Forkhead family transcription factor FKHRL1 is expressed in human megakaryocytes. Regulation of cell cycling as a downstream molecule of thrombopoietin signaling

FKHRL1, a member of the Forkhead transcription factor family, is one of the downstream molecules of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt. This molecule is a mammalian homolog of DAF-16, which plays an important role in the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study we found that Akt and FKHRL1 proteins were detectable in highly purified normal human megakaryocytes and that these molecules were actually phosphorylated by thrombopoietin (TPO). To clarify the functional role of FKHRL1 in TPO signaling, we established a tetracycline-inducible system in the human TPO-dependent leukemia cell line UT-7/TPO. Induced expression of active FKHRL1 led to cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in this cell line. These results suggest that FKHRL1 plays an important role in the cell cycle of megakaryocytic cells as one of the downstream target molecules of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, presumably mediated through the activation or inactivation of cell cycle-associated gene(s).

Muscle architecture of the elongated nose in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

The architecture of the M. caninus in the elongated nose was examined in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). The following complicated musculature of the M. caninus was observed in the proximal and distal regions of the nose: (1) Proximal region: In the superficial layer, the longitudinal bundles are confirmed in the dorsal part, and the obliquely-oriented ones in the ventral part. In the middle layer, some bundles run ventro-distally, while other ones represent longitudinally-oriented running. The deep layer consists of complicated architecture of many bundles. Some muscle bundles run medio-laterally, while the others extend proximo-distally in this space. (2) Distal region: In the dorsal part of the M. caninus, the bundles run at deep-superficial direction, while in the ventral part the bundles are longitudinally arranged. The bundles run at lateral direction near the septum of the nasal conduits. The N. facialis and N. infraorbitalis send many branches in the lateral area of the M. caninus in the trunk. This muscle architecture of multi-oriented bundles and well-developed innervation to them suggest that they enable the elongated nose to act as a refined manipulator in the Asian elephant.

Detection of malignant thymoma in primary tumor and metastatic lesions using 99mTc-tetrofosmin scintigraphy

99mTc-tetrofosmin was developed as a myocardial perfusion imaging agent and can also be used to depict tumors. We have experienced five cases of malignant thymoma delineated on 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT. In one case significant activity was clearly detected in the primary tumor and metastatic lesions. In quantitative analysis, similar 99mTc-tetrofosmin and 201Tl-chloride uptake ratios were obtained (1.95+/-0.57 versus 2.27+/-0.85, respectively; n.s.). The ability of 99mTc-tetrofosmin to detect malignant thymoma was comparable to that of 201Tl-chloride. Therefore, 99mTc-tetrofosmin might be a useful tracer for the detection of malignant thymoma, although more studies will be required to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy.

Trichoblastoma of the skin occurring in the breast. A case report

BACKGROUND

Trichoblastoma is a rare benign skin appendage tumor constituted mostly of follicular germinative cells. It can arise on any part of the body except the palms, soles, nail units and mucosal membranes. No case of it in breast skin has been reported before. Furthermore, fine needle aspiration cytology findings on this lesion have not been described before.

CASE

A 76-year-old female presented with a firm nodule in her left breast. The tumor was well demarcated, about 1.5 cm in diameter. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed clusters composed of relatively uniform cells with a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. In the midst of some clusters, the tumor cells had a more abundant cytoplasm. Fibrocellular interstitium or dense cyanophilic acellular material occasionally was attached to them. The tumor cells had oval or fusiform nuclei that had fine, evenly dispersed chromatin. To exclude a diagnosis of breast cancer, it is important to recognize that the clusters are composed of basaloid cells with focal squamous eddies and that there is at least focally peripheral palisading. The histopathologic diagnosis was trichoblastoma.

CONCLUSION

Fine needle aspiration cytology can distinguish trichoblastoma from malignant diseases of the breast and may be used to diagnose the lesion in conjunction with clinical findings.

A modified "elephant trunk" procedure for aortic arch replacement

OBJECTIVES

We have devised a modified "elephant trunk" technique for primary aortic arch replacement that strengthens the distal anastomosis by preventing access of the blood stream to the distal suture line. The technique entails suturing an elephant trunk graft to the inner surface of the arch graft circumferentially just distal to the fourth of its 4 limbs. The inner graft is then inserted into the distal aortic lumen while the edge of the arch graft orifice is anastomosed to the aortic stump. This clinical trial was conducted to clarify its usefulness.

METHODS

This technique was used in 5 cases of total arch replacement to reinforce distal anastomoses.

RESULTS

All patients tolerated surgery well without complications such as paraplegia or thromboembolism.

CONCLUSIONS

The advantages of this modified technique include simplicity and reproducibility.

MR imaging of the flexed knee: comparison to the extended knee in delineation of meniscal lesions

The aim of this study was to obtain MR images in the flexed-knee position and to compare the diagnostic value to the extended position in delineation of the menisci. With a mobile knee brace and a flexible surface coil, the knee joint was either fully extended or bent to a semi-flexed position (average 45 degrees of flexion) within a 1.5-T superconducting magnet. Sets of sagittal MR images were obtained for both the extended- and flexed-knee positions. Using the arthroscopic results as gold standards, 97 menisci were evaluated. Two observers interpreted each MR image of the extended and flexed positions independently without knowledge of the arthroscopic results. Flexed-knee MR images revealed 22 of the 27 arthroscopically proven torn menisci and 69 of the 70 intact menisci, for a sensitivity of 81.5%, a specificity of 98.6%, and an accuracy of 93.8%. Extended-knee MR images indicated a sensitivity of 81.5%, a specificity of 92.9%, and an accuracy of 89.7%. No statistically significant difference was found between the two positions. To enhance MR visualization of all the knee components, we recommend examining the knee in a flexed position within the magnet.

[A case report of aspergillus granuloma in the cavernous sinus]

We encountered a case of aspergillus granuloma in the cavernous sinus originating in the left sphenoid sinus. The patient was a 56-year-old woman who complained of visual loss and cavernous sinus syndrome on the left side. Hematological data were within normal limits. Bone CT showed evidence of bone destruction in the roof of the left sphenoid sinus. MR images with gadolinium demonstrated an enhanced heterogeneous mass extending from the left sphenoid sinus to the cavernous sinus and the orbital apex. Angiography showed occlusion of the left internal carotid artery. Dexamethasone was administered intravenously every day, because the patient was diagnosed as having Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS). However, dexamethasone was not effective. We carried out a biopsy of the mass from the sphenoid sinus, and findings showed aspergillosis. On the 19th day after initiation of fluconazole treatment, the patient lapsed into unconsciousness and presented left hemiparesis. T2-weighted MR images showed high intensity areas in the pons and the thalamus. The patient died two days later. An autopsy revealed edema and many infarctions throughout the brain. The cavernous sinus had been replaced completely with aspergillus granuloma. Furthermore, numerous hyphae of aspergillus had adhered to the inside of the basilar artery, and caused occlusions of arteries around the brain. This case indicated the difficulty of diagnosis of THS and the hazard of over-application of steroids. In this paper, we describe the clinical and pathological behavior of aspergillosis in the cavernous sinus.

Effects of lansoprazole, clarithromycin and pH gradient on uptake of [14C]amoxycillin into rat gastric tissue

The effect of lansoprazole and clarithromycin on the uptake of [(14)C]amoxycillin into rat gastric tissue was investigated. After oral administration of [(14)C]amoxycillin, the levels of radioactivity in gastrointestinal tissue were two to 15 times higher than those in plasma. The level of radioactivity in glandular stomach was significantly higher when lansoprazole and [(14)C]amoxycillin were administered together. After intravenous administration of [(14)C]amoxycillin, there was less radioactivity in gastric tissue than after oral administration, and co-administration of lansoprazole and clarithromycin had no obvious effect. The gastric emptying rate of [(14)C]amoxycillin was not apparently affected by the co-administration of lansoprazole and clarithromycin. In vitro uptake of [(14)C]amoxycillin into gastric tissue depended on the pH, with uptake at pH 7.4 being four times greater than that at pH 4.0. The apparent synergic effects of lansoprazole are due to enhanced penetration of amoxycillin in gastric mucus and tissue by increasing intragastric pH and play an important role in the eradication of H. pylori.

[Antimicrobial activities of meropenem against clinically isolated strains in 1999]

We determined the antibacterial activity of meropenem (MEPM) and control drugs against clinical isolates of 310 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (14 species), 590 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (21 species), and 120 strains of anaerobic bacteria (10 species) in 1999. We compared the results thus obtained with those in 1993 and 1997. The results were as follows; 1. MEPM showed excellent antibacterial activities against most of the species tested, except for MRSA, E. faecium, E. avium, and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE). 2. MEPM had much higher activity than IPM and PAPM against Gram-negative bacteria including S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa, part of which have been reported to produce metallo-beta-lactamase. 3. There was little difference in the susceptibility of clinical isolates to MEPM between 1993 and 1999. Thus MEPM was shown to retain its potent and broad antibacterial activity now at the same level as before available for use in 1995.

Prostaglandin F2alpha upregulates interleukin-6 production in human gingival fibroblasts

Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) is a bioactive lipid mediator which has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. However, the roles of PGF2alpha in periodontal lesions are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PGF2alpha on interleukin (IL)-6 production in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). PGF2alpha stimulated IL-6 production in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), proinflammatory cytokines, induced IL-6 production in a time-dependent manner, and PGF2alpha synergistically enhanced IL-6 production induced by IL-1beta and TNFalpha. IL-6 mRNA was expressed in PGF2alpha-stimulated HGF, and PGF2alpha increased IL-6 mRNA levels induced by IL-1beta and TNFalpha. Fluprostenol, a selective FP receptor agonist, could mimic PGF2alpha-induced IL-6 production. Since FP receptors are coupled to elevation of intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC), the mechanism of IL-6 production by PGF2alpha was investigated using TMB-8, an inhibitor of Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores, and calphostin C, an inhibitor of PKC. TMB-8 significantly suppressed PGF2alpha-induced IL-6 production, whereas calphostin C showed a stimulatory effect on PGF2alpha-induced IL-6 production. From these data, we suggest that PGF2alpha upregulates IL-6 production through FP receptors in HGF, that PGF2alpha synergistically enhances IL-6 production in IL-1beta- and TNFalpha-stimulated HGF, and that PGF2alpha-induced IL-6 production may be dependent on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and be downregulated by PKC activation. PGF2alpha may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease by enhancing IL-6 levels in periodontal lesions.

Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 in serum-induced prostaglandin production by human oral gingival epithelial cells

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the involvement of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in prostaglandin (PG) production by human oral gingival epithelial (OGE) cells stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-1alpha, IL-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and serum. Fetal bovine serum (FBS)-stimulated OGE cells produced significant levels of PGE2, whereas IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and TNFalpha could not induce significant PGE2 production. FBS induced PGE2 production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, inhibited PGE2 production by FBS-stimulated cells as completely as indomethacin, a non-selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor. Expression of COX-2 protein in FBS-stimulated cells was increased, compared with that in unstimulated cells, whereas COX-1 protein expression was similar both in unstimulated and in FBS-stimulated cells. COX-2 mRNA was detected in FBS-stimulated cells, but not in unstimulated cells. We suggest that COX-2 is responsible for PG production by human OGE cells stimulated with serum and that OGE cells may be involved in PG production in periodontal lesions. Selective COX-2 inhibitors, which have the advantage of reduced gastric toxicity, may provide a useful approach to treatment of periodontal disease.

The effect of public long-term care insurance plan on care management and care planning in Japanese geriatric hospitals

Japan, a society facing demographic aging at an incomparable speed, decided to introduce a new public long-term care insurance system to meet the expected need for elders to be cared for in the near future. The purpose of this study was to examine the change in knowledgeability on the side of managers of Japanese geriatric hospitals regarding (1) the concept of care-management as the methodology to supply care services to the elderly smoothly, and (2) comprehensive assessment for the elders as the technical skill in the process of materializing care management. Subjects were interviewed and questioned over the telephone according to a structural questionnaire. Managers (directors and office managers) of geriatric hospitals in 1996 and 1999. In 1996, the rate of knowledgeability for care management on the side of managers of geriatric hospitals was 70.0% (28/40) as a whole, increasing to 97.3% (71/73) in 1999. With regard to MDS-RAPs, the knowledgeability rate increased from 57.5% (23/40) in 1996 to 95.9% (70/73) in 1999. However, regarding care planning, almost all of the hospitals that performed care planning were those in the category required to submit care plans to the municipal government. Geriatric hospitals that were not required to submit such plans did not perform such planning either in 1996 or in 1999. It can be concluded that the decision to introduce a long-term care insurance system in Japan has led to a deeper understanding of the methodology of care management and a comprehensive assessment on the side of managers of geriatric hospitals.

Bacteria expressing single-chain immunotoxin inhibit malaria parasite development in mosquitoes

Single-chain immunotoxins are ideal tools to selectively kill infectious agents. In applying this technology to block transmission of malaria parasites in the mosquito vector, we have constructed a single-chain immunotoxin composed of a single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) directed to Pbs2l on the surface of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes linked to a lytic peptide, Shiva-1. The single-chain immunotoxin was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the protein was purified by a Ni-NTA column. The single-chain immunotoxin was initially shown to exhibit greater killing properties for P. berghei ookinetes in vitro compared with the scFv or synthetic Shiva-1 peptide alone. In an attempt to block malaria transmission by genetically engineered bacteria, recombinant E. coli harboring the single-chain immunotoxin gene were introduced into the mosquito midgut by membrane feeding. The number of infected mosquitoes and their oocyst densities were significantly reduced when the mosquitoes were subsequently allowed to feed on P. berghei-infected mice. These results indicate not only that a single-chain immunotoxin with enhanced parasiticidal activity could form a basis for the development of more effective malaria therapeutic agents, but also that introduction of genetically engineered bacteria into anopheline mosquitoes may offer a practical approach to the regulation of malaria transmission.

Brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac rupture after acute myocardial infarction

Cardiac rupture is a fatal complication in the acute stage of myocardial infarction (MI). However, no measures have yet been established to predict it. Herein we describe three MI patients with cardiac rupture in whom plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations had been serially monitored from the onset of MI to cardiac rupture. In these cases, plasma BNP levels increased without symptomatic and hemodynamic changes and reached their highest level immediately before cardiac rupture, while plasma ANP levels remained unchanged. These cases suggest that the increased plasma BNP concentrations without symptomatic and hemodynamic changes may be a useful marker for predicting cardiac rupture after acute MI.

The successful treatment of diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis with flashlamp pulsed dye laser

Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis is a rare disease with the distinctive features of multiple hemangiomas of the skin and visceral organs. These lesions have been treated with systemic corticosteroids, interferon-alpha, and their combination. We report a patient with diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis who had multiple cutaneous and hepatic hemangiomas. Single therapy with the flashlamp pulsed dye laser was effective for cutaneous hemangiomas, whereas the hemangiomas of the liver remained stable and no liver dysfunction or hemorrhage has occurred so far, even with no treatment.

Radial sesamoid bone as a part of the manipulation system in the lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens)

The well-developed radial sesamoid bone presented a rod-like shape in the lesser panda. It could be separated into two components: (1) an ulnar cartilaginous, (2) a radial osseous part. The radial sesamoid bone was connected with four elements as follows: (1) the tendon of the M. abductor pollicis longus, (2) M. abductor pollicis brevis and M. opponens pollicis, (3) Aponeurosis palmaris, and (4) Flexor retinaculum. The bone made no articulation with the first metacarpal. The movement of the radial sesamoid bone may be controlled by the connecting muscles and muscle-related structures. It is suggested that the bone acts as a supporting ridge in the gripping action in the lesser panda. However, we suggest that the grasping mechanism is obviously different from that of the giant panda, in which the radial sesamoid bone is connected strongly with the first metacarpal.

Local structure of silver clusters in the channels of zeolite 4A

The Ag K-edge EXAFS measurements have been carried out at 50 K for fully Ag+-exchanged zeolite 4A (Ag-4A) dehydrated at different temperatures under vacuum. In the Fourier transforms of the EXAFS oscillation the two distinct peaks appear around 2.2 A and 3.0 A, and a shoulder around 2.8 A. The structural parameters (distance, coordination number and root mean square displacement) were derived by a three-shell (two Ag-O contacts and Ag-Ag contact) curve-fitting analysis. It is found that a silver cluster is formed with Ag-Ag distance 2.82+/-0.02 A and coordination number 4.9+/-0.2. When the silver cluster is formed 6 Ag0 atoms and 8 Ag+ ions are arranged in a cubic closed-packed manner in the cage of the Ag-4A zeolite. The 8 Ag+ ions and 6 Ag0 atoms are confined in the framework of oxygens at distances of 2.28+/-0.02 and 2.88+/-0.02 A, respectively.

Case report: Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma

Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (SNTCS) is a rare, teratoma-like lesion of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. To the best of our knowledge, SNTCS is highly malignant. We report a case of SNTCS arising in the nasal cavity of a 71-year-old male who complained of nasal obstruction and epistaxis. In spite of intensive treatment, the tumor recurred three times and the patient died from a local extension into the anterior cranial fossa 7 years after initial onset. The resected tumors consisted of variegated components, such as epithelial elements, including cystic, ductal and glandular structures occasionally associated with squamous differentiation, neuroectodermal ones exhibiting neural rosette formation, and mesenchymal ones with prominent rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies clearly demonstrated characteristic cellular differentiation of each component. These three principal elements were often topographically related and showed morphological transition with each other. These findings suggest the derivation of divergent components from common progenitor cells. Although the cellular atypia of the primary lesion was inconspicuous, the recurrent tumors became anaplastic and mitotically active. Histologic anaplasia may be somewhat related with aggressiveness of recurrent lesions. Appropriate sampling of specimens, and awareness of this rare teratoid tumor are important to make the correct diagnosis.

Carpal bone movements in gripping action of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

The movement of the carpal bones in gripping was clarified in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) by means of macroscopic anatomy, computed tomography (CT) and related 3-dimensional (3-D) volume rendering techniques. In the gripping action, 3-D CT images demonstrated that the radial and 4th carpal bones largely rotate or flex to the radial and ulnar sides respectively. This indicates that these carpal bones on both sides enable the panda to flex the palm from the forearm and to grasp objects by the manipulation mechanism that includes the radial sesamoid. In the macroscopic observations, we found that the smooth articulation surfaces are enlarged between the radial carpal and the radius on the radial side, and between the 4th and ulnar carpals on the ulnar side. The panda skilfully grasps using a double pincer-like apparatus with the huge radial sesamoid and accessory carpal.

Up-regulation of prostaglandin E receptor EP2 and EP4 subtypes in rat synovial tissues with adjuvant arthritis

To evaluate the role of the prostaglandin E receptor (EP) subtypes in the development of inflammatory synovitis, we examined EP subtype mRNA distribution in the synovial tissue of rats with adjuvant arthritis and the effect of selective EP agonists on cytokine production by cultured rat synovial cells. We used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization to measure the level of EP subtype (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) mRNA expression in synovial tissues and cultured synovial cells from the arthritic joints of rats. RT-PCR and ELISA were used to analyse the effects of two selective EP agonists on IL-6 production by cultured rat synovial cells. EP2 and EP4 mRNA expression in inflamed synovial tissues was up-regulated. EP2 and EP4 mRNA were co-expressed in synovial macrophages and fibroblasts in inflamed tissues. EP4 and EP2 agonists both inhibited IL-1-induced IL-6 production. Our results suggest that prostaglandin E2 regulates the functions of synovial macrophages and fibroblasts through EP2 and EP4, which are induced by inflammatory stimuli in rats with adjuvant arthritis.

Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen from rapidly disintegrating compressed tablet prepared using microcrystalline cellulose (PH-M-06) and spherical sugar granules

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioavailability of a drug from rapidly disintegrating tablets prepared using fine spherical crystalline cellulose (PH-M-06) and spherical sugar granules (Nonpareil, NP). Rapidly disintegrating tablets containing acetaminophen as the model drug in combination with a mixture of NP-108 (purified n-mannitol) and PH-M-06 were prepared. Plasma concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters of acetaminophen in rabbits were investigated after oral administration of the prepared tablets. No significant difference in Cmax and AUC(0-infinity) of acetaminophen between rapidly disintegrating tablets and conventional tablets was observed after direct administration of these tablets into the stomach of rabbits. However, tmax (15 min) of acetaminophen from rapidly disintegrating tablets was significantly (p<0.05) shorter than that from conventional tablets (130 min). The same tmax was observed for rapidly disintegrating tablets and solution. When suitable excipients such as fine spherical microcrystalline cellulose (PH-M series) and spherical sugar granules (NP series) were used, rapidly disintegrating tablets could be prepared by the conventional direct compression method. According to the results of moment analysis, the mean residence time (MRT) obtained between both rapidly disintegrating and conventional tablets indicates that the mean absorption time (MAT) from these tablets is approximately 60 and 90 min, respectively. This difference in MAT between the two tablets may be caused by the difference in the sum of the mean dissolution time (MDT) and the mean disintegration time (MDIT) of these tablets. Rapidly disintegrating tablets allow rapid absorption of the drug compared with conventional tablets.

Repeated administration of CGP 46381, a gamma-aminobutyric acidB antagonist, and ethosuximide suppresses seizure-associated cyclic adenosine 3'5' monophosphate response element- and activator protein-1 DNA-binding activities in lethargic (lh/lh) mice

To characterize seizure-associated increases in cerebral cortical and thalamic cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE)- and activator protein 1 (AP-1) DNA-binding activities in lethargic (lh/lh) mice, a genetic model of absence seizures, we examined the effects of ethosuximide and CGP 46381 on these DNA-binding activities. Repeated administration (twice a day for 5 days) of ethosuximide (200 mg/kg) or CGP 46381 (60 mg/kg) attenuated both seizure behavior and the increased DNA-binding activities, and was more effective than a single administration of these drugs. These treatments did not affect either normal behavior or basal DNA-binding activities in non-epileptic control (+/+) mice. Gel supershift assays revealed that the increased CRE-binding activity was attributable to activation of the binding activity of CREB, and that the c-Fos-c-Jun complex was a component of the increased AP-1 DNA-binding activity.

Musculoskeletal system of the neck of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and the Malayan bear (Helarctos malayanus)

The gross anatomical study was undertaken in the musculoskeletal system of the neck of the polar bear, and the findings were compared with those of the Malayan bear. The Musculus splenius and the M. trapezius were well-developed in the polar bear. The long neck of the polar bear consisted mainly of the M. splenius with the M. biventer cervicis and the M. complexus lying tightly underneath. The cervical vertebrae possessed huge ventral tubercle in the ventral part of the transverse process in the polar bear. These morphological characteristics suggest that the polar bear may rotate and bend the skull and the long cervical vertebrae. We postulate that the polar bear has evolved the high-mobility long neck to adapt for swimming. Unlike the polar bear, the Malayan bear has not specialized in the neck structure.

Induction of IL-6 via the EP3 subtype of prostaglandin E receptor in rat adjuvant-arthritic synovial cells

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN

This study investigated the role of the prostaglandin E receptor EP3 subtype in the development of inflammatory synovitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We examined the EP3 mRNA expression in the synovial tissue of rats with adjuvant arthritis and the effect of selective EP agonists on IL-6 production by cultured rat synovial cells.

RESULTS

Of the two rat EP3 isoforms, rEP3B mRNA but not rEP3A mRNA was expressed in rat synovial cells. RT-PCR and ELISA were used to analyze the effects of selective EP3 agonist (ONO-AE-248) on IL-6 production by rat cultured synovial cells. This selective EP3 agonist induced IL-6 production by rat synovial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that PGE2 upregulates IL-6 production by synovial macrophages and fibroblasts through rEP3B in rats with adjuvant arthritis.

Increased interleukin-17 production in patients with systemic sclerosis

OBJECTIVE

To determine the role of a novel T cell-derived cytokine, interleukin-17 (IL-17), which activates fibroblasts and endothelial cells, in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc).

METHODS

We examined IL-17 production by lymphocytes from the peripheral blood (PBL) and from fibrotic lesions of the skin and lungs of SSc patients by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also studied the effect of IL-17 on the proliferation of fibroblasts and on the production of cytokines and the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in vitro.

RESULTS

IL-17 messenger RNA was expressed in unstimulated PBL and lymphocytes from the skin and lungs of SSc patients, but not in similar samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or polymyositis/dermatomyositis or from healthy donors. IL-17 levels were also increased in the serum of SSc patients, but not in that of SLE patients or healthy donors. IL-17 overproduction was significantly related to the early stage of SSc, but not to other clinical features of SSc. Moreover, IL-17 enhanced the proliferation of fibroblasts and induced the expression of adhesion molecules and IL-1 production in endothelial cells in vitro.

CONCLUSION

IL-17 is overproduced by T cells from the peripheral blood and fibrotic lesions of the skin and lungs in SSc patients. These results suggest that IL-17 overproduction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SSc, especially in the early stages of the disease, by inducing the proliferation of fibroblasts and the production of IL-1 and the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells.

Increased interleukin-17 production in patients with systemic sclerosis

OBJECTIVE

To determine the role of a novel T cell-derived cytokine, interleukin-17 (IL-17), which activates fibroblasts and endothelial cells, in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc).

METHODS

We examined IL-17 production by lymphocytes from the peripheral blood (PBL) and from fibrotic lesions of the skin and lungs of SSc patients by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also studied the effect of IL-17 on the proliferation of fibroblasts and on the production of cytokines and the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in vitro.

RESULTS

IL-17 messenger RNA was expressed in unstimulated PBL and lymphocytes from the skin and lungs of SSc patients, but not in similar samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or polymyositis/dermatomyositis or from healthy donors. IL-17 levels were also increased in the serum of SSc patients, but not in that of SLE patients or healthy donors. IL-17 overproduction was significantly related to the early stage of SSc, but not to other clinical features of SSc. Moreover, IL-17 enhanced the proliferation of fibroblasts and induced the expression of adhesion molecules and IL-1 production in endothelial cells in vitro.

CONCLUSION

IL-17 is overproduced by T cells from the peripheral blood and fibrotic lesions of the skin and lungs in SSc patients. These results suggest that IL-17 overproduction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SSc, especially in the early stages of the disease, by inducing the proliferation of fibroblasts and the production of IL-1 and the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells.

Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 down-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression via EP2/EP4 receptors in interleukin-1beta-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which exerts its actions via EP receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), is a bioactive metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and/or COX-2. We have previously demonstrated that PGE2 down-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). In the present study, we investigated which COX was involved in down-regulation of ICAM-1 expression by PGE2 in IL-1beta-stimulated HGF and which subtypes of EP receptors modulated the ICAM-1 expression. NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, completely inhibited PGE2 production by IL-1beta-stimulated HGF, as did indomethacin, a COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor. Northern blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining showed that mRNA and protein of COX-2 were expressed in IL-1beta-challenged HGF, but not in unstimulated HGF, and that the expression of mRNA and protein of COX-1 was similar both in unstimulated and in stimulated cells. NS-398 and indomethacin enhanced ICAM-1 expression in IL-1beta-challenged HGF. EP1, EP2, and EP4 receptor mRNA was expressed in HGF according to reverse-transcription/polymerase chain-reaction. PGE2, 11-deoxy-PGE1 (a selective EP2/EP4 agonist), and Butaprost (a selective EP2 agonist) attenuated IL-1beta-elicited ICAM-1 expression, although Butaprost was less potent than PGE2 and 11-deoxy-PGE1. AH-23848B, an EP4 antagonist, antagonized the inhibitory effect of IL-1beta-elicited ICAM-1 expression by PGE2. Sulprostone, an EP1/EP3 agonist, had no effect on IL-1beta-elicited ICAM-1 expression. Analysis of these data suggests that COX-2-derived PGE2 down-regulates ICAM-1 expression via EP2/EP4 receptors in IL-1beta-stimulated HGF.

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by indomethacin or ibuprofen in beta-amyloid protein-stimulated J774 cells

Recent studies show that a mononuclear phagocyte lineage, including microglia, plays a possible role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease through nitric oxide (NO)-mediated neurotoxicity. Epidemiological studies show that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a protective effect against Alzheimer's disease. Based on these observations, it has been hypothesized that an anti-Alzheimer's disease effect of NSAIDs could result from the inhibition of NO synthesis. We report here that indomethacin or ibuprofen dose-dependently reduce beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma-induced NO production, accompanied by an inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression in J774 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. Aspirin, however, does not produce such an effect, suggesting that the cyclooxygenases pathway is not involved in the inhibitory effects of NSAIDs on beta-amyloid protein and interferon-gamma-induced NO production in J774 cells.

Proteoliposomes colocalized with endogenous mitochondria in mouse fertilized egg

Colocalization of mitochondria is the first step of intermitochondrial interaction or fusion in a cell. Here, we showed colocalization between exogenous mitochondria and endogenous ones or between exogenous proteoliposomes and endogenous mitochondria in mouse fertilized eggs by confocal laser microscopy. Isolated mitochondria from mouse liver and proteoliposomes containing mitochondrial membrane were directly labeled with red fluorescent aliphatic marker, PKH26, which is incorporated into lipid membrane, and then were microinjected into fertilized mouse eggs. Exogenous mitochondria appeared to be almost colocalized with endogenous mitochondria at the 4- and 8-cell stages, when mitochondria were stained with Rhodamine 123 (green fluorescent marker). On the contrary, when liposomes consisted of soy bean phospholipid were microinjected into the eggs as a control, their localization was different from that of endogenous mitochondria. Next, the submitochondrial particles and proteoliposomes were microinjected. Both the proteoliposomes and the submitochondrial particles appeared to colocalize with endogenous mitochondria at the 4-cell stage. These results suggest the existence of a factor that makes liposomes colocalize with mitochondria. Such a proteoliposome would be useful for the development of mitochondrial gene transfer techniques.

[T1-weighted vs. short-TE-long-TR images: usefulness for knee MR examinations of ligament and meniscal lesions]

The purpose of this study was to compare short-TE-long-TR images with T1-weighted images in knee MR examinations. Sagittal MR images of the knee were obtained in 31 patients with knee pain. T1-weighted images were obtained by the spin-echo technique (TR/TE = 350/15), and short-TE-long-TR images by fast spin-echo (TR/TE = 1300/15) with an echo-train length of 5. Contrast-to-noise-ratios (CNRs) of the anterior cruciate ligament and synovial space, meniscus and articular cartilage, and meniscal lesion and normal meniscus were compared between short-TE-long-TR images and T1-weighted images. On each of the three examinations, short-TE-long-TR images provided significantly higher CNRs than T1-weighted images. It was concluded that short-TE-long-TR images can be a useful alternative to T1-weighted images in evaluating the anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal lesions.

Increased interleukin-17 production in patients with systemic sclerosis

OBJECTIVE

To determine the role of a novel T cell-derived cytokine, interleukin-17 (IL-17), which activates fibroblasts and endothelial cells, in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc).

METHODS

We examined IL-17 production by lymphocytes from the peripheral blood (PBL) and from fibrotic lesions of the skin and lungs of SSc patients by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also studied the effect of IL-17 on the proliferation of fibroblasts and on the production of cytokines and the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in vitro.

RESULTS

IL-17 messenger RNA was expressed in unstimulated PBL and lymphocytes from the skin and lungs of SSc patients, but not in similar samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or polymyositis/dermatomyositis or from healthy donors. IL-17 levels were also increased in the serum of SSc patients, but not in that of SLE patients or healthy donors. IL-17 overproduction was significantly related to the early stage of SSc, but not to other clinical features of SSc. Moreover, IL-17 enhanced the proliferation of fibroblasts and induced the expression of adhesion molecules and IL-1 production in endothelial cells in vitro.

CONCLUSION

IL-17 is overproduced by T cells from the peripheral blood and fibrotic lesions of the skin and lungs in SSc patients. These results suggest that IL-17 overproduction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SSc, especially in the early stages of the disease, by inducing the proliferation of fibroblasts and the production of IL-1 and the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells.

Telomerase activity and telomere length in benign and malignant human thyroid tissues

Several studies have demonstrated that telomerase is activated and telomere length is altered in various types of tumors. In this study, we investigated telomerase activities and telomere length in 21 thyroid tumors. Telomerase activity was detected in 11 of 12 thyroid cancers and three of nine follicular adenomas. The mean telomere lengths in the cancers tissue and follicular adenomas were lower than in the respective background tissues, the differences being significant (P=0.0055 and P<0.006), respectively. Our findings suggest that change in telomerase activity and telomere length may be important for development of thyroid tumors.

Plasma cortisol levels in elderly female subjects with Alzheimer's disease: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study

We investigated the plasma cortisol levels at a fasting state in elderly female Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), and non-demented subjects (n=66, 28 and 21, respectively). Twenty-eight AD subjects were followed for 40 months. The plasma cortisol levels in AD and VD subjects were significantly higher than those of non-demented subjects at baseline. In AD subjects in relatively early stages of the disease [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)], at baseline, high plasma cortisol led to rapid declines in MMSE scores over a 40-month period.

Ganglioside GD3 and its mimetics induce cytochrome c release from mitochondria

Ganglioside GD3 induced the release of cytochrome c from isolated rat liver mitochondria. This process was completely prevented by cyclosporin A and partially prevented by a cysteine protease inhibitor, n-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal. Cyclosporin A is a potent inhibitor of the permeability transition pore, whereas n-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal has no effect on this pore. These results indicate that the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria requires both the opening of the permeability transition pore and a cysteine protease inhibitor-sensitive mechanism. Gangliosides GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b along with the synthetic GD3 mimetics TMS-42 and CI-22, which are glycerophospholipids carrying a disialo residue, also induced cytochrome c release. In contrast, gangliosides GM1, GM2, and GM3 did not induce cytochrome c release. These results indicate that two sialo residues must play an important role in the induction of cytochrome c release by gangliosides.

Endoscopic characteristics of low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

It was recently reported that low-grade gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) was regressed by the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. The aim of this study was to confirm the effect of H. pylori eradication on low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma and to investigate the whitish mucosa that appeared with regression of the lesions.

METHODS

Forty-seven H. pylori-positive patients with low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma were treated by using triple therapy. Biopsy specimens were histologically graded and B cell clonality was examined by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction before and after eradication treatment. The relationship between the appearance of whitish mucosa and the degree of gastric gland loss was evaluated.

RESULTS

Histologic regression was observed 2 months after eradication therapy in 42 of 47 patients. However, B cell monoclonality changed to polyclonality in only 23 patients during the follow-up period. The appearance of whitish mucosa in patients who showed histologic regression became more frequent as the degree of gastric gland loss increased (P< 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Most low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma histologically regressed after H. pylori eradication. The appearance of whitish mucosa after histologic regression reflected the degree of gastric gland loss. Whitish mucosa is an endoscopic characteristic and may be an endoscopic marker for regression of low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma.

[Cytokines in the vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy--vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor are elevated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy]

PURPOSE

To determine the relation between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platlet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in the vitreous fluids from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

SUBJECTS AND METHOD

Concentrations of VEGF and PDGF in the vitreous fluids from 53 eyes, 31 eyes in 30 PDR patients and 22 eyes in 22 non diabetes mellitus(DM) patients serving as controls, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay. The levels of VEGF and PDGF were compared between PDR and non DM patients. The relationship between these factors and clinical characteristics such as age, sex, protein concentration in the aqueous humor, HbA1c and duration of diabetes were investigated.

RESULTS

Levels of both VEGF and PDGF in the PDR group were significantly higher than in non DM group (p < 0.01). A positive correlation was observed between the levels of VEGF and protein concentration in the aqueous humor (p < 0.01). However, levels of both VEGF and PDGF did not correlate with age, sex, or HbA1c.

CONCLUSION

Both VEGF and PDGF were shown to be correlated with the pathogenesis of PDR.

Immunohistochemical localization of inhibin and steroidogenic enzymes in the ovary of common tree shrew (Tupaia glis) and northern smooth-tailed tree shrew (Dendrogale murina)

To study the ovarian function of the Order Scandentia, the localization of inhibin and steroidogenic enzymes (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase and aromatase) in the ovaries of common tree shrew (Tupaia glis) and northern smooth-tailed tree shrew (Dendrogale murina) was immunohistochemically analysed. As in the results reported for other mammals, inhibin alpha-chain was localized in the follicular epithelium of secondary or Graafian follicles in the two species. The localization of aromatase in the ovary of these two species, however, was different. In the common tree shrew, the aromatase was localized in the thecal cells, whilst in other mammals it is localized in the granulosa cells. These results indicate that in the ovary of the common tree shrew, the oestradiol may be synthesized in the thecal cells.

Prostaglandins E2 and I2 downregulate tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human oral gingival epithelial cells

In the present study, we examined whether prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGI2 regulated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in human oral gingival epithelial cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). TNF alpha potently induced ICAM-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. PGE2 and carbacyclin (a stable analogue of PGI2) significantly decreased ICAM-1 expression in TNF alpha-challenged oral gingival epithelial cells. Next, of the four subtypes of PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4), we examined which subtype(s) mediated inhibition of TNF alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression by PGE2. 11-deoxy-PGE2, an EP2/EP4 agonist, significantly suppressed TNF alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression, whereas butaprost, an EP2 agonist, sulprostone, an EP1/EP3 agonist, and ONO-AP-324, an EP3 agonist, caused no effect on it. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, expression of EP4 mRNA was detected in oral gingival epithelial cells. Dibutyryl cAMP, a cAMP analogue, and forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, significantly inhibited TNF alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression in oral gingival epithelial cells. From these results, we suggest that PGE2 and PGI2 inhibit TNF alpha-elicited ICAM-1 expression by cAMP-dependent pathways via EP4 receptors and IP receptors, respectively.

Bidirectional effects of hypergravity on the cell growth and differentiated functions of osteoblast-like ROS17/2.8 cells

A low level of hypergravity (1.5-2.0 G) stimulated the proliferation of ROS17/2.8 cells, whereas it inhibited the differentiated functions of alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin synthesis. These results were just the opposite of our results obtained when the cells were exposed to a high level of hypergravity (40-80 G): inhibition of cell growth and the stimulation of the differentiated functions. The direction of change in the cAMP contents of the cells was also reversed, with a low level of hypergravity causing a decrease in the cAMP content and a high level of hypergravity an increase in it. Therefore, bidirectional effects of hypergravity on the growth and differentiated functions exist in ROS17/2.8 cells according to the magnitude of the hypergravity.

Molecular cloning of the crustacean DD4 cDNA encoding a Ca(2+)-binding protein

A cDNA, named DD4, was identified in the prawn Penaeus japonicus in a search for genes that were expressed during calcification of the crustacean exoskeleton. DD4 transcripts were detected in the epidermal cells underlying the exoskeleton specifically during the postmolt stage, when the calcification takes place. In the DD4 cDNA an open reading frame of 542 amino acids was found. The deduced protein was acidic and proline-rich, and exhibited similarity to the Drosophila Ca(2+)-binding protein calphotin in the amino acid sequence and composition. The DD4 cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli to characterize Ca(2+)-binding of the encoded protein, and Ca(2+) was found to bind to a central segment of 186 amino acids. The DD4 protein is suggested to play a role in the calcification of the crustacean exoskeleton.

Combined therapy with hypothermia and anticytokine agents in influenza A encephalopathy

Two children with influenza A-related encephalopathy were treated with a combination of mild hypothermia (deep body temperature of the forehead: 35 degrees C) and anticytokine agents (high-dose methylprednisolone and ulinastatin), while receiving amantadine. One of the cases exhibited acute necrotizing encephalopathy on computed tomography (CT). Although no severe complications occurred, correctable hypokalemia and hyperglycemia occurred in both cases. Both patients recovered without any neurological sequelae. Our therapeutic protocol appears to be effective for managing influenza A-related encephalopathy.

A lectin-histochemical study on the seminiferous epithelium of the northern smooth-tailed tree shrew (Dendrogale murina) and the Java tree shrew (Tupaia javanica)

Lectin-binding patterns in the testes of the northern smooth-tailed tree shrew, Dendrogale murina and Java tree shrew, Tupaia javanica were studied by light microscopy and compared the data with those of the common tree shrew. Four lectins (PNA, SBA, BPA and GS-II) were used in this study. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin (PNA), soybean (Glycine max) agglutinin (SBA) and Bauhinia purpurea agglutinin (BPA) showed a strong reaction in the acrosomal region from Golgi to acrosome-phase spermatids in three species of tree shrews. These lectins also showed a granular positive reaction in the cytoplasm from acrosome to maturation-phase spermatids in three species, except that BPA revealed no granular reaction (though it was positive) in the spermatid cytoplasm of the northern smooth-tailed tree shrew and that PNA revealed no reaction in the spermatid cytoplasm of the common tree shrew. While, Griffonia simplicifolia-II agglutinin (GS-II) showed a positive reaction in the acrosomal region of Golgi-phase spermatids in three species of tree shrews. Although GS-II was positive in the spermatocyte cytoplasm of three species, it showed granular in the northern smooth-tailed tree shrew and common tree shrew but not granular in the Java tree shrew. Thus, the lectin-binding patterns in testes were similar among three species belonging to the Order Scandentia. However, slight differences were also detected even among these phylogenetically-close species.

Geographical variation of mandible size and shape in the Japanese wild pig (Sus scrofa leucomystax)

The mandibles of the Japanese wild pigs (Sus scrofa leucomystax) from various geographical locations, which have been stored in the University of Tokyo and National Science Museum, Tokyo were examined. The mandibles from northern localities were larger in size than those from southern localities. The Oita population was significantly smaller than the Honshu populations. The Mie population was smaller than the Hyogo population in length from the angle of the mandible. In the multivariate analysis, the Kyushu populations could be obviously distinguished from the Honshu populations in the principal component charts. However, each Honshu population did not show the locality-specific distribution of the principal component plots.

On the morphology of the liver in the two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The liver of a two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) was examined by means of gross anatomy and histology. The liver appeared characteristically as an enlarged triangle in visceral aspect, and showed the following lobation: the left lateral and medial lobes, the right lobe, the caudate lobe and the quadrate lobe. These findings were similar to those for the one-humped camel. Histologically, a distinct lobulation, a typical arrangement of the interlobular connective tissue, and the trias was confirmed.