Adsorption of oral bacteria to porous type calcium carbonate

The purpose of this study was to investigate the adsorption of [3H]-thymidine labeled oral microorganisms to porous type calcium carbonate (PCC) beads in a buffer containing human parotid saliva and to PCC combined chewing gum sheets. Adsorption rates of Streptococcus sobrinus B13 and 6715, Streptococcus mutans MT8148R and Actinomyces naeslundii T14V with PCC were significantly higher than those with calcium carbonate (CC) beads (p < 0.01). Adsorption rates of S. sobrinus, S. mutans and A. naeslundii with PCC combined chewing gum were significantly higher than those with CC combined chewing gum (p < 0.01). The present results suggested that the chewing gum containing PCC may be able to exclude oral bacteria, including cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria, for prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease.

Differences in TNF-alpha producing activity from murine peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharides of Prevotella heparinolytica and Porphyromonas gingivalis

We compared the effects of LPSs from P. gingivalis and P. heparinolytica on the induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by murine peritoneal macrophages. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation from P. gingivalis showed a typical ladder pattern in SDS-PAGE, whereas that from P. heparinolytica formed several stained bands without a ladder pattern. When the macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice were incubated with P. gingivalis LPS, the level of TNF-alpha released in the culture supernatants was significantly higher than that with P. heparinolytica. All tested reagents except genistein strongly inhibited the production of TNF-alpha by the macrophages after induction by either LPS. These results suggested the following possibilities, i) the induction level of TNF-alpha by P. heparinolytica is similar to that of Salmonella minnesota, ii) tyrosine phosphorylation is not the only pathway for the TNF-alpha production induced by these LPSs, iii) different regulatory mechanisms are involved in TNF-alpha production in P. gingivalis LPS stimulated and P. heparinolytica LPS stimulated cells.

Interleukin 6 receptor expression by human cord blood- or peripheral blood-derived primitive haematopoietic progenitors implies acquisition of different functional properties

The significance of interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) expression by cord blood (CB)- and peripheral blood (PB)-derived primitive haematopoietic progenitors was investigated. IL-6R was preferentially expressed by PB-derived myeloid progenitors. Most PB-derived erythroid bursts (BFU-E) and mixed colony-forming cells (CFU-Mix) did not express this receptor. However, CB-derived primitive progenitor cells possessed multipotentiality, irrespective of IL-6R expression. Interestingly, the long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) population was enriched in PB-derived CD34+ IL-6R+ cells, but the extended LTC-IC (ELTC-IC) population, which represents a less mature class of haematopoietic progenitors, seemed to be equally distributed in the IL-6R+ and IL-6R- cell populations. In contrast, the number of LTC-ICs and ELTC-ICs was similar in CB-derived CD34+ IL-6R+ or IL-6R- cells. It is noteworthy that the number of LTC-ICs and ELTC-ICs in CB-derived CD34+ cells was markedly higher than that in PB-derived CD34+ cells regardless of IL-6R expression. Telomerase activity was consistently lower in PB-derived CD34+ IL-6R- cells than in CD34+ IL-6R+ cells. In contrast, telomerase activity was similar in CB-derived CD34+ IL-6R+ or IL-6R- cells. The pattern of telomerase induction upon cytokine stimulation differed between CB- and PB-derived CD34+ IL-6R+ or IL-6R- cells. However, overall telomerase activity per dish was well correlated with the proliferative potential of both cell populations, suggesting that induction of telomerase plays an important role in the escape from replicative senescence of primitive haematopoietic progenitors. Collectively, these results suggest that CB-derived primitive progenitors are less mature than PB-derived progenitors and that the expression of IL-6R by primitive haematopoietic progenitors may have different implications for PB- and CB-derived CD34+ cells.

Significance of detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and Treponema denticola in periodontal pockets

The relationship between the detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and Treponema denticola in subgingival plaque samples of periodontal pockets and periodontal status was evaluated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 165 sites in 60 periodontitis patients were examined, and the relationships between the detection of each of the three bacterial species and the pocket depth and bleeding on probing (BOP) were analyzed. The detection ratios of P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, and T. denticola in samples from adult periodontitis lesions were 75.5%, 69.8%, and 72.6%, respectively. It was found that all sites where all three microorganisms were detected were BOP positive and had greater pocket depths than those where only one or two species were found. The detection rate of B. forsythus and T. denticola decreased with age in the sites in which PD was less than 4 mm. The present study indicates that detection of a mixed infection by P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, and T. denticola strongly correlated with adult periodontitis.

Relationships between the onset of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris, periodontitis and bacterial heat shock proteins

Relationships between the onset of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris, periodontitis and heat shock proteins were studied by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to examine levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) against Escherichia coli GroEL, a recombinant DnaJ of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans heat shock protein, a synthetic peptide made from the 180th to the 188th amino acids of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Hsp65, and a recombinant human Hsp60, in sera obtained from 43 pustulosis palmaris et plantaris patients judged to have chronic infectious diseases of the oral cavity. We found that the titers of IgG against E. coli GroEL and A. actinomycetemcomitans DnaJ in the sera from pustulosis palmaris et plantaris patients were significantly higher than those in the control group, whereas the titers of IgG against the synthetic M. bovis Hsp65 and the recombinant Hsp60 did not differ significantly. Periodontal therapy and extraction of teeth with periapical infectious resulted in remission of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and a statistically significant reduction in the levels of IgG against E. coli GroEL in 9 of the 22 patients (41%) examined. We also found that the IgG levels against A. actinomycetemcomitans DnaJ in 6 serum samples of 16 (37%) were reduced, but not significantly, after the treatment. These results suggest that the IgG responses to heat shock proteins partially induced by oral bacteria may be related to the onset of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris in some patients.

Use of computed tomography for maxillary nerve block in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Maxillary nerve block has traditionally been performed by using external anatomic landmarks. However, the classic approach to the nerve may be confounded because of anatomic variability. We describe a technique for the block using the suprazygomatic route guided by computed tomography (CT).

CASE REPORT

A 90-year-old woman had a 30-year history of episodic pain in her right maxillary region. We attempted to block the maxillary nerve with classic technique, but we could not identify the nerve by eliciting paresthesia. In addition, bleeding was noted after repeated attempts. To minimize complications and confirm the correct position of the needle tip, we planned the block with a suprazygomatic approach using CT guidance. The needle was inserted without paresthesia. The CT scan showed the needle tip was placed at the entrance of the pterygopalatine fossa and the distribution of contrast medium spread appropriately around the pterygopalatine fossa. After confirming the clinical effect and lack of complications of the block using the local anesthetic, 0.5 mL of 7% phenol was injected. This technique resulted in complete sensory loss in the area innervated by the maxillary nerve, and did so without complications.

CONCLUSIONS

A maxillary nerve block guided by a CT imaging is an alternative to classic techniques.

Vinca alkaloids induce granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Several anti-cancer drugs are known to have proliferation-related effects on various cells, such as an activation of some transcription factors and an induction of some cytokines. We examined the effect of anti-cancer drugs on granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induction in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Increase of GM-CSF protein and mRNA were observed in PBMC after exposure to vindesine sulfate (VDS). Induction of GM-CSF protein was dose-dependent and detectable at VDS concentrations of 0.1 microgram/ml. This effect was also observed in response to treatment with other microtuble-depolymerizing agents, vincristine sulfate and vinorelbine ditartrate, but not with cisplatin, etoposide, or paclitaxel. In order to elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon, we examined the effects of cyclohexamide and actinomycin D on the expression of GM-CSF mRNA. Both of these drugs completely inhibited GM-CSF mRNA expression after VDS exposure, implying that VDS induces de novo GM-CSF synthesis in an indirect manner. As a candidate for the initial signaling, we next examined the role of the IL-1 beta autocrine or paracrine pathways in GM-CSF induction by VDS. IL-1 beta protein and mRNA expression were induced after VDS exposure more rapidly (from 4 hours) than expression of GM-CSF (protein from 12 hours and mRNA from 8 hours). Addition of anti-IL-1 beta antibody partially inhibited induction of GM-CSF by VDS. These results suggest that GM-CSF induction by VDS is partially mediated through the initial generation of IL-1 beta in PBMC.

IL-12-encoding plasmid has a beneficial effect on spontaneous autoimmune disease in MRL/MP-lpr/lpr mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by immune abnormalities explained by the overproduction of Th(2)cytokines such as autoantibody production and polyclonal B cell activation. We examined the effect of administering a DNA plasmid encoding IL-12 on the lupus-like disease of MRL/MP-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice. Treatments were delivered intramuscularly every 4 weeks, starting at 4 weeks of age. This intervention significantly inhibited the accumulation of CD4(-)CD8(-)T cells, and reduced lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. A significant decrease in serum IgG anti-DNA autoantibody titers was observed, and plasmid IL-12 therapy was also associated with a reduction in the proteinuria and glomerulonephritis characteristic of this disease. Serum IFN-gamma level was increased by inoculating IL-12 encoding plasmid, suggesting that the cytokine balance was skewed towards Th(1). The clinical implications of this suppression of autoimmune disease are also discussed.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates prostaglandin F2alpha secretion by bovine luteal cells via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phospholipase A2 pathways

It has been well demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) stimulates prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha secretion by bovine corpus luteum (CL) in vitro. The objective of the present study was to clarify the intracellular signaling pathway of TNFalpha to stimulate PGF2alpha production in cultured bovine luteal cells. Bovine luteal cells that were obtained from mid- (days 8-12 after ovulation) CL were incubated with TNFalpha (0.6 nM) and/or various compounds as follows: U-73122 (an inhibitor of phospholipase [PL] C), ACA (an inhibitor of PL-A2), H-89 (an inhibitor of protein kinase [PK] A), calphostin C (an inhibitor of PK-C), L-NAME/L-NORG (inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase), and PD98059 (an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] kinase). Although U-73122 (0. 1-10 microM), H-89 (0.1-10 microM), calphostin C (0.01-1 microM) and L-NAME/L-NORG (1-100 microM) did not affect TNFalpha-induced PGF2alpha secretion by the cultured cells, ACA (1-100 microM) and PD98059 (0.1-100 microM) inhibited TNFalpha-stimulated PGF2alpha secretion by the cells in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.05 or lower). These findings suggest that TNFalpha activates the MAPK and PL-A2 pathways in bovine luteal cells to stimulate PGF2alpha secretion.

Is tumor necrosis factor alpha a trigger for the initiation of endometrial prostaglandin F(2alpha) release at luteolysis in cattle?

To determine the physiological significance of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the regulation of luteolytic prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) release by the bovine endometrium, the effect of TNF-alpha on PGF(2alpha) output by the endometrial tissues in vitro was investigated and compared with the effect of oxytocin (OT). Furthermore, the presence of specific receptors for TNFalpha in the bovine endometrium during the estrous cycle was determined. Endometrial slices (20-30 mg) taken from six stages of the estrous cycle (estrus: Day 0; early I: Days 2-3; early II: Days 5-6; mid-: Days 8-12; late: Days 15-17; and follicular: Days 19-21), as determined by macroscopic examination of the ovaries and uterus, were exposed to TNFalpha (0.06-6 nM) and/or OT (100 nM). OT stimulated PGF(2alpha) output at the follicular stage and at estrus (P < 0.001), but not at the late luteal stage. On the other hand, the stimulatory effects of TNFalpha on PGF(2alpha) output were observed not only at the follicular stage but also at the late luteal stage (P < 0.001). When the endometrial tissues at late luteal stage were simultaneously exposed to TNFalpha (0.6 nM) and OT (100 nM), the stimulatory effect on PGF(2alpha) output was higher than the effect of TNFalpha or OT alone (P < 0.05). Specific binding of TNFalpha to the bovine endometrial membranes was observed throughout the estrous cycle. The concentration of TNF-alpha receptor at the early I luteal stage was less than the concentrations at other luteal stages (P < 0.01). The dissociation constant (K(d)) values of the endometrial membranes were constant during the estrous cycle. The overall results lead us to hypothesize that TNFalpha may be a trigger for the output of PGF(2alpha) by the endometrium at the initiation of luteolysis in cattle.

Heterogeneity in the immune response to serotype b LPS of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in inbred strains of mice

We investigated the heterogeneity of the humoral immune responses to whole cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype b and production of cytokines in inbred strains of mice. Nine such strains were tested: A/J (H-2(a)), C57BL/6 (H-2(b)), BALB/c (H-2(d)), DBA/2 (H-2(d)), B10.BR (H-2(k)), C3H/He (H-2(k)), C3H/HeJ (H-2(k)), DBA/1 (H-2(q)) and B10.S (H-2(s)). Mice were immunized intraperitoneally with whole cells of A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43718 (serotype b) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels against A. actinomycetemcomitans were measured by an ELISA system. ELISA analysis, using LPS fractions from serotype a, b or c strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans as the coating antigens, revealed that mice strains C3H/He, C3H/HeJ, B10.BR and B10.S had an extremely high-IgM response against serotype b LPS. High-IgM titer sera contain also elevated levels of IgA antibodies to the antigen. To compare the cytokine production among inbred mice, the amounts of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) released from mouse splenocytes were measured using ELISA systems specific for these cytokines. A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b LPS stimulation induced IL-6 release from murine splenocytes of all tested strains. However, IL-4 and IL-5 were detected only in high-IgM/IgA responders to A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b LPS, not in low-IgM/IgA responders. Thus, we found a relationship between the humoral immune response to LPS of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b and production of type 2 cytokines by splenocytes.

A rapid DNA probe method for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

BACKGROUND

The objective of the present study was to develop a rapid DNA probe method for the microbiological detection of periodontitis that can be used in dental clinics. By using the DNA probe, we also investigated the correlation between the occurrence of putative periodontopathic bacteria and clinical parameters.

METHODS

This rapid DNA probe method minimizes the use of a water bath for ordinary hybridization and washing in order to shorten the total reaction time. The detection process could be completed within 2 hours. In order to evaluate the clinical application of the DNA probe, subgingival plaque samples were taken from patients with periodontitis before initial therapy. After the therapy, the patients were microbiologically and clinically evaluated.

RESULTS

When the DNA probe method was compared with the culture method, the agreement was 88% for Porphyromonas gingivalis and 67% for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. A statistically significant association was found between the detection of P. gingivalis and probing depth, bleeding on probing (chi2 test: P <0.001, P <0.05). A significant association was also shown between the detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans and probing depth in patients aged 35 or older (chi2 test: P <0.001). The detection rate of A. actinomycetemcomitans was highest in teenagers. At shallow periodontal pocket sites (PD < or =3 mm) in teenagers, no P. gingivalis was found, while 22% of the sites harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans. After the therapy, the frequency of detection of P. gingivalis decreased significantly only in the clinically improved sites (chi2 test: P <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The rapid DNA probe method appears promising as an efficient tool for rapid clinical detection of periodontopathic bacteria.

Production of prostaglandin f(2alpha) by cultured bovine endometrial cells in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha: cell type specificity and intracellular mechanisms

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) has been shown to be a potent stimulator of prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) secretion in the bovine endometrium. The aims of the present study were to determine the cell types in the endometrium (epithelial or stromal cells) responsible for the secretion of PGF(2alpha) in response to TNFalpha, and the intracellular mechanisms of TNFalpha action. Cultured bovine epithelial and stromal cells were exposed to TNFalpha (0.006-6 nM) or oxytocin (100 nM) for 4 h. TNFalpha resulted in a dose-dependent increase of PGF(2alpha) production in the stromal cells (P < 0.001) but not in the epithelial cells. On the other hand, oxytocin stimulated PGF(2alpha) output in the epithelial cells but not in the stromal cells. When the stromal cells were incubated for 24 h with TNFalpha and inhibitors of phospholipase (PL) C or PLA(2), only PLA(2) inhibitor completely stopped the actions of TNFalpha (P < 0.001). When the stromal cells were exposed to TNFalpha and arachidonic acid, the action of TNFalpha was augmented (P < 0.001). When the stromal cells were incubated for 24 h with a nitric oxide (NO) donor (S-NAP), S-NAP stimulated the PGF(2alpha) production dose-dependently. Although an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor (L-NAME) reduced TNFalpha-stimulated PGF(2alpha) production, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase augmented the actions of TNFalpha and S-NAP (P < 0. 05). The overall results indicate that the target of TNFalpha for stimulation of PGF(2alpha) production in cattle is the endometrial stromal cells, and that the actions of TNFalpha are mediated via the activation of PLA(2) and arachidonic acid conversion. Moreover, TNFalpha may exert a stimulatory effect on PGF(2alpha) production via the induction of NOS and the subsequent NO-cGMP formation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in many countries as a result of an increase in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection since World War II. The epidemiology of HCC varies with the global region. There have been conflicting observations from different parts of the world concerning the frequency of HCC in patients who in the distant past had post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. The genetic basis of hepatocarcinogenesis is still poorly understood. In hepatitis B virus (HVB) associated HCC, codon 249 mutation in the p 53 gene seems more related to exposure to aflatoxin B1 than to hepatocarcinogenesis itself. HCC that occurs in children in high HBV endemic regions could be associated with germ-line mutations, but little information is available; not much is known about chemical hepatocarcinogens in the environment other than aflatoxins. The X gene of HBV seems to play an important role in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. There are preliminary observations on the molecular mechanism of HCV-associated HCC, such as HCV core protein inducing HCC in transgenic mice and the NS3 genome transforming NIH 3T3 cells. Pathological distinction between preneoplastic and very early transformed lesions still depends on classical morphology, and a more genetically oriented differential diagnosis is required. Clinical diagnosis based on modern imaging has improved greatly, but is still unsatisfactory in the differential diagnosis of preneoplastic and early transformed nodules, because the vasculature changes that occur within the nodule are not accurately discerned with the current imaging. Use of sensitive des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (PIVKA II) assay, and lectin affinity chromatography separating HCC specific subspecies of AFP molecules with a more practical biochemical technique will further improve diagnosis. Early diagnosis and transplantation are the best treatment at the moment, but transplantation is not widely available because of the donor shortage. Despite successful resection, the remnant cirrhotic liver frequently develops new HCC lesions, seriously curtailing long-term survival. All-out efforts should be directed to the prevention of HCC, through prevention of viral hepatitis, prevention of acute hepatitis from becoming chronic, prevention of chronic hepatitis from progressing to cirrhosis, and prevention of the cirrhotic liver from developing HCC (chemoprevention). At the moment, very few such studies exist.

8 Br-cAMP enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by an HIV-1 DNA vaccine

From a series of preclinical studies and animal experiments, we have been able to demonstrate that DNA vaccines are a promising tool in strategies for protecting hosts from a variety of infectious diseases. Since the promoter activity of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter/ enhancer (CMV promoter) is known to be responsive to an elevation in the level of intracellular cAMP, we hypothesized that use of cAMP analogue (8-Bromo adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate, 8 Br-cAMP) would increase the level of transgene expression supported by the CMV, and enhance the ability of DNA vaccines to evoke an immune response against the transgene product in vivo. To evaluate this hypothesis, immune responses against HIV-1 envelope protein, gp160, an immunogenic HIV-1 component expressed under the control of the CMV promoter, were evaluated in BALB/c mice with or without stimulation by 8 Br-cAMP. DNA vaccine with 8 Br-cAMP was intramuscularly (i.m.) or intranasally (i.n.) administered to BALB/c mice twice on days 0 and 14. Regardless of which route was used, the combination increased the serum IgG antibody (Ab) titer, HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, compared with the effect of using the vaccine alone. When administered via the i.n. route, the combination also remarkably increased the titer of secretory IgA (sIgA). Moreover, it induced increased production of interferon-gamma with reduction in IL-4 synthesis, and decreased the ratio of serum IgG1/IgG2a. However, these enhancements were not observed when 8 Br-cAMP was coadministered with peptide vaccine or protein antigen. These data suggest that 8 Br-cAMP is able to enhance both humoral and cellular immune responses induced by the DNA vaccine. The induction of T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity against HIV-1 was also enhanced by coadministration of 8 Br-cAMP. A CAT assay study demonstrated that the adjuvant effect of 8 Br-cAMP may be due to the activation of the CMV promoter in the DNA vaccine. The virus challenge experiment in a mouse influenza model also proved our hypothesis.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptor in the corpus luteum of pregnant cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA and TNF-alpha receptors in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) during the gestation period. TNF-alpha mRNA and TNF-alpha receptors were determined on bovine CL from pregnant cows at three stages: trimester I (fetal crown-rump length; 6-20 cm), trimester II (25-45 cm) and trimester III (50-80 cm). TNF-alpha mRNA was detected by an RT-PCR analysis in the CL of all stages of gestation. A Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of a high-affinity binding site (Kd; 5.1-6.9 nM) in the CL membranes collected at each stage of gestation. Furthermore, the concentrations of TNF-alpha receptors in the CL of trimesters I (24. 0 +/- 1.95 pmol/mg protein) and III (21.6 +/- 2.39 pmol/mg protein) of gestation were significantly higher than the concentration in trimester II (14.9 +/- 2.07 pmol/mg protein) (P < 0.05). These results indicate that TNF-alpha is locally produced and that TNF-alpha receptors are present in bovine CL during the gestation period, and suggest that TNF-alpha plays one or more roles as a paracrine factor in regulating bovine CL function during the entire gestation period.

The timing of GM-CSF expression plasmid administration influences the Th1/Th2 response induced by an HIV-1-specific DNA vaccine

The mechanism of immune activation induced by a plasmid-encoding GM-CSF (pGM-CSF), administered in combination with a DNA vaccine encoding the envelope of HIV, was studied. Injecting pGM-CSF i.m. into mice 3 days before DNA vaccination primarily induced a Th2 response. Simultaneous administration of the DNA vaccine plus pGM-CSF activated both a Th1 and a Th2 response. When the plasmid was injected 3 days after DNA vaccination, enhancement of Th1 immunity predominated. These results suggest that the timing of cytokine expression determines the phenotype of the resultant Th response. After 3 days of pGM-CSF injection, the increased percentages of CD11c+, CD8+ cells were observed in the regional lymph nodes. In addition, many infiltrated cells, including S-100 protein-positive cells, were found in the pGM-CSF-injected tissue. The importance of these S-100+ cells or both CD8+ and CD11c+ cells, especially that of dendritic cells (DCs), was also studied. DCs derived from bone marrow and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing IL-4 and GM-CSF were incubated with DNA vaccine and then transferred into naive mice. Mice receiving DCs showed strong HIV-1-specific Th2 immune responses. Our results suggest that DCs play important roles in the activation or modification of the Th2-type immune response induced by DNA vaccination.

A case of Turner's syndrome complicated with desmoid tumor of the transverse colon

The association of Turner's syndrome and endometrial carcinoma has been previously established, but has never been described in conjunction with a desmoid tumor of the colon. A case is described of a colonic desmoid tumor developing in a 38-year-old female with Turner's syndrome. The association has not been previously reported. In this report, we describe a 38-year-old woman who has Turner's syndrome with a colonic desmoid and review the literature.

A case of lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas

We report a relatively rare case of lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas. The patient, a 43-year-old man with no subjective symptoms, was found to have a pancreatic tumor during a physical examination. Based on the ultrasonographic and abdominal computed tomographic findings, a pancreatic cystic tumor was diagnosed. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography showed a normal duct system. Enucleation was easily performed. Macroscopically, the cyst resembled an atheroma. Histopathologic examination disclosed lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas.

Immunochemical analysis of a photoreceptor protein using anti-IP3 receptor antibody in the unicellular organism, Blepharisma

The blepharismin-200 kD protein complex of the ciliated protozoan Blepharisma is a novel type of photosensor responsible for the step-up photophobic response of the cell. In immunoblotting assays, the 200 kD protein is weakly cross-reacted with anti-inositol triphosphate receptor antibody (anti-IP3 R antibody). Indirect immunofluorescence assays show that the pigment granules in which the blepharismin-200 kD protein complex is localized are labelled by anti-IP3 R antibody. When the anti-IP3 R antibody or antisense oligonucleotide for IP3 receptor is introduced into the living cells of Blepharisma, both the photosensitivity of the cells and content of blepharismin-200 kD protein are reduced. The results suggest that the photoreceptor 200 kD protein is possibly an IP3 receptor-like protein.

Rectal and vaginal immunization with a macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccine candidate for HIV-1 infection induces HIV-specific protective immune responses

An effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is needed to stimulate the immune response of the genital mucus to prevent mucosal transmission of the virus. We have developed a macromolecular multicomponent peptide vaccine candidate, VC1. Both rectal and vaginal immunization of VC1 mixed with cholera toxin (CT) induced HIV-1-specific IgA antibody in mouse fecal extract solution and vaginal wash. These antibody productions were enhanced by the combination with IL-4 or GM-CSF expressing plasmids. Either fecal extract or vaginal wash solution from immunized mice inhibited production of HIV-1IIIB p24 protein. The mononuclear cells from spleen, intestinal lymph nodes, or Peyer's patches from VC1- and CT-immunized mice released IFN-gamma or IL-4, when these cells were co-cultured with VC1 antigen. In addition, the regional lymphoid cells from rectal and vaginal region of mice immunized with VC1 and CT also elicited a substantial level of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response. This CTL response was enhanced by the addition of IL-12 expressing plasmid. Our results clearly demonstrated that both rectal and vaginal immunization could induce systemic and mucosal immunities specific for HIV-1.

Th1-biased immune responses induced by DNA-based immunizations are mediated via action on professional antigen-presenting cells to up-regulate IL-12 production

The efficacy of DNA-based immunization in conferring protective immunity against certain microbial pathogens including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been described. The potential advantage of DNA-based immunization over the traditional vaccines largely results from its capacity to efficiently induce Th1-biased immune responses against an encoded antigen. We describe how Th1-biased immune responses are induced by DNA-based immunization, using a DNA vaccine construct encoding HIV-1 gp160 cDNA and an eukaryotic expression plasmid carrying murine IFN-gamma cDNA. Transfection of an eukaryotic expression plasmid carrying immunostimulatory sequences (ISS) as well as a gene of interest (DNA vaccine) into professional antigen presenting cells (APC) induced transactivation of IL-12 mRNA, which resulted in antigen-specific Th1-biased immune responses against the encoded antigen. Th1-biased immune responses induced by DNA-based immunization were substantially upregulated by a codelivery of an ectopic IFN-gamma expression system, and this augmentation was mediated via action on professional antigen presenting cells to upregulate IL-12 production. Taken together, it appears likely that Th1-biased immune responses induced by DNA-based immunization are mediated via action on professional antigen-presenting cells to produce IL-12. Interestingly, the model provided strikingly resembles that previously described in infection with Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular Gram-positive bacterium that induces strong Th1-biased immune responses. The result suggests that DNA-based immunization mimics certain aspects of natural infection with microbial organisms like attenuated vaccines, which in turn provides a rationale to the question of why DNA-based immunization so efficiently induces protective immunity against these microbial pathogens.

Successful control with bromide of two patients with malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy

A 3-month-old male and a 4-month-old female infant with intractable seizures were diagnosed as having malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy (MMPSI) with developmental arrest on the basis of characteristics of symptoms, clinical courses and EEGs. We treated these two patients with potassium bromide (80 mg/kg) after conventional antiepileptic drugs failed to adequately control the seizures. The potassium bromide therapy resulted in complete control of seizures in one patient, and more than 95% reduction in seizure frequency in the other.

Different actions of noradrenaline and nitric oxide on the output of prostaglandins and progesterone in cultured bovine luteal cells

The effects of noradrenaline (NA) and nitric oxide (NO) on prostaglandins (PGs) and progesterone (P4) secretion during the development of the bovine corpus luteum (CL) were investigated. Bovine luteal cells of early and mid-cycle CL were cultured for 20 to 24 h in medium containing 10% calf serum, washed, and treated with NA or nitrergic agents for an additional 16 h in a serum-free medium. NA (10(-5) M) stimulated P4 from early and mid-cycle CL by 238% and 154% (P < 0.01), respectively. Moreover, although NA induced a twofold increase in PGE2 secretion (P < 0.01) in both examined periods, the effect of NA on PGF2alpha secretion was approximately 1.5 times higher (P < 0.05) in early than in mid-cycle CL. Two NO synthase inhibitors, L-NAME and L-NOARG (both 10(-4) M), stimulated P4 secretion only in mid-luteal cells (P < 0.01), although they did not affect the cells from early CL. Although a NO donor, S-NAP (10(-4) M) inhibited P4 secretion from mid-cycle luteal cells (P < 0.05), it strongly stimulated PGE2 in both examined phases (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the output of PGF2alpha was stimulated by S-NAP only in the cells of the mid-cycle CL (P < 0.01). The overall results suggest that adrenergic and nitrergic agents play opposite roles in the regulation of bovine CL functions. Whereas NA may play a supporting role in luteal development, NO may participate in the functional regression of the bovine CL by inhibiting steroidogenesis.

The use of conventional immunologic adjuvants in DNA vaccine preparations

The term "adjuvant" originates from the Latin word adjuvare, which means to help or aid. An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate, prolong, or enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine antigens (1). In a broad sense, immunologic adjuvants include certain cytokines and other immunomodulatory molecules (i.e. chemokines and costimulatory factors) or their expression vectors. Since these adjuvants are described elsewhere in this book, here, we are concerned only with adjuvants that are derived from microorganisms and plants or are synthesized chemically.

Regulation of angiotensin II production and angiotensin receptors in microvascular endothelial cells from bovine corpus luteum

Recent findings suggest that the ovarian renin-angiotensin system regulates ovarian function through the paracrine/autocrine actions of angiotensin (Ang) II. The aims of this study were to investigate 1) the endothelial cell capacity to convert Ang I to Ang II, 2) the effects of endocrine and paracrine/autocrine factors on Ang II production in microvascular endothelial cells (MVE) derived from the developing corpora lutea (CL), and 3) the relationship between Ang II peptide concentration and expression of mRNA for angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors (ATR1 and AT2R) in the bovine CL at different stages of the estrous cycle. When Ang I was added to the MVE at a concentration of 10(-9) M, it was converted to Ang II (21%). The production of Ang II from Ang I time-dependently rose for 24 h. Addition of captopril (an inhibitor of Ang-converting enzyme [ACE]) to the MVE cultures significantly inhibited Ang II production from 6 h to 24 h (P < 0.05). Addition of estradiol-17beta (E(2)) + vascular endothelial growth factor and E(2) + basic fibroblast growth factor to MVE cultures increased Ang II production, whereas E(2) or growth factors alone had no effect. Specific transcription for AT1R and AT2R was detected in bovine CL and MVE. There were no significant changes in Ang II tissue concentration or AT1R mRNA expression using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction during the estrous cycle. In contrast, AT2R mRNA expression decreased during the midluteal phase (P < 0.05) and increased to the highest level during the late luteal phase (P < 0.05). Results demonstrated that Ang II is generated from Ang I in MVE isolated from the developing bovine CL, indicating that MVE have ACE activity. In addition, mRNA expression for Ang II receptors was detected in the bovine CL and the luteal MVE. These results suggest that Ang II is produced by actions of the local renin-angiotensin system, at least in part, on MVE in the bovine CL, and that this peptide may be involved in the regulation of luteal function during early development and luteolysis.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptor in bovine corpus luteum throughout the estrous cycle

The objective of this study was to investigate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) expression, the presence of functional TNF-alpha receptors, and expression of TNF receptor type I (TNF-RI) mRNA in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) during different stages of the estrous cycle. Reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed no difference in TNF-alpha mRNA expression during the estrous cycle. Concentrations of TNF-alpha in the CL tissue increased significantly from the mid to the late luteal stage and decreased thereafter (P < 0.05). An RT-PCR analysis showed higher levels of TNF-RI mRNA in CL of Days 3-7 than of other stages (P < 0.05). (125)I-TNF-alpha binding to the membranes of bovine CL was maximal after incubation at 38 degrees C for 48 h. The binding was much greater for TNF-alpha than for related peptides. A Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of a high-affinity binding site in the CL membranes collected at each phase of the estrous cycle (dissociation constant: 3.60 +/- 0.58-5.79 +/- 0.19 nM). In contrast to TNF-RI mRNA expression, the levels of receptor protein were similar at each stage of the estrous cycle. When cultured cells of all luteal stages were exposed to TNF-alpha (1-100 ng/ml), TNF-alpha stimulated prostaglandin F(2alpha) and prostaglandin E(2) secretion by the cells in a dose-dependent fashion (P < 0.01), especially during the early luteal phase, although it did not affect progesterone secretion. These results indicate the local production of TNF-alpha and the presence of functional TNF-RI in bovine CL throughout the estrous cycle, and suggest that TNF-alpha plays some roles in regulating bovine CL function throughout the estrous cycle.

Specific microbial colonizations in the periodontal sites of HIV-infected subjects

The purpose of this study was to examine colonization by specific organisms at periodontal sites in HIV-seropositive [HIV(+)] subjects. A total of 67 HIV(+) and 32 HIV(--) subjects were investigated. The specific pathogens included black-pigmented anaerobic rods (BPAR), Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans and mycoplasma species. P. gingivalis was present in the HIV(+) subjects more frequently than in the HIV(--) periodontitis patients (P < 0.01). The cell numbers of BPAR and P. gingivalis and percentages as the total of CFUs on blood agar cultured in an anaerobic chamber were statistically higher in periodontal pocket samples from HIV(+) than from HIV(--). A. actinomycetemcomitans was also detected at a high rate (41.8%) in HIV(+) patients. The average cell numbers of C. albicans were higher in samples from the HIV(+) group (P < 0.05). The detection rate of mycoplasma species in the HIV(+) patients was significantly lower than that in HIV(--) subjects (P < 0.05), and most isolated mycoplasma strains were Mycoplasma salivarium.

Molecular pathogenesis of the cell surface proteins and lipids from Treponema denticola

Treponema denticola, frequently isolated from the human oral cavity, is thought to be a major pathogen of human periodontal disease. Recent developments in molecular analysis have clarified the surface structure of this microorganism and the characteristics of its pathogenic factors. Structural analysis of the outer sheath showed T. denticola to have a new type of outer membrane lipid. Limited exposure of the major outer sheath protein is suggested by electron-microscopic analysis. A protease-deficient mutant has revealed the roles of the protease in the organization of the outer sheath material and in T. denticola pathogenicity. The surface features that contribute to the pathogenicity of T. denticola in periodontal disease are gradually being elucidated, and are reviewed.

A new direction in automated laboratory testing in Japan: five years of experience with total laboratory automation system management

The introduction of integrated laboratory systems has proceeded rapidly in Japan in these 15 years, but they require large initial investment for installation and do not always succeed in reducing laboratory cost. We also experienced three major events that taught us that total laboratory systems are not always effective: these were an earthquake, a nerve gas attack, and an outbreak of food poisoning. Political changes in the national health care system in Japan have forced the cutting of expenses for laboratory testing. In this context, cost-effective laboratory testing has been considered, and many hospitals have replaced total laboratory systems with small laboratory systems. Our University Hospital introduced a mini-lab system consisting of compact instruments to increase laboratory efficiency, and we have begun point-of-care testing education for medical students. This combination enables rapid and convenient testing, and is responsive to the political changes in the Japanese health care system.

Contribution of mast cells to the T helper 2 response induced by simultaneous subcutaneous and oral immunization

This work examines the contribution of mast cells to the synergistic enhancement of the T helper 2 (Th2) immune response elicited following simultaneous oral and subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization. The s.c. route induced a Th1-biased immune response, characterized by increased interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) antibody production. In contrast, oral immunization stimulated a primarily Th2-type response in which interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IgG1 antibody production were dominant. Simultaneous immunization also triggered a Th2-biased response, the magnitude of which exceeded the additive effects of s.c. and oral immunization alone by greater than threefold. To analyse whether mast cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue contributed to this synergistic response, mast cell-deficient mice WBB6F1-w/wv were studied. Whereas the primary response following simultaneously antigen administration was reduced only twofold in these animals compared with wild type controls WBB6F1-+/+ (suggesting that mast cells were not needed to initiate Th2 immunity), reconstitution with bone-marrow-derived mast cells from WBB6F1-+/+ mice resulted in a superoptimal response (suggesting that mast cells contribute to the magnitude and perpetuation of these Th2-biased responses).

Prognostic benefit in cytoreductive surgery for curatively unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma - comparison to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

As a strategy for treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cytoreductive surgery was studied comparing to transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Patients who had curatively unresectable intrahepatic multiple HCC with the main tumor 30 mm or more in size were selected for this study. The patients were classified into two groups; i) cytoreductive surgery group (CRS group): 28 patients in whom the main tumor was resected but other cancer nodules remained in the remnant liver, ii) TACE group: 25 patients at Child A grade who underwent TACE, and in whom it was also evaluated retrospectively that the main tumor had been resectable. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in CRS (48.7%) than TACE (17.1%) group. Multivariate analysis revealed that performing cytoreductive surgery was a significant and independent factor to prolong survival. However, 6 of 28 patients died within one year of surgery. Residual tumor thrombus, and the absence or non-effectiveness of adjuvant therapy were significant high risk factors for postoperative death within one year. Conclusively, cytoreductive surgery contributes to a significant lengthening of survival in patients with advanced HCC. To reduce the risk of early postoperative death, the importance of postoperative adjuvant therapy is also recognized.

[Successful treatment of pleuritis carcinomatosa using combination therapy of 5'-DFUR, MPA and CPA as maintenance therapy]

A 44-year-old female patient with inoperable, local advanced left breast cancer was treated with 3 cycles of high dose CAF therapy followed by combination therapy of 5'-DFUR, MPA and CPA. The patient was discharged after receiving 3 cycles of high-dose CAF therapy and continued to receive daily oral doses of 5'-DFUR (800 mg), MPA (800 mg), and CPA (100 mg) for 15 months. After 3 cycles of high-dose CAF therapy, tumor marker (CEA, CA 15-3) levels were reduced. Six months later, after 3 cycles of high-dose CAF therapy, the tumor marker levels were within the normal range. No serious side effects were observed during chemotherapy. The patient enjoyed a good quality of life. We thus confirmed that this combination regimen was effective as a maintenance therapy for local advanced breast cancer.

Metachronous multicentric occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical treatment - clinicopathological comparison with recurrence due to metastasis

This study investigated clinicopathological features of patients with recurrence of metachronous multicentric occurrence by comparison with patients with recurrence due to metastasis. In 177 patients, recurrences after curative surgical treatment were classified into recurrence due to metastasis according to criteria based on imaging findings. This group consisted of 35 patients. Among the rest of the patients, 59 underwent fine needle biopsies for recurrent tumor and, in these patients, a classification of recurrence of metachronous multicentric occurrence was made based on the histological findings of primary and recurrent tumor. This group consisted of 33 patients. The estimated incidence for recurrence of metachronous multicentric occurrence was 44.8% to total total patients. Metachronous multicentric occurrence frequently developed in patients with anti-HCV antibody and an early stage of primary tumor. In 80% of the patients who had recurrent tumor of multicentric origin, the recurrence developed within 3 postoperative years. The survival rate in patients with metachronous multicentric occurrence was significantly higher than that in patients with recurrence due to metastasis. Conclusively, the incidence of patients with recurrence of metachronous multicentric occurrence was high, but the prognosis for these patients was significantly better than that for patients with recurrence due to metastasis.

Immunomodulatory effect of a plasmid expressing CD40 ligand on DNA vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus type-1

CD40 ligand is a costimulatory molecule which acts a potent immunomodulator. We found the mice inoculated with human CD40 ligand expression plasmid (pMEhCD40L) combined with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) DNA vaccine exhibited both humoral and cellular antigen-specific immunological enhancement. The expression of hCD40L induced predominantly antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response while it failed to induce mucosal IgA response. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity were induced in a dose-dependent manner. Examination of the relative levels of the two IgG subclasses showed that co-injection of pMEhCD40L enhanced IgG2a response without suppressing IgG1 response. Similarly, the expression of pMEhCD40L enhanced not only T helper 1 (Th1)- but also Th2-type cytokine production. In conclusion, co-inoculation of pMEhCD40L with DNA vaccine was shown to be a useful way to enhance CTL responses without suppressing the humoral immune response in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients.

Evidence of HIV type 1 glycoprotein 120 binding to recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits expressed in a baculovirus system

Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) is thought to represent at least one of the pathways causing neuronal damage in AIDS patients. In the present study, recombinant gp120 binding to NMDA receptor subunits expressed in a baculovirus system was examined by immunocytochemistry and a binding assay, using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated and 125I-labeled recombinant gp120, respectively. We found that recombinant gp120 binds to Sf21 cells expressing epsilon1/zeta1 or epsilon2/zeta1 combined NMDA receptor subunits, but not to Sf21 cells infected with mock virus or Sf21 cells expressing a single epsilon1, epsilon2, or zeta1 NMDA receptor subunit. The binding was strongly blocked by unlabeled recombinant gp120, monoclonal anti-HIV-1 gp160 antibody, and a mixture of anti-epsilon1/epsilon2 and anti-zeta1 antibodies. The same results were obtained by flow cytometric analysis. These data suggest that HIV-1 gp120 may directly bind to the NMDA receptor. This evidence enhances our understanding of the mechanism of HIV-1-induced neuronal damage in AIDS patients.

Solitary splenic recurrence of ovarian cancer: case report and review of the literature

We report a rare case of solitary recurrence of ovarian cancer in the spleen which developed 4 years after initial treatment. Only six cases have been reported in the literature and all were serous carcinoma. Our patient had a splenectomy without any complications but developed a liver metastasis 10 months after splenectomy.

Inhibition of E. coli growth by fullerene derivatives and inhibition mechanism

Cationic ammonium fullerene derivatives (C60-bis(N, N-dimethylpyrrolidinium iodide) and C60-bis(N-methylpiperazinium iodide)) suppressed E. coli growth, whereas an anionic derivative (C60-dimalonic acid) did not. Both cationic derivatives inhibited E. coli dioxygen consumption. Inhibition of energy metabolism is concluded to be a mechanism of the growth inhibition effect of fullerene derivatives.