Serum levels of fluconazole in patients after cytotoxic chemotherapy for hematological malignancy

We performed a prospective evaluation of pharmacokinetics of fluconazole administered for prophylactic purposes to 19 patients after cytotoxic chemotherapy for hematological malignancies. On days 7 and 15, we obtained 5 ml of blood from each patient. If fluconazole was administered orally, blood samples were drawn 2, 8, and 24 hr after ingestion of the drug. If it was administered intravenously, blood samples were drawn 1, 8, and 24 hr post-injection. Serum fluconazole levels were analyzed by HPLC with ultraviolet light detection. In patients receiving 200 or 400 mg of fluconazole per day, maximal serum levels were 7.9 and 15.6 mg/l and minimum levels were 5.0 and 10.3 mg/l, respectively. There was no significant difference in serum fluconazole levels comparing the levels after oral and intravenous administration, and pharmacokinetic parameters of fluconazole were comparable at each time point within one dose level. However, considerable variation in serum fluconazole levels was noted in this study, as the maximal serum levels ranged from 4.0 to 13.3 mg/l and from 8.7 to 26.9 mg/l in patients receiving 200 and 400 mg of fluconazole orally, respectively. These variations may be associated with prophylactic failures for patients with insufficient fluconazole concentrations. Multiple regression analysis showed significant correlation between serum fluconazole levels and some variables including dose of fluconazole, age, serum aspartate aminotransferase levels and blood urea nitrogen levels. These variations may be associated with disturbance of body water balance, such as massive hemorrhage and dehydration.

Mutations of the Smad4 gene in acute myelogeneous leukemia and their functional implications in leukemogenesis

The Smad family proteins are critical components of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway. TGF-beta is a multipotent cytokine that elicits many biological functions. In particular, TGF-beta exhibits effects on the cell cycle manifested by G1-phase arrest, differentiation, or apoptosis of several target cells, suggesting that disruption of TGF-beta signaling pathway could be involved in cancer formation. Here we show one missense mutation of the Smad4 gene in the MH1 domain (P102L) and one frame shift mutation resulting in termination in the MH2 domain (Delta(483 - 552)) in acute myelogeneous leukemia. Both of the mutated Smad4 proteins lack transcriptional activities. Concomitant expression of the P102L mutant with wild-type Smad4 inactivates wild-type Smad4 through inhibiting its DNA-binding ability. The Delta(483 - 552) mutant blocks nuclear translocation of wild-type Smad4 and thus disrupts TGF-beta signaling. This is the first report showing that mutations in the Smad4 gene are associated with the pathogenesis of acute myelogeneous leukemia and the obtained results should provide useful insights into the mechanism whereby disruption of TGF-beta signaling pathway could lead to acute myelogeneous leukemia. Oncogene (2001) 20, 88 - 96.

A newly developed bisphosphonate, YM529, is a potent apoptosis inducer of human myeloma cells

We examined the effect of YM529, a newly developed third-generation bisphosphonate (BP), on the growth of human myeloma cell lines using the trypan blue dye exclusion test and Alamar blue assay. BPs induced inhibition of proliferation in all cell lines dose-dependently, and YM529 had a most potent growth inhibitory effect, followed by incadronate and pamidronate. Flow cytometric analysis using annexinV and 7AAD showed that YM529 most significantly induced apoptosis of all myeloma cell lines. These observations suggested that YM529 is a potent apoptosis inducer of myeloma cells, and might have some benefit not only on the improvement of bone lesions but also on survival in some myeloma patients.

Lack of correlation between clinical characteristics and serum soluble Fas ligand levels in patients with multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow and rarely cured by chemotherapy. Villunger et al. showed that the neoplastic plasma cells express Fas ligand (FasL), which transmits a signal of apoptosis upon ligation to Fas, and suggested that the FasL suppresses the T-cells activated against malignant cells, resulting in escape from tumour immunity. We examined serum soluble FasL (sFasL) levels in 35 multiple myeloma patients to evaluate the correlation between sFasL levels and clinical characteristics. The serum sFasL levels were not affected by the disease status, serum monoclonal protein levels, or other prognostic factors. We could not determine whether the expression of FasL is involved in the poor clinical course of the disease.

Familial predisposition of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Japan, a country with low incidence. Japan Diabetes Society Data Committee for Childhood Diabetes

The study group of the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) carried out nationwide hospital-based and population-based surveys of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in Japan. According to the nationwide population-based survey, the incidence of childhood type 1 DM in Japan was 1.5 (1.4-1.6)/10(5), which did not differ for the 5 years from 1986-1990. Predisposition for DM and autoimmunity were studied in the first-degree relatives of the patients, including older and later cohorts. The prevalence of type 1 DM was 3.3% (12/369) among siblings and 2.2% (8/369) among parents, while the prevalence of type 2 DM was 0% among siblings and 4.3% (16/369) among parents. The risk of type 1 DM among siblings of the patients was 330 times higher than that among the general population in the Japanese population. The rate of positivity for autoantibodies, including ICA, IAA, GAD and IA-2, was 1.4-2.9% in parents (n=140) and 2.0-3.9% in siblings (n=203). The genetic susceptibility for type 1 DM is far lower in Japanese children than in Caucasian children, but predisposition to the disease and positive autoimmunity are almost the same in Japanese families of patients as in Caucasian families. The quality of life of Japanese parents of children with type 1 DM was less satisfactory that that of the Caucasian parents previously reported, which might be a result of the low incidence of type 1 DM in Japan.

Nonredundant roles of the elongation factor MEN in postimplantation development

The MEN/ELL gene was cloned as a fusion partner of the MLL gene in the t(11;19)(q23;p13.1) translocation, which is found in adult myeloid leukemia. MEN belongs to a family of RNA polymerase II elongation factors and dysregulated production of MEN through the MLL promoter could cause malignant transformation of myeloid cells. To pursue the physiological role and determine the requirement of the MEN gene product in mouse development, we generated knockout mice (MEN-/-) by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. After intercrossing heterozygous mice to generate homozygous mutants, we identified no homozygotes (MEN-/-) even at E9.5, as well as after birth, by Southern analysis. Moreover, histological examinations revealed degenerative changes in nearly one-fourth of E6.5 embryos, which were gradually resorbed by E8.5. Our findings demonstrated that MEN-/- mice are embryonic lethal, and die before E6.5 and after implantation. MEN should play a nonredundant role in postimplantation development of mice.

Overexpression of Cas-interacting zinc finger protein (CIZ) suppresses proliferation and enhances expression of type I collagen gene in osteoblast-like MC3T3E1 cells

Osteoblasts are the cells which form bone under the regulation not only by hormones and cytokines but also by ECM molecules via their attachment. To obtain insights into the role of intracellular signaling molecules operating to mediate the attachment-related regulation of osteoblastic functions, we investigated in osteoblast-like MC3T3E1 cells the effects of the overexpression of CIZ, a novel signaling protein which interacts with p130Cas. In MC3T3E1 cells, CIZ mRNA is expressed constitutively. Endogenous CIZ was localized in the MC3T3E1 cells with relatively high levels of accumulation at the attachment sites when the cells were cultured on fibronectin, collagen, or BSA. CIZ overexpression increased the number of adhesion plaques and reduced proliferation of the cells compared to that of control cells transfected with an empty vector. Furthermore, CIZ overexpression enhanced type I collagen mRNA expression, the most abundant constituent of bone matrix and a major product of osteoblasts. Analysis of the promoter region of type I collagen gene identified the presence of a consensus CIZ-binding sequence, which indeed conferred responsiveness to CIZ overexpression to a heterologous promoter. These data indicate that CIZ acts as a novel regulatory molecule in controlling osteoblastic function.

Sex chromosome differences among the three races (alpha, beta, gamma) of the snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mekongi, Neotricula aperta

Chromosome analyses were performed on three races (alpha, beta, gamma) of Neotricula aperta which were previously reported to show variation in the chromosome number and pairing in meiosis. We used an air-drying method, which was more reliable for chromosome preparations from fresh animal tissues than a squash method. Each of the races had the same number of chromosomes, 2n=33 for males, and 2n=34 for females. The sex determination system was XO type (male: 32+X, female: 32+XX). The sex chromosome of each race was distinct in its morphology, but not in its length. Karyotyping revealed that the X-chromosome of the alpha race was metacentric (M), whereas it was acrocentric (A) in the beta and the gamma races. An association between the X-chromosome and a small autosome in meiosis suggested that a neo-Y chromosome probably lies in the terminal region of the small autosome.

Interferon treatment on glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus

We report on a 10-year-old girl with glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection, who was treated with interferon-alpha. On the first renal biopsy at 8 years of age, mild mesangial hypercellularity in a segmental to semiglobal pattern was present in all glomeruli. After 6 months interferon-alpha therapy, proteinuria diminished completely. However, mesangial proliferation was advanced on the second biopsy at 10 years of age. We concluded that the interferon-alpha was effective in the treatment of proteinuria despite the lack of pathological improvement.

Mutations of the AML1 gene in myelodysplastic syndrome and their functional implications in leukemogenesis

The AML1 gene encodes a DNA-binding protein that contains the runt domain and is the most frequent target of translocations associated with human leukemias. Here, point mutations of the AML1 gene, V105ter (single-letter amino acid code) and R139G, (single-letter amino acid codes) were identified in 2 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) by means of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism method. Both mutations are present in the region encoding the runt domain of AML1 and cause loss of the DNA-binding ability of the resultant products. Of these mutants, V105ter has also lost the ability to heterodimerize with polyomavirus enhancer binding protein 2/core binding factor beta (PEBP2beta/CBFbeta). On the other hand, the R139G mutant acts as a dominant negative inhibitor by competing with wild-type AML1 for interaction with PEBP2beta/CBFbeta. This study is the first report that describes mutations of AML1 in patients with MDS and the mechanism whereby the mutant acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of wild-type AML1.

Chromosomal localization of 18S rDNA and telomere sequence in the aye-aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis

Chromosomal localization of 18S rDNA and telomere sequence was attempted on the chromosomes of the aye-aye (2n = 30) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and primed in situ labeling (PRINS), respectively. The rDNA was localized at the tip or whole of the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes 13 and 14 in all spreads observed. However, post-FISH silver-nitrate (Ag) staining showed that transcriptional activity of the rRNA genes was variable, particularly in chromosome 14, which was most frequently negative in one homologue carrying the smaller copy number of rDNA. This observation supports, at the molecular cytogenetic level, previous data concerning the relationship between the copy number of rDNA and its trancriptional activity. On the other hand, telomere sequence was localized only at the telomeric region of all chromosomes, the so-called telomere-only pattern, a characteristic similar to that of the greater bushbaby. These data may provide information on the chromosomal evolution of the lemur, because locations of rDNA and telomere sequences frequently offer important clues in reconstruction of karyotype differentiation.

Prophylactic action of oral fluconazole against fungal infection in neutropenic patients. A meta-analysis of 16 randomized, controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Fluconazole is used widely for fungal prophylaxis. Although studies with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) recipients clearly showed the usefulness of oral fluconazole, results of the studies in neutropenic patients other than BMT recipients have been inconsistent. Therefore, the authors performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of fluconazole prophylaxis during chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.

METHODS

The authors identified reports that were not restricted to those in English and not restricted to published trials through MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, or the data base of the Pfizer company. The authors included prospective, randomized studies comparing oral fluconazole with placebo, no treatment, or oral polyenes as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients. Two independent authors extracted data from 16 trials with 3734 patients enrolled. The outcome measures were the development of fungal-related death, systemic and superficial fungal infections, the use of empiric intravenous amphotericin-B, and infections or colonization with fluconazole-resistant fungi. The summarized odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method and the DerSimonian-Laird method.

RESULTS

Prophylactic fluconazole was not effective in reducing fungal-related death or in reducing proven, systemic fungal infections in non-BMT patients (OR, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30-2.82 and OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.47-1.55, respectively). However, fluconazole was very effective in reducing superficial fungal infections (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.24-0.80), even when it was given in lower doses (50-200 mg per day). There was no increase in proven, systemic infection of fluconazole-resistant fungi, although colonization of those fungi increased. When the results were combined in studies in which the incidence of systemic fungal infections was > 15%, fluconazole was effective in reducing such infections (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.15-0.36).

CONCLUSIONS

The current analyses failed to find an effect of fluconazole on both fatal fungal infection and systemic fungal infection in non-BMT patients. Further studies on severely neutropenic patients are warranted because prophylactic fluconazole seemed to be effective when the incidence of systemic fungal infection was expected to be > 15%.

Physical interaction of Delta1, Jagged1, and Jagged2 with Notch1 and Notch3 receptors

The Delta/Serrate/LAG-2 (DSL) domain-containing proteins, Delta1, Jagged1, and Jagged2, are considered to be ligands for Notch receptors. However, the physical interaction between the three DSL proteins and respective Notch receptors remained largely unknown. In this study, we investigated this issue through the targeting of Notch1 and Notch3 in two experimental systems using fusion proteins comprising their extracellular portions. Cell-binding assays showed that soluble forms of Notch1 and Notch3 proteins physically bound to the three DSL proteins on the cell surface. In solid-phase binding assays using immobilized soluble Notch1 and Notch3 proteins, it was revealed that each DSL protein directly bound to the soluble Notch proteins with different affinities. All interactions between the DSL proteins and soluble Notch proteins were dependent on Ca(2+). Taken together, these results suggest that Delta1, Jagged1, and Jagged2 are ligands for Notch1 and Notch3 receptors.

Acetylation of GATA-3 affects T-cell survival and homing to secondary lymphoid organs

Acetylation of a transcription factor has recently been shown to play a significant role in gene regulation. Here we show that GATA-3 is acetylated in T cells and that a mutation introduced into amino acids 305-307 (KRR-GATA3) creates local hypoacetylation in GATA-3. Remarkably, KRR-GATA3 possesses the most potent suppressive effect when compared with other mutants that are disrupted in putative acetylation targets. Expressing this mutant in peripheral T cells results in defective T-cell homing to systemic lymphnodes, and prolonged T-cell survival after activation. These findings have significant implications in that the acetylation state of GATA-3 affects its physiological function in the immune system and, more importantly, provides evidence for the novel role of GATA-3 in T-cell survival and homing to secondary lymphoid organs.

Targeted killing of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-producing cholangiocarcinoma cells by polyamidoamine dendrimer-mediated transfer of an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid vector carrying the CEA promoter

The present study reports a novel nonviral method to efficiently and specifically target carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-producing cholangiocarcinoma (CC) cells in vitro. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based and conventional plasmid vectors were constructed that possess the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) or herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (Tk) genes as well as tandem repeats of the human genomic sequence -82 to -42 bp from the transcriptional start site of the CEA gene. The plasmids were transfected by means of polyamidoamine dendrimer into CEA-positive (HuCC-T1) or -negative cell lines. Transfection of the conventional plasmid vector with the CEA promoter and beta-gal gene resulted in a very low or undetectable level of marker gene expression even in the CEA-positive cell line. Transferring the HSV-1 Tk gene by conventional plasmid did not affect the susceptibility of HuCC-T1 cells to ganciclovir. In marked contrast, strong beta-gal expression was specifically obtained in HuCC-T1 cells by transfecting the EBV-based plasmid in which the CEA promoter and a ubiquitous promoter (SRalpha) are employed to drive the EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and beta-gal genes, respectively (pTES.beta). Furthermore, CEA-positive but not -negative tumor cells were rendered highly susceptible to ganciclovir when transfected with the EBV-based vector that carries the CEA promoter-EBNA1 and SRalpha-HSV-1 Tk genes (pTES.Tk). These results strongly suggest that the EBV-based plasmid vector/cationic polymer system (EBV/polyplex) equipped with the CEA promoter provides an efficient nonviral method for the targeted gene therapy of CEA-producing malignancies.

Binding of Delta1, Jagged1, and Jagged2 to Notch2 rapidly induces cleavage, nuclear translocation, and hyperphosphorylation of Notch2

Delta1, Jagged1, and Jagged2, commonly designated Delta/Serrate/LAG-2 (DSL) proteins, are known to be ligands for Notch1. However, it has been less understood whether they are ligands for Notch receptors other than Notch1. Meanwhile, ligand-induced cleavage and nuclear translocation of the Notch protein are considered to be fundamental for Notch signaling, yet direct observation of the behavior of the Notch molecule after ligand binding, including cleavage and nuclear translocation, has been lacking. In this report, we investigated these issues for Notch2. All of the three DSL proteins bound to endogenous Notch2 on the surface of BaF3 cells, although characteristics of Jagged2 for binding to Notch2 apparently differed from that of Delta1 and Jagged1. After binding, the three DSL proteins induced cleavage of the membrane-spanning subunit of Notch2 (Notch2(TM)), which occurred within 15 min. In a simultaneous time course, the cleaved fragment of Notch2(TM) was translocated into the nucleus. Interestingly, the cleaved Notch2 fragment was hyperphosphorylated also in a time-dependent manner. Finally, binding of DSL proteins to Notch2 also activated the transcription of reporter genes driven by the RBP-Jkappa-responsive promoter. Together, these data indicate that all of these DSL proteins function as ligands for Notch2. Moreover, the findings of rapid cleavage, nuclear translocation, and phosphorylation of Notch2 after ligand binding facilitate the understanding of the Notch signaling.

[Autologous transplantation of Ph-negative peripheral blood stem cells for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia]

A 21-year-old man, diagnosed in March 1997 as having chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), received hydroxyurea followed by daily interferon (IFN) until December 1998, when the additional chromosome abnormality of +8 appeared. As no suitable matched donor was available, the patient received mobilization therapy consisting of mini-ICE (idarubicin, cytarabine, etoposide) followed by G-CSF subcutaneously. During hematopoietic recovery, a total of 12 x 10(6)/kg CD34-positive cells were harvested. Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) products using FISH revealed 1% BCR/ABL fusion signals. In March 1999, he received conditioning therapy consisting of busulfan (16 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) followed by infusion of 5 x 10(6)/kg CD34-positive cells. A neutrophil count of 500/microliter and a platelet count of 5 x 10(4)/microliter were attained by days 20 and 38, respectively. Bone marrow aspirates showed 2.6% BCR/ABL fusion signals on day 35 after autologous PBSC transplantation, and the patient remained in chronic phase until the sixth month, when a cytogenetic relapse (Ph, +8:4/20) occurred. These observations suggest that Ph-negative progenitor cells can be harvested using a mini-ICE regimen followed by G-CSF, and that autologous PBSC transplantation is feasible in patients with CML resistant to IFN.

Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor after bone marrow transplantation: a true marker of acute graft-versus-host disease

To examine whether serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) may be a good marker of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), they were determined weekly in 56 patients receiving bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Because of wide variation in the pre-transplant sIL-2R levels (from 135 to 1918 IU/ml), we used a sIL-2R index in this study by comparing the peak levels with the pre-transplant levels. In agreement with previous reports, there was a significant correlation between the grade of aGVHD and the maximal sIL-2R index. The maximal sIL-2R index was 4.66 in patients with grade I to IV aGVHD, whereas it was 2.68 in patients without GVHD. This marker may be useful for monitoring the status of aGVHD. However, it was interesting that sIL-2R levels were elevated from the time of transplantation until the third week even in patients without GVHD or those who received autologous transplantation. Until the third week, no significant differences were observed in sIL-2R index between these patients and those who developed aGVHD during their clinical courses. After the fourth week, a higher sIL-2R index was observed in patients with aGVHD than in the other patients. Some factors other than GVHD contribute to the elevation of serum sIL-2R levels, and we should recognize the limitations of the measurement of this cytokine.

The regulatory connection between the activity of granule cell NMDA receptors and dendritic differentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells

It is known that cerebellar granule cells are powerful inducers for the differentiation of Purkinje cells. However, the detailed mechanism of this regulation has not yet been clarified. Here, using cerebellar neuronal culture, we show that the activation of NMDA receptors expressed by granule cells triggers the signaling pathway for the dendritic differentiation of Purkinje cells. This signal has been shown to promote the granule cell survival through BDNF-mediated TrkB activation, leading to Purkinje cell differentiation by increasing the granule-Purkinje cell interaction. Among the possible signal molecules provided to the dendrites of Purkinje cells from granule cells, nitric oxide was found to have no effect on the dendritic outgrowth and branching, but electrical activity and the subsequent intracellular Ca(2+) increase were thought to play an important role in the branching and thickening of the dendrites, because blockade of both non-NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors caused a significant decrease in the number of branch points and the diameter of Purkinje dendrites without apparently affecting the dendrite extension and spine formation. Collectively, these results suggest that Purkinje cell differentiation is regulated by two successive steps. The first step is initiated by the NMDA receptor-mediated signal in granule cells, which acts as a trophic factor for granule cells. The second step involves the activation of granule-Purkinje synapses, providing neurotrophic substances and electrical activity essential for Purkinje cell differentiation.

Computed tomographic scan of the chest, latex agglutination test and plasma (1AE3)-beta-D-glucan assay in early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: a prospective study of 215 patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Blood and radiologic tests are frequently used for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, but it remains unknown which is more useful for its early diagnosis. Aim of the study was to compare usefulness of computed tomographic (CT) scan of chest, latex agglutination (LA) test and determination of plasma (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan (BDG) levels for early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA).

DESIGN AND METHODS

We treated 215 consecutive patients who underwent cytotoxic chemotherapy. From initiation of chemotherapy until death or discharge, blood samples were taken weekly and subjected to LA and BDG tests. We performed chest CT scans when patients had any signs of pulmonary infection or an antibiotic-resistant fever.

RESULTS

Of the 215 patients, 30 (14. 0%) were diagnosed as having IPA. In sixteen cases the diagnosis was definite and in 14 it was suspected. In patient-based analysis, sensitivities of LA and BDG were 44% and 63%, respectively. Sensitivity tended to be lower in patients with IPA localized to the lung than those with disseminated invasive aspergillosis. Specificities were 93% and 74%, respectively. Either a halo or an air-crescent was observed in 7 of the 16 patients with IPA, and all of the IPA patients showed some abnormal signs on chest CT scans. On average, CT scan signs preceded a positive LA test by 7.1 days and a positive BDG assay by 11.5 days. In 6 of the 11 patients who became positive for either LA or BDG assay, CT scan signs preceded the positive results by more than seven days.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

Chest CT scan is more beneficial than the blood tests and X-ray for early diagnosis of IPA.

Antisweet natural products. XV. Structures of Jegosaponins A-D from Styrax japonica Sieb. et Zucc

From the fresh fruits of Strrax japonica Sieb. et Zucc., four new triterpenoid glycosides, named jegosaponins A-D (1-4), were isolated. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence. Compounds 1-4 are 3-O-tetraglycosides of barringtogenol C having an acetyl and a tigloyl or a (2Z)-hexenoyl groups at C-21, 22 and 28. The acylated saponins, 1-4, all showed antisweet activity.

Sympatric distribution of the two morphological types of the common tree shrew in Hat-Yai districts (South Thailand)

The two color types (grayish northern and reddish southern types) of the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis and Tupaia belangeri) were co-distributed in Hat-Yai region (South Thailand). Although the Isthmus of Kra in South Thailand has been considered as distribution barrier of the two types, the sympatric distribution of both types was confirmed in southern side of the Isthmus. In the principal component analysis, the skull measurement character from Hat-Yai region could also be separated into the northern and southern groups according to the skin color identification of corresponding individuals. We could generally distinguish the common tree shrew into two types by skull morphology as well as external skin color.

Real-time automated PCR for early diagnosis and monitoring of cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of real-time automated PCR as a quantitative, highly reproducible, and sensitive method to detect cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in blood specimens. Intra- and interassay precision rates were 0.89% (small number of copies [L]), 1.43% (middle number of copies [M]), and 1.12% (high number of copies [H]), and 4.46% (L), 1.51% (M), and 2.28% (H), respectively. The linearity of this assay was obtained between 10 and 10(7) copies/well, with a minimum detection limit of 20 copies/well. Specimens from 55 of 70 healthy subjects were found to be positive for CMV antibody, but CMV DNA was not detected in any of them. In the qualitative assessment of each specimen, the results of the CMV antigenemia assay and those of the real-time PCR assay agreed in 80% (plasma specimens), 79% (all nucleated cells), and 86% (blood) of the cases examined. For eight patients diagnosed as having CMV infection or disease, no sample was positive in the antigenemia assay earlier than in the real-time PCR assay. Furthermore, the results of this assay could be obtained within 8 h. We concluded that the real-time PCR assay is useful for rapid diagnosis of CMV infection and monitoring of clinical courses.

Disruption of AMPA receptor GluR2 clusters following long-term depression induction in cerebellar Purkinje neurons

Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is thought to play an important role in certain types of motor learning. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this event have not been clarified. Here, using cultured Purkinje cells, we show that stimulations inducing cerebellar LTD cause phosphorylation of Ser880 in the intracellular C-terminal domain of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR2. This phosphorylation is accompanied by both a reduction in the affinity of GluR2 to glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP), a molecule known to be critical for AMPA receptor clustering, and a significant disruption of postsynaptic GluR2 clusters. Moreover, GluR2 protein released from GRIP is shown to be internalized. These results suggest that the dissociation of postsynaptic GluR2 clusters and subsequent internalization of the receptor protein, initiated by the phosphorylation of Ser880, are the mechanisms underlying the induction of cerebellar LTD.

The evi-1 oncoprotein inhibits c-Jun N-terminal kinase and prevents stress-induced cell death

Evi-1 encodes a nuclear protein involved in leukemic transformation of hematopoietic cells. Evi-1 possesses two sets of zinc finger motifs separated into two domains, and its characteristics as a transcriptional regulator have been described. Here we show that Evi-1 acts as an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases implicated in stress responses of cells. Evi-1 physically interacts with JNK, although it does not affect its phosphorylation. This interaction is required for inhibition of JNK. Evi-1 protects cells from stress-induced cell death with dependence on the ability to inhibit JNK. These results reveal a novel function of Evi-1, which provides evidence for inhibition of JNK by a nuclear oncogene product. Evi-1 blocks cell death by selectively inhibiting JNK, thereby contributing to oncogenic transformation of cells.

The clinical significance of CD34 expression in response to therapy of patients with acute myeloid leukemia: an overview of 2483 patients from 22 studies

BACKGROUND

Although many studies have been performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of CD34 expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the findings have been inconsistent. In this study, the authors reviewed such previous studies to establish a definite conclusion.

METHODS

Using MEDLINE, the authors identified studies that evaluated the prognostic significance of CD34 expression in AML. The outcome measure was the complete remission rate. They used the random-effect method to combine the results. Results were presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The ORs were less than 1 if the complete remission occurred more frequently in the CD34 negative group.

RESULTS

Twenty-two studies including 2483 patients were reviewed. The combined OR was 0.38 (95% CI, 0. 26-0.57), which suggested that CD34 expression was associated with a poor remission rate. However, the authors found statistical evidence of marked heterogeneity among trials (P < 0.001), especially according to time of publication. The combined OR in studies published in or after 1994 was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.47-1.09). The authors divided the studies into several subgroups, but they could not determine the reason for the heterogeneity.

CONCLUSIONS

At present, CD34 expression should not be considered a marker of poor prognosis because it is not supported by the combined data from recent studies. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the intensity of CD34 expression in specific populations of patients, such as those with t(8;21) or t(15;17) translocations or the AML-M0 subtype.

Congenital ileal atresia presenting as a single cyst-like lesion on prenatal sonography

A routine prenatal sonographic examination at 37 weeks' menstrual age revealed a large sonolucent lesion with peristaltic movement in the abdomen of a fetus. After birth, the female infant showed progressive abdominal distention, and radiography showed a bubble-like dilatation of the small intestine. Exploratory laparotomy revealed ileal atresia with nearby partial torsion of the dilated small bowel. The incomplete torsion may have functioned as a check valve, inducing segmental dilatation of the ileum without proximal dilatation.

Anti-rat CD45RA monoclonal antibodies cross-react with glucagon

Anti-rat CD45RA monoclonal antibody (MAb) has been used as a marker for rat B-lymphocytes (B-cells). When we applied the MAb to identify B-lymphocytes among immune cells infiltrating pancreatic islets of the BB rat, which is an animal model for human type 1 diabetes mellitus, a subpopulation of islet cells was immunostained as well. Our immunohistochemical investigations demonstrated that the stained islet cells are pancreatic alpha-cells and the MAb cross-reacts with glucagon.

Hepatocellular carcinoma followed by Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: a case report

A case of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is reported. During treatment and follow-up of hepatocellular carcinoma, a 54-year-old man was found to have a progressive monoclonal increase in serum IgM level and subsequently was diagnosed as having Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Chemotherapy was carried out to prevent hyperviscosity syndrome due to Waldenström's macroglobulinemia without any surgical management for hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of these diseases is quite rare; only 6 cases have been reported in the literature, and this is the first case in which hepatocellular carcinoma preceded Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Analysis of human V alpha 24+ CD4+ NKT cells activated by alpha-glycosylceramide-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Human V alpha 24+ NKT cells with an invariant TCR (V alpha 24-J alpha Q) have been shown to be specifically activated by synthetic glycolipids such as alpha-galactosylceramide and alpha-glucosylceramide in a CD1d-restricted and V alpha 24 TCR-mediated manner. We recently characterized V alpha 24+ CD4- CD8- double negative (DN) NKT cells using alpha-galactosylceramide-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Here, we compare V alpha 24+ CD4+ NKT cells with human V alpha 24+ DN NKT cells from the same donor using alpha-galactosylceramide-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Human V alpha 24+ CD4+ NKT cells were phenotypically and functionally similar to the human V alpha 24+ DN NKT cells characterized previously. Both of them use V alpha 24-J alpha Q-V beta 11 TCR and express CD161 (NKR-P1A), but not the other NK receptors tested so far. They also produce cytokines such as IL-4 and IFN-gamma, and, in regard to IL-4 production, V alpha 24+ CD4+ NKT cells produce more IL-4 than V alpha 24+ DN NKT cells. The cells exhibit marked cytotoxic activity against the U937 tumor cell line, but not against the NK target cell line, K562. Although at least some of the factors responsible for the stimulation of V alpha 24+ NKT cells have been clarified, little is known regarding the killing phase of these cells. Here we show that the cytotoxic activity of V alpha 24+ NKT cells against U937 cells is mediated mainly through the perforin pathway and that ICAM-1/LFA-1 as well as CD44/hyaluronic acid interactions are important for the effector phase of V alpha 24+ NKT cell-mediated cytotoxicity against U937 cells.

Generation of HLA-DRB1*1501-restricted p190 minor bcr-abl (e1a2)-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes

A small population of cells in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is characterized by a specific translocation of the c-abl oncogene on chromosome 9 to the break point cluster lesion (bcr) on chromosome 22, t(9; 22)(q34; q11) (e1a2). Theoretically, the junction-spanning sequences of oncogene fusion proteins might be ideal targets for immunotherapy because these are not present in normal cells. In this study, we show for the first time that in vitro immunization with a 17-mer e1a2 peptide representing the p190 minor bcr-abl fusion protein resulted in HLA-DRB1*1501-restricted peptide-specific proliferative CD4+ T lymphocytes, using peptide-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells as the antigen-presenting cells.

Osteometrical skull character in the four species of tree shrew

The skull size and shape were osteometrically examined in the four species of the tree shrews (Tupaia tana, T. javanica, T. minor and T. dorsalis). We suggest that the skull characters were affected by the species specific behavior and terrestrial, arbo-terrestrial and arboreal life, among the genus Tupaia. The neurocranium was laterally narrower in the braincase area, and the splanchnocranium was longer only on dorsal side in T. tana, and these characters were opposite to T. minor. The principal component analysis confirmed the obviously separated clusters among T. tana, T. javanica and T. minor, affected by the adaptation for each behavior. T. dorsalis was considered as terrestrial species from the results of proportion analysis and the principal component analysis.

PRINS analysis of the telomeric sequence in seven lemurs

We examined the chromosomal localization of the telomeric sequence, (TTAGGG)n, in seven species of the lemurs and one greater galago, as an outgroup, using the primed in-situ labeling (PRINS) technique. As expected, the telomeric sequence was identified at both ends of all chromosomes of the eight prosimians. However, six species showed a signal at some pericentromeric regions involving constitutive heterochromatin as well. The pericentromeric region of chromosome 1 of Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) was labeled with a large and intense signal. The range of the signal considerably exceeded the area of DAPI positive heterochromatin. On the other hand, in the five lemurs, a large signal was detected also in the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes. Acquisition of the large block of the telomeric sequence into the acrocentric short arm might be interpretable in terms of the tandem growth of the heterochromatic short arm and the reciprocal translocation between heterochromatic short arms involving the telomeric sequence. Subsequently, it was postulated that meta- or submetacentric chromosomes possessing the telomeric sequence at the pericentromeric region could be formed by centric fusion between such acrocentric chromosomes.

Up-regulation of natriuretic peptides in the ventricle of Csx/Nkx2-5 transgenic mice

A cardiac homeobox-containing gene Csx/Nkx2-5, which is essential for cardiac development, is abundantly expressed in the adult heart as well as in the heart primordia. Targeted disruption of this gene results in embryonic lethality due to abnormal heart morphogenesis. To elucidate the role of Csx/Nkx2-5 in the adult heart, we generated transgenic mice which overexpress human Csx/Nkx2-5. The transgene was expressed abundantly in the heart and the skeletal muscle. mRNA levels of several cardiac genes including natriuretic peptides, CARP, MLC2v, and endogenous Csx/Nkx2-5 were increased in the ventricle of the transgenic mice. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the ventricular myocardium of the transgenic mice had many secretory granules, which disappeared after administration of vasopressin. These results suggest that Csx/Nkx2-5 regulates many cardiac genes and induces formation of secretory granules in the adult ventricle.

Construction and characterization of a Schistosoma mansoni bacterial artificial chromosome library

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library has been established from genomic DNA isolated from the trematode parasite of human, Schistosoma mansoni. This library consists of more than 21,000 recombinant clones carrying inserts in the pBeloBAC11 vector. The mean insert size was 100 kb, representing an approximate 7.95-fold genome coverage. Library screening with eight chromosome-specific or single-copy gene probes yielded between 1 and 9 positive clones, and none of those tested was absent from the library. End sequences were obtained for 93 randomly selected clones, and 37 showed sequence identity to S. mansoni sequences (ESTs, genes, or repetitive sequences). A preliminary analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization localized 8 clones on schistosome chromosomes 1 (2 clones), 2, 3, 5, Z, and W (3 clones). This library provides a new resource for the physical mapping and sequencing of the genome of this important human pathogen.

Chromosomal differentiation of the Schistosoma japonicum complex

The C-banding pattern, location of telomere sequence and chiasma frequency of four species of the Schistosoma japonicum complex were compared with those of two African species, Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium. In the six species, C-banding patterns of seven autosomes and the two sex chromosomes (Z and W) showed relatively species-specific and geographical (Asian and African) differences. Particularly, a plausible pathway of alteration of chromosome 2 revealed a direction from the A-chromosome to the M- chromosome in terms of rearrangements of pericentric inversion and elimination of constitutive heterochromatin (AM inversion). This chromosome change suggested hypothetically that the S. japonicum complex is the original type, and the African species represents the derived type. Moreover, the mosaic construct of the Asian and African types in Schistosoma sinensium chromosomes prompted us to propose that the species might have been formed by hybrid speciation of the genomes of Asian and African species. Localisation of telomeric repeats enabled Asian and African schistosomes to be distinguished clearly by simple terminal location and by terminal and interstitial locations, respectively. Change of chiasma frequency in the S. japonicum complex might be caused by the reduction of interstitial chiasmate (Xi) in the larger chromosomes, 1 and Z (or W), and the change seems to have progressed to Japan from South East Asia. These data enabled us to predict a tentative evolutionary pathway of schistosomes at the cytogenetic level.

A simple method using 31P-NMR spectroscopy for the study of protein phosphorylation

Nonradioactive 31P-NMR spectroscopy has previously been used for the study of protein phosphorylations. However, the procedures does not seem to be easy for non-experts of this field, hence, this approach has not been widely used. We introduce here a simple protocol with 31P-NMR spectroscopy to study in vitro phosphorylation in receptor proteins. The effectiveness of this method was verified using synthetic peptides and recombinant proteins of the C-terminus of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor, whose phosphorylations are considered to have important roles in synaptic plasticity. We show that a decrease in the pH of the sample solution after the phosphorylation reaction is critical for the separation of the phosphorylation signals. In the analysis of the C-terminal portion of the GluR2 AMPA receptor, the phosphorylation sites of which had not hitherto been well clarified, we found the presence of at least three protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, this method allows prediction of the origins of each of the phosphorylation peaks. Thus, the techniques we described here is useful for examination of protein phosphorylation and permits us to safely conduct repetitive experiments.

[Successful aortic root replacement for prosthetic valve endocarditis using the freestyle stentless bioprosthesis: report of two cases]

We report two cases of prosthetic valve endocarditis which were successfully treated with aortic root replacement using the freestyle stentless bioprosthesis. Prosthetic valve endocarditis occurred in two patients after aortic valve replacement and modified Bentall operation, respectively. The aortic annulus was severely damaged and left ventriculo-aortic discontinuity was found in both cases. We used the freestyle stentless bioprosthesis, which fits well to the destroyed aortic annulus with left ventriculo-aortic discontinuity, because of its flexibility. Postoperative echocardiography revealed excellent hemodynamic results in both cases. Although the long-term results obtained with the freestyle stentless bioprosthesis, such as resistance to bacterial infection, have not been reported, this prosthesis appears to be very useful for treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis. We expect that this prosthesis might be a option for PVE as an alternative to a homograft.

CIZ, a zinc finger protein that interacts with p130(cas) and activates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases

p130(cas) (Cas) is a docking protein that contains an SH3 domain and multiple tyrosine residues. p130(cas) is located at focal adhesions, is tyrosine phosphorylated in response to integrin stimulation, and is thought to transmit signals, via c-Crk and other proteins, for the remodeling of actin stress fibers and cell movement. In a search for the ligands of the SH3 domain of p130(cas) by far-Western screening, we cloned a novel protein named CIZ (for Cas-interacting zinc finger protein). CIZ consists of the following: a putative leucine zipper; a serine/threonine-rich region; a proline-rich sequence; five, six, or eight Krüppel-type C(2)H(2) zinc fingers; and the glutamine-alanine repeat. CIZ binds Cas in cells and is located in the nucleus and at focal adhesions. We showed that CIZ is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, by using the transient interspecies heterokaryon formation assay. In order to search for the targets of CIZ in nucleus, we determined the DNA binding consensus of CIZ as (G/C)AAAAA(A) by cyclic amplification and selection of targets analysis. The consensus-like sequences are found in several promoters of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the enzymes used to degrade the extracellular matrix proteins. CIZ binds to a consensus-like sequence in the MMP-1 (collagenase) promoter. Overexpression of CIZ upregulates the transcriptions from MMP-1, MMP-3 (stromelysin), and MMP-7 (matrilysin) promoters, and this transactivation was enhanced in the presence of Cas. Furthermore, the stable overexpression of CIZ promoted the production of MMP-7 in culture medium. In summary, CIZ, a novel zinc finger protein, binds Cas, is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, and regulates the expression of MMPs.

[Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in the development of malignant lymphomas]

In comparison with the molecular mechanism of myeloid malignancies, the characteristic point in that of lymphoid tumors is that they develop from errors in the recombination of either immunoglobulin genes or T cell receptor genes. In myeloid malignancies, chimeric fusion genes are frequently detected as a results of chromosomal translocation, whereas unregulated expression of oncogenes or loss of expression of tumor suppressor genes are often found in lymphoid tumors. Recent advances in understanding the molecular development of lymphomas have provided a new insight into the roles of the cell cycle machinery in human lymphomagenesis. In this review, representative mechanisms are discussed to understand a conceptual framework for the growing literatures.

Mobilization of hematopoietic primitive and committed progenitor cells into blood in mice by anti-vascular adhesion molecule-1 antibody alone or in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

OBJECTIVE

One of the mechanisms for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells is alternation of adhesion molecules. We investigated the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells in blood by administration of anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 antibody (Ab) in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve- to 14-week old C57BL/6J mice were injected intravenously with anti-VCAM-1 Ab and anti-very late antigen (VLA)-4 Ab at a dose of 5 mg/kg for 2 days.

RESULTS

The number of colony-forming cells (CFCs) in blood was increased 11.4-fold after anti-VCAM-1 Ab treatment, but the number of CFCs was not increased after treatment with anti-VLA-4 Ab. The number of colony-forming unit spleen (CFU-S) also was increased 21.6-fold in the peripheral blood by administration of anti-VCAM-1 Ab. The number of CFCs and CFU-S in the bone marrow of mice treated with anti-VCAM-1 Ab was decreased and that in the spleen also was decreased. On administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (125 microg/kg twice daily) with anti-VCAM-1 Ab, the numbers of CFCs and CFU-S were increased 141.8-fold and 439-fold, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations demonstrated that administration of anti-VCAM-1 Ab induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells into blood from bone marrow and spleen and that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has synergistic effects on anti-VCAM-1 Ab-induced mobilization.

Treatment of lupus in NZB/W F1 mice with monoclonal antibody against Fas ligand

Since Fas ligand (FasL) can induce apoptosis of Fas-bearing cells, Fas/FasL interactions can play a critical role in maintaining self-tolerance. Fas/FasL interactions in lupus-like autoimmune disease have been well characterized in studies using either Fas or FasL mutant mice. However, the effect of the defective FasL-mediated signaling on the establishment of lupus in other mouse strains, such as NZB/W (B/W) F1, remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined the effect of anti-FasL monoclonal antibody (mAb) on the development of lupus. Treatment of B/W F1 mice with anti-FasL mAb augmented IgG1- and IgG2a-type anti-dsDNA Ab production. However, treatment of B/W F1 mice with anti-FasL mAb also significantly prevented the development of lupus nephritis. These results indicate that Fas/FasL interactions not only regulate IgG-type autoantibody production, but also influence the development of lupus nephritis in B/W F1 mice.

Acquired loss of p53 induces blastic transformation in p210(bcr/abl)-expressing hematopoietic cells: a transgenic study for blast crisis of human CML

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) begins with an indolent chronic phase but inevitably progresses to a fatal blast crisis. Although the Philadelphia chromosome, which generates p210(bcr/abl), is a unique chromosomal abnormality in the chronic phase, additional chromosomal abnormalities are frequently detected in the blast crisis, suggesting that superimposed genetic events are responsible for disease progression. To investigate whether loss of p53 plays a role in the evolution of CML, we crossmated p210(bcr/abl)-transgenic (BCR/ABL(tg/-)) mice with p53-heterozygous (p53(+/-)) mice and generated p210(bcr/abl)-transgenic, p53-heterozygous (BCR/ABL(tg/-)p53(+/-)) mice, in which a somatic alteration in the residual normal p53 allele directly abrogates p53 function. The BCR/ABL(tg/-)p53(+/-) mice died in a short period compared with their wild-type (BCR/ABL(-/-)p53(+/+)), p53 heterozygous (BCR/ABL(-/-)p53(+/-)), and p210(bcr/abl) transgenic (BCR/ABL(tg/-)p53(+/+)) litter mates. They had rapid proliferation of blast cells, which was preceded by subclinical or clinical signs of a myeloproliferative disorder resembling human CML. The blast cells were clonal in origin and expressed p210(bcr/abl) with an increased kinase activity. Interestingly, the residual normal p53 allele was frequently and preferentially lost in the tumor tissues, implying that a certain mechanism facilitating the loss of p53 allele exists in p210(bcr/abl)-expressing hematopoietic cells. Our study presents in vivo evidence that acquired loss of p53 contributes to the blastic transformation of p210(bcr/abl)-expressing hematopoietic cells and provides insights into the molecular mechanism for blast crisis of human CML. (Blood. 2000;95:1144-1150)