Near-field optical microscope observation of dye-containing nano-domains

A novel method for forming dye-containing nano-domains in thin films using a polymer alloy system has been developed. The polymer alloy system (PS-b-PMMA), which consists of polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), forms microphase separation in thin films. The film was treated using a previously reported technique under vacuum conditions, and an organic dye was selectively dispersed into the PS. Selective association of the dye (diarylethene; cis-1, 2-dicyano-1, 2-bis (2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thienyl) ethene) with the PS nano-domains was then observed, with both transmission electron microscopy and scanning near-field optical microscopy with an absorption spectrum.

Application of monoclonal antibody libraries for the measurement of glycation adducts

Immunological approaches have been used to demonstrate the presence of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in several human and experimental animal tissues. We previously prepared polyclonal and monoclonal anti-AGE antibodies by immunizing AGE-modified proteins such as BSA and RNase. Although these antibodies contributed to demonstrate the presence of AGE-modified protein in vivo, the epitope structure of these antibodies had not been identified. We subsequently prepared several antibodies against AGE structures such as pentosidine, pyrraline, 3-deoxyglucosone imidazolone and N∊-(carboxyethyl)lysine by immunizing single AGE structures. These structure-specific antibodies have greatly helped broaden our understanding of AGE structures in aging and age-enhanced disease process. Monoclonal anti-AGE antibody is also used for the identification of major AGE structures in some pathological tissues, such as human atherosclerosis lesions. Based on the strategy, we successfully identified a novel AGE structure named glycolaldehyde-pyridine, which is the major antigenic AGE derived from glycolaldehyde. Therefore a monoclonal antibody library for AGE structures has served an important role in the elucidation of the biological significance of AGE.

Mechanisms involved in the stimulatory effect of advanced glycation end products on growth of rat aortic smooth muscle cells

Hyperglycemia is an important cause of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. We examined the effect of hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products (AGE) on proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) in culture; in vivo, this event is believed to contribute importantly to atherogenesis in diabetes mellitus. Glucose itself dose-dependently inhibited thymidine uptake by SMC, but AGE increased thymidine uptake, suggesting that SMC proliferation is accelerated by AGE. To examine possible mechanisms for this effect, we studied nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation and the tyrosine phosphorylation pathway; AGE stimulated NF-kappaB activity, but phosphorylation of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor was unchanged. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells overexpressing galectin-3, an AGE receptor related to atherosclerosis, AGE increased thymidine uptake. This suggests SMC proliferation is enhanced by AGE via galectin-3. As pathways involving AGE-galectin-3 interaction thus may be involved in macroangiopathy, AGE appears to be important to the role of SMC in accelerated atherosclerosis associated with diabetes mellitus.

Scavenger receptors for oxidized and glycated proteins

Our present knowledge on chemically modified proteins and their receptor systems is originated from a proposal by Goldstein and Brown in 1979 for the receptor for acetylated LDL which is involved in foam cell formation, one of critical steps in atherogenesis. Subsequent extensive studies using oxidized LDL (OxLDL) as a representative ligand disclosed at least 11 different scavenger receptors which are collectively categorized as "scavenger receptor family". Advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) and their receptor systems have been studied independently until recent findings that AGE-proteins are also recognized as active ligands by scavenger receptors including class A scavenger receptor (SR-A), class B scavenger receptors such as CD36 and SR-BI, type D scavenger receptor (LOX-1) and FEEL-1/FEEL-2. Three messages can be summarized from these experiments; (i) endocytic uptake of OxLDL and AGE-proteins by macrophages or macrophage-derived cells is mainly mediated by SR-A and CD36, which is an important step for foam cell formation in the early stage of atherosclerosis, (ii) selective uptake of cholesteryl esters of high density lipoprotein (HDL) mediated by SR-BI is inhibited by AGE-proteins, suggesting a potential pathological role of AGE in a HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport system, (iii) a novel scavenger receptor is involved in hepatic clearance of plasma OxLDL and AGE-proteins.

Recent trends and prospects in world population growth

"This article assesses the causes of the stagnation in the declining trend in world population growth rates over the past decade. Three major factors have been identified as contributing to the stagnation: age structure, fertility trends in India and China, and the fact that although the number of developing countries with sustained declines in fertility levels rose sharply in the late 1960s and 1970s, it dropped off dramatically in the 1980s. Prospects for the growth rate in the 1990s favour a decline, owing to changes in the age structure and indications that China and India have resumed their fertility declines. However, there remain some populous developing countries that continue to have high levels of fertility. Fertility trends in those countries will have a certain influence on the world's growth rate."

Assessing the effects of mortality reduction on population ageing

"This article presents a new method for decomposing age distribution changes into changes in the number of births and changes in age-specific rates of mortality and migration. The method is developed on the basis of the equation for the age-specific growth rate proposed by Horiuchi and Preston (1988). Using this method, it is shown that the increase in the proportion of women in Japan during 1970-1980 is mainly due to the reduction of mortality, particularly at old ages. The results lend support to the proposed idea that the pattern of age structure changes in developed countries is now shifting from fertility-dominated to mortality-dominated ageing." This is a revised version of a paper originally presented at the 1989 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.

Advanced glycation end products impair the scavenger function of rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

We have previously reported that advanced glycation end products are eliminated from the circulation mainly by scavenger receptor-mediated uptake in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. Our experiments showed that the degradation of AGE-modified protein after endocytosis in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells occurs slowly compared with that of other scavenger receptor ligands. The aim of this study was to investigate further the mechanism whereby AGE-modified protein affects the important scavenger function of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells.

METHODS

Primary cultures of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells were pre-incubated with unlabelled ligand, unbound ligand was washed off, and the endocytic capacity was measured by addition of radiolabelled ligand, and immune electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Pre-incubation with unlabelled AGE-modified bovine serum albumin reduced subsequent endocytosis of radiolabelled scavenger receptor ligands AGE-modified bovine serum albumin, formaldehyde-treated serum albumin, oxidized low density lipoprotein and acetylated low density lipoprotein by 50, 56, 32 and 20%, respectively. Non-scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis was not affected by pre-exposure to AGE-modified protein. Pre-incubation with a number of non-AGE-ligands did not affect subsequent endocytosis via any of the major endocytosis receptors in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. Incubation in fresh medium for 6 h after pre-exposure to AGE-modified protein almost completely restored normal scavenger receptor-mediated endocytic activity. Quantitative immune electron microscopy showed that the amount of a newly described scavenger receptor for AGE-modified protein is reduced after pre-incubation with AGE-modified protein. Subcellular fractionation showed that pre-incubation with AGE-modified protein delays intracellular transport of scavenger receptor ligands.

CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION

Endocytosis of AGE-modified protein leads to loss of scavenger receptors and delayed intracellular transport in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells.

Polytetrafluoroethylene patch sling for type 2 or type 3 stress urinary incontinence

BACKGROUND

Surgical success rates and complications of anti-incontinence surgery were evaluated according to the type of stress incontinence and the type of surgery.

METHODS

From 1989 to 1998, we treated 137 women for stress urinary incontinence with anti-incontinence surgery. Of the 137 patients, 110 had type 2 stress urinary incontinence and 27 had type 3 stress urinary incontinence. Of 110 patients with type 2 stress urinary incontinence, 57 underwent pubovaginal sling procedure and 53 were treated with the Gittes procedure. All of the patients with type 3 stress urinary incontinence underwent the pubovaginal sling procedure.

RESULTS

Cure rates with the pubovaginal sling procedure were 82% in type 2 incontinence and 70% in type 3 incontinence. Cure rates with the Gittes procedure were 56%. The occurrence of de novo urge symptom and pelvic pain was low and bore no relation to either operative method or type of stress incontinence.

CONCLUSIONS

The pubovaginal sling procedure using the polytetrafluoroethylene patch was effective for type 2 or 3 stress urinary incontinence.

CD36, a member of class B scavenger receptor family, is a receptor for advanced glycation end products

Interaction of advanced glycation end products (AGE) with AGE-receptors induces several cellular phenomena relating potentially to diabetic complications. Five AGE-receptors identified so far are RAGE (receptor for AGE), 80 K-H, OST-48, galectin-3, and SR-A (macrophage scavenger receptor type I and II). Since SR-A belongs to the class A scavenger receptor family and the scavenger receptor collectively represents a family of multiligand lipoprotein receptors, it is possible that CD36 belonging to the class B scavenger receptor family (SR-B) can recognize AGE-proteins as a ligand. This was tested in the present study at the cellular level using CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells overexpressing human CD36 (CHO-CD36 cells). 125I-AGE-BSA (bovine serum albumin) was endocytosed in a dose-dependent fashion and underwent lysosomal degradation by CHO-CD36 but not wild-type CHO cells. Endocytic uptake of 125I-AGE-BSA by these cells was inhibited 50% by oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) and 60% by FA6-152, an anti-CD36 antibody inhibiting cellular binding of Ox-LDL. Our results indicate that CD36 expressed by these cells mediates endocytic uptake and subsequent intracellular degradation of AGE-proteins. Because CD36 is one of the major Ox-LDL receptors and is upregulated in macrophage- and smooth muscle cell-derived foam cells in human atherosclerotic lesions, the present results suggest that, like Ox-LDL, AGE-proteins generated in situ are recognized by CD36, which might contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic macrovascular complications.

Frequent alterations of the beta-catenin and TCF-4 genes, but not of the APC gene, in colon cancers with high-frequency microsatellite instability

High-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) due to defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a characteristic of the majority of tumors from kindreds with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and a subset of sporadic cancers. To better understand the molecular characteristics of colon cancers with MSI-H, we analyzed these cancers for alterations of genes, such as APC, beta-catenin, and TCF-4 genes, involved in the Wnt signaling pathway. Following the National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria, 385 unselected colon cancers were classified as follows: 50 (13%) MSI-H tumors, 36 (9%) low-frequency MSI (MSI-L) tumors, and 299 (78%) microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. The frequency of APC mutations was significantly lower in MSI-H tumors (9 out of 50) than in MSI-L (12 out of 20) and MSS (66 out of 100) tumors (P = 0.0005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). In contrast, the frequency of exon 3 mutations in the beta-catenin gene was higher in MSI-H tumors (10 out of 50) than in MSI-L tumors (0 out of 30; P = 0.0110) and MSS tumors (3 out of 100; P = 0.0010). Frameshift mutations in a (A)9 tract of the TCF-4 gene were detected in 44% (22 out of 50) of MSI-H tumors, but not in any of the 20 MSI-L tumors or 40 MSS tumors. In total, 78% of MSI-H tumors and 84% of the remaining tumors had at least one alteration in APC, beta-catenin, or the TCF-4 genes. Although further analysis is needed to functionally characterize the consequences of each of these alterations on beta-catenin/TCF target gene expression, our results suggest that the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in colon tumorigenesis, irrespective of MSI status.

Advanced glycation end products in Descemet's membrane and their effect on corneal endothelial cell

PURPOSE

[corrected] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in Descemet's membrane on the attachment and spreading of the corneal endothelial cells.

METHODS

An anti-AGEs monoclonal antibody (6D12), which recognizes a N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl lysine (CML)-protein adduct as an epitope, was used for immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fresh bovine Descemet's membrane was incubated for 4 weeks in the buffered solution with 500 mM of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). In the incubated Descemet's membrane, the immunohistochemical localization of CML was examined. Type I collagen-, type IV collagen-, fibronectin-, or laminin-coated 96-well plates were glycated by G-6-P. The amount of CML was determined by ELISA using 6D12. Cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells were seeded onto glycated or non-glycated extracellular matrix (ECM) in 96-well plates and allowed to attach for 3 hours. The number and the surface area of the attached cells were examined.

RESULTS

Immunoreactivity to CML was detected in Descemet's membrane incubated in the buffered solution containing G-6-P. Glycation of fibronectin and laminin decreased the number and the surface area of the attached corneal endothelial cells. Aminoguanidine in the incubation mixture inhibited CML formation of ECM components and increased the number and the surface area of the attached corneal endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

AGE formation on fibronectin and laminin attenuated the attachment and spreading of the corneal endothelial cells. AGEs' formation in Descemet's membrane may be responsible for the corneal endothelial cell loss with aging and corneal endothelial abnormalities in diabetic patients

Need for sling surgery in patients with large cystoceles and masked stress urinary incontinence

BACKGROUND

We studied the need for sling surgery in patients who suffered from large cystoceles and masked stress urinary incontinence.

METHODS

Twenty patients who had large cystoceles but neither evidence nor history of stress incontinence were enrolled in this study. The cystocele was reduced using a reducing device. Masked urinary incontinence was identified by a 60 m pad weighing test and a stress test. The cystocele was reduced using a pessary ring in 14 patients, or a vaginal pack formed of two rolls of ordinary 28 x 28 cm gauze in six patients. Ten of 20 patients were diagnosed with masked stress urinary incontinence and were treated with anterior colporrhaphy and a suburethral sling procedure. The other 10 patients were continent after use of a cystocele reducing device and were treated with anterior colporrhaphy alone. Average follow-up periods of the patients with or without masked stress urinary incontinence were 51.2 months (range, 24.0-72.0 months) or 57.6 months (range, 27.0-70.0 months), respectively.

RESULTS

One of the 10 patients diagnosed with masked stress incontinence had mild stress urinary incontinence postoperatively. None of the 10 continent patients had stress incontinence after anterior colporrhaphy alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Reducing devices of protruding cystocele were clinically useful in the detection of masked stress incontinence. Sling surgery was effective to prevent emerging stress urinary incontinence for patients who suffered from cystocele and masked stress incontinence.

Glycoxidation-modified macrophages and lipid peroxidation products are associated with the progression of human diabetic nephropathy

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of glomerular macrophages activated by glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation products in the progression of glomerular lesions in diabetic nephropathy. Renal biopsy samples from 43 patients with diabetes (age, 54 +/- 14 years) and 10 control cases were immunohistochemically examined for the expression of carboxymethyllysine (CML), a representative glycoxidative product; oxidized phosphatidylcholine (Ox-PC), a representative lipid peroxidation product; leukocyte common antigen (LCA); CD68; and macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) class A. The severity of the diffuse lesions in each glomerulus was histologically graded from 0 to IV. When grade II and III lesions had Kimmelstiel-Wilson (KW) nodules, they were placed in a new category called grade III with KW nodules. The number of cells positive for CML, Ox-PC, LCA, CD68, and MSR was compared in different grades. The number of macrophages per glomerulus increased with the glomerular lesion grade and was highest in grade III with KW nodules. Conversely, the number of lymphocytes did not parallel the grade of glomerular lesions. Almost 50% of macrophages contained CML, and more than 40% of those were observed in exudative lesions, tuft adhesions, and at the periphery of KW nodules. Ox-PC accumulated in 50% of CML-positive macrophages, which coexpress MSR. Macrophages positive for CML and Ox-PC increased with the grade. Glomerular macrophages may be activated by glycoxidative and lipid peroxidation products through MSR and may have a role in the development of human diabetic glomerulosclerosis.

Twelve hours exposure to inhomogeneous high magnetic field after logarithmic growth phase is sufficient for drastic suppression of Escherichia coli death

When Escherichia coli B was aerobically grown at 43 degrees C in a medium whose concentration was one-fourth that of the Luria-Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with 1.5 g/l of glutamic acid, drastic cell death was observed after the end of the logarithmic growth phase. However, when the same experiment was conducted under inhomogeneous 5.2-6.1 T magnetic field, cell death was extremely suppressed and the ratio of viable cell number under high magnetic field to that under geomagnetic field reached as much as 100,000. When the magnetic field exposure was restricted to 12 h after the logarithmic growth phase, a similar high degree of suppressive effect on the death was observed. The findings that the amount of sigma S protein encoded by the rpoS gene under the high magnetic field was larger than that under the geomagnetic field, and that the magnetic field effect disappeared when the rpoS gene-deficient strain was cultivated under the high magnetic field, suggest the interaction of magnetic field with a stationary phase specific gene.

Morphological evidence for lipid peroxidation and protein glycoxidation in spinal cords from sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients

For determining whether both the spinal cord motor neurons and glial cells are exposed to increased oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we performed an immunohistochemical investigation of end products of lipid peroxidation and protein glycoxidation in spinal cords from seven sporadic ALS patients and seven age-matched control individuals. In the ALS spinal cords, immunoreactivities for adducts of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-histidine and crotonaldehyde-lysine as markers of lipid peroxidation, N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine as a marker of lipid peroxidation or protein glycoxidation, and pentosidine as a marker of protein glycoxidation were localized in the gray matter neuropil and almost all of the motor neurons, reactive astrocytes and microglia/macrophages, whereas none of the immunoreactivities for N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine or argpyrimidine as markers of protein glycoxidation or enzymatic glycolysis, or pyrraline or imidazolone as markers of nonoxidative protein glycation were detectable. The control spinal cords displayed no significant immunoreactivities for any of these examined products. Our results indicate that in sporadic ALS, both lipid peroxidation and protein glycoxidation are enhanced in the spinal cord motor neurons and glial cells, and suggest that the formation of certain products in these abnormal reactions is implicated in motor neuron degeneration.

Sodium butyrate induces growth arrest and senescence-like phenotypes in gynecologic cancer cells

We demonstrated here the growth-suppressing effects of sodium butyrate (NaB) on human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells. The arrest of cells at the G1 checkpoint accounted for this effect. NaB-mediated p21 might arrest endometrial and ovarian cancer cells at the G0/G1 phase by eliciting pRb unphosphorylation. To demonstrate the role of pRb regulation by p21, we measured the sensitivity to NaB of cervical cancer cells in which pRb had been inactivated by HPV E7. The cervical cancer cells displayed a sensitivity in NaB-mediated G2/M arrest in addition to their sensitivity in G0/G1 arrest. Arrest at G0/G1 and G2/M accompanied induction of senescence-like phenotypes (SLPs). Most importantly, the effect of NaB on senescence induction was not coupled with the predominance of hypophosphorylated pRb forms in the cervical cancer cells. This suggested that NaB had the potential to elicit SLPs through p21-mediated withdrawal from cell cycle progression. The consequences of p21 induction were manifold. The effects of NaB on gynecologic cancer cell growth indicated its potential use in cancer treatment. NaB was effective even in the cancer cells with mutant p53 and/or Rb genes by eliciting cell senescence.

Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plays an essential role in oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced macrophage proliferation

We and other groups have recently demonstrated that oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) induces proliferation of macrophages in vitro. Since previous immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that macrophages and macrophage derived foam cells proliferated in situ in atherosclerotic lesions, it seems reasonable to expect that the Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation might be linked to the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Thus, clarification of the molecular cascades of Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation is expected to enhance our knowledge of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Recently, we demonstrated that the activation of PKC leads to release into the culture medium of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) which plays an important role in Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation. In this review article, we mainly show the role of GM-CSF in the Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation. Moreover, based on our recent findings, we summarize the Ox-LDL-induced signaling pathway for macrophage proliferation.

Association of matrilysin mRNA expression with K-ras mutations and progression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas

The matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin has been implicated in the progression of gastrointestinal and other cancers. The aim of this study was to examine matrilysin mRNA expression and determine whether it is correlated with K-ras mutations and/or progression of pancreatic carcinoma. Using the semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we analyzed 11 pancreatic cancer cell lines and 70 pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues for matrilysin mRNA expression. The results were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and K-ras mutations. Significant amounts of matrilysin mRNA were detected in six of the eight cell lines with K-ras mutations but not in the three cell lines with wild-type K-ras. Matrilysin mRNA was detected in 57 (81.4% ) of the 70 tumor tissues and in all of the eight liver metastases, but not in any of the adjacent non-tumorous tissues. Matrilysin expression was significantly correlated with the size of tumor, tumor spreading, lymph node metastasis, advanced pathologic tumor-node- metastasis stage and K-ras mutations. The relative amounts of matrilysin mRNA in tumor tissues increased with increase in tumor stage and were highest in liver metastatic tumor tissues. Our results suggest that matrilysin, the expression of which is correlated with K-ras mutations, plays a key role in tumor growth and progression of pancreatic carcinoma.

The application of magnetic cell sorter (MACS) to detect fetal cells in maternal peripheral blood

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of sorting fetal nucleated red blood cells (FNRBC) from maternal peripheral blood, particularly during early gestation periods, by a combination of specific gravity centrifugation and magnetic cell sorter (MACS).

METHODS

Without prior knowledge of the gender of the fetus, we determined gender by analyzing a Y-chromosome specific sequence by nested-PCR, using 10 ml of the peripheral blood of healthy primigravida women at different stages of gestation (first trimester: n = 17, second trimester: n = 13, and third trimester: n = 19). The results of this prenatal sex determination were compared to the sex of newborns.

RESULTS

The specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the present method during the first trimester were 100, 81.8, 100, and 75%, respectively; during the second trimester, 80, 50, 80, and 50%, respectively; and during the third trimester, 25, 63.6, 53.8, and 33.3%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results show that this prenatal sex determination method has a highly accurate diagnostic rate during the first trimester, suggesting that it could be developed as a practical, non-invasive prenatal diagnostic technique for use during early gestation periods.

Il-6 and its soluble receptor orchestrate a temporal switch in the pattern of leukocyte recruitment seen during acute inflammation

During acute inflammation, leukocyte recruitment is characterized by an initial infiltration of neutrophils, which are later replaced by a more sustained population of mononuclear cells. Based on both clinical and experimental evidence, we present a role for IL-6 and its soluble receptor (sIL-6R) in controlling this pattern of leukocyte recruitment during peritoneal inflammation. Liberation of sIL-6R from the initial neutrophil infiltrate acts as a regulator of CXC and CC chemokine expression, which contributes to a suppression of neutrophil recruitment and the concurrent attraction of mononuclear leukocytes. Soluble IL-6R-mediated signaling is therefore an important intermediary in the resolution of inflammation and supports transition between the early predominantly neutrophilic stage of an infection and the more sustained mononuclear cell influx.

Comparisons of sleep patterns between mothers in post-partum from 9 to 12 weeks and non-pregnant women

In order to evaluate two patterns of interrupted and non-interrupted sleep for the post-partum mothers from 9 to 12 weeks after delivery, we compared them with sleep patterns of non-pregnant women. Subjects were 10 primipara and 12 non-pregnant women. Their polysomnographic recordings were made using a Medilog recorder at home. In interrupted sleep, low sleep efficiency, decreased total sleep time, and a decreased percentage of stage 2 were significantly observed compared with non-pregnant women. Sleep parameters of non-interrupted sleep, except for increased percentage of stage 4, did not show any significant differences from non-pregnant women. Mothers' sleep fluctuated between interrupted sleep similar to the early post-partum sleep from 1 to 6 weeks and non-interrupted sleep with increased stage 4.

Immunohistochemical distribution and quantitative biochemical detection of advanced glycation end products in fetal to adult rats and in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

SUMMARY

We used immunohistochemical methods and four monoclonal antibodies for specific molecular structures of advanced glycation end products (AGE)-6D12, KNH-30, 1F6, and 2A2-to examine localization of AGE in fetal, young, and adult rats, and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 6D12 recognized N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML); KNH-30, N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL); and 1F6, fluorolink. The epitope of 2A2 is as yet unknown. Immunoreactivities for these monoclonal antibodies were found in various organs and tissues in postnatal and adult rats, and accumulation increased with aging. In the fetuses, AGE structures were detected at 10 fetal days, and their accumulation increased during ontogeny. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography revealed CML in fetuses at 13 fetal days and in lungs of 28-week-old rats. In various organs and tissues of fetal, young, and adult rats, CML, CEL, 2A2-positive AGE, and fluorolink accumulated, in that order, which suggests that the accumulation of CML, a nonfluorescent/noncross-linked AGE, occurs earlier than accumulation of fluorolink, a fluorescent/cross-linked AGE. In diabetic rats, hepatocytes, splenic macrophages, renal glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells, testicular Leydig cells, and erythrocytes showed excessive accumulation of AGE, leading to the pathologic changes characteristic of diabetes mellitus. For the induction of these changes, persistent hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia might be important for acceleration of intracellular AGE accumulation in diabetic rats. Thus, AGE accumulation in tissues and cells occurs not only during aging and in diabetes mellitus but also from an early stage of ontogeny.

Possible involvement of altered RGD sequence in reduced adhesive and spreading activities of advanced glycation end product-modified fibronectin to vascular smooth muscle cells

Although fibronectin (FN) modified by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has been shown to contribute to the development of diabetic vascular complications through its reduced adhesive activity to vascular cells, little is known about changes in the cell binding domain of AGE-modified FN. Here we examined the mechanism of reduced adhesive and spreading activities of AGE-modified FN to vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), particularly the contribution of modification of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence. Incubation with glucose caused not only the formation of N(epsilon) -carboxymethyllysine and pentosidine, but also polymerization of FN in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AGE-modified FN had significantly low adhesive and spreading activities to cultured SMCs. On the other hand, multimeric FN formed by disulfide bonds did not show any effect on either cell adhesion or spreading. The adhesive activity of type I collagen, one of the RGD sequence-containing proteins, to SMCs also decreased by AGE-modification. The inhibitory effect of AGE-modification on cell adhesion was significantly greater in type I collagen than in FN. Although the extent of AGE-modification of type I collagen was indistinguishable from that of FN, AGE-modification decreased the arginine content of type I collagen by 69.5% and of FN by 30.6%, compared with their non-glycated forms. The addition of RGD peptides caused a decrease in adhesion of SMCs to non-glycated FN, but not to AGE-modified FN. Modification of RGD sequence with glyoxal eliminated its inhibitory effect on cell adhesion. Our results suggest that a marked decrease in adhesive and spreading activities of AGE-modified FN to SMCs might largely be due to a modification of its RGD sequence by AGE, thus suggesting a potential link between AGE modification of FN and the pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy.