201
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Dean BM, Walker R, Bone AJ, Baird JD, Cooke A. Pre-diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic BB/E rat: lymphocyte subpopulations in the pancreatic infiltrate and expression of rat MHC class II molecules in endocrine cells. Diabetologia 1985; 28:464-6. [PMID: 3899830 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of monoclonal antibodies specific for rat lymphocyte subsets and an anti-insulin marker has allowed us to document the following sequence of events leading to the development of clinical diabetes in this animal model. The first change observed in the pancreas is increased expression of MHC class II molecules on vascular endothelium and this precedes lymphocytic infiltration. Next, T cells of the T helper phenotype infiltrate the pancreas around blood vessels. Many of the infiltrating T cells show class II expression indicating that they are activated. A few cytotoxic and suppressor cells and B lymphocytes are also present and their numbers increase proportionately with rat age. Some macrophages are also seen. Finally, at a late stage class II MHC molecules can be detected in partially destroyed islets on beta cells which are still actively synthesising insulin. We have never observed expression of class II molecules on glucagon or somatostatin secreting cells which are invariably well preserved.
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202
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Jamieson A, Mackinlay E, Aitken DA, Cooke A, Ferguson-Smith MA. Quantitative variation in cystic fibrosis-associated proteins in cystic fibrosis patients, carriers, and controls. Hum Genet 1985; 70:168-71. [PMID: 4007858 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Serum samples from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), obligate heterozygotes, and normal controls have been examined by isoelectric focusing (IEF). Our results suggest that cystic fibrosis protein (CFP) is a normal serum protein exhibiting quantitative variation primarily dependent on possession of the CF allele. It is concluded that detection of CFP by IEF is an inappropriate screening test for the CF gene due to lack of specificity.
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203
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204
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Champion BR, Varey AM, Katz D, Cooke A, Roitt IM. Autoreactive T-cell lines specific for mouse thyroglobulin. Immunology 1985; 54:513-9. [PMID: 2579025 PMCID: PMC1453522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive T-cell specific for mouse thyroglobulin have been established and characterized. These Lyt 1+ T cells proliferated specifically in response to thyroglobulin presented by syngeneic irradiated spleen cells. The antigen-presenting cell requirements of these autoreactive T cells appeared to be the same as those for foreign antigen (PPD) reactive T cells. All lines tested required antigen-presenting cells compatible at the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex. Both T-cell types responded to antigen presented by peritoneal cells and splenic dendritic cells, but only gave optimal responses when whole spleen cells were used. The cross-reactivity patterns of responses to mouse, rat, pig and human thyroglobulins indicated that at least two different epitopes could be recognized by the autoreactive T cells. Furthermore, these epitopes appeared to be different from those recognized by the majority of serum autoantibodies to mouse thyroglobulin.
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205
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Hutchings P, Naor D, Cooke A. Effects of low doses of cyclophosphamide and low doses of irradiation on the regulation of induced erythrocyte autoantibodies in mice. Immunol Suppl 1985; 54:97-104. [PMID: 2579022 PMCID: PMC1454858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes some of the characteristics of a suppressor cell which is capable of regulating a rat RBC-induced autoantibody response against mouse RBCs. This cell, which appears to function as an inducer of suppression on transfer to naive recipients, is sensitive to low doses of cyclophosphamide, and its generation is affected by low doses of irradiation. However, the recipients of these cells are insensitive to cyclophosphamide treatment, suppression still being induced in such animals.
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206
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Playfair JH, De Souza JB, Hutchings PR, Cooke A. Partial cross-reactivity by suppressor cells induced during different experimental autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 1985; 59:117-22. [PMID: 3156012 PMCID: PMC1577156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Following injection of rat red cells, mice develop anti-red cell autoantibodies and subsequently suppressor T cells specific for these. Likewise, following recovery from non-lethal malaria, they develop suppressor T cells which suppress the anti-lymphocyte autoantibodies induced by lethal malaria parasites. Neither type of suppressor cell affected non-autoantibody components of the response, nor a response to sheep red cells. However, there was variable but significant cross-suppression of the respective autoantibody responses by both types of suppressor cell. Possible reasons for this unexpected cross-reaction are discussed.
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208
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Varey AM, Cooke A, Dimitrocopoulos G, Papamichail M. Mitogenic effects of glycolipoprotein extract from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Exp Immunol 1984; 56:431-7. [PMID: 6428785 PMCID: PMC1536225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolipoprotein extracted from the extracellular of slime of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been tested for its ability to cause murine spleen cells to proliferate and differentiate. The extracted glycolipoprotein was found to be mitogenic for a subpopulation of murine B cells. It also caused an increase in the number of specific antibody forming cells in vitro. The activity of this extract was sensitive to low doses of cyclosporin A. These findings may be important in understanding the mechanism(s) of host resistance to this organism.
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209
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Cooke A, Hutchings P. Defective regulation of erythrocyte autoantibodies in SJL mice. Immunology 1984; 51:489-92. [PMID: 6230309 PMCID: PMC1454445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
When SJL mice are hyperimmunized with rat red blood cells (RBC), tolerance to self is readily broken and these animals develop a high autoantibody response to their own RBC. However, these mice also fail to generate those antigen-specific suppressor cells which normally regulate this induced autoantibody response.
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210
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Lehner P, Hutchings P, Lydyard PM, Cooke A. II. IgM-mediated enhancement: dependency on antigen dose, T-cell requirement and lack of evidence for an idiotype-related mechanism. Immunology 1983; 50:503-9. [PMID: 6354923 PMCID: PMC1454267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive administration of monoclonal IgM anti-sheep red blood cell antibody 2 hr prior to a low dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) markedly enhances the specific antibody response. This IgM enhancement of the response to SRBC is highly reproducible and can furthermore be demonstrated in vitro. The time course and dose dependency of the response indicate that a critical antibody: antigen ratio is necessary for enhancement to occur. The IgM enhancement phenomenon has been demonstrated in several strains of mice, providing strong evidence against an idiotype-related mechanism.
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211
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Varey AM, Lelchuk R, Hutchings P, Cooke A. The differential effect of 2-deoxyguanosine on concanavalin A-induced suppressor and cytotoxic activity. Cell Immunol 1983; 81:99-104. [PMID: 6225531 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(83)90215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 2-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) on the generation in vitro of nonspecific suppressor cells in murine spleen cell cultures by concanavalin A (Con A) is examined. The experiments indicate that dGuo abrogates the generation of nonspecific suppressor activity by lectin stimulation of murine spleen cells. When comparisons were made between the effect of this nucleoside on the generation of suppressor and cytotoxic cells by Con A stimulation of murine spleen cells, it was found that dGuo only affected the generation of suppressor cells. The development of lectin-stimulated cytotoxicity was not affected by dGuo. In addition it was found that dGuo does not affect the NK activity of murine spleens.
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212
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Cooke A, Lydyard PM, Roitt IM. Mechanisms of autoimmunity: a role for cross-reactive idiotypes. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1983; 4:170-175. [PMID: 25289538 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(83)90006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ehrlich was rarely given to trivial pronouncements and his recognition of the central importance of the distinction between self and non-self by the immune system, embodied in his concept of 'horror autotoxicus'(1), is no exception. This is despite the apparent paradox of the idiotype network in which antibodies recognize self-epitopes on other antibody molecules or antigen receptors as part of the normal process of immune regulation. In this review Anne Cooke and her colleagues examine the possible factors which may contribute to the breakdown of self-tolerance and the establishment of autoimmune states.
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213
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Banga JP, Hutchings P, Tatham PE, Lang I, Gunn H, Cooke A, Roitt IM. Functional evaluation of murine allogeneic T lymphoblasts separated by Vicia villosa lectin positivity. Cell Immunol 1983; 78:285-94. [PMID: 6222792 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(83)90283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-lymphocyte culture-stimulated cells have been fractionated by their ability to bind the lectin Vicia villosa (Vv) and assessed for their cytolytic and suppressor activity in vitro. Vv positive and negative cells were separated either by cell affinity chromatography using Vv-Sepharose 6MB chromatography or by electronic cell sorting with FITC-Vv. Both populations expressed marked cytolytic and suppressor cell activity. Thus this lectin cannot be used to discriminate between these and other functional lymphoid cell population of blastoid cells binding the FITC-Vv appears following allogeneic stimulation; treatment with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, which affects cytotoxic cells preferentially, results in a considerable reduction of the Vv positive blastoid cells.
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214
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Cooke A, Oliver RF, Edward M. An in vitro cytotoxicity study of aldehyde-treated pig dermal collagen. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1983; 64:172-6. [PMID: 6405776 PMCID: PMC2040680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of aldehyde-treated collagen was assayed by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation in adult human skin fibroblasts grown in tissue culture for 1 or 3 days in the presence of pig dermal collagen cross-linked with formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde. A comparison was also made with collagen preparations washed for 2 weeks either at 15 degrees throughout or partly at 15 degrees and partly at 37 degrees. Collagen treated with both formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde proved increasingly toxic with increase in the concentrations of aldehyde used. While the maximum toxic effect was observed after 1 day culture in formaldehyde-treated collagen, with thymidine uptake ranging from 4-48% of control values with 5-0.1% formaldehyde and a 15 degrees wash, the toxic effect of glutaraldehyde treatment increased with longer exposure and at 3 days thymidine uptake ranged from 3-40% of control values with 0.05-0.001% glutaraldehyde and washing at 15 degrees. Washing partly at 37 degrees significantly reduced toxicity, the differences in thymidine uptake as compared with washing at 15 degrees alone ranging from 34-50% with 1 and 0.3% formaldehyde respectively in 1 day cultures and from 14-37% with 0.02 and 0.005% glutaraldehyde in 3 day cultures. While fibroblasts actively grew and migrated when seeded on non-cross-linked collagen, only limited cell survival occurred on aldehyde-treated collagen.
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215
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Harte PG, Cooke A, Playfair JH. Specific monoclonal IgM is a potent adjuvant in murine malaria vaccination. Nature 1983; 302:256-8. [PMID: 6835362 DOI: 10.1038/302256a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments in the murine system have indicated that the passive acquisition by offspring of maternal anti-malarial IgG antibodies while conferring some degree of immunity against a primary infection, paradoxically prevents the generation of acquired immunity through vaccination. Therefore, in view of earlier findings concerning the competitive effects of specific IgM and IgG antibodies, we investigated whether specific monoclonal IgM antibodies could be used to potentiate the response to a blood-stage murine malaria vaccine. We now report that small amounts of purified monoclonal anti-parasite IgM can specifically potentiate both priming and memory cell generation in response to vaccination as evidenced by survival after infection, and that the magnitude of this effect is greater than that found with a more conventional nonspecific adjuvant (Bordetella pertussis). Additionally, in offspring of immune mothers, where vaccination is ineffective for up to 8 weeks due to the presence of maternal IgG, we have found that IgM when administered with the vaccine can completely overcome this inhibition by its adjuvant effect.
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216
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Hutchings PR, Cooke A, Gunn HC. Murine T cell suppression demonstrable in the absence of cytotoxicity and the effect of Cyclosporin A on this system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1983. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.130.3.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In vitro culture of murine spleen cells in FCS without prior immunization or allogeneic stimulation leads to the development of spontaneous cytotoxicity. This cytotoxicity is not H-2 restricted and can affect any subsequent in vitro assays using syngeneic cells, especially if those assays include prolonged culture in FCS. Studies on murine spleen cells cultured in NMS, however, led to the detection of a suppressor system that did not display cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, it was found that this suppression, in contrast to the cytotoxicity and suppression generated during culture in FCS, was not sensitive to CYA. The suppressor cell may be an effector or an inducer of suppression and is sensitive to treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 and complement. It is suggested that some in vitro suppression is really due to cytotoxicity that may be directed toward FCS determinants adsorbed onto syngeneic targets.
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217
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Hutchings PR, Cooke A, Gunn HC. Murine T cell suppression demonstrable in the absence of cytotoxicity and the effect of Cyclosporin A on this system. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1983; 130:1071-6. [PMID: 6218198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In vitro culture of murine spleen cells in FCS without prior immunization or allogeneic stimulation leads to the development of spontaneous cytotoxicity. This cytotoxicity is not H-2 restricted and can affect any subsequent in vitro assays using syngeneic cells, especially if those assays include prolonged culture in FCS. Studies on murine spleen cells cultured in NMS, however, led to the detection of a suppressor system that did not display cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, it was found that this suppression, in contrast to the cytotoxicity and suppression generated during culture in FCS, was not sensitive to CYA. The suppressor cell may be an effector or an inducer of suppression and is sensitive to treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 and complement. It is suggested that some in vitro suppression is really due to cytotoxicity that may be directed toward FCS determinants adsorbed onto syngeneic targets.
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218
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Roitt IM, Male DK, Cooke A, Lydyard PM. Idiotypes and autoimmunity. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1983; 6:51-66. [PMID: 6225198 DOI: 10.1007/bf01857366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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219
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Lelchuk R, Cooke A, Playfair JH. Differential sensitivity to 2'-deoxyguanosine of antigen-specific and nonspecific suppressor T cells in delayed hypersensitivity. Cell Immunol 1982; 72:202-7. [PMID: 6216959 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(82)90298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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220
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Lang I, Banga JP, Varey AM, Gunn H, Cooke A, Roitt IM. Direct staining of mouse T lymphoblasts with fluoresceinated Vicia villosa lectin. Immunology 1982; 46:769-76. [PMID: 6179856 PMCID: PMC1555475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescein conjugated Vicia villosa (Vv) lectin was used for direct staining of the surface of viable cells of various mouse lymphocyte populations. A varying proportion of polyclonally-activated T cells expressed Vv receptor although less strongly than cells of an influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone and blasts generated in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Cyclosporin A (CyA) treatment markedly reduced the expression of Vv receptor following concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation by between 66% and 93% with a concurrent inhibition of blastogenesis and complete abrogation of cytolytic function. Resting mouse lymphocytes and B-cell blasts were always Vv-negative. However, non-specific suppressor factor producing non-cytotoxic T-cell lines also expressed Vv receptor as shown by the weak, but specific, surface fluorescence of EL4 and BW5147 cells stained with Vv. Vv-positive cells were not restricted to a particular Ly phenotype, Vv-positive cells being found among both Lyt 1+ and Lyt2+ MLC stimulated lymphocytes. Our data suggest that the receptor for Vv lectin cannot be regarded as an exclusive differential marker for CTL.
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221
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Cooke A, Harris WJ. Newly synthesised DNA in ageing human cells in culture treated with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Mech Ageing Dev 1982; 19:171-80. [PMID: 6810032 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(82)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two lines of normal human embryonic lung fibroblasts, MRC-5 and F2002, were serially subcultured until senescence was attained. When cells were exposed to varying concentrations of the chemical carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO), the rate of DNA synthesis (as measured by thymidine incorporation) was reduced in a dose-dependent fashion in cells from both early and late passages. While the overall amount of incorporation was considerably lower in old cells, the extent of inhibition caused by 4-NQO treatment (relative to appropriate controls) was not related to culture age. Alkaline sucrose density gradient analysis of newly synthesised DNA from cells pre-treated with 4-NQO failed to detect any significant variation in the size of labelled DNA from cells examined immediately after incubation with radioactive thymidine. The shift of this labelled material to high molecular weight in 4-NQO-treated cells also showed no age-related difference.
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222
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Powell R, Hutchings P, Cooke A, Lydyard PM. Antibody mediated regulation of immune responses. I. Enhancement of specific antibody responses through IgM antibodies. Immunol Lett 1982; 4:253-8. [PMID: 7047386 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(82)90047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Injection of monoclonal IgM antibodies to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) 2 h before immunization with a low dose of antigen (Ag) specifically enhances the direct and indirect plaque-forming cell response. This enhancement was specific: the specific antigen had to be present; the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to TNP-Ficoll- or bromelein-treated mouse red blood cells was not enhanced; the PFC response to SRBC was not enhanced by injections of monoclonal antibody to TNP. The optimum conditions for enhancement were found to be dependent on both the dose and the time of administration of antibody in relation to antigen. The possible mechanisms for this enhanced antibody response are discussed.
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223
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Bocchieri MH, Cooke A, Smith JB, Weigert M, Riblet RJ. Independent segregation of NZB immune abnormalities in NZB x C58 recombinant inbred mice. Eur J Immunol 1982; 12:349-54. [PMID: 7094992 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830120417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The study of NZB x C58 recombinant inbred mouse strains has revealed independent segregation of naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibody and Coombs' anti-erythrocyte autoantibody. The lack of concordance of either of these autoantibodies with known heavy and light chain markers suggests that the autoantibodies are produced as a result of regulatory gene defects rather than alterations of antibody structural genes. Further, lack of concordance of the various autoimmune traits with each other or with H-2 or virus expression suggests that the autoimmune phenotype is not the result of a single "autoimmunity' gene but rather the outcome of faulty regulation of a number of independently segregating genes.
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224
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Cooke A. An anachronistic treatment for asthma. West J Med 1982. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.284.6319.900-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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225
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Aylett S, Cooke A, Phillips S. Points: An anachronistic treatment for asthma. West J Med 1982. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.284.6316.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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226
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Oliver RF, Barker H, Cooke A, Stephen L. 3H-collagen turnover in non-cross-linked and aldehyde-cross-linked dermal collagen grafts. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1982; 63:13-7. [PMID: 6802162 PMCID: PMC2040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Using trypsin-purified rat dermal collagen labelled with tritiated hydroxyproline and proline, a study has been made of hydroxyproline turnover in non-cross-linked and glutaraldehyde- and formaldehyde-cross-linked collagen when implanted s.c. in unlabelled isogenic rats. Grafts cross-linked with 0.01% glutaraldehyde maintained their collagen mass over a 22-week period, loss of original collagen being balanced by the gain in new collagen (22% at 22 weeks). Cross-linking with 5% formaldehyde temporarily inhibited collagen loss as compared with non-cross-linked grafts. However, at 22 weeks both had lost some 30% of their collagen mass, the gain of new collagen (some 8%) only partially compensating for the loss of original implant collagen.
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227
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Abstract
The feasibility of using preparations of cell-free, fibrous dermal collagen, prepared by trypsin-treatment of skin, for the repair of soft body tissues has been examined both as subcutaneous implants and as a replacement for dermis in skin wounds in rats. Increased collagen stability, and suppression or reduction of tissue antigenicity in collagen heterografts, was achieved by crosslinking with weak solutions of aldehydes while still allowing implant recellularization and revascularization. Tritium-labelled collagen turnover studies have shown that maintenance of collagen mass in implants crosslinked with glutaraldehyde occurs primarily by inhibition of loss of original implant collagen. Some of the in vitro growth characteristics of human fibroblasts on animal collagen preparations are also described.
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228
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229
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230
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Hutchings P, Cooke A. Analysis of the cellular interactions involved in the regulation of induced erythrocyte autoantibodies. Cell Immunol 1981; 63:221-7. [PMID: 7273139 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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231
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Cooke A, Marshall-Clarke S. Action of con A-induced suppressor cells on a B hybridoma line. Cell Immunol 1981; 61:300-6. [PMID: 6454498 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(81)90378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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232
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Roitt IM, Cooke A, Male DK, Hay FC, Guarnotta G, Lydyard PM, de Carvalho LP, Thanavala Y, Ivanyi J. Idiotypic networks and their possible exploitation for manipulation of the immune response. Lancet 1981; 1:1041-5. [PMID: 6164887 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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233
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234
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Cooke A, Harris WJ. Pyrimidine dimer excision in ageing human cells in tissue culture. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1981; 39:223-6. [PMID: 6971834 DOI: 10.1080/09553008114550251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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235
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Oliver RF, Barker H, Cooke A, Grant RA. Hydroxyproline turnover in dermal collagen grafts in reconstituted skin wounds in the rat. Connect Tissue Res 1981; 9:59-62. [PMID: 6456127 DOI: 10.3109/03008208109160240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Using donor skin labelled with tritiated hydroxyproline and proline, a comparative study has been made of hydroxyproline (and by extrapolation collagen) turnover in skin, dermal collagen and glutaraldehyde crosslinked dermal collagen grafts in unlabelled isogenic recipient rats. In contrast with non-crosslinked collagen and skin grafts, collagen grafts stabilized by crosslinking with 0.01% glutaraldehyde underwent little loss of original graft collagen and maintained their original collagen mass over a 22 week period. As the skin grafts acquired a similar amount of new collagen to that lost, they also maintained their original mass. However, the non-crosslinked collagen grafts showed only a small gain of new collagen and lost 57% of their original mass.
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236
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Cooke A, Hutchings P, Marshall-Clarke S. Lack of autoantigen-specific splenic suppressor cells in mice with an X-linked B-lymphocyte defect. Immunol Suppl 1980; 41:815-8. [PMID: 6161878 PMCID: PMC1458296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Male and female progeny of a cross between CBA/N female and BALB/c male mice were tested for their ability to generate autoantigen-specific suppressor cells as a result of stimulation with crossreacting rat RBC. Male mice, hemizygous for the X-linked defect, were unable to generate these antigen-specific suppressor cells, whereas their female littermates behaved like the normal (CBA/Ca x BALB/c)F1 mice.
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237
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Cooke A, Hutchings P. Sex differences in the regulation of experimentally induced autoantibodies in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice. Immunol Suppl 1980; 41:819-23. [PMID: 6450727 PMCID: PMC1458297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to induce autoantibodies to erythrocytes in male and female (NZB x NZW)F1 mice was examined. Female (NZB x NZW)F1 mice were shown to produce significantly more autoantibody than the male (NZB x NZW)F1 mice. The regulation of this experimentaly induced autoantibody was studied by examining the ability of male and female (NZB x NZW)F1 mice to generate antigen-specific suppressor cells. A sex difference was found in the ability to generate these suppressor cells. Male mice generated antigen-specific suppressor cells in response to rat RBC which were capable to suppressing the experimental induction of red cell autoantibodies whereas female mice were unable to generate those antigen-specific suppressor cells.
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Oliver RF, Grant RA, Cox RW, Cooke A. Effect of aldehyde cross-linking on human dermal collagen implants in the rat. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1980; 61:544-549. [PMID: 6778496 PMCID: PMC2041533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The fate of s.c. implants of fibrous, trypsin-purified human dermal collagen and collagen cross-linked with formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde has been studied in rats. Dermal collagen, and untreated skin implants, underwent resorption associated with a pronounced round-cell reaction. While collagen implants cross-linked with solutions of 0.04% and 0.08% formaldehyde became reduced in size, those cross-linked with 1% formaldehyde and 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% glutaraldehyde, although undergoing some collagen remodelling, retained their original size over the 25-week period of study. At 5 weeks the aldehyde cross-linked implants showed their greatest cellularity, reaching a lower, more stable cell population by 18 weeks. More round cells were seen at 5 weeks, particularly after formaldehyde cross-linking, than a later times when few were present. The results indicate that aldehyde-stabilized preparations of heterograft dermal collagen could have applications in the repair of tissue defects in man.
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239
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Cooke A, Hutchings P, Nayak R. Specific and non-specific suppressor cell activity in NZB mice. Immunology 1980; 40:335-42. [PMID: 6159307 PMCID: PMC1458064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-specific and specific suppressor cell activity has been examined in both young and old NZB mice and compared to normal CBA mice. Both young and old NZB mice are shown to be able to generate antigen non-specific and specific suppressor cells in response to Con A and rat RBC respectively. In addition, antigen-specific suppressor cells which suppress the experimental induction of red cell autoantibodies do not influence the spontaneous development or course of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Subsequent experiments showed that this is probably due to differences in specificity of induced and spontaneous autoantibodies.
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240
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Al-Sakkaf L, Cooke A, Hutchings P, Jones B. Rabbit anti-EL4 serum. A reagent with specificity for a population of murine suppressor cells. Immunol Suppl 1979; 38:375-83. [PMID: 159864 PMCID: PMC1457945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antisera against the C57B1 (H-2b) mouse lymphoma, EL4 were prepared in rabbits. After absorption with mouse liver, red cells and thymocytes the antisera appeared to be cytotoxic for a subpopulation of peripheral T cells. The absorbed antisera blocked the immunosuppressor function of Con A-stimulated splenic lymphocytes, but was unreactive against Con A-stimulated and allogeneically primed cytotoxic cells, or helper T cells. Consequently, heteroantiserum against EL4 may provide a useful reagent for the differentiation of cytotoxic from suppressor T-cell subsets.
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241
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Marshall-Clarke S, Cooke A, Hutchings PR. Deficient production of anti-red cell autoantibodies by mice with an X-linked B lymphocyte defect. Eur J Immunol 1979; 9:820-3. [PMID: 316393 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830091014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The production of anti-self red cell antibodies has been studied in mice bearing the CBA/N X-linked B lymphocyte defect and their phenotypically normal littermates. Defective mice produced anti-self red blood cell (RBC) antibodies at markedly reduced levels after multiple injections of rat RBC. They also failed to show significant numbers of plaque-forming cells against enzyme-treated isologous RBC. These findings are discussed in terms of the nature of the CBA/N defect and the acquisition of a complete specificity repertoire.
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242
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Cooke A, Heppell L, Hutchings P, Roitt IM. Con-A-induced suppressor activity of lymphocytes distinguished by the presence or absence of the Fc receptor. Cell Immunol 1979; 47:90-9. [PMID: 159782 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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243
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Abstract
A new method which uses a differential inhibitor to measure pancreatic and salivary type alpha-amylases (EC 3.2.1.1) was applied to serum samples from 46 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (age range 4-14 years) and 50 controls of the same age group. The levels of pancreatic type amylase were lower in the CF patients (median 26.5 I.U./1) than the controls (median 81.5) (P less than 0.001). The results for salivary-type enzyme, however, did not support the previously reported finding of higher than usual levels in CF patients. This discrepancy is probably due to differences in analytical methods. It is felt that this procedure will be of value in the investigation of patients for cystic fibrosis and other pancreatic disorders.
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244
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Cooke A, Hutchings PR, Playfair JH. Suppressor T cells in experimental autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Nature 1978; 273:154-5. [PMID: 306071 DOI: 10.1038/273154a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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245
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Cooke A, Johnson BE. Dose response, wavelength dependence and rate of excision of ultraviolet radiation-induced pyrimidine dimers in mouse skin DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 517:24-30. [PMID: 623760 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(78)90030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The yield of thymine-containing dimers produced in mouse skin DNA in vivo by 290 nm ultraviolet radiation was shown to increase with dose up to around 2000 J/m2 and subsequently at a much slower rate up to 8000 J/m2. The study of wavelength dependence of dimer formation in skin indicated that 290 nm was the most effective wavelength of those investigated, followed by 300, 280 and 260 nm, with 310 nm being by far the least effective. A reduction in the number of dimers present in skin DNA was shown to occur by 24 h post-irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. A significant percentage of the dimers was, however, found to persist in the skin until at least 72 h post-irradiation.
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246
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Cooke A, Feinstein A. Evidence that intracellular and secreted light chains of a mouse IgG2a plasmacytoma are monomers carrying a free thiol group. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1977; 14:627-31. [PMID: 413790 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(77)90160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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247
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Cooke A, Hutchings PR. Characterization of haemagglutinating factor produced by mouse spleen and lymph node in culture. Clin Exp Immunol 1977; 27:545-48. [PMID: 862242 PMCID: PMC1540925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse spleen cells produce haemagglutinating activity in culture which is species specific but not strain specific. The activity is produced by all strains of mice tested including nude mice. It is produced in cultures of spleen and lymph node but not of peritoneal exudate cells. Production of the factor is not affected by macrophage depletion of the spleen. This activity is not antibody mediated.
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248
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Cooke A, Playfair JH. Hyper-responsiveness in NZB mice to the experimental induction of anti-red cell autoantibody. Clin Exp Immunol 1977; 27:538-44. [PMID: 862241 PMCID: PMC1540947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain differences in ease of induction of autoantibody production were observed when mice were injected with rat RBC. Responsiveness was not linked to the H-2 locus. NZB and (NZB X BALB/c)F1 mice were hyper-responsive both in terms of the induction of autoantibody and in the production of agglutinating antibody to rat RBC. C57BL/c and (C57BL X BALB/c)F1 were poor responders. Injection of the rat RBC in FCA converted a poor responder into a good responder. Adult thymectomy and ALS treatment did not significantly enhance autoantibody production.
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249
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Cooke A. Thoughts coming out of the ether. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1976; 58:405-409. [PMID: 19310648 PMCID: PMC2491859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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250
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Cooke A. Letter: Down with parameters. Lancet 1974; 2:1090. [PMID: 4138294 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)92205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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