Physiology and proteomics reveal Fulvic acid mitigates Cadmium adverse effects on growth and photosynthetic properties of lettuce

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of plants in response to Cd stress is crucial for improving plants adaptation to Cd stress. Fulvic acid (FA) is an active humic substance that is often used as a soil conditioner. However, there are few reports on the role of FA against Cd stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Fulvic acid on alleviation of Cd toxicity in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) under hydroponic conditions. Our results showed that 20 μmol/L Cd stress significantly reduced photosynthetic pigment metabolism and the expression of photosynthetic apparatus-related proteins, thereby inhibiting photosynthetic electron transport, net photosynthetic rate and negatively affecting photosynthetic carbon assimilation and growth of lettuce. However, proteomic findings suggest that the application of FA can reduce the adverse effects of Cd contamination. Compared to Cd stress alone, FA significantly increased the expression of Light-harvesting proteins, reaction center and electron transport-related proteins. Further results showed that FA at 0.5 g/L reduced the uptake of Cd by the roots, resulting in a 23.5% reduction in total Cd content in lettuce. Moreover, FA enhanced S metabolism and rebuilt redox homeostasis in cells. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the mechanism of cadmium toxicity mitigation in lettuce by FA. Which is recommended as an eco-friendly tool for improving the photosynthesis performance and biomass of lettuce under Cd stress.

Study of arsenic adsorption in calcareous soils: Competitive effect of phosphate, citrate, oxalate, humic acid and fulvic acid

Arsenic (As) bio-availability in the soil is influenced by different organic and inorganic anions. In the present study, the effects of various competitive agents, including phosphate, citrate, oxalate, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA), on the adsorption of As in calcareous soils were investigated. The results revealed the presence of phosphate, citrate, and oxalate in soil has a significant impact on the arsenic retention (adsorption) in soil which increases the As bio-availability. The negative impact of the competing anions was increased at higher concentrations. The Double Site Langmuir (DSL) isotherm was best fitted to the adsorption data, which indicates that most of the As adsorbed on the low-energy surfaces (non-specific adsorption by oxides, clays, and clay-size calcite). Accordingly, in soil 1, the DSL predicted that, due to phosphate, citrate, and oxalate competition (at a concentration of 10 mM), the adsorption capacity of the high- and low-energy surfaces decreased from 86.2 to 33.5, 82.1 and 61.3 mg/kg and from 663 to 659, 335.8, and 303.5 mg/kg, respectively, Moreover, after addition of phosphate, citrate, and oxalate to the soil-As system, the Langmuir constant of high-energy surfaces decreased from 0.686 to 0.074, 0.261, and 0.301 L/mg, respectively. No regular trend was observed for the Langmuir constant of low-energy surfaces. Similarly, in soils 2, 3, and 4, the adsorption capacities of both high- and low-energy surfaces as well as the Langmuir constant of high-energy surfaces decreased by the addition of phosphate, citrate, and oxalate to the soil-As system. HA and FA did not have a significant effect on the As adsorption behavior. Phosphate, citrate, and oxalate, as interfering oxyanions, increased the As bio-availability in the calcareous soils by decreasing the As adsorption.

Stimuli-Responsive Dendritic Macromolecules for Optical Detection of Metal Ions and Acidic Vapors by the Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanism: Paper-Based Indicator for Food Spoilage Sensing

Visual detection of analytes has been a significant challenge in the design and development of optical chemosensors. Sensing of analytes in aqueous solution by organic molecules has encountered some issues, such as poor water solubility and quenching of optical properties. In this study, a new category of smart dendritic macromolecules was designed and synthesized by functionalization of the poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer with spiropyran molecules to afford a photoluminescent dendritic structure (SP-PAMAM). Smart optical sensors were prepared by physical incorporation of four different oxazolidine derivatives containing hydroxyl and nitro substituted groups into the SP-PAMAM structure. Investigation of optical properties demonstrated photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between the spiropyran end group of SP-PAMAM and oxazolidine derivatives (in a concentration of about 0.0002 M), which can result in quenching of fluorescence emission of spiropyran photoswitch in the form of merocyanine (MC). Treatment of the oxazolidine-doped SP-PAMAM samples with metal ions resulted in changes in the PET mechanism (switching on or off), as observed in the case of Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, and Ni²⁺ by different oxazolidine derivatives through various mechanisms (increase or decrease of fluorescence emission). These smart photoluminescent dendritic macromolecules have potential applications for photodetection of metal ions in aqueous media as optical chemosensors. In addition, the smart macromolecules displayed disconnection of PET between MC and oxazolidine and also showed red fluorescence emission under acidic conditions (pH 1-5). It is due to the protonation of the MC to MCH form and demonstrates a remarkable red shift in fluorescence spectra. The pH-responsivity of smart macromolecules was used for designing a paper-based pH indicator for visual detection of spoilage in the food industry, especially in the case of milk. The prepared papers applied on cap of the milk bottles did not show any fluorescence emission in the case of fresh milk; however, a red fluorescence emission was observed after milk spoilage as a result of adsorption of acidic volatile components generated by bacterial degradation and oxidation process on the paper surface. The reported smart papers can serve as optical portable pH indicators for timely detection of spoilage in food materials, which are usable in food packaging as smart indicator tags.

Adsorption of fulvic acid on mesopore-rich activated carbon with high surface area

The loss of dissolved organic matter (DOM), especially fulvic acid (FA), from soil by rainfall and runoff will reduce soil fertility and result in water pollution of DOM. Carbon materials including biochars (BCs) and activated carbons (ACs) are widely suggested for soil remediation and carbon immobilization. However, these suggested carbon materials are dominated by micropores, and largely limiting the adsorption capacity for FA. Therefore, a mesopore-rich activated carbon (KAC) with high surface area was prepared from bamboo chips to investigate the adsorption of FA. This KAC can adsorb FA more than ACs and BCs investigated in this study and reported in previous studies not only because of the high surface area (3108 m²/g), but also the higher mesopore volume proportion (57%). The negative pH effect on adsorption performance of KAC was weaker than that on AC and BC, because of the less polarity of KAC. Moreover, KAC was favorable to adsorb FA fractions with various molecular weights, higher aromaticity and higher polarity. This study indicated that KAC was a promising adsorbent for FA, and revealed the underlying adsorption mechanism of FA on KAC, which are helpful for the carbon immobilization and pollution control in soil.

Comparison of Sample Preparation Techniques for the (-)ESI-FT-ICR-MS Analysis of Humic and Fulvic Acids

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Soil biogeochemistry is regularly studied by extracting the base-soluble fractions of SOM: acid-insoluble humic acid (HA) and acid-soluble fulvic acid (FA). Electrospray ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) is commonly utilized for molecularly characterizing these fractions. Different sample preparation techniques exist for the analysis of HA and FA though questions remain regarding data comparability following different preparations. Comparisons of different sample preparation techniques here revealed that the negative-mode ESI-FT-ICR-MS analytical window can be skewed to detect different groups of molecules, with primary differences in oxygenation, aromaticity, and molecular weight. It was also observed that HA and FA from soils versus an aquatic matrix behaved very differently. Thus, we conclude that sample preparation techniques determined to be "most optimal" in our study are in no way universal. We recommend that future studies of HA and FA involve similar comparative studies for determining the most suitable sample preparation technique for their particular type of HA or FA matrices. This will enhance data comparability among different studies and environmental systems and ultimately allow us to better understand the complex composition of environmental matrices.

Effect of the interaction of fulvic acid with Pb(II) on the distribution of Pb(II) between solid and liquid phases of four minerals

Lead (Pb) is one of the top metal pollutants worldwide, and its distribution between liquid and solid phases of soils is strongly controlled by its adsorption on minerals, organic matter, and their composites. This paper presented the effect of fulvic acid (FA) coexistence on the distribution of Pb(II) at the solid-liquid interface of four minerals, which provided reference for how to use humic substances to remove toxic Pb(II) in soils. The free Pb²⁺ of suspensions, measured by Pb ion selective electrode, was used to characterize the complexation of FA with Pb²⁺ at various pH. The adsorption isotherms of Pb(II) by montmorillonite, kaolinite, goethite, and gibbsite with and without FA were studied with batch experiments. Results indicated that the free Pb²⁺ decreased and complexed Pb(II) increased with the increase of FA concentration in Pb(II)-FA solutions, whether the initial concentration of Pb(II) was 0.1 or 1 mM. Pb²⁺ hydrolysis was low and the free Pb²⁺ concentration in pure lead solution without FA was generally unchanged with increasing solution pH at pH < 6.0. But free Pb²⁺ decreased with the increase of pH in the presence of FA, suggesting that the complexation ability of FA with Pb²⁺ increased with the increase of solution pH. The adsorption of Pb(II) by the minerals without FA followed the order: montmorillonite > kaolinite ≈ goethite > gibbsite at pH5.0. The Pb(II) adsorption by montmorillonite and kaolinite significantly enhanced with 1 g/L FA, while significantly inhibited with 3 g/L FA at low initial Pb(II) concentration. However, the effect of FA on Pb(II) adsorption by montmorillonite was greater than that of kaolinite, which was mainly related to the crystal layer structure, adsorption area, and cation exchange capacity of the minerals. The Pb(II) adsorption by goethite and gibbsite was significantly enhanced by the addition of both 1 g/L and 3 g/L FA, and the enhancement was more evident in goethite system. The effect of FA on the distribution of Pb(II) between solid and liquid phases of the minerals was determined by the factors such as the initial concentration ratio of FA to Pb(II), the adsorption capacity of minerals for FA, and the number of soluble complexes of FA with Pb²⁺. Therefore, the distribution of FA between solid and liquid of four minerals affected the distribution of Pb(II) between solid and liquid phases of the minerals greatly. The results can provide an important reference for understanding the distribution of Pb(II) and the dynamics and mobility of active components in polluted soils.

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid from different sources on Hg methylation in soil and accumulation in rice

Humus is often used as an organic modifier to reduce the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants, but the effects of different humus components from different sources on the fate of mercury (Hg) in paddy fields are still unclear. Here, fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) extracted from composted straw (CS), composted cow dung (CCD), peat soil (PM) and lignite coal (LC) were used to understand their effects on the methylation and bioaccumulation of Hg in paddy soil by pot experiments. Amendments of both FA and HA largely increased the abundance of Hg-methylating microbes and low-molecular-weight organic matters (e.g, cysteine) in paddy soil. They were also found to change the aromaticity, molecular size and Chromophoric DOM concentration of DOM, and resulted in heterogeneous effects on migration and transformation of Hg. All the FA-amended treatments increased the mobility and methylation of Hg in soil and its absorption in roots. Nevertheless, FA from different sources have heterogeneous effects on transport of Hg between rice tissues. FA-CCD and FA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg from roots to rice grains by 32.95% and 41.12%, while FA-CS and FA-LC significantly inhibited the translocation of inorganic Hg (IHg) by 52.65% and 66.06% and of MeHg by 46.65% and 36.23%, respectively. In contrast, all HA-amended treatments reduced the mobility of soil Hg, but promoted Hg methylation in soil. Among which, HA-CCD and HA-PM promoted the translocation of MeHg in rice tissues by 88.95% and 64.10%, while its accumulation in rice grains by 28.43% and 28.69%, respectively. In general, the application of some FA and HA as organic modifiers to reduce Hg bioaccumulation in rice is not feasible.

Effect of fulvic acid concentration levels on the cleavage of piperazinyl and defluorination of ciprofloxacin photodegradation in ice

Ice is an important physical and chemical sink for various pollutants in cold regions. The photodegradation of emerging fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotic contaminants with dissolved organic matter (DOM) in ice remains poorly understood. Here, the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and fulvic acid (FA) in different proportions as representative FQ and DOM in ice were investigated. Results suggested that the photodegradation rate constant of CIP in ice was 1.9 times higher than that in water. When C_FA/C_CIP ≤ 60, promotion was caused by FA sensitization. FA increased the formation rate of cleavage in the piperazine ring and defluorination products. When 60 < C_FA/C_CIP < 650, the effect of FA on CIP changed from promoting to inhibiting. When 650 ≤ C_FA/C_CIP ≤ 2600, inhibition was caused by both quenching effects of 143.9%-51.3% and light screening effects of 0%-48.7%. FA inhibited cleavage in the piperazine ring for CIP by the scavenging reaction intermediate of aniline radical cation in ice. When C_FA/C_CIP > 2600, the light screening effect was greater than the quenching effect. This work provides new insights into how DOM affects the FQ photodegradation with different concentration proportions, which is beneficial for understanding the environmental behaviors of fluorinated pharmaceuticals in cold regions.

Synergistic Cytotoxic and Antimigratory Effect of Brazilein and Doxorubicin on HER2-Overexpressing Cells

OBJECTIVE

The present research aims to report cytotoxic and antimigratory activities of the oxidized form of brazilin, i.e., brazilein, and the effects of the combination of brazilein-doxorubicin on MCF-7/HER2 cells.

METHODS

The MTT assay was conducted to test the cytotoxic activity, while flow cytometry with PI and PI-annexin V staining were respectively performed for cell cycle and apoptosis analyses. Migration and invasion analyses were assessed via Boyden chamber assay, while HER2, Rac1, p120, MMP2, and MMP9 protein levels were determined by immunoblotting and gelatin zymography. Molecular docking of ligands with HER2, Src, PI3Kα, PI3KΔ, and PI3Kγ proteins was evaluated using MOE 2010.

RESULTS

The MTT assay showed that the IC50 value of brazilein against MCF-7/HER2 cells was 51 ± 2.1 µM. Moreover, brazilein and its combination with doxorubicin-induced G2/M accumulation and apoptosis. Combination of brazilein-doxorubicin inhibited cell migration and tended to decrease HER2, Rac1, p120, MMP2, and MMP9 protein expression levels. Based on our molecular docking study, the docking score of brazilein with PI3Kγ is comparable to that of the native ligand.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, a combination of brazilein-doxorubicin exhibited synergistic cytotoxic and antimigratory effects on MCF-7/HER2 cells.<br />.

Effects of environmental factor fulvic acid on AgNPs food chain delivery and bioavailability

Due to its antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become the most commonly applied nanomaterials. However, the potential ecotoxicological toxicity of AgNPs in the environment is still unclear. Here we assessed the trophic transfer and toxicity of commercially manufactured polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AgNPs using a model food chain from Escherichia coli (E. coli) to Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results demonstrated that AgNPs could be accumulated in E. coli and transferred to C. elegans that preyed on the bacteria. Although low concentration of AgNPs had no significant inhibition on E. coli, they could affect germ cell apoptosis, reproduction ability and population size of C. elegans through food chain. Importantly, natural organic matter (NOM), which is omnipresent in environmental system, could increase the accumulation of AgNPs in E. coli and C. elegans, and significantly enhance the ecotoxicity of AgNPs. Our findings indicated that potential risks of nanomaterial through food chain should be considered for higher trophic organisms. And environmental factors could play an important role in transport of nanomaterials and altering their accumulation and toxicity in ecosystem.

Novel selenium-containing photosensitizers for near-infrared fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy

Benzopyran nitrile dyes cannot be used as qualified photosensitizers due to the low quantum yield of triplet state. The benzopyran derivatives containing selenium instead of oxygen atom based on the heavy atom effect are expected to become potential agents for photodynamic therapy. In this paper, a series of selenium-containing photosensitizers (PS_X) were prepared according to this strategy. PS_X can effectively produce both singlet oxygen and superoxide anions upon laser irradiation. PS_X exhibited the emission wavelength at 500-800 nm and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging in HeLa cells. Excellent biocompatibility and phototoxicity further indicated that PS_X could be used as efficient photosensitizers for NIR fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy.

Identifying the anti-metastasis effect of Anhydroicaritin on breast cancer: Coupling network pharmacology with experimental validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. and Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. are part of a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) drug pair (ECDP) widely used in the clinical treatment of breast cancer (BC). Both drugs have been proven to have anti-tumor effect. However, the active ingredients and molecular mechanism of ECDP remain to be explored.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the efficacy and potential mechanisms of actions of herb pair through network pharmacology and in vitro and in vivo experiments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The active ingredients of ECDP were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The corresponding potential target genes for ECDP components and BC were extracted from established databases, and the protein-protein interaction network of shared genes was constructed using STRING database. The effective ingredients and targets of ECDP for BC were obtained through the TCMSP database and GeneCards database. The potential targets and pathways were selected through the protein interaction network and enrichment analysis. Proliferation and migration experiments in vitro and tumor growth in vivo were performed to evaluate the effects of Anhydroicaritin (AHI) on BC.

RESULTS

AHI is the potential candidate active ingredient of ECDP through TCMSP. Molecular docking revealed that AHI has excellent binding ability with TP53, VEGFA, MMP2, and Met. In vitro experiment results showed that AHI inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231, 4T1, MCF-7, and SK-BR-3 BC cells. The inhibitory effect of AHI on triple-negative BC cells is more obvious. With the increase of AHI concentration, the colony-forming, migration, and metastasis abilities of the MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells gradually decreases. In addition, Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses results indicated that AHI downregulates HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling in triple-negative BC cells. AHI inhibits tumor growth and lung metastasis while downregulating the expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA.

CONCLUSION

AHI may play an anti-BC effect by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The results of this study may provide a theoretical basis for AHI research and the clinical application of ECDP in BC.

Controlled-release urea combined with fulvic acid enhanced carbon/nitrogen metabolic processes and maize growth

BACKGROUND

Controlled-release urea (CRU) or fulvic acid (FA), when applied, have been shown to increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) or to stimulate plant growth, yet their interactive effects are not well explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic mechanisms of CRU combined with FA (CRU + FA) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth. Through the experimental design with five treatments, the N metabolism through the transcriptomic analysis of maize leaf, endogenous hormones, photosynthesis enzymes in maize leaf and root, and maize yield and NUE were evaluated.

RESULTS

Compared with CRU treatment, CRU + FA treatment significantly increased auxin, nitrate reductase, and glutamate dehydrogenase in leaf by 35.4%, 43.9%, 40.8% and 19.5%, respectively, as well as, the relative content of the leaf chlorophyll and photosynthetic rate by 14.8% and 45.6%, respectively, at 12-leaf collar stage; the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) metabolic process was significantly enriched in CRU + FA treatment by 312 and 418 genes, according to transcriptome profiles of C/N metabolic in leaves from various fertilizer treated maize; maize yield and NUE of CRU + FA treatment were increased by 6.3% and 38.4%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrated that CRU + FA is a viable fertilization scheme that can enhance maize growth, yield and NUE through their synergies in improving N uptake, promoting photosynthesis, increasing C/N metabolic processes, and enhancing enzyme activities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Intensified microbial sulfate reduction in the deep Dead Sea during the early Holocene Mediterranean sapropel 1 deposition

The hypersaline Dead Sea and its sediments are natural laboratories for studying extremophile microorganism habitat response to environmental change. In modern times, increased freshwater runoff to the lake surface waters resulted in stratification and dilution of the upper water column followed by microbial blooms. However, whether these events facilitated a microbial response in the deep lake and sediments is obscure. Here we investigate archived evidence of microbial processes and changing regional hydroclimate conditions by reconstructing deep Dead Sea chemical compositions from pore fluid major ion concentration and stable S, O, and C isotopes, together with lipid biomarkers preserved in the hypersaline deep Dead Sea ICDP-drilled core sediments dating to the early Holocene (ca. 10,000 years BP). Following a significant negative lake water balance resulting in salt layer deposits at the start of the Holocene, there was a general period of positive net water balance at 9500-8300 years BP. The pore fluid isotopic composition of sulfate exhibit evidence of intensified microbial sulfate reduction, where both δ34S and δ18O of sulfate show a sharp increase from estimated base values of 15.0‰ and 13.9‰ to 40.2‰ and 20.4‰, respectively, and a δ34S vs. δ18O slope of 0.26. The presence of the n-C₁₇ alkane biomarker in the sediments suggests an increase of cyanobacteria or phytoplankton contribution to the bulk organic matter that reached the deepest parts of the Dead Sea. Although hydrologically disconnected, both the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea microbial ecosystems responded to increased freshwater runoff during the early Holocene, with the former depositing the organic-rich sapropel 1 layer due to anoxic water column conditions. In the Dead Sea prolonged positive net water balance facilitated primary production and algal blooms in the upper waters and intensified microbial sulfate reduction in the hypolimnion and/or at the sediment-brine interface.

Inhibiting the IRE1α Axis of the Unfolded Protein Response Enhances the Antitumor Effect of AZD1775 in TP53 Mutant Ovarian Cancer

Targeting the G2/M checkpoint mediator WEE1 has been explored as a novel treatment strategy in ovarian cancer, but mechanisms underlying its efficacy and resistance remains to be understood. Here, it is demonstrated that the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and activates the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) and inositol-required enzyme 1α (IRE1α) branches of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in TP53 mutant (mtTP53) ovarian cancer models. This is facilitated through NF-κB mediated senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Upon AZD1775 treatment, activated PERK promotes apoptotic signaling via C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), while IRE1α-induced splicing of XBP1 (XBP1s) maintains cell survival by repressing apoptosis. This leads to an encouraging synergistic antitumor effect of combining AZD1775 and an IRE1α inhibitor MKC8866 in multiple cell lines and preclinical models of ovarian cancers. Taken together, the data reveal an important dual role of the UPR signaling network in mtTP53 ovarian cancer models in response to AZD1775 and suggest that inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway may enhance the efficacy of AZD1775 in the clinics.

Combined exogenous selenium and biochemical fulvic acid reduce Cd accumulation in rice

Paddy soil Cd contamination and the related accumulation risk in rice grains have attracted global attention. The application of selenium and humic substances is considered to be a cost-effective Cd mitigation measure. However, the effect of a combined application of the two materials remains unclear. Therefore, a 2-season pot experiment was conducted, wherein sodium selenite (Se) and biochemical fulvic acid (BFA) were applied alone and together. Paddy soils with two levels of Cd contamination were used. The results indicate that Se application alone considerably decreased the rice grain Cd content by 36.1-48.7% compared to the control rice grain Cd concentration, which was above the food safety limit (0.2 mg kg^-1). Although the application of BFA alone decreased the soil pH, it also increased the soil CaCl₂ extractable Cd content by 0.2 to 19.3% and had a limited effect on Cd in the rice grains. The combined application of Se and BFA did not affect the soil pH or the CaCl₂ extractable Cd, and more effectively reduced the Cd contents of the rice grains by 50.2 to 57.1%, except for the control rice grain Cd content, which was below the limit. The combined application of Se and BFA also inhibited Se accumulation in rice grains, maintaining the Se content at a safe level (0.33-0.58 mg kg^-1) compared to Se application alone. The effects of reducing the Cd content of rice grains while safely increasing their Se contents could persist for at least two seasons. Therefore, the combined application of Se and BFA should be recommended to mitigate Cd contamination risks in Cd-contaminated paddy soil.

Meroterpenoids containing benzopyran or benzofuran motif from Ganoderma cochlear

Five undescribed benzopyran containing meroterpenoids, ganodercins Q－U, two undescribed benzofuran containing meroterpenoids, ganodercins V and W, and two known meroterpenoids were isolated from Ganoderma cochlear. Their structures were elucidated by using HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopy and computational methods. The results of biochemical studies using a palmitic acid (PA) induced insulin resistance (IR) model show that (-)-ganodercin Q, (+)-ganodercins R and W activate phospho-AKT (p-AKT) at 20 μM and improve glucose uptake in a concentration dependent manner. The results of renoprotection studies show that (+)-ganodercin S, cochlearol F, (+)- and (-)-ganodercins V reduce the expression of collagen I.

Control the greenhouse gas emission via mediating the dissimilatory iron reduction: Fulvic acid inhibit secondary mineralization of ferrihydrite

Reducing methane emission is of great importance to control the global greenhouse effect. Dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) coupling of organic matter decomposition may suppress methane production via reducing primary electron donors available for methanogenesis. However, during DIR, the amorphous iron oxides (e.g., ferrihydrite) are easy to transform into more stable crystalline iron minerals, which slowdowns the rate of DIR. Humic substance (HS) with redox activity has been extensively reported to facilitate DIR via "electron shuttles" mechanism, yet little known about the effect of HS on mediating the mineralization of iron oxides and the subsequent influences on DIR and methanogenesis. To clarify this, ferrihydrite and fulvic acid (FA) (as the model substance of HS) were supplied to anaerobic methanogenesis systems. Results showed that FA could significantly decrease the formation of crystalline iron oxides, enhance DIR rate by 13.72% and suppress methanogenesis by 25.13% compared to ferrihydrite supplemented only. By X-ray absorption spectra analysis, it was found that FA could complex with ferrihydrite via forming a Fe-C/O structure on the second shell of Fe atom. Quantum chemical calculation further confirmed that FA reduced the adsorption energy between Fe(II) and ferrihydrite. Our study suggested that rational use of HS to mediate mineralization pathway of iron oxides could efficiently improve the availability of iron oxides to drive DIR and control the conversion of organics into CH₄ in natural or engineered systems.

The Natural Janus Kinase Inhibitor Agerarin Downregulates Interleukin-4-Induced PER2 Expression in HaCaT Keratinocytes

The circadian clock system is closely associated with inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of the circadian clock genes in the skin impairs the skin barrier function and affects the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a proinflammatory cytokine derived from T-helper type 2 cells; it plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Agerarin (6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene) is a natural JAK1/2/3 inhibitor isolated from Ageratum houstonianum that has a protective effect on the epidermal skin barrier. However, it remains unclear whether agerarin affects the circadian clock system. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of agerarin on IL-4-induced PER2 gene expression in human keratinocytes through reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopic analysis, and real-time bioluminescence analysis. We found that agerarin reduced IL-4-induced PER2 mRNA expression by suppressing the JAK-STAT3 pathway. In addition, real-time bioluminescence analysis in PER2:luc2p promoter-reporter cells revealed that agerarin restored the oscillatory rhythmicity of PER2 promoter activity altered by IL-4. These findings suggest that agerarin may be useful as a cosmeceutical agent against inflammatory skin conditions associated with disrupted circadian rhythms, such as atopic dermatitis.

Cotransport of nano-hydroxyapatite and different Cd(II) forms influenced by fulvic acid and montmorillonite colloids

Soil colloids can affect the cotransport of nanoparticles and pollutants. In this study, the influencing mechanisms of organic fulvic acid (FA) and inorganic montmorillonite colloid (MONT) on the cotransport of nHAP and Cd(II) were investigated. Column experiments combined with Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, attachment efficiency calculation and two-site kinetic retention model were applied to study the mechanisms. Results showed that the co-existence of FA or MONT made the transport of nHAP improved by 58-75% and 33-59%, respectively. Both of them could improve the stability of nHAP particles and enhance electrostatic repulsion between nHAP particles and sand. Retention of nHAP in the sand was mainly caused by secondary energy minimum and physical straining. The co-existence of FA or MONT changed the amount of adsorbed species of Cd(II) and decreased the retardation effect of nHAP on Cd(II) transport. With increasing FA concentration, soluble FA·Cd and suspended nHAP·FA·Cd complexes in the system increased. Transport of soluble Cd(II) and total Cd(II) were strengthened due to the concentration effect of FA and the improved stability of nHAP particles. With increasing MONT concentration, the amount of soluble Cd(II) decreased, but that of colloidal Cd(II) (nHAP·Cd and MONT·Cd) increased. Due to the stronger effect of colloidal Cd(II) change than that of the soluble Cd(II) change, the transport of total Cd(II) was improved by 34-57%. The findings of this study can help to understand the fate of nanoparticles and Cd(II) in natural water and soil.

Spectroscopic Characteristics and Speciation Distribution of Fe(III) Binding to Molecular Weight-Dependent Standard Pahokee Peat Fulvic Acid

Peat-derived organic matter, as powerful chelators, is of great significance for the transport of Fe to the ocean and the enhancement of dissolved Fe. However, the iron binding capacity of molecular weight (MW)-fractionated dissolved organic matter is variable, due to its structure and composition heterogeneity. In this work, we used the standard Pahokee Peat fulvic acid (PPFA) as an example, and investigated the spectroscopy properties and Fe(III) binding ability of PPFA and different molecular weight fractions by UV−Vis absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy and the Donnan Membrane Technique (DMT). The results showed binding sites for Fe(III) at the 263 nm and >320 nm regions in differential absorbance spectra. Upon increasing the iron concentration to 18.00 μmol·L−1, the critical binding capacity was exceeded, which resulted in a decrease in absorbance. Fe(III) was found to prefer to bind to humic-like components, and ultraviolet humic-like fluorophores displayed stronger binding strength. High molecular weight PPFA fractions (>10 kDa) possessed more aromatic and hydrophobic components, displayed a higher degree of humification, and exhibited higher metal binding potential. Furthermore, the speciation analysis and stability constant (cK) were calculated using Donnan membrane equilibrium. The correlation between cK values and PPFA spectral properties demonstrated that aromaticity, hydrophobicity, molecular weight and humification degree were crucial indices of PPFA−Fe(III) affinity. Significantly, the humification degree, represented by HIX, showed the strongest correlation (r = 0.929, p = 0.003), which could be used to estimate the binding strength. This study provides further understanding of the complexation mechanism of iron and DOM in the peat environment and identifies the considerable effect of molecular weight.

Formation of Azaphilone Pigments and Monasnicotinic Acid by the Fungus Aspergillus cavernicola

Due to the ever-increasing demand for healthy and safe food, much attention has been gained by natural food colorants. This study showed the culture fluid extract of the fungus Aspergillus cavernicola VKM F-906 to contain red pigment and monasnicotinic acid (MNA) in predominant amounts. The structure of the pigment corresponded to cis-cavernamine (red pigment, RP). Two tautomers, NH and OH forms, in rapid equilibrium were present in a solution of RP. The critical factors for RP to form were the presence of NH₄⁺ salt and pH 6.3-6.5. In vitro experiments showed that MNA was synthesized from RP as a result of chemical transformations without the participation of enzymes. In this case, the main influence on the reaction rate is exerted by the pH of the medium, which is associated with the keto-enol tautomerism of RP in solution. The culture broth extract and MNA exhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium fungi.

Effect of rottlerin on astrocyte phenotype polarization after trimethyltin insult in the dentate gyrus of mice

BACKGROUND

It has been demonstrated that reactive astrocytes can be polarized into pro-inflammatory A1 phenotype or anti-inflammatory A2 phenotype under neurotoxic and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia have been suggested to play a critical role in astrocyte phenotype polarization by releasing pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. In this study, we examined whether trimethyltin (TMT) insult can induce astrocyte polarization in the dentate gyrus of mice, and whether protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) plays a role in TMT-induced astrocyte phenotype polarization.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 N mice received TMT (2.6 mg/kg, i.p.), and temporal changes in the mRNA expression of A1 and A2 phenotype markers were evaluated in the hippocampus. In addition, temporal and spatial changes in the protein expression of C3, S100A10, Iba-1, and p-PKCδ were examined in the dentate gyrus. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p. × 5 at 12-h intervals) was administered 3-5 days after TMT treatment, and the expression of A1 and A2 transcripts, p-PKCδ, Iba-1, C3, S100A10, and C1q was evaluated 6 days after TMT treatment.

RESULTS

TMT treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of A1 and A2 phenotype markers, and the increased expression of A1 markers remained longer than that of A2 markers. The immunoreactivity of the representative A1 phenotype marker, C3 and A2 phenotype marker, S100A10 peaked 6 days after TMT insult in the dentate gyrus. While C3 was expressed evenly throughout the dentate gyrus, S100A10 was highly expressed in the hilus and inner molecular layer. In addition, TMT insult induced microglial p-PKCδ expression. Treatment with rottlerin, a PKCδ inhibitor, decreased Iba-1 and C3 expression, but did not affect S100A10 expression, suggesting that PKCδ inhibition attenuates microglial activation and A1 astrocyte phenotype polarization. Consistently, rottlerin significantly reduced the expression of C1q and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), which has been suggested to be released by activated microglia and induce A1 astrocyte polarization.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated the temporal and spatial profiles of astrocyte polarization after TMT insult in the dentate gyrus of mice. Taken together, our results suggest that PKCδ plays a role in inducing A1 astrocyte polarization by promoting microglial activation and consequently increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators after TMT insult.

Fulvic acid-like substance-Ca(II) complexes improved the utilization of calcium in rice: Chelating and absorption mechanism

Water-soluble chelated calcium has been widely used in agriculture as a fertilizer to improve the absorption and utilization of calcium by plants. This paper prepared a new organic mineral fertilizer, based on fulvic acid-like substance chelated calcium (PFA-Ca²⁺ complex), using optimal parameters (i.e., pH, time, temperature, and Ca²⁺ concentration) to achieve a high chelation efficiency. The absorption, utilization, and distribution of the PFA-Ca²⁺ complex in rice roots were analyzed using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Our results demonstrated that the optimal PFA-Ca²⁺ complex chelating efficiency (87%) was achieved at an initial Ca²⁺ concentration of 0.1 mol L^-1, an equilibration time of 120 min, a pH of 5.0, and a temperature of 40 °C. The chelating reaction of a fulvic acid-like substance with Ca²⁺ primarily occurred on phenol hydroxyl, alcohol hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups. The PFA-Ca²⁺ complex was primarily enriched in the roots' pericycle, cortical, and epidermis cells, in both chelating and non-chelating forms. To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating how the PFA-Ca²⁺complex affects transformation in plants, which has significant implications for research on plant nutrition and nutrient distribution.

New mechanism of FA in composted sludge inducing Cu fixation on Albite in open-pit mine soil

Fulvic acid (FA), typical organic matter derived from humification process in composted sludge, possesses the potential to remediate mine soils contaminated by heavy metals. To understand the cooper (Cu) immobilizing process in open-pit mine soil induced by FA, changes of Cu speciation in mixture of open-pit mine soil and composted sludge was tracked over 180 days. It was observed that the organic-bound and residual fraction of Cu increased dramatically with the corresponding decrease of Fe/Mn oxide-bound Cu in the first 60 days, then the organic-bound fraction decreased to about its initial proportion during 60-120 days, while residual fraction still increased, and the proportion of residual Cu accounted for over 85% and became stable after 120 days. To reveal the mechanism of FA inducing Cu fixation on Albite which is the main phase of soil primary ore, two groups of Cu adsorption experiments with and without FA were designed. With the addition of FA, the adsorption capacity of Cu by Albite increased by 1.55 times and the content of residual Cu in Albite increased by 7.7 times. It was found that the Cu absorbed in smaller Albite particle induced by FA formed a secondary mineral--Chrysocolla, causing increase of residual fraction of Cu. These results revealed the mechanism: FA was absorbed on the surface of Albite after complexing with Cu ions in the solution, and then it induced Cu into the interlayer and pore channels of Albite. The Cu in the Albite was immobilized by forming Chrysocolla finally.