Optic flow dominates visual scene polarity in causing adaptive modification of locomotor trajectory

Locomotion and posture are influenced and controlled by vestibular, visual and somatosensory information. Optic flow and scene polarity are two characteristics of a visual scene that have been identified as being critical in how they affect perceived body orientation and self motion. The goal of this study was to determine the role of optic flow and visual scene polarity on adaptive modification in locomotor trajectory. An object is said to have visual polarity, or to be "visually polarized", when it contains an identifiable principal axis with one end distinct from the other. Two computer-generated virtual reality scenes were shown to subjects during 20 min of treadmill walking. One scene was a highly polarized scene, while the other was composed of objects displayed in a non-polarized fashion. Both virtual scenes depicted constant rate self motion equivalent to walking counterclockwise around the perimeter of a room. Subjects performed Stepping Tests blindfolded before and after scene exposure to assess adaptive changes in locomotor trajectory. Subjects showed a significant difference in heading direction, between pre- and post-adaptation Stepping Tests, when exposed to either scene during treadmill walking. However, there was no significant difference in the subjects' heading direction between the two visual scene polarity conditions. Therefore, it was inferred from these data that optic flow has a greater role than visual polarity in influencing adaptive locomotor function.

Preliminary results of moisture checker for Mucus in diagnosing dry mouth

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the ability of Moisture Checker for Mucus (MCM), a device which measures the weight percent of water content in the oral mucosal epithelium, for the diagnosis of dry mouth.

METHOD

Forty-three consecutive patients seen at the Dry Mouth Clinic of Tsurumi University were divided into two groups by the diagnostic criteria of hyposalivation defined by the stimulated salivary flow rate < or =10 ml per 10 min. The MCM values in the buccal, tongue and labial mucosa in each group were compared.

RESULTS

The value of the normal salivation group was significantly higher when compared with that of the hyposalivation group both in the buccal and tongue mucosa, P = 0.01 and P = 0.046, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Moisture Checker for Mucus has the potential to be a useful device in the screening of hyposalivation.

Temporary restorative resins using non-phthalate ester plasticizers

OBJECTIVE

This study examined temporary restorative resins that use non-phthalate ester plasticizers.

METHODS

Three non-phthalate plasticizers were tested: tri-ethyl citrate (TEC), tri-butyl citrate (TBC), and di-butyl sebacate (DBS). The experimental resins were compared with resins that use a phthalate ester plasticizer (di-butyl phthalate, DBP) and commercial products (Dura Seal, Plast Seal, and Fit Seal). For the experimental resins, the ratio of plasticizer to PMMA/MMA resin was varied from 30 to 60% (wt). The mechanical properties of the experimental resins were evaluated using a modified diametral compressive strength and the resistance to explorer insertion.

RESULTS

The strengths of the experimental resins with plasticizer concentrations ranging from 40 to 50% (TEC, TBC, and DBP) or from 30 to 40% (DBS), by weight, were equivalent to the strengths of commercial temporary restorative resins. A similar tendency was seen for the resistance to explorer insertion.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that new temporary restorative resins can be prepared by choosing the appropriate proportions of resin monomer and non-phthalate ester plasticizer.

Exposure to a rotating virtual environment during treadmill locomotion causes adaptation in heading direction

The objective of this study was to investigate the adaptive effects of variation in the direction of optic flow, experienced during linear treadmill walking, on modifying locomotor trajectory. Subjects (n=30) walked on a motorized linear treadmill at 4.0 km h(-1) for 24 min while viewing the interior of a 3D virtual scene projected on to a screen 1.5 m in front of them. The virtual scene depicted constant self-motion equivalent to either (1) walking around the perimeter of a room to one's left (Rotating Room group) or (2) walking down the center of a hallway (Infinite Corridor group). The scene was static for the first 4 min and then constant rate self-motion was simulated for the remaining 20 min. Before and after the treadmill locomotion adaptation period subjects performed five stepping trials. In each trial they marched in place to the beat of a metronome at 90 steps min(-1) for a total of 100 steps while blindfolded in a quiet room. The subject's final heading direction (deg) and final X (fore-aft, cm) and final Y (medio-lateral, cm) positions were measured for each trial. During the treadmill locomotion adaptation period subjects' 3D torso position was measured. We found that subjects in the Rotating Room group, as compared with the Infinite Hallway group: (1) showed significantly greater deviation during post-exposure testing in the heading direction and Y position opposite to the direction of optic flow experienced during treadmill walking; and (2) showed a significant monotonically increasing torso yaw angular rotation bias in the direction of optic flow during the treadmill adaptation exposure period. Subjects in both groups showed greater forward translation (in the +X direction) during the post-treadmill stepping task that differed significantly from their pre-exposure performance. Subjects in both groups reported no perceptual deviation in position during the stepping tasks. We infer that viewing simulated rotary self-motion during treadmill locomotion causes adaptive modification of sensorimotor integration in the control of position and trajectory during locomotion, which functionally reflects adaptive changes in the integration of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive cues. Such an adaptation in the control of position and heading direction during locomotion, because of the congruence of sensory information, demonstrates the potential for adaptive transfer between sensorimotor systems and suggests a common neural site for processing and self-motion perception and concurrent adaptation in motor output.

Differences in heat resistance among pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica depended on growth temperature and serotype

To gain a better understanding about the effect of growth temperature on heat resistance of Yersinia enterocolitica, we determined decimal reduction times at 60 degrees C (D60-values) for O:3; O:5,27; O:8; and O:9 strains harboring virulence plasmid coding for Yersinia outer membrane protein and experimentally virulence plasmid-deleted strains after they were grown to stationary phase at 7, 25, or 37 degrees C. Bacteria were inoculated into Trypticase soy broth and were incubated at several temperatures. D60-values of O:3; O:5,27; and O:8 strains were larger when they were grown at 37 degrees C than at 7 or 25 degrees C, despite the presence or absence of virulence plasmids. However, similar D60-values were observed in O:9 strains, despite growth at 7, 25, or 37 degrees C. The results indicate two types of Y. enterocolitica strains, growth temperature-dependent and -independent, and a Yersinia outer membrane protein that is not directly involved in growth temperature-dependent heat resistance.

Serious cardiac and pulmonary calcification in a young peritoneal dialysis patient: potential role of continuous correction of acidosis

We describe a 40-month-old male infant with renal failure, treated with peritoneal dialysis, who developed massive calcification of soft tissues including the heart and lungs with subsequent cardiopulmonary insufficiency. A diagnosis of Jeune syndrome was made. After starting peritoneal dialysis, the patient exhibited an intractable metabolic acidosis of unknown etiology necessitating treatment with intravenous or oral sodium bicarbonate. Myocardial calcification was first detected by 2-dimensional echocardiography performed 3 months after starting dialysis. The patient was not suitable for renal transplantation because of his cardiac dysfunction and died of cardiac and respiratory failure at the age of 6 years. Although the patient exhibited a variety of risk factors for ectopic calcification including hyperphosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism, high calcium-phosphate product and treatment with vitamin D, the early and massive soft tissue calcification may have been accelerated by correction of the metabolic acidosis. Therefore, the use of sodium bicarbonate may be involved in the etiology of the myocardial calcification.

The effects of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on hypoxic fetal lambs

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) to support fetal oxygenation in utero.

METHODS

An ECMO system with a centrifugal pump was applied to ten chronically instrumented fetal lambs, at 126 or 127 days of gestation. Blood was obtained through a double-lumen catheter inserted into the right atrium. After oxygenation, the blood was returned through a single-lumen catheter into either the carotid artery (veno-arterial; V-A ECMO) or the right atrium (V-V ECMO). After fetal hypoxia had been experimentally produced, V-A ECMO or V-V ECMO was instituted to maintain fetal oxygenation. We compared fetal blood gases with both routes of ECMO.

RESULTS

Oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)) in the fetal cranial carotid artery decreased to 12.9 +/- 0.6 mmHg after reducing the fraction inspiratory oxygen of the mother. After instituting V-A ECMO, pO(2) was found to be 23.5 +/- 2.6 mmHg; after instituting V-V ECMO, pO(2) was found to be 20.3 +/- 1.9 mmHg. Thus, fetal acidosis increased under both procedures. Fetal heart rate and blood pressure were not altered significantly during the experiments.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that V-V ECMO could more effectively and less traumatically maintain oxygenation in hypoxic fetal lambs.

Periodic structures and diurnal variation in blood pressure and heart rate in relation to microgravity on space station MIR

Four Russian crew members were studied on space station MIR, and blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) data were continuously collected. BP and HR data were collected on earth 1 day before orbital flight to the space station, then at weeks 8, 16 and 24 during space flight, and again 1 or 2 days after returning to earth. Time serial data for BP and HR were analyzed by spectral analysis with the MemCalc system (Suwa Trust, Sapporo, Japan). Periodic structures of diurnal variation in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HR were compared at 24-hour, 12-hour and 8-hour intervals, these being determined as the main periodic components for the assessment of BP and HR variability. The 24-h mean levels of SBP and HR during space flight were unchanged. Waking SBP was not different from pre-flight values. During sleep, in-flight changes in HR did not differ from pre-flight values. SBP during sleep in orbit increased to over pre-flight values. Waking DBP was reduced during flight. The SBP and HR phases over a 24-hour cycle were shortened with a more pronounced shortening in weeks 8 and 16 compared with pre-flight values, and at week 24 recovered to preflight values. The 12, 8-hour-cycle remained unchanged, and were similar to pre-flight values. At the space station, the astronauts' mission was carried out under strict control of sleeping and waking hours; therefore, their 24-hour schedule is an artificially constructed situation. Main periodicity structures were maintained by strict control of lifestyle during long-term space flight. The conclusions reached were as follows: 1) SBP levels during sleep in a space environment increased compared with those on earth; 2) the periodicity phase of BP and HR shifted toward to 24-hour cycle as a result of long-term space flight, even though these periods shortened after a few months compared with pre-space flight values.

Chronotropic Effect of the Antithrombotic Agent Cilostazol in a Patient with Sick Sinus Syndrome and Syncope

In this case report we describe an 80-year-old man with sick sinus syndrome (SSS) who developed syncope attacks. The diagnosis of SSS was based on electrocardiographic evidence of markedly prolonged sinus arrests associated with syncope attacks while in hospital. The patient was given cilostazol, an anti-thrombotic agent that selectively inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 3, at a dose of 100 mg twice daily. The syncope attacks ceased, and an electrocardiogram obtained 1 week after the start of cilostazol administration showed no evidence of sinus arrest. The outcome of this case suggests that cilostazol may be useful in patients with syncope attacks due to SSS, although the long-term chronotropic effects of cilostazol need to be evaluated.

Rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity in elementary school children

OBJECTIVE

Three critical periods have been suggested for the development of obesity during childhood: fetal, ages 4-6 y, and adolescence. The prevalence of obesity in elementary school children is increasing in Japan, and the present study examines whether this rising prevalence occurs during the elementary school period (age 6-11 y) or is occurring prior to entry into elementary school.

DESIGN

Repeated cross-sectional sampling of cohorts of children for the prevalence of obesity.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

The data from 81 264 first grade and 87 849 seventh grade children (94 and 87% of the total populations, respectively) between 1989 and 2002 in Kagoshima City were analyzed. Data were also obtained from nationwide surveys published by the Ministry of Japan between 1989 and 2001.

MEASUREMENTS

Obesity was defined by the body mass index for an age- and sex-specific 95th percentile cutoff point in Japanese children. Trends in obesity and odds ratios of the prevalence of obesity were also determined.

RESULTS

The period 1989-2001/2 showed significant increases in the prevalence of obesity for both genders, in both first and seventh grades, and in both Kagoshima City and nationwide. The odds ratios for the prevalence of obesity of 12-y-old children calculated against the prevalence of obesity within the same cohort at 6 y old revealed that a significant risk for development of obesity during the elementary school years applied only to boys from around 1993 onward in Kagoshima City and applied throughout the study period in nationwide Japan.

CONCLUSION

Obesity prevalence increases for boys during elementary school years but does not significantly increase for girls. A rising trend for becoming obese before starting elementary school was present for both boys and girls over the period 1989-2001. Educational programs to improve nutrition and physical activity, especially for boys, are becoming increasingly necessary.

Leachability of plasticizer and residual monomer from commercial temporary restorative resins

OBJECTIVES

This study was performed to determine the compositions of commercial temporary restorative resins and to evaluate the leachability of plasticizer and residual monomer from them.

METHODS

The chemicals in four commercial temporary restorative resins (Dura Seal, Fit Seal, Plast Seal Quick, and Poly Seal) were detected by GCMS and HPLC. The amounts of plasticizers and residual monomers that leached from cured resin samples immersed in ethanol for 1 h to 14 d were determined by HPLC.

RESULTS

Phthalate esters used as plasticizers contained 40-55 wt% either di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) or butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate. The resin monomer included methyl methacrylate (MMA) or a mixture of MMA and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA); 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate was added as a cross-linking agent. Each resin contained 40-60 wt% monomer. The amounts of phthalate esters leached increased with immersion time up to 7 d, reaching 120-190 microg/mg, and did not change subsequently. The residual monomers leached gradually for up to 3d and did not change subsequently. The amount of leached residual monomer (MMA, HEMA) was 20-90 microg/mg after 3d storage. More than 50% of the leachable plasticizers and monomers were eluted from the cured resins within 24 and 3 h, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The amounts of leached plasticizers and residual monomers were extremely large compared with the concentrations of endocrine disrupters and their potentially genotoxic effects. Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the leachability of these compounds from temporary restorative resins.

Conformational change of dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 genomic RNA by NCp7 or heat treatment

Dimerization initiation site (DIS) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome has been identified as a primary sequence that can form a stem-loop structure with a self-complementary sequence in the loop and a bulge in the stem. A DIS RNA fragment spontaneously forms a kissing dimer and is converted into an extended-duplex dimer by supplement of nucleocapsid protein NCp7. This two-step dimerization reaction can be also executed by a heat treatment instead of the binding proteins. However, it has not identified whether mechanisms of the conformational conversion by two different treatments are identical or not. In the present study, we used a series of DIS RNA oligonucleotides and the conformations of two extended-duplex dimers produced by the two different treatments were compared by the analysis of NMR spectra in the imino proton region. It was found that the effects of the two kinds of treatments are quite similar and the conformations of the two extended-duplex dimers are identical. These findings suggest that the conversion mechanisms DIS RNA by NCp7 and heat treatments are similar.

Thermal analysis of dental resins cured with blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

Thermal analysis was used to measure the characteristics of dental resins cured with the use of a new light-activation unit equipped with high illuminant blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The characteristics were compared with those of resins cured with the use of two conventional halogen lamp units. The prepared base monomer consisted of a mixture of Bis-GMA and TEGDMA (60:40 by weight), with 0.5 wt% CQ/DMPT or CQ/DMAEMA. The two experimental visible-light-cured resins were polymerized for 40 s. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to examine the thermal characteristics of the cured resins. The activation energy for the decomposition of the dental resin was calculated from the peaks of the endothermic curves obtained when the specimens were heated at three different rates (5, 10, and 15 C/min) during DSC. The activation energies calculated for the LED-cured specimens were more than 220 kJ/mol; specimens cured with the use of the halogen units had activation energies of less than 192 kJ/mol. The Knoop hardness number (KHN) of the same specimens was measured, and was higher with the blue LED units than with halogen lamp units. Therefore, dental resins cured using blue LEDs have a higher degree of polymerization and more stable three-dimensional structures than those cured with halogen lamps.

Heterogeneity in residual function of MeCP2 carrying missense mutations in the methyl CpG binding domain

Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder with severe mental retardation caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene. Mutations in the MECP2 gene are also associated with other genetic disorders, including X linked mental retardation in males. Missense mutations identified so far are present primarily in the methyl CpG binding domain (MBD) of MECP2. Here, the functional significance of 28 MBD missense mutations identified in patients were analysed by transient expression of the mutant proteins in cultured cells. The effects of mutations were evaluated by analysis of the affinity of MeCP2 to pericentromeric heterochromatin in mouse L929 cells and on transcriptional repressive activity of MeCP2 in Drosophila SL2 cells. These analyses showed that approximately one-third (9/28) of MBD missense mutations showed strong impairment of MeCP2 function. The mutation of the R111 residue, which directly interacts with the methyl group of methyl cytosine, completely abolished MeCP2 function and mutations affecting beta-sheets and a hairpin loop have substantial functional consequences. In contrast, mutations that showed marginal or mild impairment of the function fell in unstructured regions with no DNA interaction. Since each of these mutations is known to be pathogenic, the mutations may indicate residues that are important for specific functions of MeCP2 in neurones.

Effects of dental resin metabolites on estrogenic activity in vitro

Three monomers (Bis-GMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA) and five polymerization initiators (CQ, BPO, DMPT, DMAEMA, and ATU) commonly used in dental composite resins were tested for estrogenic activity using a reporter gene assay (yeast two-hybrid system) in vitro, and compared with bisphenol-A (BPA). Estrogenic activity was indicated by agonist and antagonist activity, with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation using rat liver cells. No estrogenic agonist activity was seen for each monomer and polymerization initiator in either the -S9 and +S9 tests in the concentration ranges examined in this study. On the other hand, estrogen antagonist activity was found with BPO and DMPT. BPO showed antagonist activity at a concentration of approximately 1800 nM with the -S9 test, but not with the +S9 test. With DMPT, antagonist activity was not seen with the -S9 test, but it was seen at a concentration of approximately 610 nM using the +S9 test. With BPA, the +S9 test indicated antagonist activity at a concentration of approximately 780 nM. The estrogen antagonist activities of DMPT and BPA appeared to be similar. CQ, DMAEMA, ATU, and the three monomers did not show antagonist activity as demonstrated by the -S9 or +S9 tests within the concentration range tested in this study.

Intra-arterial bone marrow cell transplantation induces angiogenesis in rat hindlimb ischemia

BACKGROUND

Bone marrow (BM) cells have been shown to augment local angiogenesis by differentiating vessels themselves and/or secreting paracrinally angiogenic growth factors. Herein, the angiogenic effects of intra-arterial BM mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) transplantation were evaluated in a rat ischemic hindlimb model.

METHODS

Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was created by excising the femoral artery and its branch in Lewis rats. BM-MNCs were isolated by centrifugation through a Histopaque density gradient. One week after excision of the unilateral femoral artery, BM-MNCs (5 x 10(6) cells, Group A, n = 6) or PBS (Group B, n = 7) were injected into the ischemic thigh skeletal muscles at the six points with a gauge needle. Another injection of BM-MNCs (3 x 10(7) cells, Group C, n = 6) or PBS (Group D, n = 7) was administered via the indwelling catheter in the right common iliac artery.

RESULTS

Four weeks after the BM-MNC transplantation, angiographic examination revealed the development of collateral vessels in both BM-MNC-transplanted groups. The difference in skin temperature between right and left hindlimbs was significantly reduced in both BM-MNC-transplanted groups (0.93 +/- 0.15 vs. 2.84 +/- 0.35 vs. 1.20 +/- 0.26 vs. 2.61 +/- 0.37 degrees C, Group A vs. Group B vs. Group C vs. Group D, p < 0.05). Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that capillary endothelial cells were increased in both BM-MNC-transplanted groups.

CONCLUSION

BM-MNC implantation was able to induce functional neovascularization in rat ischemic hindlimb. The intra-arterial administration offered similar levels of angiogenic activity as intramuscular injection.

Left ventricular mechanical unloading restores Beta-2-adrenergic receptor mRNA expression and decreases susceptibility to ischemia and reperfusion in the failing heart

OBJECTIVES

Left ventricular (LV) mechanical unloading is known to reduce the hemodynamic demands of failing LV, resulting in improved myocyte contractility. This study was designed to examine effects of LV unloading on beta-adrenergic receptor (BAR) expression and ischemic susceptibility to ischemia reperfusion.

METHODS

Five groups were studied: group 1 [unloading myocardial infarction (MI), n = 6], MI hearts 2 weeks after coronary ligation subjected to LV unloading by heterotopic heart transplantation for 2 weeks; group 2 (2-week MI, n = 6), MI hearts left for 2 weeks without unloading; group 3 (4-week MI, n = 6), MI hearts left for 4 weeks without unloading; group 4 (control, n = 6), normal (non-MI) hearts as a control with no interventions, and group 5 (unloading control, n = 5), normal (non-MI) hearts subjected to LV unloading for 2 weeks. Then, all hearts were isolated and subjected to 20 min of global ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion on Langendorff apparatus. LV pressures and coronary flow were measured throughout the experiment. Either total BAR density or beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (B2AR) mRNA expression in the noninfarcted myocardium was determined by radioligand binding assays or real-time quantitative RT-PCR, respectively.

RESULTS

LV unloading improved postischemic functional recovery (unloading MI vs. 2-week MI vs. 4-week MI: 74 +/- 6 vs. 54 +/- 5 vs. 51 +/- 4%; p < 0.05 vs. unloading MI). LV unloading restored B2AR mRNA expression (unloading MI vs. 2-week MI vs. 4-week MI: 4.78 +/- 0.21 vs. 2.80 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.24 +/- 0.17 x 10(7) copy/microg total RNA; p < 0.05 vs. unloading MI).

CONCLUSION

LV mechanical unloading restored B2AR mRNA expression and improved postischemic functional recovery.

Effect of transglutaminase on reconstruction and physicochemical properties of collagen gel from shark type I collagen

The effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) on type I collagen self-assembly and properties of reconstructed collagen fibrils from shark were investigated. Collagen self-assembly was accelerated with the addition of MTGase in dependence on that concentration. The relative amount of reconstructed collagen slightly decreased with MTGase. The diffusion coefficient of collagen gel was reduced by treatment with MTGase, and that suggested the reduction of mobility of the whole collagen network. At a high temperature, used to denature the collagen, MTGase-treated collagen gel remained as aggregates. By differential scanning calorimetry, the denaturation temperature of MTGase-treated collagen gel was about 2 degrees C higher than that of nontreated collagen gel. Treatment with MTGase yielded thermally stable cross-links in collagen molecules.

Thrombin-induced expression of RANTES mRNA through protease activated receptor-1 in human synovial fibroblasts

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effects of thrombin on RANTES mRNA expression through protease activated receptor in synovial fibroblasts in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

A semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and reporter gene assay were performed using cultured human synovial fibroblasts from patients with RA. The up regulatory effects of thrombin on RANTES mRNA expression were tested. In addition, the roles of protease activated receptors (PARs) were analysed.

RESULTS

PAR-1 and PAR-3, but not PAR-4, were expressed in synovial fibroblasts. Thrombin induced RANTES mRNA expression in a time dependent manner in synovial fibroblasts expressing PAR-1. A reporter gene assay showed that thrombin-induced RANTES gene expression was through PAR-1, but not PAR-3.

CONCLUSIONS

Thrombin induced RANTES mRNA expression through a PAR-1 mediated pathway, possibly indicating that thrombin has an important role in migration of inflammatory cells by RANTES to the synovium in patients with RA.

The relationship between parental diagnosis, offspring temperament and offspring psychopathology: a longitudinal analysis

BACKGROUND

The study examines the relationship between child temperament and a diagnosis of anxiety and/or depression as an adult and what influence parent psychopathology may have on the temperament-diagnosis relationship.

METHODS

The sample consists of 151 offspring who were initially selected as being at high or low risk for major depression on the basis of the presence or absence of a lifetime history of MDD in their parents. The parents and offspring were independently interviewed with a modified version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime (Mannuzza et al., 1986) and completed a battery of instruments which included the Dimensions of Temperament Survey (Lerner et al., 1982). They were interviewed three times during the course of the study: Time 1, Time 2, and Time 10.

RESULTS

There is a similar distribution of offspring disorders in the same parental diagnostic groups. There is a significant temperamental difference between the offspring of parents with a single disorder in comparison to offspring of parents with comorbid disorder. The former is characterized by significantly greater levels of adaptability/approachability. Low attention span at Time 1 is significantly predictive of an offspring lifetime diagnosis of major depression controlling for ADHD in comparison to offspring with neither disorder. Greater irritability, higher activity level and lower adaptability at Time 1 were significantly predictive of offspring lifetime diagnosis of comorbid disorder in comparison to the MDD only group.

LIMITATIONS

This is a retrospective cohort study using a temperament measure from Time 1 versus lifetime diagnoses and consisting of a relatively small sample size for several of the diagnostic categories.

CONCLUSIONS

There appears to be a link between parental psychopathology and offspring temperament. The data also provide further support for the notion that comorbid anxiety and depression disorder is a distinct entity in comparison to MDD only and new evidence that it may be predicted by a specific underlying temperament profile.

Identification of the peptide motifs that interact with HLA-DR8 (DRB1*0802) in Streptococcus mutans proteins

A glucosyltransferase (GTF) and a surface protein antigen (PAc) of Streptococcus mutans have been suggested as possible components of an effective dental caries vaccine. To identify antigenic peptides in GTF and PAc that bind to MHC class II (HLA-DR8, DRB1*0802) molecules, we investigated binding activities to DR8 molecules of overlapping synthetic peptides at several sites in GTF and in the alanine-rich repeating region of PAc using an ELISA-inhibition competitive binding assay for the interaction between the HLA-DR molecule and the PAc (316-334) peptide. Six GTF peptides and 10 PAc peptides strongly bound to the HLA-DR8 molecule. In a homology analysis of the amino acid sequences of the six GTF peptides, two binding motifs were found in L/Y--Y/L-A/N and Y/L--N/G/E--Y-V/L/P. Moreover, a new binding motif in PAc was found in L--Y-A. It is suggested that these binding motifs could be useful in designing a dental caries vaccine in humans.

Use of a remote controlled radiotherapy afterloading system to manage unresectable, metastatic thyroid cancer in the trachea

We treated a 66-year-old Japanese woman with metastasis from thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma to mediastinal lymph nodes that obstructed the airway by its extensions towards the tracheal carina. Since the patient suffered from severe dyspnea, an endotracheal intubation was inserted and endotracheal radiotherapy was done using a remote controlled afterloading system. The obstruction mass in the trachea almost disappeared and there has been no evidence of regrowth during a follow-up period fo more than 3 years. The patient's management is now detailed.