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Rocca WA, Mielke MM, Vemuri P, Miller VM. Sex and gender differences in the causes of dementia: a narrative review. Maturitas 2014; 79:196-201. [PMID: 24954700 PMCID: PMC4169309 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This is a narrative review of new ideas and concepts related to differences between men and women in their risk of developing dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD). We introduce the concept of dimorphic neurology and the distinction between sex and gender. We then provide three examples of risk factors related to sex and gender from the literature. Apolipoprotein E genotype is equally common in men and women but has a stronger effect in women. Apolipoprotein E genotype is a biological factor that cannot be modified but interacts with sex or gender related factors that can be modified. Low education has a similar harmful effect in men and women but has been historically more common in women. Education is a social factor related to gender that can be modified. Finally, bilateral oophorectomy is a factor restricted to women. Bilateral oophorectomy is a surgical practice related to sex that can be modified. Consideration of risk and protective factors in men and women separately may accelerate etiologic research for neurological diseases in general, and for dementia and AD in particular. Similarly, future preventive interventions for dementia should be tailored to men and women separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Rocca
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Prashanthi Vemuri
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Virginia M Miller
- Department of Surgery, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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202
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Jiménez Caballero PE, Martínez Velasco P, Herasme Grullón AT, Fermin Marrero JA. [Progressive prosopagnosia associated with right temporal atrophy in a patient with hereditary dementia]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2014; 49:195-196. [PMID: 24679706 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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203
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Chu CS, Lu T, Tsai SJ, Hong CJ, Yeh HL, Yang AC, Liu ME. APOE ɛ4 polymorphism and cognitive deficit among the very old Chinese veteran men without dementia. Neurosci Lett 2014; 576:17-21. [PMID: 24887584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism has been reported to be associated with cognitive dysfunction in healthy individuals, however the results were controversial in the very old elderly. The aim of this study is to assess the possible association of the APOE polymorphism with cognitive dysfunction in people aged 75 years and over. Four hundred and twenty-five aged Chinese veteran men without dementia were enrolled for APOE genotyping and neuropsychological tests including Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Digit Span Forward and Backward, and Cognitive Ability Screening Instrument Chinese language version (CASI C-2.0) were evaluated in these subjects. Among the elderly veterans, people who carry APOE ɛ4 were found to have worse performance on the total CASI scores, the abstraction/judgment subscores and the list-generating fluency subscores. This study suggests that the APOE ɛ4 alleles contributed detrimental effects on cognitive function in the very old veterans who do not have dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Sheng Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, Puli Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ti Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jee Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Albert C Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-En Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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204
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Vanni N, Fruscione F, Ferlazzo E, Striano P, Robbiano A, Traverso M, Sander T, Falace A, Gazzerro E, Bramanti P, Bielawski J, Fassio A, Minetti C, Genton P, Zara F. Impairment of ceramide synthesis causes a novel progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:206-12. [PMID: 24782409 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alterations of sphingolipid metabolism are implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders. METHODS We identified a homozygous nonsynonymous mutation in CERS1, the gene encoding ceramide synthase 1, in 4 siblings affected by a progressive disorder with myoclonic epilepsy and dementia. CerS1, a transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), catalyzes the biosynthesis of C18-ceramides. RESULTS We demonstrated that the mutation decreases C18-ceramide levels. In addition, we showed that downregulation of CerS1 in a neuroblastoma cell line triggers ER stress response and induces proapoptotic pathways. INTERPRETATION This study demonstrates that impairment of ceramide biosynthesis underlies neurodegeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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205
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia in the elderly. It is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. There are two major types of AD, early onset and the more common late onset. The genetics of early-onset AD are largely understood with mutations in three different genes leading to the disease. In contrast, while susceptibility loci and alleles associated with late-onset AD have been identified using genetic association studies, the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. Here we review the known genetics of early- and late-onset AD, the clinical features of EOAD according to genotypes, and the clinical implications of the genetics of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Changyun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Chunhui Che
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Huapin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
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206
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Luck T, Riedel-Heller SG, Luppa M, Wiese B, Köhler M, Jessen F, Bickel H, Weyerer S, Pentzek M, König HH, Prokein J, Ernst A, Wagner M, Mösch E, Werle J, Fuchs A, Brettschneider C, Scherer M, Maier W. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 genotype and a physically active lifestyle in late life: analysis of gene-environment interaction for the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease dementia. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1319-1329. [PMID: 23883793 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As physical activity may modify the effect of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele on the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, we tested for such a gene-environment interaction in a sample of general practice patients aged ⩾75 years. METHOD Data were derived from follow-up waves I-IV of the longitudinal German study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe). The Kaplan-Meier survival method was used to estimate dementia- and AD-free survival times. Multivariable Cox regression was used to assess individual associations of APOE ε4 and physical activity with risk for dementia and AD, controlling for covariates. We tested for gene-environment interaction by calculating three indices of additive interaction. RESULTS Among the randomly selected sample of 6619 patients, 3327 (50.3%) individuals participated in the study at baseline and 2810 (42.5%) at follow-up I. Of the 2492 patients without dementia included at follow-up I, 278 developed dementia (184 AD) over the subsequent follow-up interval of 4.5 years. The presence of the APOE ε4 allele significantly increased and higher physical activity significantly decreased risk for dementia and AD. The co-presence of APOE ε4 with low physical activity was associated with higher risk for dementia and AD and shorter dementia- and AD-free survival time than the presence of APOE ε4 or low physical activity alone. Indices of interaction indicated no significant interaction between low physical activity and the APOE ε4 allele for general dementia risk, but a possible additive interaction for AD risk. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity even in late life may be effective in reducing conversion to dementia and AD or in delaying the onset of clinical manifestations. APOE ε4 carriers may particularly benefit from increasing physical activity with regard to their risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Luck
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - S G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Luppa
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - B Wiese
- Institute for Biometrics, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - M Köhler
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - F Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - H Bickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - S Weyerer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Pentzek
- Medical Faculty, Institute of General Practice, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H-H König
- Department of Medical Sociology and Health Economics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - J Prokein
- Institute for Biometrics, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - A Ernst
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - M Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - E Mösch
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - J Werle
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Fuchs
- Medical Faculty, Institute of General Practice, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Brettschneider
- Department of Medical Sociology and Health Economics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - M Scherer
- Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of Primary Medical Care, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - W Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
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207
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Abstract
25% of all people aged 55 years and older have a family history of dementia. For most, the family history is due to genetically complex disease, where many genetic variations of small effect interact to increase risk of dementia. The lifetime risk of dementia for these families is about 20%, compared with 10% in the general population. A small proportion of families have an autosomal dominant family history of early-onset dementia, which is often due to mendelian disease, caused by a mutation in one of the dementia genes. Each family member has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation, which confers a lifetime dementia risk of over 95%. In this Review, we focus on the evidence for, and the approach to, genetic testing in Alzheimer's disease (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes), frontotemporal dementia (MAPT, GRN, C9ORF72, and other genes), and other familial dementias. We conclude by discussing the practical aspects of genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement T Loy
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Huntington Disease Service, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Anne M Turner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John B J Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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208
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Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Torrellas C, Tellado I, Carril JC. Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer's disease: novel therapeutic strategies for drug development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:323-556. [PMID: 25150875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major problem of health and disability, with a relevant economic impact on our society. Despite important advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, its primary causes still remain elusive, accurate biomarkers are not well characterized, and the available pharmacological treatments are not cost-effective. As a complex disorder, AD is a polygenic and multifactorial clinical entity in which hundreds of defective genes distributed across the human genome may contribute to its pathogenesis. Diverse environmental factors, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and epigenetic phenomena, together with structural and functional genomic dysfunctions, lead to amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and premature neuronal death, the major neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Future perspectives for the global management of AD predict that genomics and proteomics may help in the search for reliable biomarkers. In practical terms, the therapeutic response to conventional drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors, multifactorial strategies) is genotype-specific. Genomic factors potentially involved in AD pharmacogenomics include at least five categories of gene clusters: (1) genes associated with disease pathogenesis; (2) genes associated with the mechanism of action of drugs; (3) genes associated with drug metabolism (phase I and II reactions); (4) genes associated with drug transporters; and (5) pleiotropic genes involved in multifaceted cascades and metabolic reactions. The implementation of pharmacogenomic strategies will contribute to optimize drug development and therapeutics in AD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain,
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209
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Beck J, Pittman A, Adamson G, Campbell T, Kenny J, Houlden H, Rohrer JD, de Silva R, Shoai M, Uphill J, Poulter M, Hardy J, Mummery CJ, Warren JD, Schott JM, Fox NC, Rossor MN, Collinge J, Mead S. Validation of next-generation sequencing technologies in genetic diagnosis of dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:261-5. [PMID: 23998997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Identification of a specific genetic cause of early onset dementia (EOD) is important but can be difficult because of pleiotropy, locus heterogeneity and accessibility of gene tests. Here we assess the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies as a quick, accurate and cost effective method to determine genetic diagnosis in EOD. We developed gene panel based technologies to assess 16 genes known to harbour mutations causal of dementia and combined these with PCR based assessments of the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion and the octapeptide repeat region of PRNP. In a blinded study of 95 samples we show very high sensitivity and specificity are achievable using either Ion Torrent or MiSeq sequencing platforms. Modifications to the gene panel permit accurate detection of structural variation in APP. In 2/10 samples which had been selected because they possess a variant of uncertain significance the new technology discovered a causal mutation in genes not previously sequenced. A large proportion (23/85) of samples showed genetic variants of uncertain significance in addition to known mutations. The MRC Dementia Gene Panel and similar technologies are likely to be transformational in EOD diagnosis with a significant impact on the proportion of patients in whom a genetic cause is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Beck
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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210
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Panizzon MS, Hauger R, Xian H, Vuoksimaa E, Spoon KM, Mendoza SP, Jacobson KC, Vasilopoulos T, Rana BK, McKenzie R, McCaffery JM, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Interaction of APOE genotype and testosterone on episodic memory in middle-aged men. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1778.e1-8. [PMID: 24444806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in testosterone are believed to be a key component of the processes that contribute to cognitive aging in men. The APOE-ε4 allele may interact with testosterone and moderate the hormone's association with cognition. The goals of the present study were to examine the degree to which free testosterone is associated with episodic memory in a community-based sample of middle-aged men, and examine the potential interaction between free testosterone and the APOE-ε4 allele. Data were used from 717 participants in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Average age was 55.4 years (standard deviation = 2.5). Significant positive associations were observed between free testosterone level and verbal episodic memory, as well as a significant interaction between free testosterone and APOE-ε4 status. In ε4 carriers free testosterone was positively associated with verbal episodic memory performance (story recall), whereas no association was observed in ε4 noncarriers. Results support the hypothesis that APOE-ε4 status increases susceptibility to other risk factors, such as low testosterone, which may ultimately contribute to cognitive decline or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Richard Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Louis University, College for Public Health & Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA; Research Service, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kelly M Spoon
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sally P Mendoza
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruth McKenzie
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne M McCaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Miriam Hospital and Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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211
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Pilotto A, Padovani A, Borroni B. Clinical, biological, and imaging features of monogenic Alzheimer's Disease. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:689591. [PMID: 24377094 PMCID: PMC3860086 DOI: 10.1155/2013/689591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of monogenic forms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) associated with mutations within PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP genes is giving a big contribution in the understanding of the underpinning mechanisms of this complex disorder. Compared with sporadic form, the phenotype associated with monogenic cases is somewhat broader including behavioural disturbances, epilepsy, myoclonus, and focal presentations. Structural and functional imaging show typical early changes also in presymptomatic monogenic carriers. Amyloid imaging and CSF tau/A β ratio may be useful in the differential diagnosis with other neurodegenerative dementias, especially, in early onset cases. However, to date any specific biomarkers of different monogenic cases have been identified. Thus, in clinical practice, the early identification is often difficult, but the copresence of different elements could help in recognition. This review will focus on the clinical and instrumental markers useful for the very early identification of AD monogenic cases, pivotal in the development, and evaluation of disease-modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pilotto
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Pza Spedali Civili, 1-25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Pza Spedali Civili, 1-25100 Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Pza Spedali Civili, 1-25100 Brescia, Italy
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212
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Feldman AL, Wirdefeldt K, Johansson ALV, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. Evidence for modest familial co-aggregation between dementia and parkinsonism. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 29:49-56. [PMID: 24248476 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-013-9864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the contribution of shared familial risk to the co-occurrence of dementia and parkinsonism by studying familial co-aggregation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Using Swedish population-based registers we constructed two cohorts; a first-degree relative cohort of persons born 1932-1960 (n = 2,775,332) and a spouse cohort of persons born 1890-1960 (n = 4,736,006). Study persons were followed up between 1969 and 2009 in the National Patient and Cause of Death Registers. We modeled the association between incidence of disease and having at least one affected relative using Cox proportional hazard regression that estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for age, sex and number of relatives. Within each disorder; dementia, AD, parkinsonian disorders and PD, there was a strong association between risk of disease and having at least one affected sibling or parent. There was also a modest shared familial risk between the diseases; risk of parkinsonian disorders was associated with having a sibling with AD (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.11-1.65) and risk of dementia was associated with having a sibling with PD (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02-1.41). There were no meaningful familial risks among spouses. The risk of co-occurring dementia in PD was considerably increased (HR 2.83, 95% CI 2.76-2.89). There is strong familial aggregation within dementia, AD, parkinsonian disorders and PD, and modest familial co-aggregation between dementia and parkinsonism. Thus, co-occurrence of dementia and parkinsonism is not primarily caused by shared familial risk between AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina L Feldman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO-Box 281, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
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213
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Mielke MM, Maetzler W, Haughey NJ, Bandaru VVR, Savica R, Deuschle C, Gasser T, Hauser AK, Gräber-Sultan S, Schleicher E, Berg D, Liepelt-Scarfone I. Plasma ceramide and glucosylceramide metabolism is altered in sporadic Parkinson's disease and associated with cognitive impairment: a pilot study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73094. [PMID: 24058461 PMCID: PMC3776817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the gene coding for glucocerebrosidase (GBA), which metabolizes glucosylceramide (a monohexosylceramide) into glucose and ceramide, is the most common genetic risk factor for sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA mutation carriers are more likely to have an earlier age of onset and to develop cognitive impairment and dementia. We hypothesized that plasma levels of lipids involved in ceramide metabolism would also be altered in PD non-GBA mutation carriers and associated with worse cognition. Methods Plasma ceramide, monohexosylceramide, and lactosylceramide levels in 26 cognitively normal PD patients, 26 PD patients with cognitive impairment or dementia, and 5 cognitively normal non-PD controls were determined by LC/ESI/MS/MS. Results Levels of all lipid species were higher in PD patients versus controls. Among PD patients, levels of ceramide C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, and C24:1 and monohexosylceramide C16:0, C20:0 and C24:0 species were higher (all P<0.05) in those with versus without cognitive impairment. Conclusion These results suggest that plasma ceramide and monohexosylceramide metabolism is altered in PD non-GBA mutation carriers and that higher levels are associated with worse cognition. Additional studies with larger sample sizes, including cognitively normal controls, are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Mielke
- Departments of Health Science Research and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Veera V. R. Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Departments of Health Science Research and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Christian Deuschle
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hauser
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Gräber-Sultan
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Erwin Schleicher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen and DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tuebingen, Germany
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Riudavets MA, Bartoloni L, Troncoso JC, Pletnikova O, St. George‐Hyslop P, Schultz M, Sevlever G, Allegri RF. Familial dementia with frontotemporal features associated with M146V presenilin-1 mutation. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:595-600. [PMID: 23489366 PMCID: PMC4007155 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the mutations in the presenilin-1 gene (PS-1) are associated with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, certain examples can be associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We performed a clinical evaluation of individuals belonging to a family with the FTD phenotype, and additional molecular studies and neuropathological assessment of the proband. The PS-1 M146V mutation was found in the 50-year-old subject (the proband) with family history of early-onset FTD. Neuropathological examination showed abundant amyloid plaques, widespread neurofibrillary pathology, Pick bodies in the hippocampus and cortex, cortical globose tangles and ubiquitin-positive nuclear inclusions in white matter oligodendrocytes. We report a kindred with clinical features of FTD, whose proband bore the PS-1 M146V mutation and showed diffuse Alzheimer's type pathology and Pick bodies on post-mortem neuropathological examination. As with other mutations within the same codon, this substitution may predispose to both diseases by affecting APP and/or tau processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Bartoloni
- Department of Internal MedicineHospital ZubizarretaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Neuropathology DivisionPathology DepartmentJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Neuropathology DivisionPathology DepartmentJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
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215
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Edwards DRV, Gilbert JR, Hicks JE, Myers JL, Jiang L, Cummings AC, Guo S, Gallins PJ, Konidari I, Caywood L, Reinhart-Mercer L, Fuzzell D, Knebusch C, Laux R, Jackson CE, Pericak-Vance MA, Haines JL, Scott WK. Linkage and association of successful aging to the 6q25 region in large Amish kindreds. Age (Dordr) 2013; 35:1467-1477. [PMID: 22773346 PMCID: PMC3705095 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Successful aging (SA) is a multidimensional phenotype involving living to older age with high physical function, preserved cognition, and continued social engagement. Several domains underlying SA are heritable, and identifying health-promoting polymorphisms and their interactions with the environment could provide important information regarding the health of older adults. In the present study, we examined 263 cognitively intact Amish individuals age 80 and older (74 SA and 189 "normally aged") all of whom are part of a single 13-generation pedigree. A genome-wide association study of 630,309 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed and analyzed for linkage using multipoint analyses and for association using the modified quasi-likelihood score test. There was evidence for linkage on 6q25-27 near the fragile site FRA6E region with a dominant model maximum multipoint heterogeneity LOD score = 3.2. The 1-LOD-down support interval for this linkage contained one SNP for which there was regionally significant evidence of association (rs205990, p = 2.36 × 10(-5)). This marker survived interval-wide Bonferroni correction for multiple testing and was located between the genes QKI and PDE10A. Other areas of chromosome 6q25-q27 (including the FRA6E region) contained several SNPs associated with SA (minimum p = 2.89 × 10(-6)). These findings suggest potentially novel genes in the 6q25-q27 region linked and associated with SA in the Amish; however, these findings should be verified in an independent replication cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digna R. Velez Edwards
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- />Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Epidemiology Center, Institute of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - John R. Gilbert
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - James E. Hicks
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Jamie L. Myers
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Lan Jiang
- />Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Anna C. Cummings
- />Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Shengru Guo
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Paul J. Gallins
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Ioanna Konidari
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Laura Caywood
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Lori Reinhart-Mercer
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Denise Fuzzell
- />Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Claire Knebusch
- />Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Renee Laux
- />Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | | | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- />Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - William K. Scott
- />Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1501 NW 10th Avenue, Room 414, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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Michalova E, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. Impaired pre-mRNA processing and altered architecture of 3' untranslated regions contribute to the development of human disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15681-94. [PMID: 23896598 PMCID: PMC3759880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological fate of each mRNA and consequently, the protein to be synthesised, is highly dependent on the nature of the 3′ untranslated region. Despite its non-coding character, the 3′ UTR may affect the final mRNA stability, the localisation, the export from the nucleus and the translation efficiency. The conserved regulatory sequences within 3′ UTRs and the specific elements binding to them enable gene expression control at the posttranscriptional level and all these processes reflect the actual state of the cell including proliferation, differentiation, cellular stress or tumourigenesis. Through this article, we briefly outline how the alterations in the establishment and final architecture of 3′ UTRs may contribute to the development of various disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Michalova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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217
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Younesi E, Hofmann-Apitius M. A network model of genomic hormone interactions underlying dementia and its translational validation through serendipitous off-target effect. J Transl Med 2013; 11:177. [PMID: 23885764 PMCID: PMC3733613 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the majority of studies have focused on the association between sex hormones and dementia, emerging evidence supports the role of other hormone signals in increasing dementia risk. However, due to the lack of an integrated view on mechanistic interactions of hormone signaling pathways associated with dementia, molecular mechanisms through which hormones contribute to the increased risk of dementia has remained unclear and capacity of translating hormone signals to potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications in relation to dementia has been undervalued. METHODS Using an integrative knowledge- and data-driven approach, a global hormone interaction network in the context of dementia was constructed, which was further filtered down to a model of convergent hormone signaling pathways. This model was evaluated for its biological and clinical relevance through pathway recovery test, evidence-based analysis, and biomarker-guided analysis. Translational validation of the model was performed using the proposed novel mechanism discovery approach based on 'serendipitous off-target effects'. RESULTS Our results reveal the existence of a well-connected hormone interaction network underlying dementia. Seven hormone signaling pathways converge at the core of the hormone interaction network, which are shown to be mechanistically linked to the risk of dementia. Amongst these pathways, estrogen signaling pathway takes the major part in the model and insulin signaling pathway is analyzed for its association to learning and memory functions. Validation of the model through serendipitous off-target effects suggests that hormone signaling pathways substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of dementia. CONCLUSIONS The integrated network model of hormone interactions underlying dementia may serve as an initial translational platform for identifying potential therapeutic targets and candidate biomarkers for dementia-spectrum disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Younesi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Schloss Birlinghoven, Sankt Augustin, 53754, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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218
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Higgins JJ. Dementia diagnostics: preparing for a pending healthcare epidemic. MLO Med Lab Obs 2013; 45:52-53. [PMID: 24180077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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219
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McDavid A, Crane PK, Newton KM, Crosslin DR, McCormick W, Weston N, Ehrlich K, Hart E, Harrison R, Kukull WA, Rottscheit C, Peissig P, Stefanski E, McCarty CA, Zuvich RL, Ritchie MD, Haines JL, Denny JC, Schellenberg GD, de Andrade M, Kullo I, Li R, Mirel D, Crenshaw A, Bowen JD, Li G, Tsuang D, McCurry S, Teri L, Larson EB, Jarvik GP, Carlson CS. Enhancing the power of genetic association studies through the use of silver standard cases derived from electronic medical records. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63481. [PMID: 23762230 PMCID: PMC3677889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of using imperfectly phenotyped "silver standard" samples identified from electronic medical record diagnoses is considered in genetic association studies when these samples might be combined with an existing set of samples phenotyped with a gold standard technique. An analytic expression is derived for the power of a chi-square test of independence using either research-quality case/control samples alone, or augmented with silver standard data. The subset of the parameter space where inclusion of silver standard samples increases statistical power is identified. A case study of dementia subjects identified from electronic medical records from the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) network, combined with subjects from two studies specifically targeting dementia, verifies these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McDavid
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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220
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Margolin DH, Kousi M, Chan YM, Lim ET, Schmahmann JD, Hadjivassiliou M, Hall JE, Adam I, Dwyer A, Plummer L, Aldrin SV, O'Rourke J, Kirby A, Lage K, Milunsky A, Milunsky JM, Chan J, Hedley-Whyte ET, Daly MJ, Katsanis N, Seminara SB. Ataxia, dementia, and hypogonadotropism caused by disordered ubiquitination. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1992-2003. [PMID: 23656588 PMCID: PMC3738065 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1215993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of ataxia and hypogonadism was first described more than a century ago, but its genetic basis has remained elusive. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing in a patient with ataxia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, followed by targeted sequencing of candidate genes in similarly affected patients. Neurologic and reproductive endocrine phenotypes were characterized in detail. The effects of sequence variants and the presence of an epistatic interaction were tested in a zebrafish model. RESULTS Digenic homozygous mutations in RNF216 and OTUD4, which encode a ubiquitin E3 ligase and a deubiquitinase, respectively, were found in three affected siblings in a consanguineous family. Additional screening identified compound heterozygous truncating mutations in RNF216 in an unrelated patient and single heterozygous deleterious mutations in four other patients. Knockdown of rnf216 or otud4 in zebrafish embryos induced defects in the eye, optic tectum, and cerebellum; combinatorial suppression of both genes exacerbated these phenotypes, which were rescued by nonmutant, but not mutant, human RNF216 or OTUD4 messenger RNA. All patients had progressive ataxia and dementia. Neuronal loss was observed in cerebellar pathways and the hippocampus; surviving hippocampal neurons contained ubiquitin-immunoreactive intranuclear inclusions. Defects were detected at the hypothalamic and pituitary levels of the reproductive endocrine axis. CONCLUSIONS The syndrome of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, ataxia, and dementia can be caused by inactivating mutations in RNF216 or by the combination of mutations in RNF216 and OTUD4. These findings link disordered ubiquitination to neurodegeneration and reproductive dysfunction and highlight the power of whole-exome sequencing in combination with functional studies to unveil genetic interactions that cause disease. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Margolin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02115, USA
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Berlau DJ, Corrada MM, Robinson JL, Geser F, Arnold SE, Lee VMY, Kawas CH, Trojanowski JQ. Neocortical β-amyloid area is associated with dementia and APOE in the oldest-old. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 9:699-705. [PMID: 23474043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 carriers may be protected from dementia because of reduced levels of cortical β-amyloid. In the oldest-old, however, APOE ε2 carriers have high β-amyloid plaque scores and preserved cognition. We compared different measures of β-amyloid pathology across APOE genotypes in the oldest-old, and their relationship with dementia. METHODS The study included 96 participants from The 90+ Study. Using all information, dementia diagnoses were made. Neuropathological examination included staging for amyloid plaques and β-amyloid cortical percent area stained by NAB228 antibody. RESULTS Both APOE ε2 and APOE ε4 carriers had high Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease plaque scores. However, APOE ε2 carriers had low cortical β-amyloid percent areas. β-amyloid percent area was associated with dementia across APOE genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Lower levels of percent area in APOE ε2 carriers may reflect lower total β-amyloid and may contribute to APOE ε2 carriers' decreased risk of dementia, despite high β-amyloid plaque scores. The relationship between β-amyloid plaques and dementia in the oldest-old may vary by APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Berlau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA.
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222
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Ai J, Sun LH, Che H, Zhang R, Zhang TZ, Wu WC, Su XL, Chen X, Yang G, Li K, Wang N, Ban T, Bao YN, Guo F, Niu HF, Zhu YL, Zhu XY, Zhao SG, Yang BF. MicroRNA-195 protects against dementia induced by chronic brain hypoperfusion via its anti-amyloidogenic effect in rats. J Neurosci 2013; 33:3989-4001. [PMID: 23447608 PMCID: PMC6619292 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1997-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that chronic brain hypoperfusion (CBH) causes Aβ aggregation by upregulating expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) protein, which is accompanied by cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of microRNA on memory impairment in rats induced by CBH. We show here that CBH generated by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO) significantly decreased the learning and memory ability in rats, as assessed by Morris water maze, and upregulated expression of APP and BACE1 proteins in the hippocampus and cortex of rats, as evaluated by Western blot and immunofluorescence. In reciprocal, qRT-PCR analysis showed that microRNA-195 (miR-195) was downregulated in both the hippocampus and cortex of rats following CBH, and in the plasma of dementia patients. APP and BACE1 proteins were downregulated by miR-195 overexpression, upregulated by miR-195 inhibition, and unchanged by binding-site mutation or miR-masks, indicating that APP and BACE1 are two potential targets for miR-195. Knockdown of endogenous miR-195 by lentiviral vector-mediated overexpression of its antisense molecule (lenti-pre-AMO-miR-195) elicited dementia in rats, whereas overexpression of miR-195 using lenti-pre-miR-195 reduced dementia vulnerability triggered by 2VO. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that NFκB was bound to the promoter region of miR-195 and inhibited its expression. We conclude that miR-195 may play a key role in determining dementia susceptibility in 2VO rats by regulating APP and BACE1 expression at the post-transcriptional level, and exogenous complement of miR-195 may be a potentially valuable anti-dementia approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ai
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Li-Hua Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Hui Che
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Tian-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Wan-Chen Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Xiao-Lin Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China,150001
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China,150001
| | - Kang Li
- The Department of Biostatistics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081; and
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Tao Ban
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Ya-Nan Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | - Hui-Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
| | | | - Xiu-Ying Zhu
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150086
| | - Shi-Guang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China,150001
| | - Bao-Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China, 150081
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Abstract
A number of neurodegenerative diseases principally affect humans as they age and are characterized by the loss of specific groups of neurons in different brain regions. Although these disorders are generally sporadic, it is now clear that many of them have a substantial genetic component. As genes are the raw material with which evolution works, we might benefit from understanding these genes in an evolutionary framework. Here, I will discuss how we can understand whether evolution has shaped genes involved in neurodegeneration and the implications for practical issues, such as our choice of model systems for studying these diseases, and more theoretical concerns, such as the level of selection against these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA.
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224
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Garringer HJ, Murrell J, Sammeta N, Gnezda A, Ghetti B, Vidal R. Increased tau phosphorylation and tau truncation, and decreased synaptophysin levels in mutant BRI2/tau transgenic mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56426. [PMID: 23418567 PMCID: PMC3572042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial Danish dementia (FDD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a 10-nucleotide duplication-insertion in the BRI2 gene. FDD is clinically characterized by loss of vision, hearing impairment, cerebellar ataxia and dementia. The main neuropathologic findings in FDD are the deposition of Danish amyloid (ADan) and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Here we investigated tau accumulation and truncation in double transgenic (Tg-FDD-Tau) mice generated by crossing transgenic mice expressing human Danish mutant BRI2 (Tg-FDD) with mice expressing human 4-repeat mutant Tau-P301S (Tg-Tau). Compared to Tg-Tau mice, we observed a significant enhancement of tau deposition in Tg-FDD-Tau mice. In addition, a significant increase in tau cleaved at aspartic acid (Asp) 421 was observed in Tg-FDD-Tau mice. Tg-FDD-Tau mice also showed a significant decrease in synaptophysin levels, occurring before widespread deposition of fibrillar ADan and tau can be observed. Thus, the presence of soluble ADan/mutant BRI2 can lead to significant changes in tau metabolism and synaptic dysfunction. Our data provide new in vivo insights into the pathogenesis of FDD and the pathogenic pathway(s) by which amyloidogenic peptides, regardless of their primary amino acid sequence, can cause neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RV); (HJG)
| | - Jill Murrell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Neeraja Sammeta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anita Gnezda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RV); (HJG)
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van Vliet D, de Vugt ME, Bakker C, Pijnenburg YAL, Vernooij-Dassen MJFJ, Koopmans RTCM, Verhey FRJ. Time to diagnosis in young-onset dementia as compared with late-onset dementia. Psychol Med 2013; 43:423-432. [PMID: 22640548 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which specific factors influence diagnostic delays in dementia is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare duration from symptom onset to diagnosis for young-onset dementia (YOD) and late-onset dementia (LOD) and to assess the effect of age at onset, type of dementia, gender, living situation, education and family history of dementia on this duration. METHOD Data on 235 YOD and 167 LOD patients collected from caregivers from two prospective cohort studies were used. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed. RESULTS The duration between symptom onset and the diagnosis of YOD exceeded that of LOD by an average of 1.6 years (2.8 v. 4.4 years). Young age and being diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia were related to increases in the time to diagnosis. Subjects with vascular dementia experienced shorter time to diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to raise special awareness of YOD to facilitate a timely diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van Vliet
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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226
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Belzil VV, Daoud H, Camu W, Strong MJ, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Genetic analysis of SIGMAR1 as a cause of familial ALS with dementia. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 21:237-9. [PMID: 22739338 PMCID: PMC3548267 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron diseases (MND), while frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is the second most common cause of early-onset dementia. Many ALS families segregating FTLD have been reported, particularly over the last decade. Recently, mutations in TARDBP, FUS/TLS, and C9ORF72 have been identified in both ALS and FTLD patients, while mutations in VCP, a FTLD associated gene, have been found in ALS families. Distinct variants located in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the SIGMAR1 gene were previously reported in three unrelated FTLD or FTLD-MND families. We directly sequenced the coding and UTR regions of the SIGMAR1 gene in a targeted cohort of 25 individual familial ALS cases of Caucasian origin with a history of cognitive impairments. This screening identified one variant in the 3'-UTR of the SIGMAR1 gene in one ALS patient, but the same variant was also observed in 1 out of 380 control chromosomes. Subsequently, we screened the same samples for a C9ORF72 repeat expansion: 52% of this cohort was found expanded, including the sample with the SIGMAR1 3'-UTR variant. Consequently, coding and noncoding variants located in the 3'-UTR region of the SIGMAR1 gene are not the cause of FTLD-MND in our cohort, and more than half of this targeted cohort is genetically explained by C9ORF72 repeat expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique V Belzil
- Centre of Excellence in Neurosciences of Université de Montréal, CHUM Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hussein Daoud
- Centre of Excellence in Neurosciences of Université de Montréal, CHUM Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - William Camu
- ALS Center, Department of Neurology, CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J Strong
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick A Dion
- Centre of Excellence in Neurosciences of Université de Montréal, CHUM Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Centre of Excellence in Neurosciences of Université de Montréal, CHUM Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Université de Montreal, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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227
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Chen YC, Yip PK, Huang YL, Sun Y, Wen LL, Chu YM, Chen TF. Sequence variants of toll like receptor 4 and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50771. [PMID: 23272070 PMCID: PMC3525588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been related to inflammation and beta-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. No study has explored the association between haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) of TLR4 and AD risk previously and ApoE e4 status alone showed low sensitivity in identifying late-onset AD (LOAD) patients. Methods A total of 269 LOAD patients were recruited from three hospitals in northern Taiwan (2007–2010). Controls (n = 449) were recruited from elderly health checkup and volunteers of the hospital during the same period of time. Five common (frequency≥5%) TLR4 htSNPs were selected to assess the association between TLR4 polymorphisms and the risk of LOAD in the Chinese ethnic population. Results Homozygosity of TLR4 rs1927907 was significantly associated with an increased risk of LOAD [TT vs. CC: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30–4.64]. After stratification, the association increased further in ApoE e4 non-carriers (AOR = 3.07) and in hypertensive patients (AOR = 3.60). Haplotype GACGG was associated with a decreased risk of LOAD (1 vs. 0 copies: AOR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.36–0.96; 2 vs. 0 copies: AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14–0.67) in ApoE e4 non-carriers. ApoE e4 status significantly modified this association (pinteraction = 0.01). These associations remained significant after correction for multiple tests. Conclusions Sequence variants of TLR4 were associated with an increased risk of LOAD, especially in ApoE e4 non-carriers and in hypertensive patients. The combination of TLR4 rs1927907 and ApoE e4 significantly increased the screening sensitivity in identifying LOAD patients from 0.4 to 0.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ching Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Silva ART, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Diniz BS, Lima LA, Silva PJS, Ferretti REL, Rocha RM, Filho WJ, Carraro DM, Brentani H. Transcriptional alterations related to neuropathology and clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48751. [PMID: 23144955 PMCID: PMC3492444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the human population, characterized by a spectrum of neuropathological abnormalities that results in memory impairment and loss of other cognitive processes as well as the presence of non-cognitive symptoms. Transcriptomic analyses provide an important approach to elucidating the pathogenesis of complex diseases like AD, helping to figure out both pre-clinical markers to identify susceptible patients and the early pathogenic mechanisms to serve as therapeutic targets. This study provides the gene expression profile of postmortem brain tissue from subjects with clinic-pathological AD (Braak IV, V, or V and CERAD B or C; and CDR ≥1), preclinical AD (Braak IV, V, or VI and CERAD B or C; and CDR = 0), and healthy older individuals (Braak ≤ II and CERAD 0 or A; and CDR = 0) in order to establish genes related to both AD neuropathology and clinical emergence of dementia. Based on differential gene expression, hierarchical clustering and network analysis, genes involved in energy metabolism, oxidative stress, DNA damage/repair, senescence, and transcriptional regulation were implicated with the neuropathology of AD; a transcriptional profile related to clinical manifestation of AD could not be detected with reliability using differential gene expression analysis, although genes involved in synaptic plasticity, and cell cycle seems to have a role revealed by gene classifier. In conclusion, the present data suggest gene expression profile changes secondary to the development of AD-related pathology and some genes that appear to be related to the clinical manifestation of dementia in subjects with significant AD pathology, making necessary further investigations to better understand these transcriptional findings on the pathogenesis and clinical emergence of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal R. T. Silva
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose M. Farfel
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno S. Diniz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 27 (LIM 27) - Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro A. Lima
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo J. S. Silva
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E. L. Ferretti
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Rocha
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob Filho
- Brazilian Brain Bank of the Aging Brain Study Group - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 22 (LIM 22), São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dirce M. Carraro
- Research Center (CIPE), A. C. Camargo Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology - Laboratory of Medical Investigations 23 (LIM 23), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Janocko NJ, Brodersen KA, Soto-Ortolaza AI, Ross OA, Liesinger AM, Duara R, Graff-Radford NR, Dickson DW, Murray ME. Neuropathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer's disease differ significantly from neurofibrillary tangle-predominant dementia. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:681-92. [PMID: 22968369 PMCID: PMC3483034 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be classified based on the relative density of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the hippocampus and association cortices into three subtypes: typical AD, hippocampal-sparing AD (HpSp AD), and limbic-predominant AD (LP AD). AD subtypes not only have pathologic, but also demographic, clinical, and genetic differences. Neurofibrillary tangle-predominant dementia (NFTD), a disorder with NFTs relatively restricted to limbic structures, shares this feature with LP AD raising the possibility that NFTD is a variant of AD. The objective criteria for pathologic diagnosis of NFTD are not available. A goal of this study was to design a mathematical algorithm that could diagnose NFTD from NFT and senile plaque (SP) counts in hippocampus and association cortices, analogous to that used to subtype AD. Moreover, we aimed to compare pathologic, demographic, clinical, and genetic features of NFTD (n = 18) with LP AD (n = 19), as well as the other AD subtypes, typical AD (n = 52) and HpSp AD (n = 17). Using digital microscopy, we confirmed that burden of phospho-tau (CP13) and of an NFT conformational epitope (Ab39) correlated with NFT densities and showed expected patterns across AD subtypes. HpSp AD had the highest and LP AD had the lowest burden of cortical CP13 and Ab39 immunoreactivity. On the other hand, cortical β-amyloid burden did not significantly differ between AD subtypes. Semi-quantitative assessment of SPs in the basal ganglia did show HpSp AD to have significantly more frequent presence of SPs compared to typical AD, which was more frequent than LP AD. Compared to LP AD, NFTD had an older age at disease onset and shorter disease duration, as well as lower Braak NFT stage. NFTs and SPs on thioflavin-S fluorescent microscopy, as well as CP13, Ab39, and Aβ immunoreactivities were very low in the frontal cortex of NFTD, differentiating NFTD from AD subtypes, including LP AD. MAPT H1H1 genotype frequency was high (~70 %) in NFTD and LP AD, and similar to typical AD, while APOE ε4 carrier state was low in NFTD. While it shares clinical similarities with regard to female sex predominance, onset in advanced age, and a slow cognitive decline, NFTD has significant pathologic differences from LP AD, suggesting that it may not merely be a variant of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Janocko
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Kevin A. Brodersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Owen A. Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Amanda M. Liesinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ranjan Duara
- Wien Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Memory Disorders, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, USA
| | | | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Melissa E. Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Miller JW, Smith BN, Topp SD, Al-Chalabi A, Shaw CE, Vance C. Mutation analysis of VCP in British familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2721.e1-2. [PMID: 22789697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the valosin-containing-protein (VCP) gene are associated with the multidisorder disease, inclusion body myopathy with Pagets and associated frontotemporal dementia. This disease is characterized pathologically by large ubiquitinated, TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 (TDP-43) positive inclusions. These inclusions are also a common feature in neurological diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTLD). Mutations in the VCP gene have been identified in ALS patients, therefore we aimed to characterize VCP variations in our own cohort of familial and sporadic ALS patients by sequencing all 17 coding exons of VCP. This study failed to detect any exonic variations in a subset of British familial and sporadic ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Miller
- Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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233
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Lohmann E, Guerreiro RJ, Erginel-Unaltuna N, Gurunlian N, Bilgic B, Gurvit H, Hanagasi HA, Luu N, Emre M, Singleton A. Identification of PSEN1 and PSEN2 gene mutations and variants in Turkish dementia patients. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1850.e17-27. [PMID: 22503161 PMCID: PMC4669567 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the frequency of mutations in the known Alzheimer's disease causative genes in Turkish dementia patients we screened amyloid precursor protein (APP), PSEN1 and PSEN2 for mutations in a cohort of 98 Turkish dementia families. Six families were found to carry PSEN1 mutations (p.H163R, p.P264L, and p.H214Y) or variants suggested to cause the disease (p.L134R, p.L262V, and p.A396T). In 4 other families, previously reported PSEN2 variants were identified (p.R62H, p.R71W, p.M174V (n = 2), and p.S130L). The phenotype of the carriers varied from rapid progressing Alzheimer's disease to frontotemporal dementia, with spasticity and seizures also observed. Here we report a frequency of 11.2% of mutations and variants in the known Alzheimer disease genes in the dementia cohort studied and 24% in the early onset subgroup of patients, suggesting that mutations in these genes are not uncommon in Turkey and are associated with various phenotypes. We thus believe that genetic analysis should become a standardized diagnostic implement, not only for the identification of the genetic disease, but also for appropriate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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234
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van Rheenen W, van Blitterswijk M, Huisman MHB, Vlam L, van Doormaal PTC, Seelen M, Medic J, Dooijes D, de Visser M, van der Kooi AJ, Raaphorst J, Schelhaas HJ, van der Pol WL, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH. Hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9ORF72 in the spectrum of motor neuron diseases. Neurology 2012; 79:878-82. [PMID: 22843265 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182661d14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Rudolph Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
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235
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Lalonde R, Fukuchi K, Strazielle C. APP transgenic mice for modelling behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1357-75. [PMID: 22373961 PMCID: PMC3340431 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of gene mutations responsible for autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease has enabled researchers to reproduce in transgenic mice several hallmarks of this disorder, notably Aβ accumulation, though in most cases without neurofibrillary tangles. Mice expressing mutated and wild-type APP as well as C-terminal fragments of APP exhibit variations in exploratory activity reminiscent of behavioural and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer dementia (BPSD). In particular, open-field, spontaneous alternation, and elevated plus-maze tasks as well as aggression are modified in several APP transgenic mice relative to non-transgenic controls. However, depending on the precise murine models, changes in open-field and elevated plus-maze exploration occur in either direction, either increased or decreased relative to controls. It remains to be determined which neurotransmitter changes are responsible for this variability, in particular with respect to GABA, 5HT, and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lalonde
- Département de Psychologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
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Schneider SA, Marshall KE, Xiao J, LeDoux MS. JPH3 repeat expansions cause a progressive akinetic-rigid syndrome with severe dementia and putaminal rim in a five-generation African-American family. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:133-40. [PMID: 22447335 PMCID: PMC3370891 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-012-0318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the clinical, neuropsychological, genetic, and radiological features of a large five-generation African-American kindred from the southern USA presenting with a progressive akinetic-rigid syndrome and severe dementia, but clinically insignificant chorea, due to mutations in junctophillin 3 (JPH3). Overt disease onset was in the mid-20s to late 30s with cognitive decline, REM sleep disturbance, or psychiatric features, followed by development of a levodopa-unresponsive akinetic-rigid motor syndrome. Dystonia and myoclonus were present in some subjects. A bedridden, nonverbal severely akinetic-rigid state developed within 10 to 15 years after onset. CTG repeat expansions ranged from 47 to 53. Imaging revealed generalized cerebral atrophy with severe striatal involvement and putaminal rim hyperintensity. Analysis of our kindred indicates that JPH3 mutations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of early-onset dementia and hypokinetic-rigid syndromes in individuals of African descent. Moreover, chorea may not be overtly manifest at presentation or during significant parts of the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A. Schneider
- Schilling Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics at the Department of Neurology, University of Lubeck, 23568 Lubeck, Germany
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Kate E. Marshall
- Departments of Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xiao
- Departments of Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
| | - Mark S. LeDoux
- Departments of Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
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Andrawis JP, Hwang KS, Green AE, Kotlerman J, Elashoff D, Morra JH, Cummings JL, Toga AW, Thompson PM, Apostolova LG. Effects of ApoE4 and maternal history of dementia on hippocampal atrophy. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:856-66. [PMID: 20833446 PMCID: PMC3010297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We applied an automated hippocampal segmentation technique based on adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) to the 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) baseline and 1-year follow-up data of 243 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 96 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 145 normal controls (NC) scanned as part of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). MCI subjects with positive maternal history of dementia had smaller hippocampal volumes at baseline and at follow-up, and greater 12-month atrophy rates than subjects with negative maternal history. Three-dimensional maps and volumetric multiple regression analyses demonstrated a significant effect of positive maternal history of dementia on hippocampal atrophy in MCI and AD after controlling for age, ApoE4 genotype, and paternal history of dementia, respectively. ApoE4 showed an independent effect on hippocampal atrophy in MCI and AD and in the pooled sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristy S. Hwang
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Amity E. Green
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Jenny Kotlerman
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA
| | - David Elashoff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Cummings
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Liana G. Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
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Schossig A, Wolf NI, Fischer C, Fischer M, Stocker G, Pabinger S, Dander A, Steiner B, Tönz O, Kotzot D, Haberlandt E, Amberger A, Burwinkel B, Wimmer K, Fauth C, Grond-Ginsbach C, Koch MJ, Deichmann A, von Kalle C, Bartram CR, Kohlschütter A, Trajanoski Z, Zschocke J. Mutations in ROGDI Cause Kohlschütter-Tönz Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:701-7. [PMID: 22424600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kohlschütter-Tönz syndrome (KTS) is an autosomal-recessive disease characterized by the combination of epilepsy, psychomotor regression, and amelogenesis imperfecta. The molecular basis has not yet been elucidated. Here, we report that KTS is caused by mutations in ROGDI. Using a combination of autozygosity mapping and exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous frameshift deletion, c.229_230del (p.Leu77Alafs(∗)64), in ROGDI in two affected individuals from a consanguineous family. Molecular studies in two additional KTS-affected individuals from two unrelated Austrian and Swiss families revealed homozygosity for nonsense mutation c.286C>T (p.Gln96(∗)) and compound heterozygosity for the splice-site mutations c.531+5G>C and c.532-2A>T in ROGDI, respectively. The latter mutation was also found to be heterozygous in the mother of the Swiss affected individual in whom KTS was reported for the first time in 1974. ROGDI is highly expressed throughout the brain and other organs, but its function is largely unknown. Possible interactions with DISC1, a protein involved in diverse cytoskeletal functions, have been suggested. Our finding that ROGDI mutations cause KTS indicates that the protein product of this gene plays an important role in neuronal development as well as amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schossig
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Mory A, Dagan E, Illi B, Duquesnoy P, Mordechai S, Shahor I, Romani S, Hawash-Moustafa N, Mandel H, Valente EM, Amselem S, Gershoni-Baruch R. A nonsense mutation in the human homolog of Drosophila rogdi causes Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:708-14. [PMID: 22482807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome (KTS) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder of childhood onset, and it is characterized by global developmental delay, spasticity, epilepsy, and amelogenesis imperfecta. In 12 KTS-affected individuals from a Druze village in northern Israel, homozygosity mapping localized the gene linked to the disease to a 586,513 bp region (with a LOD score of 6.4) in chromosomal region 16p13.3. Sequencing of genes (from genomic DNA of an affected individual) in the linked region revealed chr16: 4,848,632 G>A, which corresponds to ROGDI c.469C>T (p.Arg157(∗)). The nonsense mutation was homozygous in all affected individuals, heterozygous in 10 of 100 unaffected individuals from the same Druze community, and absent from Druze controls from elsewhere. Wild-type ROGDI localizes to the nuclear envelope; ROGDI was not detectable in cells of affected individuals. All affected individuals suffered seizures, were unable to speak, and had amelogenesis imperfecta. However, age of onset and the severity of mental and motor handicaps and that of convulsions varied among affected individuals homozygous for the same nonsense allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Mory
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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240
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Beydoun MA, Boueiz A, Abougergi MS, Kitner-Triolo MH, Beydoun HA, Resnick SM, O'Brien R, Zonderman AB. Sex differences in the association of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele with incidence of dementia, cognitive impairment, and decline. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:720-731.e4. [PMID: 20619505 PMCID: PMC2974952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined longitudinal associations between the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (ApoE4(+) status) and several cognitive outcomes and tested effect modification by sex. Data on 644 non-Hispanic Caucasian adults, from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) were used. Dementia onset, cognitive impairment and decline were assessed longitudinally. After 27.5 years median follow-up, 113 participants developed dementia. ApoE4(+) predicted dementia significantly (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.93-4.33), with nonsignificant sex differences. Taking all time points for predicting cognition, women had significantly stronger positive associations than men between ApoE4(+) status and impairment or decline on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT; delayed recall and List A total recall) and on Verbal Fluency Test-Categories. This ApoE4 × sex interaction remained significant with Bonferroni correction only for CVLT-delayed recall. Taking time points prior to dementia for cognitive predictions, the positive association between impairment in CVLT-delayed recall and ApoE4(+) status remained stronger among women, though only before Bonferroni correction. While ApoE4(+) status appears to be a sex neutral risk factor for dementia, its association with verbal memory and learning decline and impairment was stronger among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A Beydoun
- National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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241
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Albani D, Tettamanti M, Batelli S, Polito L, Dusi S, Ateri E, Forloni G, Lucca U. Interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α genetic variants and risk of dementia in the very old: evidence from the "Monzino 80-plus" prospective study. Age (Dordr) 2012; 34:519-526. [PMID: 21509504 PMCID: PMC3312635 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The association among single nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammatory genes as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and dementia has been explored mostly in Alzheimer's disease, while few data addressing their association with dementia in very old people are available. We performed a prospective, door-to-door population-based study of 80 years or older residents in eight municipalities of Varese province, Italy (the Monzino 80-plus study). No difference was found by a cross-sectional approach comparing IL-1α rs1800587, IL-1β rs3087258 and TNF-α rs1799724 genotypic and allelic frequencies between those affected and not affected by dementia. After a 5-year follow-up, the elderly carriers of T-allele of TNF-α rs1799724 were at an increased risk of dementia (p = 0.03). This association was no more significant adjusting for the apolipoprotein E epsilon-4 allele (APOE-ε4, p = 0.26), which was an independent predictor of dementia onset (p = 0.0002). In short, in this Italian population of oldest olds, dementia was associated to the APOE-ε4 allele only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Albani
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Tettamanti
- Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Batelli
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
- Gene Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Letizia Polito
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
- Golgi Cenci Foundation, Abbiategrasso, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dusi
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, The Foundation ‘Carlo Besta’ Institute of Neurology, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ateri
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Ugo Lucca
- Laboratory of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
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242
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243
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Thompson
- Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
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244
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Georgopoulos AP. The Minnesota Women Healthy Aging Project. Minn Med 2012; 95:49-51. [PMID: 22355914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Minnesota Women Healthy Aging Project is an effort to understand how the brain changes with age and why some brains are more resilient than others. Using a unique methodology, researchers are evaluating the brain status of a number of women by taking multiple, multimodal measurements and relating those measures to cognitive abilities, language skills, and genetic information. The goal is to create a comprehensive databank that will provide information by which to characterize brain status, assess changes over time, and associate them with genomic makeup, cognitive function, and language ability. The project was initiated in 2010 and is being conducted through the University of Minnesota and the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System. This article describes the project, which is the first of its kind, and its progress thus far.
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245
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Inoue S, Terada S, Matsumoto T, Ujike H, Uchitomi Y. A case of adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy with frontal lobe dysfunction: a novel point mutation in the ABCD1 gene. Intern Med 2012; 51:1403-6. [PMID: 22687851 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.6899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 48-year-old man with adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) who developed dementia with subacute onset. He was abulic, indifferent to his surroundings, and without insight with regards to his own disease. An elevated plasma very long chain fatty acid level and a novel point mutation IVS3+2t>g in the ABCD1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of ALD. Diffusion-weighted MRI revealed a high intensity area in the white matter of the frontal lobes. Severe brain hypoperfusion in the frontal lobes was revealed. We believe that this is a rare case of adult-onset adrenoleukodystrophy with predominant frontal lobe dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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246
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Beeri MS, Haroutunian V, Schmeidler J, Sano M, Fam P, Kavanaugh A, Barr AM, Honer WG, Katsel P. Synaptic protein deficits are associated with dementia irrespective of extreme old age. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1125.e1-8. [PMID: 22206847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that despite high incidence of dementia in the very old, they exhibit significantly lower levels of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology relative to younger persons with dementia. The levels and distributions of some synaptic proteins have been found to be associated with dementia severity, even in the oldest-old, but the molecular and functional nature of these deficits have not been studied in detail. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship of dementia with gene and protein expression of a panel of synaptic markers associated with different synaptic functions in young-, middle-, and oldest-old individuals. The protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of 7 synaptic markers (complexin-1, complexin-2, synaptophysin, synaptobrevin, syntaxin, synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), and septin-5) were compared in the brains of nondemented and demented individuals ranging from 70 to 103 years of age. One hundred eleven brains were selected to have either no significant neuropathology or only AD-associated pathology (neuritic plaques [NPs] and neurofibrillary tangles [NFTs]). The cohort was then stratified into tertiles as young-old (70-81 years old), middle-old (82-88), and oldest-old (89-103). The brains of persons with dementia evidenced significantly lower levels of gene and protein expression of synaptic markers regardless of age. Importantly, dementia was associated with reductions in all measured synaptic markers irrespective of their role(s) in synaptic function. Although other dementia-associated hallmarks of AD neuropathology (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) become less prominent with increasing age, synaptic marker abnormalities in dementia remain constant with increasing age and may represent an independent substrate of dementia spanning all ages.
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247
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Komatsu J, Ono K, Yanase D, Samuraki M, Shima K, Kuwano R, Matsunari I, Yamada M. Imaging findings of familial dementia with a tau R406W mutation. Acta Neurol Belg 2011; 111:374-375. [PMID: 22368988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Komatsu
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
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248
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Mori H. [The molecular base for dementia]. Nihon Rinsho 2011; 69 Suppl 8:37-40. [PMID: 22787750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka City Uuiversity Medical School
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249
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Harciarek M, Kertesz A. Primary progressive aphasias and their contribution to the contemporary knowledge about the brain-language relationship. Neuropsychol Rev 2011; 21:271-87. [PMID: 21809067 PMCID: PMC3158975 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-011-9175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), typically resulting from a neurodegenerative disease such as frontotemporal dementia/Pick Complex or Alzheimer's disease, is a heterogeneous clinical condition characterized by a progressive loss of specific language functions with initial sparing of other cognitive domains. Based on the constellation of symptoms, PPA has been classified into a nonfluent, semantic, or logopenic variant. This review of the literature aims to characterize the speech and language impairment, cognition, neuroimaging, pathology, genetics, and epidemiology associated with each of these variants. Some therapeutic recommendations, theoretical implications, and directions for future research have been also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Harciarek
- Department of Social Sciences, Division of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Bażyńskiego 4, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
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250
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Luoma PV. Gene-activation mechanisms in the regression of atherosclerosis, elimination of diabetes type 2, and prevention of dementia. Curr Mol Med 2011; 11:391-400. [PMID: 21568932 PMCID: PMC3282906 DOI: 10.2174/156652411795976556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease, diabetes mellitus (DM) and dementia are major global health problems. Both endogenous and exogenous factors activate genes functioning in biological processes. This review article focuses on gene-activation mechanisms that regress atherosclerosis, eliminate DM type 2 (DM2), and prevent cognitive decline and dementia. Gene-activating compounds upregulating functions of liver endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and affecting lipid and protein metabolism, increase ER size through membrane synthesis, and produce an antiatherogenic plasma lipoprotein profile. Numerous gene-activators regress atherosclerosis and reduce the occurrence of atherosclerotic disease. The gene-activators increase glucose disposal rate and insulin sensitivity and, by restoring normal glucose and insulin levels, remove metabolic syndrome and DM2. Patients with DM2 show an improvement of plasma lipoprotein profile and glucose tolerance together with increase in liver phospholipid (PL) and cytochrome (CYP) P450. The gene-activating compounds induce hepatic protein and PL synthesis, and upregulate enzymes including CYPs and glucokinase, nuclear receptors, apolipoproteins and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters. They induce reparation of ER structures and eliminate consequences of ER stress. Healthy living habits activate mechanisms that maintain high levels of HDL and apolipoprotein AI, promote health, and prevent cognitive decline and dementia. Agonists of liver X receptor (LXR) reduce amyloid in brain plaques and improve cognitive performance in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. The gene activation increases the capacity to withstand cellular stress and to repair cellular damage and increases life span. Life free of major health problems and in good cognitive health promotes well-being and living a long and active life.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Luoma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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