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Zug KA, Kornik R, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias CGT, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Warshaw EM. Patch-testing North American lip dermatitis patients: data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001 to 2004. Dermatitis 2008; 19:202-208. [PMID: 18674455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common differential diagnoses for patients presenting with lip dermatitis or inflammation include atopic, allergic, and irritant contact dermatitis. Patch testing can be performed to identify the allergic contact conditions. OBJECTIVE To report North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) patch-test results of patients who presented for patch testing with only lip involvement from 2001 to 2004. Patient characteristics, allergen frequencies, relevance, final diagnoses, and relevant allergic sources not in the NACDG screening series were evaluated. METHODS The NACDG 2001-2004 database was used to select patients presenting with only lip involvement. RESULTS Of 10,061 patients tested, 2% (n = 196) had lips as the sole involved site. Most (84.2%) were women. After patch testing, 38.3% (n = 75) were diagnosed with allergic contact cheilitis. Fragrance mix, Myroxilon pereirae, and nickel were the most common relevant allergens. Of 75 patients, 27 (36%) had relevant positive patch-test reactions to items not on the NACDG series; lipstick and cosmetics were the predominant sources. CONCLUSIONS Patch testing is valuable in the evaluation and identification of contact allergy in patients referred for lip dermatitis. The use of supplementary allergens based on history and exposure is important in the identification of additional relevant allergens. Over a third of patients with contact allergy had other factors, such as irritant dermatitis, considered relevant to their condition.
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Honari G, Ellis SG, Wilkoff BL, Aronica MA, Svensson LG, Taylor JS. Hypersensitivity reactions associated with endovascular devices. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 59:7-22. [PMID: 18537993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2008.01351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Warshaw EM, Cook JW, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias CGT, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Positive patch-test reactions to mixed dialkyl thioureas: cross-sectional data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 1994 to 2004. Dermatitis 2008; 19:190-201. [PMID: 18674454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis from thioureas is uncommon but may result from exposure to rubber, especially neoprene. OBJECTIVES To (1) describe the population with positive patch-test reactions to mixed dialkyl thioureas (MDTU) (ie, diethylthiourea and dibutylthiourea); (2) determine clinical and occupational relevance associated with reactions to MDTU and identify the most commonly related sources and occupations; and (3) examine the frequency of co-reacting allergens in MDTU-positive patients. METHODS A retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data of 22,025 patients patch-tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group between 1994 and 2004. RESULTS Of 21,898 patients tested with MDTU, 225 (1.0%) had positive reactions; of these, 173 (76.9%) were currently relevant and 29 (17.1%) were occupationally relevant. Patients positive to MDTU were 2.6 times more likely to have foot involvement than patients with positive reactions to other allergens (p < .0001). Footwear was the most commonly identified source overall (20.0%) whereas gloves were the most common occupational source. Of the 173 patients with currently relevant MDTU reactions, 24.9% also reacted to another rubber allergen. CONCLUSIONS Current clinical relevance of reactions to MDTU was high; occupational relevance was less frequent. Patch tests with common rubber allergens (carbamates, thiurams, and mercaptobenzothiazole) may fail to detect many cases of thiourea-induced rubber allergic contact dermatitis.
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Taylor JS, Erkek E, Leow YH, Jacobsen D. FS09.2
Contact allergy to a commercial alcohol prep swab. Contact Dermatitis 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0309ce.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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105
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Warshaw EM, Furda LM, Maibach HI, Rietschel RL, Fowler JF, Belsito DV, Zug KA, DeLeo VA, Marks JG, Mathias CGT, Pratt MD, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS. Anogenital Dermatitis in Patients Referred for Patch Testing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 144:749-55. [DOI: 10.1001/archderm.144.6.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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106
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Amado A, Taylor JS, Murray DA, Reynolds JS. Contact Dermatitis to Pentylene Glycol in a Prescription Cream for Atopic Dermatitis: Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 144:810-2. [DOI: 10.1001/archderm.144.6.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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107
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108
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Warshaw EM, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias TC, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. North American Contact Dermatitis Group Patch-Test Results, 2003-2004 Study Period. Dermatitis 2008. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2007.06060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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109
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Warshaw EM, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Toby Mathias CG, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch-test results, 2003-2004 study period. Dermatitis 2008; 19:129-136. [PMID: 18627684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis is a significant cause of both occupational and non-occupational skin disease. Patch testing is an important diagnostic tool for the determination of responsible allergens. OBJECTIVE This study reports the results of patch testing by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2004. METHODS At 13 centers in North America, patients were tested with the same screening series of 65 allergens, with a standardized patch-testing technique. Data were recorded on standardized forms and manually verified and entered. Descriptive frequencies were calculated, and trends were analyzed with chi-square statistics. RESULTS A total of 5,148 patients were tested. Of these, 3,432 (66.7%) had at least one positive reaction, 2,284 (44.4%) were ultimately determined to have primary allergic contact dermatitis, and 676 (13.1%) had occupation-related skin disease. There were 9,762 positive allergic reactions. Compared to the previous reporting period (2001-2002), allergies to nickel, budesonide, mercaptobenzothiazole, and paraben mix were at least 1.12 times more common (all p values < .03). Compared with the previous 8 years (1994-2002), only the prevalence rates of allergies to nickel and budesonide were statistically significantly higher (p values < .003). CONCLUSION Allergic contact dermatitis from nickel and budesonide may be increasing in North America. These results again underscore the value of patch-testing with many allergens.
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Warshaw EM, Schram SE, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias TC, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Patch-Test Reactions to Topical Anesthetics: Retrospective Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data, 2001 to 2004. Dermatitis 2008. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2007.06072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Warshaw EM, Schram SE, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias CGT, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Patch-test reactions to topical anesthetics: retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data, 2001 to 2004. Dermatitis 2008; 19:81-85. [PMID: 18413108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergy to topical anesthetics is not uncommon. The cross-reactivity among topical anesthetics and the screening value of benzocaine alone are not well understood. OBJECTIVES The goals for this study were: (1) to evaluate the frequency and pattern of allergic patch-test reactions to topical anesthetics, using North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data, and (2) to compare these results to allergen frequencies from other published studies. METHODS The NACDG patch-tested 10,061 patients between 2001 and 2004. In this analysis patients were included who had positive patch-test reactions to one or more of the following: benzocaine, lidocaine, dibucaine, tetracaine, and prilocaine. RESULTS Of patch-tested patients, 344 (3.4%) had an allergic reaction to at least one anesthetic. Of those, 320 (93.0%) had an allergic reaction to only one topical anesthetic. Overall, reactions to benzocaine (50.0%, 172 of 344) were most prevalent, followed by reactions to dibucaine (27.9%, 96 of 344); however, reactions to dibucaine were significantly more frequent in Canada than in the United States (relative risk [RR], 2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-3.20; p < .0001). Of patients reacting to more than one anesthetic, most (79%, 19 of 24) reacted to both an amide and an ester. CONCLUSIONS Of the topical anesthetics tested, benzocaine was the most frequent allergen overall. Over 50% of allergic reactions to topical anesthetics in this study would have been missed had benzocaine been used as a single screening agent. Cross-reactivity patterns were not consistent with structural groups.
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Rietschel RL, Fowler JF, Warshaw EM, Belsito D, DeLeo VA, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias TC, Pratt M, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Detection of Nickel Sensitivity Has Increased in North American Patch-Test Patients. Dermatitis 2008. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2008.06062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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114
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Rietschel RL, Fowler JF, Warshaw EM, Belsito D, DeLeo VA, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias CGT, Pratt M, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Detection of nickel sensitivity has increased in North American patch-test patients. Dermatitis 2008; 19:16-19. [PMID: 18346391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nickel allergy has been studied by contact dermatitis groups around the world, and the frequency of nickel sensitivity has been reported to be decreasing in some populations. OBJECTIVE To review the prevalence of nickel allergy as observed by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group from 1992 to 2004. METHODS The computer database of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group was used to examine the prevalence of nickel allergy over the study period and to analyze it by time, sex, and age. RESULTS From 1992 to 2004, 25,626 patients were patch-tested. The percentage of women tested was fairly constant (61.4-66.3%). A steady increase in nickel sensitivity was seen from 1992 to 2004. Subgroup analysis did not identify a population with declining nickel allergy. CONCLUSIONS Nickel allergy continues to increase in younger and older men and women patch-tested in North America.
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De Medeiros LM, Fransway AF, Taylor JS, Wyman M, Janes J, Fowler JF, Rietschel RL. Complementary and alternative remedies: an additional source of potential systemic nickel exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 58:97-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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116
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Warshaw EM, Schram SE, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias TC, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Shoe Allergens: Retrospective Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2001-2004. Dermatitis 2007; 18:191-202. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2007.06047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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117
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Amado A, Sood A, Taylor JS. Contact Allergy to Lidocaine: A Report of Sixteen Cases. Dermatitis 2007; 18:215-20. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2007.06059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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118
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Mutoti GI, Dietz JD, Arevalo J, Taylor JS. Combined chlorine dissipation: Pipe material, water quality, and hydraulic effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2007.tb08060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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119
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Rietschel RL, Warshaw EM, Sasseville D, Fowler JF, DeLeo VA, Belsito DV, Taylor JS, Storrs FJ, Mathias CGT, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Zug KA, Pratt M. Sensitivity of Petrolatum and Aqueous Vehicles for Detecting Allergy to Imidazolidinylurea, Diazolidinylurea, and DMDM Hydantoin: A Retrospective Analysis from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. Dermatitis 2007; 18:155-62. [PMID: 17725923 DOI: 10.2310/6620.2007.06040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether petrolatum or aqueous vehicles are more sensitive for detecting allergy to imidazolidinylurea (IU), diazolidinylurea (DU), and dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin (DM). The relationship of these allergens to formaldehyde sensitivity was also explored. METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients patch-tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. All patients were simultaneously tested to seven allergens (formaldehyde, IU in petrolatum [pet], IU aqueous [aq], DU pet, DU aq, DM pet, and DM aq). Data were analyzed in pairs with various "gold standard" definitions of "true allergy" and adjusting for correlated data. RESULTS Reaction to at least one of the seven allergens occurred in 2,398 patients. In all cases except one (which just approached statistical significance), the petrolatum-based allergen was statistically significantly more sensitive than the same allergen in an aqueous base. Most of the patients allergic to the three preservatives were also allergic to formaldehyde, but most formaldehyde-allergic patients were not allergic to the IU, DU, or DM. CONCLUSION Of these two vehicles, petrolatum is significantly more sensitive than an aqueous vehicle is for detecting allergy to IU, DU, and DM.
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120
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Shi B, Taylor JS. Iron and copper release in drinking-water distribution systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2007; 70:29-36, 44, 46. [PMID: 17886579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale pilot study was carried out to evaluate the impacts of changes in water source and treatment process on iron and copper release in water distribution systems. Finished surface waters, groundwaters, and desalinated waters were produced with seven different treatment systems and supplied to 18 pipe distribution systems (PDSs). The major water treatment processes included lime softening, ferric sulfate coagulation, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and integrated membrane systems. PDSs were constructed from PVC, lined cast iron, unlined cast iron, and galvanized pipes. Copper pipe loops were set up for corrosion monitoring. Results showed that surface water after ferric sulfate coagulation had low alkalinity and high sulfates, and consequently caused the highest iron release. Finished groundwater treated by conventional method produced the lowest iron release but the highest copper release. The iron release of desalinated water was relatively high because of the water's high chloride level and low alkalinity. Both iron and copper release behaviors were influenced by temperature.
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Warshaw EM, Ahmed RL, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Toby Mathias CG, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Contact dermatitis of the hands: Cross-sectional analyses of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994-2004. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57:301-14. [PMID: 17553593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand dermatitis, including irritant and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), is common. OBJECTIVE To evaluate allergens, relevant irritants, sources and occupations associated with hand contact dermatitis using North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 22,025 patients patch tested between 1994 and 2004. RESULTS Hand involvement was found in 6953 patients; 959 had ACD as the only diagnosis. In these 959 patients, the 12 most frequent relevant allergens were quaternium-15 (16.5%), formaldehyde (13.0%), nickel sulfate (12.2%), fragrance mix (11.3%), thiuram mix (10.2%), balsam of Peru (9.6%), carba mix (7.8%), neomycin sulfate (7.7%), bacitracin (7.4%), methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol 2.0% (7.4%), cobalt chloride (6.5%), and methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol 2.5% (6.3%). Rubber allergens were most commonly associated with occupation. One third of patients with hand ACD had identifiable relevant irritants. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional analyses prevent evaluation of causal associations. CONCLUSION In NACDG patients with hand ACD, the most common allergens included preservatives, metals, fragrances, topical antibiotics, and rubber additives.
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Rietschel RL, Warshaw EM, Sasseville D, Fowler JF, DeLeo VA, Belsito DV, Taylor JS, Storrs FJ, Mathias CGT, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Zug KA, Pratt M. Common Contact Allergens Associated with Eyelid Dermatitis: Data from the North American Contact Dermatitis Group 2003-2004 Study Period. Dermatitis 2007; 18:78-81. [PMID: 17498412 DOI: 10.2310/6620.2007.06041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis can be manifest as an eruption confined to the eyelids. In regard to this specific presentation, only limited information on which to base the selection of patch tests for proper evaluation is available. OBJECTIVE To identify the contact allergens most frequently found to be both patch test positive and relevant when only the eyelids are involved. METHODS Data collected from 2003 to 2004 by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) were analyzed for relevant allergens in the setting of dermatitis on the eyelids only. Data on eyelid dermatitis patients whose relevant allergens were not among the 65 allergens used for screening during this study period were also tabulated. RESULTS Data showed that 268 patients had only eyelid dermatitis and a final diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. In 193 (72%) of these, reactions were of current relevance and were identified from a screening series of 65 allergens. The top 26 allergens identified 65% of cases (175 cases). Gold was the most frequently encountered allergen (22 of 175 cases [12.5%]). Of the 268 cases, 33 showed relevant reactions to an allergen that was not among the 65 NACDG standard screening allergens. No specific allergen was identified in the remaining 42 cases. CONCLUSION The top 26 allergens identified in this study represent a potential eyelid dermatitis screening series.
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Warshaw EM, Ahmed RL, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF, Maibach HI, Marks JG, Mathias TC, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sasseville D, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS, Zug KA. Contact Dermatitis of the Hand Cross-Sectional Analyses of NACDG Data 1994-2004. Dermatitis 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01206501-200706000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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125
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Gordon M, Taylor JS. Ideal copolymers and the second-order transitions of synthetic rubbers. i. non-crystalline copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5010020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1726] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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