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DePaolo RW, Abadie V, Tang F, Fehlner-Peach H, Hall JA, Wang W, Marietta EV, Kasarda DD, Waldmann TA, Murray JA, Semrad C, Kupfer SS, Belkaid Y, Guandalini S, Jabri B. Co-adjuvant effects of retinoic acid and IL-15 induce inflammatory immunity to dietary antigens. Nature 2011; 471:220-4. [PMID: 21307853 DOI: 10.1038/nature09849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions the gut-associated lymphoid tissues not only prevent the induction of a local inflammatory immune response, but also induce systemic tolerance to fed antigens. A notable exception is coeliac disease, where genetically susceptible individuals expressing human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules develop inflammatory T-cell and antibody responses against dietary gluten, a protein present in wheat. The mechanisms underlying this dysregulated mucosal immune response to a soluble antigen have not been identified. Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, has been shown to have a critical role in the induction of intestinal regulatory responses. Here we find in mice that in conjunction with IL-15, a cytokine greatly upregulated in the gut of coeliac disease patients, retinoic acid rapidly activates dendritic cells to induce JNK (also known as MAPK8) phosphorylation and release the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12p70 and IL-23. As a result, in a stressed intestinal environment, retinoic acid acted as an adjuvant that promoted rather than prevented inflammatory cellular and humoral responses to fed antigen. Altogether, these findings reveal an unexpected role for retinoic acid and IL-15 in the abrogation of tolerance to dietary antigens.
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102
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Zielinski RJ, Smedley JV, Perera PY, Silvera PM, Waldmann TA, Capala J, Perera LP. Smallpox vaccine with integrated IL-15 demonstrates enhanced in vivo viral clearance in immunodeficient mice and confers long term protection against a lethal monkeypox challenge in cynomolgus monkeys. Vaccine 2010; 28:7081-91. [PMID: 20728526 PMCID: PMC2952667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the eradication of smallpox, there is heightened concern that it could be reintroduced as a result of intentional release of Variola major virus through an act of bioterrorism. The live vaccine that was pivotal in the eradication of smallpox though considered a gold standard for its efficacy still retains sufficient residual virulence that can cause life-threatening sequelae especially in immune deficient individuals. Therefore, a safer smallpox vaccine that can match the efficacy of first generation vaccines is urgently needed. We previously reported that the integration of human IL-15 cytokine into the genome of Wyeth strain of vaccinia (Wyeth/IL-15), the same strain as the licensed vaccine, generates a vaccine with superior immunogenicity and efficacy in a mouse model. We now demonstrate that Wyeth/IL-15 is non-lethal to athymic nude mice when administered intravenously at a dose of 10(7) plaque forming units and it undergoes enhanced in vivo clearance in these immune deficient mice. Furthermore, a majority of cynomolgus monkeys vaccinated with vaccinia viruses with integrated IL-15, when challenged 3 years later with a lethal dose of monkeypox virus displayed milder clinical manifestations with complete recovery supporting the utility of Wyeth/IL-15 for contemporary populations as a safer and efficacious smallpox vaccine.
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103
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Yu P, Steel JC, Zhang M, Morris JC, Waldmann TA. Simultaneous blockade of multiple immune system inhibitory checkpoints enhances antitumor activity mediated by interleukin-15 in a murine metastatic colon carcinoma model. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:6019-28. [PMID: 20924130 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a promising cytokine for immunotherapy of cancer due to its ability to stimulate the immunity of natural killer, B, and T cells. Its effectiveness, however, may be limited by inhibitory checkpoints and pathways that can attenuate immune responses. Finding strategies to abrogate these negative regulators and enhance the efficacy of IL-15 is a critical challenge. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a preclinical study, we evaluated IL-15 combined with antibodies to block the negative immune regulators cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in a metastatic murine CT26 colon carcinoma model. RESULTS IL-15 treatment resulted in a significant prolongation of survival in mice with metastatic tumor. Administration of IL-15, however, also increased expression of PD-1 on the surface of CD8(+) T cells including CD8(+)CD44(high) memory phenotype T cells. Moreover, IL-15 also increased the secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine, IL-10. Combining IL-15 with anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 (multiple immune checkpoint blockade) exhibited greater CTL killing and IFNγ secretion. Moreover, this combination resulted in a significant reduction in surface expression of PD-1 on CD8(+) T cells, a decrease in IL-10 secretion, and led to significantly longer survival of tumor-bearing animals compared with mice treated with IL-15 alone or combined singularly with anti-PD-L1 or anti-CTLA-4. CONCLUSIONS Combining the immune stimulatory properties of IL-15 with the simultaneous removal of 2 critical immune system inhibitory checkpoints, we showed enhancement of immune responses leading to increased antitumor activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/mortality
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/mortality
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin-15/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
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104
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Waldmann TA. PL3-1 IL-15 for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma and metastatic renal cell cancer. Cytokine 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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105
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Steel JC, Ramlogan CA, Yu P, Sakai Y, Forni G, Waldmann TA, Morris JC. Interleukin-15 and its receptor augment dendritic cell vaccination against the neu oncogene through the induction of antibodies partially independent of CD4 help. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1072-81. [PMID: 20086176 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulates the diffrentiation and proliferation of T, B, and natural killer cells; enhances CD8(+) cytolytic T-ceII activity; helps maintain CD44(hi)CD8(+) memory T cells; and stimulates immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells. IL-15 is trans-presented to effector cells by its receptor, IL-15Ralpha, expressed on dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. We examined the antitumor effect of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha to augment a DC vaccine directed against the NEU (ErbB2) oncoprotein. Transgenic BALB-neuT mice vaccinated in late-stage tumor development with a DC vaccine expressing a truncated NEU antigen, IL-I5, and its receptor (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad_mIL-15+Ad.mlL-15Ralpha)) were protected from mammary carcinomas, with 70% of animals tumor-free at 30 weeks compared with none of the animals vaccinated with NEU alone (DC(Ad.Neu)). The combination of neu, IL-15, and IL-15Ralpha gene transfer leads to a significaintly greater anti-NEU antibody response compared with mice treated with DC(Ad.Neu) or DC(Ad.Neu) combined with either IL-15 (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15)) or lL-15Ralpha (DC(Ad.Neu+Ad.mlL-15Ralpha)). The antitumor effect was antibody mediated and involved modulation of NEU expression and signaIing. Depletion of CD4(+) cells did not abrogate the antitumor effect of the vaccine, nor did it inhibit the induction of anti-NEU aritibodies. Coexpression of IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha in an anticancer vaccine enhanced immune responses against the NEU antigen and may overcome impaired CD4(+) T-helper function.
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106
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Kraynyak KA, Kutzler MA, Cisper NJ, Laddy DJ, Morrow MP, Waldmann TA, Weiner DB. Plasmid-encoded interleukin-15 receptor alpha enhances specific immune responses induced by a DNA vaccine in vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:1143-56. [PMID: 19530914 PMCID: PMC2829284 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-encoded DNA vaccines appear to be a safe and effective method for delivering antigen; however, the immunogenicity of such vaccines is often suboptimal. Cytokine adjuvants including interleukin (IL)-12, RANTES, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-15, and others have been used to augment the immune response against DNA vaccines. In particular, IL-15 binds to a unique high-affinity receptor, IL-15R alpha; is trans-presented to CD8(+) T cells expressing the common betagamma chain; and has been shown to play a role in the generation, maintenance, and proliferation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we took the unique approach of using both a cytokine and its receptor as an adjuvant in an HIV-1 vaccine strategy. To study IL-15R alpha expression, a unique monoclonal antibody (KK1.23) was generated to confirm receptor expression in vitro. Coimmunization of IL-15 and IL-15R alpha plasmids with HIV-1 antigenic plasmids in mice enhanced the antigen-specific immune response 2-fold over IL-15 immunoadjuvant alone. Furthermore, plasmid-encoded IL-15R alpha augments immune responses in the absence of IL-15, suggesting its role as a novel adjuvant. Moreover, pIL-15R alpha enhanced the cellular, but not the humoral, immune response as measured by antigen-specific IgG antibody. This is the first report describing that IL-15R alpha itself can act as an adjuvant by enhancing an antigen-specific T cell response. Uniquely, pIL-15 and pIL-15R alpha adjuvants combined, but not the receptor alpha chain alone, may be useful as a strategy for generating and maintaining memory CD8(+) T cells in a DNA vaccine.
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107
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Abstract
Over the past decade, monoclonal antibodies have dramatically impacted the treatment of haematological malignancies, as evidenced by the effect of rituximab on the response rate and survival of patients with follicular and diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Currently, only two monoclonal antibodies - the anti-CD33 immunotoxin gemtuzumab ozogamicin and the CD52-directed antibody alemtuzumab - are approved for treatment of relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia in older patients and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, respectively. Although not approved for such treatment, alemtuzumab is also active against T cell prolymphocytic leukaemia, cutaneous T cell lymphoma and Sézary syndrome, and adult T cell leukaemia and lymphoma. In addition, rituximab has demonstrated activity against B cell chronic lymphocytic and hairy cell leukaemia. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD4, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD45, CD66 and CD122 are now being studied in the clinic for the treatment of leukaemia. Here, we discuss how these new antibodies have been engineered to reduce immunogenicity and improve antibody targeting and binding. Improved interactions with Fc receptors on immune effector cells can enhance destruction of target cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-mediated cell lysis. The antibodies can also be armed with cellular toxins or radionuclides to enhance the destruction of leukaemia cells.
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108
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Zhang M, Yao Z, Garmestani K, Yu S, Goldman CK, Paik CH, Brechbiel MW, Carrasquillo JA, Waldmann TA. Preclinical evaluation of an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody, 7G7/B6, armed with the beta-emitter, yttrium-90, as a radioimmunotherapeutic agent for treating lymphoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:303-9. [PMID: 19538052 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radioimmunotherapy of cancer with radiolabeled antibodies has shown promise. We evaluated an anti-CD25 monoclonal Antibody, 7G7/B6, armed with (90)Y as a potential radioimmunotherapeutic agent for CD25-expressing lymphomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lymphoma model was established by subcutaneous injection of 1 x 10(7) SUDHL-1 cells into nude mice. The biodistribution of (111)In-7G7/B6 and therapeutic studies with (90)Y-7G7/B6 were performed in the tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Therapy using (90)Y-7G7/B6 prolonged survival of the SUDHL-1 lymphoma-bearing mice significantly, as compared with either untreated mice or the mice treated with (90)Y-11F11, a radiolabeled isotype-matched control antibody (p < 0.001). All of the mice in the control and the (90)Y-11F11 treatment groups died by days 18 and 24, respectively. In contrast, 30% of the mice in the low-dose group (75 microCi of (90)Y-7G7/B6/mouse) and 75% in the high-dose group (150 microCi of (90)Y-7G7/B6/mouse) became tumor free and remained healthy for greater than 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that (90)Y-7G7/B6 is a potentially useful radioimmunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with CD25-expressing lymphomas.
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109
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Bielekova B, Howard T, Packer AN, Richert N, Blevins G, Ohayon J, Waldmann TA, McFarland HF, Martin R. Effect of anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab in the inhibition of inflammation and stabilization of disease progression in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 66:483-9. [PMID: 19364933 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several questions arise concerning the use of the anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab to treat multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES To answer the following 3 questions related to the efficacy of daclizumab therapy in patients with MS: Is the therapeutic effect of daclizumab dependent on combination with interferon beta? Is a higher dosage of daclizumab more efficacious in patients with persistent disease activity? Can biomarkers predict full vs partial therapeutic response to daclizumab? DESIGN An open-label baseline vs treatment phase II clinical trial of daclizumab in patients having MS with inadequate response to interferon beta. Three months of interferon beta treatment at baseline were followed by 5.5 months of interferon beta-daclizumab combination therapy. If patients experienced more than 75% reduction of contrast-enhancing lesions (CELs) on brain magnetic resonance imaging at month 5.5 compared with baseline, daclizumab was continued as monotherapy for 10 months. Otherwise, the dosage of daclizumab was doubled. SETTING Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland. PATIENTS Fifteen patients with MS receiving standard preparations of interferon beta who experienced more than 1 MS exacerbation or whose clinical disability increased in the preceding 12 months and who had at least 2 CELs on baseline brain magnetic resonance images. INTERVENTION Daclizumab (1 mg/kg) as an intravenous infusion every 4 weeks in combination with interferon beta (months 0-5.5) and as monotherapy (months 6.5-15.5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the reduction of CELs among interferon beta monotherapy, interferon beta-daclizumab combination therapy, and daclizumab monotherapy. The secondary outcomes included immunologic biomarkers and changes in clinical disability. RESULTS Overall, 5 of 15 patients (33%) experienced adverse effects of therapy. Two patients developed systemic adverse effects, and daclizumab therapy was discontinued. Although daclizumab monotherapy was efficacious in 9 of 13 patients with MS, interferon beta-daclizumab combination therapy was necessary to stabilize disease activity in the other 4 patients. Daclizumab therapy led to 72% inhibition of new CELs and significant improvement in clinical disability. Pilot biomarkers (increase in CD56bright natural killer cells and decrease in CD8+ T cells) were identified that can differentiate between full and partial daclizumab responders. CONCLUSIONS Daclizumab monotherapy is effective in most patients who experienced persistent MS disease activity with interferon beta therapy. Interferon beta-daclizumab combination therapy or higher dosages of daclizumab may be necessary to achieve optimal therapeutic response in all patients. Biomarkers may identify patients with suboptimal response to daclizumab monotherapy. Administration among a large patient sample during a longer period is needed to fully define the safety and long-term efficacy of daclizumab as treatment for high-inflammatory MS. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00001934.
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110
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Poon LLM, Leung YHC, Nicholls JM, Perera PY, Lichy JH, Yamamoto M, Waldmann TA, Peiris JSM, Perera LP. Vaccinia virus-based multivalent H5N1 avian influenza vaccines adjuvanted with IL-15 confer sterile cross-clade protection in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3063-71. [PMID: 19234203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential for a global influenza pandemic remains significant with epidemiologic and ecologic indicators revealing the entrenchment of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 in both wild bird populations and domestic poultry flocks in Asia and in many African and European countries. Indisputably, the single most effective public health intervention in mitigating the devastation such a pandemic could unleash is the availability of a safe and effective vaccine that can be rapidly deployed for pre-exposure vaccination of millions of people. We have developed two vaccinia-based influenza vaccines that are molecularly adjuvanted with the immune stimulatory cytokine IL-15. The pentavalent Wyeth/IL-15/5Flu vaccine expresses the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and nucleoprotein derived from the H5N1 influenza virus A/Vietnam/1203/2004 and the matrix proteins M1 and M2 from the H5N1 A/CK/Indonesia/PA/2003 virus on the backbone of a currently licensed smallpox vaccine. The bivalent MVA/IL-15/HA/NA vaccine expresses only the H5 hemagglutinin and N1 neuraminidase on the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) backbone. Both vaccines induced cross-neutralizing Abs and robust cellular immune responses in vaccinated mice and conferred sterile cross-clade protection when challenged with the H5N1 virus of a different clade. In addition to having potential as a universal influenza vaccine, in the event of an impending pandemic the Wyeth/IL-15/5Flu is also readily amenable to bulk production to cover the global population. For those individuals for whom the use of the Wyeth vaccine is contraindicated, our MVA/IL-15/HA/NA offers a substitute or a prevaccine to be used in a mass vaccination campaign similar to the smallpox eradication campaigns of few decades ago.
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111
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Perera PY, Derrick SC, Kolibab K, Momoi F, Yamamoto M, Morris SL, Waldmann TA, Perera LP. A multi-valent vaccinia virus-based tuberculosis vaccine molecularly adjuvanted with interleukin-15 induces robust immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:2121-7. [PMID: 19356615 PMCID: PMC2667804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for nearly two million deaths every year globally. A single licensed vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) administered perinatally as a prophylactic vaccine has been in use for over 80 years and confers substantial protection against childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. However, the BCG vaccine is virtually ineffective against the adult pulmonary form of tuberculosis that is pivotal in the transmission of tuberculosis that has infected almost 33% of the global population. Thus, an effective vaccine to both prevent tuberculosis and reduce its transmission is urgently needed. We have generated a multi-valent, vectored vaccine candidate utilizing the modified virus Ankara (MVA) strain of vaccinia virus to tandemly express five antigens, ESAT6, Ag85A, Ag85B, HSP65 and Mtb39A of M. tuberculosis that have been reported to be protective individually in certain animal models together with an immunostimulatory cytokine interleukin-15 (MVA/IL-15/5Mtb). Although, immunological correlates of protection against tuberculosis in humans remain to be established, we demonstrate that our vaccine induced comparable CD4(+) T cell and greater CD8(+) T cell and antibody responses against M. tuberculosis in vaccinated mice in a direct comparison with the BCG vaccine and conferred protection against an aerogenic challenge of M. tuberculosis, thus warranting its further preclinical development.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Female
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Meningeal/prevention & control
- Tuberculosis, Miliary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Miliary/prevention & control
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
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112
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O'Mahony D, Morris JC, Stetler-Stevenson M, Matthews H, Brown MR, Fleisher T, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M, Albert PS, Reitsma D, Kaucic K, Hammershaimb L, Waldmann TA, Janik JE. EBV-related lymphoproliferative disease complicating therapy with the anti-CD2 monoclonal antibody, siplizumab, in patients with T-cell malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:2514-22. [PMID: 19293260 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report an increased incidence of EBV-induced B-cell lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) in patients treated with siplizumab, an anti-CD2 antibody. The development of EBV-LPD has been associated with the use of immunosuppressive agents used in solid organ, bone marrow, and stem cell transplantation and in certain congenital immunodeficiencies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a single-institution phase I dose-escalation trial of siplizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD2, in 29 patients with T-cell malignancies. RESULTS Although initial responses were encouraging, 4 (13.7%) patients developed EBV-LPD and the trial was stopped. Reductions in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell count numbers in response to therapy were seen in all patients, but in those patients developing EBV-LPD a significantly greater reduction in natural killer (NK) cell number and CD2 expression on T cells was seen. These findings highlight the importance of NK-cell depletion and CD2 expression in addition to T-cell depletion in the etiology of EBV-LPD. CONCLUSIONS The emergence of EBV-LPD may be associated with the ability of siplizumab to deplete both T and NK cells without affecting B cells. Agents that deplete T- and NK-cell populations without affecting B cell number should be screened for this potentially serious adverse event.
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113
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Sato N, Waldmann TA, Tagaya Y. 131 Cytokine responses of naı¨ve T-cells requires special permission by accessory cells. Cytokine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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114
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Miyagawa F, Tagaya Y, Kim BS, Patel HJ, Ishida K, Ohteki T, Waldmann TA, Katz SI. IL-15 serves as a costimulator in determining the activity of autoreactive CD8 T cells in an experimental mouse model of graft-versus-host-like disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1109-19. [PMID: 18606663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms controlling peripheral tolerance, we established two transgenic (Tg) mouse strains expressing different levels of membrane-bound OVA (mOVA) as a skin-associated self-Ag. When we transferred autoreactive TCR-Tg CD8 T cells (OT-I cells), keratin 14 (K14)-mOVA(high) Tg mice developed autoreactive skin disease (graft-vs-host disease (GVHD)-like skin lesions) while K14-mOVA(low) Tg mice did not. OT-I cells in K14-mOVA(high) Tg mice were fully activated with full development of effector function. In contrast, OT-I cells in K14-mOVA(low) Tg mice proliferated but did not gain effector function. Exogenous IL-15 altered the functional status of OT-I cells and concomitantly induced disease in K14-mOVA(low) Tg mice. Conversely, neutralization of endogenous IL-15 activity in K14-mOVA(high) Tg mice attenuated GVHD-like skin lesions induced by OT-I cell transfer. Futhermore, K14-mOVA(high) Tg mice on IL-15 knockout or IL-15Ralpha knockout backgrounds did not develop skin lesions after adoptive transfer of OT-I cells. These results identify IL-15 as an indispensable costimulator that can determine the functional fate of autoreactive CD8 T cells and whether immunity or tolerance ensues, and they suggest that inhibition of IL-15 function may be efficacious in blocking expression of autoimmunity where a breach in peripheral tolerance is suspected.
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115
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Terabe M, Tagaya Y, Zhu Q, Granger L, Roederer M, Waldmann TA, Berzofsky JA. IL-15 expands unconventional CD8alphaalphaNK1.1+ T cells but not Valpha14Jalpha18+ NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7276-86. [PMID: 18490727 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent gains in knowledge regarding CD1d-restricted NKT cells, very little is understood of non-CD1d-restricted NKT cells such as CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, in part because of the very small proportion of these cells in the periphery. In this study we took advantage of the high number of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in IL-15-transgenic mice to characterize this T cell population. In the IL-15-transgenic mice, the absolute number of CD1d-tetramer(+) NKT cells did not increase, although IL-15 has been shown to play a critical role in the development and expansion of these cells. The CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells in the IL-15-transgenic mice did not react with CD1d-tetramer. Approximately 50% of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells were CD8alphaalpha. In contrast to CD4(+)NK1.1(+) T cells, which were mostly CD1d-restricted NKT cells and of which approximately 70% were CD69(+)CD44(+), approximately 70% of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells were CD69(-)CD44(+). We could also expand similar CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells but not CD4(+) NKT cells from CD8alpha(+)beta(-) bone marrow cells cultured ex vivo with IL-15. These results indicate that the increased CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells are not activated conventional CD8(+) T cells and do not arise from conventional CD8alphabeta precursors. CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells produced very large amounts of IFN-gamma and degranulated upon TCR activation. These results suggest that high levels of IL-15 induce expansion or differentiation of a novel NK1.1(+) T cell subset, CD8alphaalphaNK1.1(+) T cells, and that IL-15-transgenic mice may be a useful resource for studying the functional relevance of CD8(+)NK1.1(+) T cells.
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116
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de Bakker BI, Bodnár A, van Dijk EMHP, Vámosi G, Damjanovich S, Waldmann TA, van Hulst NF, Jenei A, Garcia-Parajo MF. Nanometer-scale organization of the alpha subunits of the receptors for IL2 and IL15 in human T lymphoma cells. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:627-33. [PMID: 18287585 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.019513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 2 and interleukin 15 (IL2 and IL15, respectively) provide quite distinct contributions to T-cell-mediated immunity, despite having similar receptor composition and signaling machinery. As most of the proposed mechanisms underlying this apparent paradox attribute key significance to the individual alpha-chains of IL2 and IL15 receptors, we investigated the spatial organization of the receptors IL2Ralpha and IL15Ralpha at the nanometer scale expressed on a human CD4+ leukemia T cell line using single-molecule-sensitive near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). In agreement with previous findings, we here confirm clustering of IL2Ralpha and IL15Ralpha at the submicron scale. In addition to clustering, our single-molecule data reveal that a non-negligible percentage of the receptors are organized as monomers. Only a minor fraction of IL2Ralpha molecules reside outside the clustered domains, whereas approximately 30% of IL15Ralpha molecules organize as monomers or small clusters, excluded from the main domain regions. Interestingly, we also found that the packing densities per unit area of both IL2Ralpha and IL15Ralpha domains remained constant, suggesting a 'building block' type of assembly involving repeated structures and composition. Finally, dual-color NSOM demonstrated co-clustering of the two alpha-chains. Our results should aid understanding the action of the IL2R-IL15R system in T cell function and also might contribute to the more rationale design of IL2R- or IL15R-targeted immunotherapy agents for treating human leukemia.
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Robinson MK, Shaller C, Garmestani K, Plascjak PS, Hodge KM, Yuan QA, Marks JD, Waldmann TA, Brechbiel MW, Adams GP. Effective treatment of established human breast tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice with a single dose of the alpha-emitting radioisotope astatine-211 conjugated to anti-HER2/neu diabodies. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:875-82. [PMID: 18245551 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful radioimmunotherapy strategies depend on selecting radioisotopes with physical properties complementary to the biological properties of the targeting vehicle. Small, engineered antitumor antibody fragments are capable of rapid, highly specific tumor targeting in immunodeficient mouse models. We hypothesized that the C6.5 diabody, a noncovalent anti-HER2 single-chain Fv dimer, would be an ideal radioisotope carrier for the radioimmunotherapy of established tumors using the short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotope (211)At. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunodeficient nude mice bearing established HER2/neu-positive MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors treated with N-succinimidyl N-(4-[(211)At]astatophenethyl)succinamate ((211)At-SAPS)-C6.5 diabody. Additional cohorts of mice were treated with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody targeting the carcinoembryonic antigen or (211)At-SAPS on a diabody specific for the Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor, which is minimally expressed on this tumor cell line. RESULTS A single i.v. injection of (211)At-SAPS C6.5 diabody led to a 30-day delay in tumor growth when a 20 muCi dose was administered and a 57-day delay in tumor growth (60% tumor-free after 1 year) when a 45 muCi dose was used. Treatment of mice bearing the same tumors with (211)At-SAPS T84.66 diabody at the same doses led to a delay in tumor growth, but no complete responses, likely due to substantially lower expression of this antigen on the MDA-MB-361/DYT2 tumors. In contrast, a dose of 20 muCi of (211)At-SAPS on the anti-Müllerian-inhibiting substance type II receptor diabody did not affect tumor growth rate, demonstrating specificity of the therapeutic effect. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that diabody molecules can be effective agents for targeted radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors using powerful, short-lived alpha-emitting radioisotopes.
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Strober W, Mogielnicki RP, Waldmann TA. The role of the kidney in the metabolism of serum proteins. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 9:25-45. [PMID: 4488017 DOI: 10.1002/9780470719923.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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119
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Waldmann TA, Jones EA. The role of cell-surface receptors in the transport and catabolism of immunoglobulins. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2008; 9:5-23. [PMID: 4573093 DOI: 10.1002/9780470719923.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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120
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Dubois S, Patel HJ, Zhang M, Waldmann TA, Müller JR. Preassociation of IL-15 with IL-15R alpha-IgG1-Fc enhances its activity on proliferation of NK and CD8+/CD44high T cells and its antitumor action. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2099-106. [PMID: 18250415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the induction of an immune response, IL-15Ralpha on APCs transpresents IL-15 to NK and CD8(+)/CD44(high) T cells that express the IL-2/15Rbeta and gammac subunits only. In this study, we show data mimicking this transpresentation by using IL-15 preassociated with a chimeric protein that is comprised of the extracellular domain of murine IL-15Ralpha and the Fc portion of human IgG1. When tested in vitro, IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc strongly increased the IL-15-mediated proliferation of murine NK and CD8(+)/CD44(high) T cells. The effect of IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc was dependent on the presence of both IgG1-Fc and IL-15Ralpha. When injected into mice, IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc enhanced the capacity of IL-15 to expand the number of NK and CD8(+)/CD44(high) T cells. The effect on cell numbers in vivo also depended on Fc receptor binding because reduced expansion was observed in FcRgamma(-/-) mice. NK cells cultured in IL-15/IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc complex gained cytotoxic activity toward a number of NK-sensitive targets. When mice bearing the NK-sensitive syngeneic tumor B16 were treated, the presence of IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc increased the antitumor activity of IL-15. Thus, a preassociation with IL-15Ralpha-IgG1-Fc enhances the activities of IL-15 in vivo and in vitro that may be useful in the treatment of tumors.
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Abstract
T-Cell leukemias and lymphomas represent a less common and heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms. Overall, they respond less well to chemotherapy and have a poorer prognosis than their B-cell counterparts. T-Cell tumors express a number of potential targets for receptor-directed antibody therapy; however, there is no available therapeutic monoclonal antibody for these diseases with comparable activity to that of rituximab in B-cell disorders. Despite this, alemtuzumab, a humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody has demonstrated meaningful anti-tumor activity in a variety of T-cell malignancies. A number of other antibodies, modified antibodies and immunotoxins directed against targets such as CD2, CD4, CD5, CD25, CD30 and CD122 expressed on malignant T-cells are under investigation. The current status of receptor-directed antibody therapy for T-cell leukemia and lymphoma is reviewed.
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MESH Headings
- Alemtuzumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Leukemia, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
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Bene L, Kanyári Z, Bodnár A, Kappelmayer J, Waldmann TA, Vámosi G, Damjanovich L. Colorectal carcinoma rearranges cell surface protein topology and density in CD4+ T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:202-7. [PMID: 17658476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we described conserved protein clusters including MHC I and II glycoproteins, ICAM-1 adhesion molecules, and interleukin-2 and -15 receptors in lipid rafts of several human cell types. Differential protein-protein interactions can modulate function, thus influence cell fate. Therefore, we analyzed supramolecular clusters of CD4(+) T cells from draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood of colorectal carcinoma patients, and compared these to healthy controls. Superclusters of MHC I and II with IL-2/15 receptors were identified by confocal microscopy on all cell types. Flow-cytometric FRET revealed molecular associations of these proteins with each other and with ICAM-1 as well. In draining lymph nodes expression levels of all these proteins were lower, and interactions, particularly between IL-2/15 receptors and MHC molecules weakened or disappeared as compared to the control. Stimuli/local conditions can rearrange cell surface protein patterns on the same cell type in the same patient, having important implications on further function and cell fate.
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Sato N, Waldmann TA, Tagaya Y. 134 Accessory Cells Enable Cytokine Response of Naïve T Cells Through Cellular Contact Without Antigen. Cytokine 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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124
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Ju W, Zhang M, Chen J, Thomas CJ, Waldmann TA. 67 The Drug CP690550 Inhibits the JAK3/STAT5 Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo. Cytokine 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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125
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Chen J, Petrus M, Bryant B, Nguyen VP, Stamer M, Goldman C, Bamford R, Morris JC, Janik JE, Waldmann TA. 18 Induction of the IL-9 Gene by HTLV-I Tax Stimulates the Spontaneous Proliferation of Primary ATL Cells by a Paracrine Mechanism. Cytokine 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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