD 0332991 inhibits Cdk4/6 proportional to the cycling status of the cells independent of cellular transformation and acts in concert with the physiologic Cdk4/6 inhibitor p18(INK4c). Inhibition of Cdk4/6 by PD 0332991 is not accompanied by induction of apoptosis. However, when used in combination with a second agent, such as dexamethasone, PD 0332991 markedly enhances the killing of myeloma cells by dexamethasone. PD 0332991, therefore, represents the first promising and specific inhibitor for therapeutic targeting of Cdk4/6 in multiple myeloma and possibly other B-cell cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B Baughn
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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247
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Nonomura Y, Nagasaka K, Hagiyama H, Sekine C, Nanki T, Tamamori-Adachi M, Miyasaka N, Kohsaka H. Direct modulation of rheumatoid inflammatory mediator expression in retinoblastoma protein-dependent and -independent pathways by cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2074-83. [PMID: 16802342 DOI: 10.1002/art.21927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is known that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) gene p21(Cip1) suppresses rheumatoid inflammation by down-modulating type I interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1RI) expression and inhibiting JNK activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CDK activity directly modulates the production of inflammatory molecules in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Genes for the CDKIs p16(INK4a) and p18(INK4c), a constitutively active form of retinoblastoma (RB) gene product, cyclin D1, and CDK-4, were transferred into RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). RASFs were also treated with a synthetic CDK-4/6 inhibitor (CDK4I). Levels of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and IL-1RI expression were determined by Northern blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CDKIs were immunoprecipitated to reveal their association with JNK. RESULTS Transfer of the p16(INK4a) and p18(INK4c) genes and CDK4I suppressed the production of MMP-3 and MCP-1. Unlike p21(Cip1), neither CDKI gene inhibited IL-1RI or JNK. The expression of MMP-3 was up-regulated when CDK-4 activity was augmented. This regulation functioned at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level in MMP-3, but not in MCP-1. Transfer of active RB suppressed the production of MMP-3 and MCP-1 without changing their mRNA levels. CONCLUSION CDK-4/6 modulated the production of MMP-3 and MCP-1. MMP-3 production was regulated primarily at the mRNA level in an RB-independent manner, whereas MCP-1 production was controlled posttranscriptionally by RB. These results show that cell cycle proteins are associated with control of mediators of inflammation through multiple pathways.
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248
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Saab R, Bills JL, Miceli AP, Anderson CM, Khoury JD, Fry DW, Navid F, Houghton PJ, Skapek SX. Pharmacologic inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 activity arrests proliferation in myoblasts and rhabdomyosarcoma-derived cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1299-308. [PMID: 16731763 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myoblast cell cycle exit and differentiation are mediated in part by down-regulation of cyclin D1 and associated cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity. Because rhabdomyosarcoma may represent a malignant tumor composed of myoblast-like cells failing to exit the cell cycle and differentiate, we considered whether excess Cdk activity might contribute to this biology. Cyclin D-dependent Cdk4 and Cdk6 were expressed in most of a panel of six human rhabdomyosarcoma-derived cell lines. Cdk4 was expressed in 73% of alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma tumors evaluated using a human tissue microarray. When challenged to differentiate by mitogen deprivation in vitro, mouse C2C12 myoblasts arrested in G(1) phase of the cell cycle, whereas four in the panel of rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines failed to do so. C2C12 myoblasts maintained in mitogen-rich media and exposed to a Cdk4/Cdk6 inhibitor PD 0332991 accumulated in G(1) cell cycle phase. Similar treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines caused G(1) arrest and prevented cell accumulation in vitro, and it delayed growth of rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts in vivo. Consistent with a role for Cdk4/Cdk6 activity as a regulator of myogenic differentiation, we observed that PD 0332991 exposure promoted morphologic changes and enhanced the expression of muscle-specific proteins in cultured myoblasts and in the Rh30 cell line. Our findings support the concept that pharmacologic inhibition of Cdk4/Cdk6 may represent a useful therapeutic strategy to control cell proliferation and possibly promote myogenic differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Saab
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Tu S, Zhang J, Zhu X, Xu J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Jia R, Jiang B, Zhang J. New potential inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 4: Design and synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives under microwave irradiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3578-81. [PMID: 16621547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient synthesis of 2-amino pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives was accomplished via a three-component reaction under microwave irradiation without catalyst. This method had many dramatic advantages such as the short reaction time, high yield, and broad substrate scope, as well as convenient operation. We provide new series of potential biologically active compounds as inhibitors of Cdk4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiang Tu
- Department of Chemistry, Xuzhou Normal University, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plant, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, PR China.
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Lin J, Yan XJ, Chen HM. Fascaplysin, a selective CDK4 inhibitor, exhibit anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 59:439-45. [PMID: 16816972 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was to evaluate the correlation of two important strategies, namely, cell cycle proliferation arrest and anti-angiogenesis. We chose fascaplysin, a marine natural product with selective CDK4 selective inhibition activity, to study its potential anti-angiogenesis effects in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was initially used as an in vivo approach to evaluate anti-angiogenic activity of fascaplysin. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) line was used to further confirm the anti-angiogenic activity of fascaplysin in vitro. To explore the mechanism of anti-angiogenesis, we examined the effect of fascaplysin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and secretion by hepatocarcinoma cells BeL-7402. RESULTS The results of CAM assay suggested fascaplysin inhibited capillary plexus formation in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed VEGF in cross section. Moreover, the in vitro assay also confirmed that fascaplysin provided selective inhibition of endothelial cells proliferation towards tumor cells in low concentration. The immunocytochemical staining and ELISA verified fascaplysin could inhibit VEGF expression and secretion by BeL-7402. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly suggest that fascaplysin is a natural angiogenesis inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Post Box 71, Ningbo , 315211, People's Republic of China
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