The prevalence of feline A/B blood types in the Sydney region

OBJECTIVE

To determine the distribution of A/B blood types in pedigree and crossbred cats in the Sydney region, and to estimate the associated risk of administering incompatible blood in an unmatched random transfusion.

DESIGN

A prospective/retrospective study of blood specimens collected from both sick and healthy cats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood was collected from 355 cats from the Sydney region over a 12-year period from 1992 to 2003. Specimens were obtained from 187 domestic crossbred cats (short and long-haired) and 168 pedigree cats. The blood type of each cat was determined by one of three different laboratories using standard methods that varied over the duration of the survey.

RESULTS

The distributions of blood types obtained by the three laboratories were not significantly different. The prevalence of type-A, type-B and type-AB blood types in crossbred cats was 62%, 36% and 1.6%, respectively. This is the highest percentage of type-B cats so far reported for an outbred population of domestic cats, and is significantly higher than the 26% reported previously for cats in the Brisbane region. The calculated frequency for the type-B allele assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this feline population is 0.60; the corresponding frequency of the type-A allele is thus approximately 0.40. The calculated proportion of random transfusions from this population giving rise to an incompatible blood transfusion is 46%, with half of these being life-threatening events. The calculated proportion of random matings from this population at risk for developing neonatal isoerythrolysis is 23%. The distribution of A and B blood types for pedigree cats was in general agreement with data reported previously for cats in North America and Europe, suggesting that the distribution of blood types in these purebred populations is relatively consistent throughout the world.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of type B cats in the owned domestic and pedigree cat population is so high that blood typing or cross matching prior to transfusion should be mandatory, except in Siamese/Oriental cats.

Localised genital Norwegian scabies in an AIDS patient

OBJECTIVES

We present a case of an AIDS patient with Norwegian scabies manifest by a single, crusted plaque localised to the glans penis.

METHODS

A 45 year old man with AIDS presented to our clinic complaining of a red papular pruritic rash on his abdomen and anterior thighs and a single, thick, crusted, non-pruritic lesion on the penis. He had been treated with lindane topically prior to the development of the penile lesion without resolution of the pruritus or red papular lesions. A mineral oil preparation was obtained from the hyperkeratotic penile lesion and revealed numerous mite eggs and faeces.

RESULTS

The diagnosis of localised, genital Norwegian scabies was made. The patient was treated with ivermectin 200 micro g/kg per dose taken as two doses, 14 days apart, with complete resolution of both pruritus and skin lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

This patient is the first known report of Norwegian scabies localised as a single lesion on the penis. He was successfully treated with oral ivermectin monotherapy.

The serum concentration of estradiol after embryo transfer and the decline from preovulatory levels may influence the success of IVF treatment

AIM

To establish the influence that serum estradiol concentrations prior to oocyte retrieval and 3 days after embryo transfer have on the establishment of in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy.

METHOD

Preovulatory (day-0) and luteal-phase (day-6) estradiol concentrations were retrospectively analyzed in 310 infertile patients, undertaking 1st-cycle conventional IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

RESULTS

The IVF treatment success is significantly reduced in patients with an estradiol level <600 pg/ml and also when a rapid decline in luteal-phase estradiol concentrations from preovulatory concentrations (day 0:day 6 ratio) was exhibited.

CONCLUSION

A day 0:day 6 estradiol ratio >5 and a serum estradiol concentration <600 pg/ml may adversely impact on the establishment of pregnancy in IVF.

The second generation of the International Equine Gene Mapping Workshop half-sibling linkage map

A low-density, male-based linkage map was constructed as one of the objectives of the International Equine Gene Mapping Workshop. Here we report the second generation map based on testing 503 half-sibling offspring from 13 sire families for 344 informative markers using the CRIMAP program. The multipoint linkage analysis localized 310 markers (90%) with 257 markers being linearly ordered. The map included 34 linkage groups representing all 31 autosomes and spanning 2262 cM with an average interval between loci of 10.1 cM. This map is a milestone in that it is the first map with linkage groups assigned to each of the 31 automosomes and a single linkage group to all but three chromosomes.

Association between the APOE genotype and psychopathologic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND

Psychiatric symptoms occur frequently in the course of AD, are a frequent contributor to institutionalization, predict cognitive decline and death, and often require treatment with psychotropic medications. Previous studies investigating the association between APOE genotype and psychiatric symptomatology in AD have reported contradictory results.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether APOE genotype predicts incident psychiatric symptomatology in patients with AD.

METHODS

Eighty-seven patients with AD at early stages and no psychiatric history were followed semiannually for up to 9.3 years (mean 5.5 years) for development of delusions, illusions, hallucinations, behavioral symptoms, and depression. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relative risk for incident psychiatric symptomatology (outcome) in relation to APOE genotype (predictor).

RESULTS

The presence of one epsilon4 allele carried a 2.5-fold risk, whereas the presence of two epsilon4 alleles carried a 5.6-fold risk for development of delusions. The associations remained significant even when age, ethnicity, sex, education, duration of disease, and cognitive and functional performance were controlled for. The presence of two epsilon4 alleles was associated with reduced risk for developing hallucinations in the adjusted analysis only. No significant associations were detected between APOE genotype and the incidence of illusions, behavioral symptoms, or depression.

CONCLUSION

The presence of one or more epsilon4 alleles is a significant predictor for the incidence of delusions in the course of AD.

Persistent mobility deficit in the absence of deficits in activities of daily living: a risk factor for mortality

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the extent to which self-reported mobility deficit in the absence of impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) is associated with elevated mortality risk.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study, with annual assessments of mobility and ADL status and ongoing monitoring of vital status.

SETTING

Population-based cohort drawn from Medicare enrollees in New York City.

PARTICIPANTS

One thousand two hundred ninety-eight older adults reporting functional status at baseline (1992-1994) and 2 years later.

MEASUREMENTS

Subjects reported mobility (e.g., walking, climbing stairs, and rising from a chair) and ADL (e.g., bathing, toilet use, dressing, grooming, and feeding) limitations. Two-year functional status trajectories were noted. We used two additional follow-up periods, at 2 and 4 years, to examine the likelihood that older people with mobility deficit may face an increased risk of death without first passing through a state of enduring ADL disability.

RESULTS

At 2 years, 12.7% had incident mobility deficit without ADL disability, and 21.3% were persistently disabled in mobility without ADL disability. Relative to subjects free of disability at baseline and follow-up, risk of mortality in the incident mobility deficit group was elevated at 2 and 4 years but did not achieve statistical significance. By contrast, for subjects with persistent mobility impairment who did not report ADL impairment, the mortality risk was significantly elevated both at 2 years (relative risk (RR) = 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-5.7)) and 4 years (RR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.7-4.9)) of follow-up. Mortality was significantly elevated in this group in analyses restricted to respondents with no or only one comorbid condition.

CONCLUSION

Continuing, self-reported mobility impairment in the absence of ADL deficit is a risk factor for mortality. Older people with self-reported mobility deficit face an increased risk of mortality without first passing through enduring states of ADL disability.

Principles for the use of macrocyclic lactones to minimise selection for resistance

OBJECTIVE

To provide principles for the appropriate use of avermectin/milbemycin or macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics in sheep, to ensure effective worm control and to minimise selection for ML resistance.

STRATEGY

The principles were based on an assessment of the information currently available. The MLs were categorised into three groups (ivermectin [IVM], abamectin [ABA] and moxidectin [MOX]) based on structural differences, persistence and efficacy against ML resistant strains. The reported order of activity or efficacy against ML resistant worm strains was IVM<ABA<MOX. General treatment schemes were considered for Australian conditions and were divided into the following situations: 1. quarantine treatment, 2. treatment on/to clean pasture, 3. treatment on/to safe pasture, 4. treatment on/to moderate/heavily contaminated pasture. For each of these situations a strategy was considered for farms where ML resistance was present or absent. It was assumed that resistance commonly occurs in some or all other broad spectrum anthelmintics, and even where ML resistance has been detected, the ML group remains the most effective. The guidelines provided are general and it is expected that state agencies and sheep/veterinary advisers would give specific advice to suit their environments and drug resistance/worm problems.

CONCLUSIONS

The primary recommendation is to use a mixture of effective drugs when treating sheep. However, unless the combination treatment is highly effective it is unlikely to delay selection for ML resistance if sheep are being treated and moved to a clean or safe pasture. Where possible, reliance on the ML anthelmintics should be reduced by not using them every year, not using them in low risk stock or by using narrow spectrum and low efficacy drugs such as naphthalophos when appropriate. Anthelmintic treatment should be given as part of a strategic worm control program. It is suggested that IVM-oral and IVM-capsules should not be used when ML resistance is present. In this situation MOX or ABA should be used in combination with other drugs, provided that the chosen ML is effective against the resistant parasite. It is essential to monitor the efficacy of ML and drug combinations by post-treatment worm egg counts, particularly when ML resistance has been detected.

Provision of MRI can significantly reduce CT collective dose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the proportion of patients currently being investigated by CT that could be investigated by MRI with a potential reduction in exposure to ionizing radiation. The health detriment arising from the radiation dose associated with CT has been quantified in terms of the number of likely cases of serious health effects. The results show that a significant saving in the collective radiation dose is possible, with an associated detriment of between 0.23 and 0.33 cases of cancer or severe hereditary effects averted in one imaging department every year. In selecting the balance of provision of MRI and CT facilities, the health detriment associated with the radiation dose from CT should be considered.

Discharge disposition from acute care after traumatic brain injury: the effect of insurance type

OBJECTIVE

To determine if persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who are insured by Medicaid or health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are more likely to receive postacute care in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) than in rehabilitation facilities, compared with persons insured by commercial fee-for-service (FFS) plans.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

County hospital admitting 30% of all Washington State TBI patients.

PATIENTS

Patients with moderate to severe TBI discharged to rehabilitation facilities or SNFs between 1992 and 1997 (n = 1271); 56.3% were insured by Medicaid, 26.1% by FFS plans, and 17.6% by HMOs.

INTERVENTIONS

Not applicable.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Disposition on discharge from acute care (rehabilitation facilities vs SNF); adjusted relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (CI) for different insurance types.

RESULTS

After accounting for confounding factors, Medicaid patients were 68% more likely (RR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.34-2.11) and HMO patients were 23% more likely (RR = 1.23, 95% CI =.90-1.68) to go to a SNF than FFS patients. However, the latter difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

An association exists between insurance type and postacute care site. Efforts should be made to determine the effect this relationship has on the cost and outcomes for TBI patients.

Longitudinal study of quality of life in people with advanced Alzheimer's disease

The authors examined three indicators of health-related quality of life in people with advanced Alzheimer's disease ([AD]; N=150): confinement to home, null activity, and null positive affect, as reported by patient proxies. Dementia severity predicted time-to-onset for all three disease milestones in models that controlled for sociodemographic indicators, nursing home status, and death in the follow-up period. Patients whose dementia worsened over follow-up were more likely to reach each milestone. These outcomes represent key milestones in the care of patients; they are sensitive to disease progression, and they are likely to be useful for studying treatment in advanced AD.

Beta-amyloid activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade via hippocampal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: In vitro and in vivo mechanisms related to Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common of the senile dementias, the prevalence of which is increasing rapidly, with a projected 14 million affected worldwide by 2025. The signal transduction mechanisms that underlie the learning and memory derangements in AD are poorly understood. beta-Amyloid (Abeta) peptides are elevated in brain tissue of AD patients and are the principal component of amyloid plaques, a major criterion for postmortem diagnosis of the disease. Using acute and organotypic hippocampal slice preparations, we demonstrate that Abeta peptide 1-42 (Abeta42) couples to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade via alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In vivo elevation of Abeta, such as that exhibited in an animal model for AD, leads to the upregulation of alpha7 nAChR protein. alpha7 nAChR upregulation occurs concomitantly with the downregulation of the 42 kDa isoform of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK2) MAPK in hippocampi of aged animals. The phosphorylation state of a transcriptional mediator of long-term potentiation and a downstream target of the ERK MAPK cascade, the cAMP-regulatory element binding (CREB) protein, were affected also. These findings support the model that derangement of hippocampus signal transduction cascades in AD arises as a consequence of increased Abeta burden and chronic activation of the ERK MAPK cascade in an alpha7 nAChR-dependent manner that eventually leads to the downregulation of ERK2 MAPK and decreased phosphorylation of CREB protein.

Absence of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase results in a murine hemolytic anemia responsive to therapy with a catalytic antioxidant

Manganese superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is a critical component of the mitochondrial pathway for detoxification of O2(-), and targeted disruption of this locus leads to embryonic or neonatal lethality in mice. To follow the effects of SOD2 deficiency in cells over a longer time course, we created hematopoietic chimeras in which all blood cells are derived from fetal liver stem cells of Sod2 knockout, heterozygous, or wild-type littermates. Stem cells of each genotype efficiently rescued hematopoiesis and allowed long-term survival of lethally irradiated host animals. Peripheral blood analysis of leukocyte populations revealed no differences in reconstitution kinetics of T cells, B cells, or myeloid cells when comparing Sod2(+/+), Sod2(-/-), and Sod2(+/-) fetal liver recipients. However, animals receiving Sod2(-/-) cells were persistently anemic, with findings suggestive of a hemolytic process. Loss of SOD2 in erythroid progenitor cells results in enhanced protein oxidative damage, altered membrane deformation, and reduced survival of red cells. Treatment of anemic animals with Euk-8, a catalytic antioxidant with both SOD and catalase activities, significantly corrected this oxidative stress-induced condition. Such therapy may prove useful in treatment of human disorders such as sideroblastic anemia, which SOD2 deficiency most closely resembles.

Prognostic importance of the axillary lymph node ratio in autologous transplantation for high-risk stage II/III breast cancer

The role of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation for high-risk stage II/III breast cancer remains controversial. New prognostic indicators defining subsets of patients who may benefit from autologous PBPC transplantation would be clinically useful. The axillary lymph node ratio, defined by the total number of axillary nodes involved with cancer divided by the number of axillary nodes surgically sampled, has been reported to be of potential prognostic importance in transplantation for high-risk, stage II/III breast cancer. We therefore retrospectively reviewed 111 women with high-risk, stage II/III breast cancer with at least four positive axillary lymph nodes undergoing autologous PBPC transplantation from 1991 to June 1999. None of the patients had received prior radiotherapy and all had completed one, and only one, course of at least three cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. The median number of axillary nodes sampled was 20 (range 6-40) and the median number of positive axillary nodes was 12 (range 4-35). The median node ratio, dividing the number of positive nodes by the number of sampled nodes, was 0.68. Event-free survival was strongly influenced by node ratio. Patients having a node ratio of < 0.7 had a 5-year event-free survival of 68%, vs those with a node ratio of > or = 0.7 with a 5-year event-free survival of 46% (P = 0.03). Forty percent of patients with a high node ratio have relapsed vs 20% with a low node ratio (P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that positive estrogen receptor status and a node ratio of < 0.7 were independent factors related to better event-free survival (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.004, respectively). We conclude that patients having a node ratio of < 0.7 have a significantly better prognosis following autologous PBPC transplantation than do patients with a ratio > or = 0.7.

Characterization of baboon (Papio hamadryas) milk proteins

The major proteins of baboon milk were identified as beta-lactoglobulin (beta LG), alpha-lactalbumin (alpha LA), lysozyme, lactoferrin, casein, and albumin by immobiline isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting of gels with rabbit antisera to human alpha LA, lysozyme, and albumin and bovine beta LG and casein, and N-terminal sequencing of proteins blotted from gels. The first 30 N-terminal residues of baboon beta LG are identical to those of macaque (Macaca fasicularis) beta LG except for a (D/N) polymorphism at residue 2. The complete cDNA sequence and derived amino acid composition of beta LG were elucidated using RT-PCR amplification of poly(A)+ mRNA purified from lactating mammary gland. Baboon beta LG consists of 168 amino acid residues (M(r) 20,750) and is the longest beta LG identified to date. beta LG and alpha LA polymorphisms with three (A, B, and C) and two (A and B) variants, respectively, were detected by immobiline IEF, pH 4-6, of individual baboon milk samples at varying stages of lactation.

Incidence of AD in African-Americans, Caribbean Hispanics, and Caucasians in northern Manhattan

OBJECTIVE

To compare the incidence rates for AD among elderly African-American, Caribbean Hispanic, and white individuals and to determine whether coincident cerebrovascular disease contributes to the inconsistency in reported differences among ethnic groups.

METHODS

This was a population-based, longitudinal study over a 7-year period in the Washington Heights and Inwood communities of New York City. Annual incidence rates for AD were calculated and compared by ethnic group, and cumulative incidence adjusted for differences in education, diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors, and stroke was calculated.

RESULTS

The age-specific incidence rate for probable and possible AD was 1.3% (95% CI, 0.8 to 1.7) per person-year between the ages of 65 and 74 years, 4.0% (95% CI, 3.2 to 4.8) per person-year between ages 75 and 84 years, and 7.9% (95% CI, 5.5 to 10.5) per person-year for ages 85 and older. Compared to white individuals, the cumulative incidence of AD to age 90 years was increased twofold among African-American and Caribbean Hispanic individuals. Adjustment for differences in number of years of education, illiteracy, or a history of stroke, hypertension, heart disease, or diabetes did not change the disproportionate risks among the three ethnic groups.

CONCLUSION

The incidence rate for AD was significantly higher among African-American and Caribbean Hispanic elderly individuals compared white individuals. The presence of clinically apparent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease did not contribute to the increased risk of disease. Because the proportion of African-American and Caribbean Hispanic individuals reaching ages 65 and older in the United States is increasing more rapidly than the proportion of white individuals, it is imperative that this disparity in health among the elderly be understood.

Contributions of soil and crop factors to plant available soil water capacity of annual crops on Black and Grey Vertosols

Improved methods for field measurements of plant available soil water capacity (PAWC) of Black and Grey Vertosols in Australia’s north-eastern grain region were employed to characterise 83 soil–crop combinations over 7 depth intervals to 180 cm. Soil sub-order was shown to influence all components of PAWC (means of 224 and 182 mm in Black and Grey Vertosols, respectively) with drained upper limit (DUL), bulk density (BD), and crop lower limits (CLL) showing clear separation between soil sub-orders and a trend with soil depth. In addition to soil sub-order and soil depth effects, CLL showed crop effects such that expected PAWC of various crops when adjusted for soil sub-orders were: cotton 240 mm; wheat 233 mm; sorghum 225 mm; fababean 209 mm; chickpea 197 mm; barley 191 mm; and mungbean 130 mm. A total of 549 measured CLL values were used to develop a predictive model for estimating CLL from the soil sub-order, depth, DUL, and crop by predicting a CLL as a function of DUL and a depth-dependent variable for each crop–soil sub-order. The model CLL = DUL * (a + b * DUL) explained 85% of observed variation in the measured data with no significant bias between observed and predicted data. While properly measured data would be more reliable than estimated data, where specific site accuracy is less critical, this model may be used to estimate PAWC with an acceptable degree of accuracy.

Different brain networks mediate task performance in normal aging and AD: defining compensation

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the pathologic mechanisms of AD alter the brain networks subserving performance of a verbal recognition task.

BACKGROUND

Functional imaging studies comparing task-related activation in AD patients and controls generally have not used network analysis and have not controlled for task difficulty.

METHODS

H2 15O PET was used to measure regional cerebral blood flow in 14 patients and 11 healthy elders during the performance of a serial verbal recognition task under two conditions: low demand, with study list size (SLS) equal to one; and titrated demand, with SLS adjusted so that each subject recognized words at 75% accuracy. The Scaled Subprofile Model was used to identify networks of regionally covarying activity across these task conditions.

RESULTS

In the elders, higher SLS was associated with the recruitment of a network of brain areas involving left anterior cingulate and anterior insula (R2 = 0.94; p < 0.0001). Three patients also expressed this network. In the remaining patients, higher SLS was associated with the recruitment of an alternate network consisting of left posterior temporal cortex, calcarine cortex, posterior cingulate, and the vermis (R2 = 0.81, p < 0.001). Expression of this network was unrelated to SLS in the elders and more intact AD patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The patients' use of the alternate network may indicate compensation for processing deficits. The transition from the normal to the alternate network may indicate a point where brain disease has irreversibly altered brain function and thus may have important implications for therapeutic intervention.

The role of routine laboratory studies and neuroimaging in the diagnosis of dementia: a clinicopathological study

OBJECTIVE

To determine the neuropathological diagnoses of longitudinally followed patients with potentially reversible causes of dementia and to examine the results of the "dementia work-up," especially neuroimaging, by comparison with the pathological diagnosis.

DESIGN

A neuropathologic series of 61 consecutive patients, with review of clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging, and pathological results.

RESULTS

Of the 61 patients, forty-eight (79%) had a clinical diagnosis of probable or possible Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compared with the pathological diagnosis, the sensitivity and specificity of the clinical diagnosis of AD were 96% and 79%, respectively. Of the 61 patients, 9 had abnormal laboratory tests, the correction of which did not improve the subsequent course. These patients were found to have AD8 and frontotemporal dementia on pathology. In two patients, neuroimaging was helpful in the clinical diagnoses of frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Neuroimaging revealed cerebrovascular disease in 18 patients, only two of whom were suspected clinically. Pathology confirmed AD in 17 and PSP in 1 of these patients. Sensitivity and specificity for the clinical diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease in comparison with pathology were 6% and 98%, respectively. With the added information from neuroimaging, that sensitivity increased to 59% and specificity decreased to 81%.

CONCLUSIONS

All cases with abnormal laboratory or neuroimaging results had AD or some other neurodegenerative disease on pathology. The "dementia work-up" did not reveal any reversible causes for dementia in this group of patients. Neuroimaging may have a role, especially in the diagnosis of possible AD with concomitant cerebrovascular disease.

Context-specific enhancement of glutamate transmission by cocaine

The repeated injection of cocaine causes an increase in the capacity of a subsequent acute injection to elevate extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens, and the present study sought to determine if the elevation in extracellular glutamate is regulated by the pairing of environmental stimuli with drug administration. Three treatment groups were injected daily for seven days with saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg, ip); 1) injection of saline in the home cage, 2) injection of cocaine in the home cage (cocaine-unpaired), and 3) injection of cocaine in the test apparatus (cocaine-paired). Three weeks following the last daily injection dialysis probes were placed into the nucleus accumbens and all rats were injected with saline followed by cocaine. Basal levels of extracellular glutamate were significantly reduced in the cocaine-paired treatment group. Moreover, only in the cocaine-paired group did the cocaine injection elevate extracellular glutamate. Repeated administration of cocaine also produces an enduring increase in the motor stimulant response to an acute cocaine injection and it was previously found that administration of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid and kainic acid glutamate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione inhibited the sensitized, but not the acute motor, response to cocaine. In this study it was found that the motor stimulant response elicited by cocaine was blunted by pretreatment of the nucleus accumbens with 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione only in animals receiving daily cocaine injections in the paired environment. In contrast, the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist R-(-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid did not significantly affect cocaine-induced motor activity in any treatment group. These data support a hypothesis that environmental stimuli previously associated with daily cocaine administration can modulate glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens in a manner affecting cocaine-induced behavior.

Olfactory deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment predict Alzheimer's disease at follow-up

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the predictive utility of olfactory identification deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment for follow-up diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease.

METHOD

Ninety outpatients with mild cognitive impairment were examined at 6-month intervals. Matched healthy comparison subjects (N=45) were examined annually. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test was given at baseline.

RESULTS

Olfaction scores were lower in patients with mild cognitive impairment than in healthy comparison subjects. Seventy-seven patients were followed up; 19 were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease by 2 years. Patients with low olfaction scores (< or =34 of 40), and patients with low olfaction scores who reported no subjective problems smelling, were more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease than other patients. In a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, modified Mini-Mental State score, and education, low olfaction scores did not predict time until development of Alzheimer's disease, but low olfaction scores accompanied by lack of awareness of olfactory deficits predicted time to development of Alzheimer's disease. This effect remained when attention or memory measures replaced modified Mini-Mental State score in the model. In patients with high Mini-Mental State scores (> or =27 of 30), low olfaction with lack of awareness remained a significant predictor of Alzheimer's disease. Olfaction scores of 30-35 showed moderate to strong sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease at follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with mild cognitive impairment, olfactory identification deficits, particularly with lack of awareness of olfactory deficits, may have clinical utility as an early diagnostic marker for Alzheimer's disease.

The identification of a potent imidazoline-based vascular K(ATP) channel antagonist

In this study the activity of a number of novel imidazoline-based compounds (IMID series) was assessed by functional and binding studies to determine their actions at K(ATP) channels. The novel compounds, which we synthesised, were methoxy-, methyl-, butyl- and fluorophenyl derivatives of clonidine. In functional studies we determined the potency (by calculating a pK(B) value) of the IMID compounds to antagonise levcromakalim responses in segments of isolated pig coronary artery. The most potent compounds identified (laboratory codes: IMID-1M, IMID-26F and IMID-4F) had apparent pK(B) values of approximately 7 which is similar to that for the sulphonylurea, glibenclamide and the lipophilic quaternary ion, tetraphenylphosphonium. This inhibitory action was specific for levcromakalim since the imidazoline antagonist IMID-1M failed to effect vasorelaxation response-curves to the non-KATP channel opener, sodium nitroprusside. In the spontaneously beating rat right atrium preparation the majority of the compounds were able to cause slowing of heart rate, but with low EC50 values (approximately 10-30 microM). In binding studies, the compounds were unable to displace binding of [3H]P1075 to bovine aortic smooth muscle preparations nor [3H]glibenclamide binding to rat cerebral cortex membranes. These studies show that some imidazoline-based compounds are potent antagonists of levcromakalim-mediated vasorelaxation responses in the pig coronary artery. The compounds displayed only minimal bradycardic activity. The site of action of the imidazoline compounds does not appear to be the same as that used by K(ATP) channel openers or sulphonylurea-based antagonists. It is likely that these compounds interact with the K(ATP) channel pore itself.

The effect of pre-operative topical flurbiprofen or diclofenac on pupil dilatation

PURPOSE

To assess the clinical benefit and relative efficacy of pre-operative diclofenac and flurbiprofen drops in routine cataract surgery.

METHODS

Fifty-two patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction with lens implantation were randomised in a double-masked study to compare the efficacy of diclofenac, flurbiprofen and placebo drops in maintaining per-operative mydriasis and reducing post-operative inflammation. Balanced salt solution containing adrenaline was used in all patients. Pupil size was measured prior to the corneal section and after the completion of the operation. The degree of pain, redness, flare and cells in the anterior chamber and intraocular pressure were recorded on the day after surgery. The three groups were analysed with respect to change in pupil size, intraocular pressure and degree of inflammation.

RESULTS

The change in pupil size was significantly different among the three groups (p = 0.01), there being a smaller decrease in the treatment groups compared with the placebo group and in the diclofenac treatment group compared with the flurbiprofen treatment group. Significantly less post-operative redness was recorded in the diclofenac treatment group compared with the other groups (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found between the groups as regards anterior chamber cells, flare or intraocular pressure change.

CONCLUSIONS

Pre-operative diclofenac and flurbiprofen drops are effective in maintaining intraoperative mydriasis. Diclofenac reduces post-operative redness on day 1. These effects are of debatable clinical benefit.