Religiosity and Death Anxiety: A Study of Muslim Dars Attendees

Dars is usually considered a religious lecture or activity where attendees spend much time in search of Islamic information, which often keeps the attendees away from negative thinking. Religious directions, belief salience, spiritual activities and practices are significant assets for dealing with difficult situations and odds of life. Death anxiety can increase the vulnerability of development of any psychological illness. Therefore, it is vital to study whether religiosity can serve as a buffering agent to death anxiety. The objective of our study was to examine the relationship between religiosity and death anxiety among Muslim dars attendees. We also aimed to investigate the gender-based differences in religiosity and death anxiety among Muslim dars attendees. A purposive sample of 200 adults (male n = 100 and female n = 100) with the age range of 20-60 years participated in the present study. The sample was collected from informal religious gatherings (dars) from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The information was gathered through self-reporting questionnaires, death anxiety scale and index of religiosity. The questionnaires were in Urdu (native language) for ease and convenience of the respondents. Variable correlation analysis and t test was applied statistically through SPSS 21 version. The findings of the study indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between religiosity and death anxiety. Results also revealed that there is insignificant difference in religiosity between male and female Muslim adults. Results also specified that the level of death anxiety is higher in female than in male Muslim adults. Religiosity has a significant inverse relationship with death anxiety, and this can be helpful in reducing the anxiety-related features. Being a trans-diagnostic construct, measures can be taken to control death anxiety in order to enhance the mental well-being of masses. The present research also puts forward that the development of religious beliefs and interventions can help people to better adjust in life.

The Effect of Holly Quran Voice With and Without Translation on Stress, Anxiety and Depression During Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Holy Quran on stress, anxiety and depression in Iranian pregnant women. A total of 168 participants were allocated randomly into three groups. Group I received broadcast of the Holy Quran with translation, group II received broadcast of the Holy Quran without translation, and group III was the control group. After intervention, scores of perceived stress, state anxiety, trait anxiety and depression in group I and group II were significantly lower compared with the control group. The Holly Quran with translation and without it, both are the effective for reducing stress, anxiety and depression during pregnancy.

Non-disclosure of tuberculosis diagnosis by patients to their household members in south western Uganda

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) non-disclosure by adult patients to all household members is a setback to TB control efforts. It reduces the likelihood that household contacts will seek early TB screening, initiation on preventive or curative treatment, but also hinders the implementation of infection controls and home-based directly observed treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of TB non-disclosure, its predictors and the effects of disclosure among adult TB patients in Uganda.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study at a large regional referral hospital in Mbarara, south-western Uganda. Questionnaires were administered to collect patients’ sociodemographic and their TB disclosure data. Non-disclosure was considered if a patient did not reveal their TB diagnosis to all household members within 2 weeks post-treatment initiation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted for predictors of non-disclosure.

Results

We enrolled 62 patients, 74% males, mean age of 32 years, and median of five people per household. Non-disclosure rate was 30.6%. Post-disclosure experiences were positive in 98.3% of patients, while negative experiences suggestive of severe stigma occurred in 12.3% of patients. Being female (OR 6.5, 95% CI: 1.4–29.3) and belonging to Muslim faith (OR 12.4, 95% CI: 1.42–109.1) were significantly associated with TB non-disclosure to household members.

Conclusions

There is a high rate of TB non-disclosure to all household members by adult patients in rural Uganda, particularly among women and muslim patients. Interventions enhancing TB disclosure at household level while minimizing negative effects of stigma should be developed and prioritized.

Muslims' experiences of equality recognition in Germany: Effects on identification with the larger society and on equality recognition of other societal subgroups

OBJECTIVES

Fostering the identification of societal minorities with the larger society is an essential political aim. In this article, we analyze whether minority members' perception of being recognized by society leads to a stronger identification with society, and whether this identification fosters more willingness to recognize other societal subgroups' members as equal members of society.

METHOD

Our analysis is based on both a cross-sectional (N = 1,059, 49% female, mean age = 31 years, 78% with migration background, i.e., first- to third-generation) and a longitudinal (N = 159, 57% female, mean age = 30 years, 76% with migration background) sample of Muslims living in Germany.

RESULTS

Structural equation modeling and path analyses suggested that the perception to be recognized by society as equals yielded stronger identification with Germany. In contrast, the perception that one's needs are recognized had no effect on the identification with Germany, while the perception of achievement recognition even tended to decrease identification with Germany. Identification with Germany, in turn, led to an increased willingness of respondents to extend equality recognition to subgroups' members whose beliefs and/or practices our respondents (on average) disapproved.

CONCLUSIONS

When the societal majority imparts to minorities a sense of being recognized as equals, this equality recognition colors the broader societal framework within which intergroup relations take shape. We further suggest that-if it is desired that subgroups identify with society-the most viable option is a multicultural model of society, which enables minorities to simultaneously retain their subgroup identity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

[Life Satisfaction, Perceived Discrimination, Religiosity, and Mental Health in Sufism: a Perspective from Montreal]

Objective The central objective of this paper is to explore the dynamic interactions between 5 sets of variables, which are Sociodemographic Characteristics, Satisfaction with Life, Perceived Discrimination, Religiosity and Emotional Distress within Montreal's Tariqa Qadiriya Boudchichiya, a Muslim Sufi way whose origins are Moroccan and date back to the 18th century. Method As a method, we considered psychological distress as the dependent variable and performed univariate descriptive statistical analyzes, bivariate correlation analyzes (Pearson correlation), one-way ANOVA analyzes, and multivariate analyzes (linear regressions). Results Our results, although preliminary due to a relatively small sample (n = 56), allow us to put forward a new hypothesis suggesting that the intense spiritual practice that characterizes the Tariqa, would allow "a work of the self on self" through a set of "techniques of the self" (Foucault) that contribute to a certain emotional well-being, if not to mental health. Conclusion Our conclusion underlines the importance of investigating more in depth the possible contribution of religiosity to the subject's capacity to act on oneself in order to emerge as a spiritual, ethical and political subject.

The Differential Impact of Religion on Self-Reported Health Among Serbian Roma Women

The present paper offers an account of how self-reported health varies with religious affiliation and reproductive effort among Serbian Roma women. Data were collected in 2014-2018 in two Roma semi-urban settlements in central Serbia. The sample consisted of 177 Christian and 127 Muslim women, averaging 54 years of age. In addition to religious affiliation (Christianity/Islam), demographic data, reproductive histories, data on self-reported and children's health were collected, along with height and weight, and smoking status. Christian and Muslim Roma women differed significantly on a number of variables, with Muslim women reporting poorer health and higher reproductive effort. Among Roma women religion may be an important determinant of reproductive and fertility patterns, largely because it may have formed an important foundation upon which identity is based. This study adds to the literature on the cross-cultural relevance of the ways religion shapes reproductive behaviors for understanding the health variations of women from the same ethnic group who profess different religions.

Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education

Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam is one of the indicating features of Islamic fundamentalism and, in some cases, is serving as a pull to join extremist groups. In this paper, using data from two waves of a cross-national survey, we investigate what affects European Muslims' opinions about Western governments. We find that residential segregation is associated with perceived hostility of Western governments to Islam. Further, we find that Muslims living in segregated neighbourhoods and enclaves have a higher probability of believing that Western governments are hostile to Islam. National origins of Muslim immigrants have a significant impact, with people from African countries measuring less perceived hostility than others. We also find that education is associated with perceived hostility of Western governments to Islam in a non-linear way. People with the highest and lowest levels of education tend to be less likely to believe that Western governments are hostile to Islam, relative to people with mid-level education. This non-linear effect is best explained by education's differential effects on perceptions of key world events. During the time between 2011 - before ISIS's announcement of its Caliphate in Iraq and Syria - and 2013, subsequent to that announcement, we see a sharp decrease in perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam, particularly among more educated European Muslims. We make the case that this decrease can be attributed, in some ways, to the emergence of ISIS. We discuss our findings in terms of theoretical and policy implications.

Ethnic Differences in Home-Related Maternal Stress: Muslim and Jewish Mothers

Parental stresses are normal responses to raising children. They are affected by stresses parents and children accumulate and bring to their interrelations. Background factors like economic difficulties or the relations between the parents may affect parental stresses as well as demographic and environmental factors like noise and access to urban parks. Most studies on parental stress are based on a verified psychological questionnaire. We suggest using frequency domain heart rate variability index (HRV) to measure parental stress enabling, by thus, the measurement of physiological aspects of stress and risk to health. Parental stress is measured as the difference between HRV accumulated at home while staying with the children and without the husband and HRV measured in the neighborhood while staying without the children and the husband. We use the index to compare differences among Muslim and Jewish mothers in exposure to maternal stress at their homes and to expose the factors that predict differences in maternal stress. We found that Muslim mothers suffer from home-related maternal stress while Jewish mother do not. Number of children and ethnically related environmental aspects predict differences in maternal stress between Muslim and Jewish mothers. Muslims' lower access to parks stems from lack of home garden and parks in their neighborhoods in the Arab towns but mainly by restrictions on Muslim mothers' freedom of movement to parks. Despite differences in levels of noise at home and in the status of the mother in the household, these factors did not predict differences in maternal stress. Instead, the study highlights the crucial role of greenery and freedom of movement to parks in moderating home-related maternal stress.

Understanding wellness and barriers to care among Iraqi refugee women in the United States

Iraqi refugees in the US experience a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases. In this article, we explore how cultural and structural realities intersect to influence utilisation of preventative healthcare and cancer screening with the aim of understanding health disparities in this population. We conducted three focus group discussions with a total of 14 Iraqi refugee women living in a northeastern US city in 2016 and analysed the qualitative data using a thematic analysis. Eight themes emerged from our data: (a) 'prevention is better than cure:' Iraqi refugee women maintain wellness; (b) physical and mental health are interrelated in causing and curing ill-health; (c) Iraqi refugee women embrace both biomedical and other healing practices; (d) God contributes to healing; (e) cancer is caused by dangerous environments. Three of the eight themes related to barriers to care; (f) multi-level problems within hospitals and clinics prevent the delivery of care; (g) financial barriers prevent access to care and good health; (h) competing priorities are a barrier to good health. We argue that understanding refugee health requires critical analysis of both culturally informed understandings of health and illness as well as the structural aspects of health disparities that result in limited access to life opportunities, racism and inequality for refugees and their communities.

Job Stress and Nurses Well-Being: Prayer and Age as Moderators

There is increasing popularity among researchers, scholars, and policymakers concerning the efficacy of prayer as a coping strategy for job stress. This study examines the moderating effects of prayer and age on the relationship between job stress and nurses' well-being in UMMC. Three hundred (300) Muslim nursing staff working at the University of Malaya Medical Centre were sampled. Data were collected via questionnaires. The findings of this study show that the effect of job stress on well-being is significant for nurses and that prayer of nurses contributed to alleviating job stress and enhancing well-being. This study is limited to nurses in one public hospital in a developing country. Thus, it would be more interesting if the study could be extended to other public and private institutions in a Muslim country, and a comparison could be done between other religions as well.

The Relationship Between Religiosity and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis

Several research studies from the USA and Western industrialized countries have reported a negative association between religiosity and anxiety. However, Arabic studies using mainly Muslim samples are limited. The objective of the present study was to apply meta-analysis statistical techniques to 10 Arabic studies of this association. All of the respondents were Arab citizens, ranging in age between 14 and 43 years, and the vast majority of them were Muslims. Religiosity and anxiety were assessed with seven different scales. In all of the studies, the administration of the scales was in small group sessions and in the Arabic language. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the religiosity and anxiety scale scores. All the correlations were negative. All but one were statistically significant, ranging from - 0.16 to - 0.43. The mean effect size was - 0.22, and the impact of age and gender on the correlation was not significant. This result suggests that religiosity may affect anxiety by providing buffering and coping mechanisms.

The buffering effect of Ramadan fasting on emotions intensity: a pilot study

The present study attempted to examine how Ramadan fasting could influence positive and negative feelings in healthy Muslims. Ninety-one Muslim fasters (48 women; mean age, 28.6±6.2 years) voluntarily completed an on-line inquiry one time a week during eight weeks: before (2 weeks), during (4 weeks), and after (2 weeks) the month of Ramadan 2013 at a specific time-slot that corresponded to the middle of the day, depending on the country in which the participants lived. Results showed that, relative to the period of outside Ramadan, the period of Ramadan fasting was associated with lower levels of positive affect (5.38±1.06 vs. 5.87±1.22, p=0.000), negative affect (2.78±1.31 vs. 2.95±1.35, p=0.057), and depression (2.36±1.31 vs. 2.64±1.46, p=0.004). However, anxiety (4.06±2.00 vs. 4.09±1.79, p=0.843) and wellbeing (6.23±1.36 vs. 6.25±1.47, p=0.804) were not influenced by Ramadan fasting. This study suggests that Ramadan fasting would act as a buffer against the intensity of emotions.

Hajj and the Mental Health of Muslim Pilgrims: A review

Mass gatherings occur in different situations and settings around the world. A mass gathering can range in size from thousands to millions and in nature from recreation (i.e. concerts) to religious festivals (i.e. the Hajj pilgrimage). Such mass gatherings can result in high rates of morbidity and mortality from communicable and non-communicable diseases, 'accidents' and, over recent years, terror attacks. Disproportionately lower consideration has been given to the mental health and wellbeing of people during mass gatherings compared to that given to physical health during such events. Hajj is a religious pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia that all Muslims are Islamically obliged to fulfil at least once in their lifetime. With up to 3 million pilgrims attending Hajj annually, it has been described as, 'The largest and longest-standing mass gathering event on Earth'. Although Hajj is a spiritual experience that is considered enlightening by many pilgrims, it can also be highly stressful which can have adverse effects on both physical and mental health. Few studies have been published hitherto on the impact that Hajj has on the mental health of pilgrims. This review article provides a narrative summary of studies conducted on Hajj and the relationship that this mass gathering has with the mental health of pilgrims.

Do values explain the low employment levels of Muslim women around the world? A within- and between-country analysis

Using worldwide data from the World Values Survey (WVS) gathered in 2010-2014, we examine two distinct ways in which Islam may be associated with women's employment. We show that, within their countries, Muslim women are less likely to be employed than women of other religions. We also examine between-country differences and find that, net of education and family statuses, the employment levels of women living in countries that are 90-100 per cent Muslim are not significantly different than those living in countries that are only 0-20 per cent Muslim. Then we test a prevailing view: that Islam discourages gender egalitarian values, and that these values - held by women themselves or people around them - explain why Muslim women are less likely to be employed than women of other religions within their own countries. Despite the rich measures of values in the WVS and a large sample, we find no evidence that values explain any of the lower employment of Muslim women, mainly because values have little or no effect on women's employment. Thus, we conclude that most of the world's gap in employment between Muslim women and other women is within-country and is not explained by gender ideology. Future research should examine alternative hypotheses, including ethno-religious discrimination.

The two sides of Islamophobia and the perception of threat from Islamic terrorists

There is a heightened interest concerning the understanding of prejudice toward Muslims in Europe, steadily increasing since 2001. This study aimed at investigating whether the phenomenon of Islamophobia could have two different manifestations (i.e., Islamoprejudice and Secular Critique of Islam). In particular, we assessed whether two social attitudes, Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA, i.e., authoritarian aggression, and conservatism) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), could predict differently the two dimensions. Moreover, we wanted to investigate the different influence of the two dimensions in relation to the perceived threat from terrorism. A sample of 366 Italian adults participated in the study completing a self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed by means of a structural equation model. Results showed that RWA and SDO were differently related to Islamoprejudice and Secular Critique of Islam, suggesting that certain forms of critique of Islam should not be associated with individual prejudice, because motivated only by secular, democratic, and universalistic convictions, denoting the traces of cultural biases. However, the nonprejudicial and apparently less problematic dimension of Islamophobia, that is, Secular Critique, does not preserve people from perceiving the threat from terrorism, in the same way as Islamoprejudice. Implications are discussed.

The Federation of Student Islamic Societies Programme to Challenge Mental Health Stigma in Muslim communities in Scotland: The FOSIS Glasgow Study

INTRODUCTION

A recent study commissioned by the Scottish Government on the prevalence of mental disorders in Muslims in Scotland revealed that over 50% of the sample met the diagnostic criteria for a mental illness. Stigma is a major barrier to mental health services and despite the availability of effective treatment, many Muslims in Scotland with mental health difficulties continue to suffer in silence. The Federation of Student Islamic Societies (FOSIS) Scotland branch organized a mental health conference in Glasgow to improve Mental Health Literacy and challenge mental health related stigma in the Scottish Muslim community. The conference was comprised of: A counsellor with a background of Islamic psychology, a psychiatrist and an Imam (a Muslim religious leader).

DESIGN

We conducted a single-arm, pre- post- comparison study on Muslims who attended the FOSIS mental health conference in Glasgow, Scotland. Validated psychometric stigma scales measuring knowledge (Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS)), attitudes (Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill (CAMI)) and behaviours (Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS)) were administered on participants before and immediately after exposure to the programme.

RESULTS

34 out of the 55 participants who attended the conference responded (response rate 62%). 34/34 (100%) of the respondents were Muslim and the mean age was 22.7 years (Std. Dev. 6.04, min. 18, max. 49). There were no statistically significant changes in stigma across the domains of knowledge, attitude and behaviour in respondents following exposure to the event.

CONCLUSION

Previous FOSIS anti-stigma conferences in England and Ireland featuring an Expert by Lived Experience were associated with statistically significant reductions in mental health related stigma. The results of the FOSIS Glasgow study supports the, 'Power of contact' with an Expert by Lived Experience at reducing mental health related stigma in the Muslim community. More robust research in this area is urgently required.

Traditions, Paradigms and Basic Concepts in Islamic Psychology

The conceptual tools of psychology aim to explain the complexity of phenomena that psychotherapists observe in their patients and within themselves, as well as to predict the outcome of therapy. Naturally, Muslim psychologists have sought satisfaction in the conceptual tools of their trade and in what has been written in Islamic psychology-notably by Badri (The dilemma of Muslim psychologists, MWH London, London, 1979), who critiqued Western psychology from an Islamic perspective, arguing the need to filter out from Western Psychology which was cross-culturally invalid or was in conflict with Islamic precept. In this paper, I advocate an extension of Badri's (1979) approach and present a working model of the self derived from traditional Islamic thought. This model, though rudimentary and incomplete, I believe, makes better sense of my perceptions as a clinician than any other psychological model within my knowledge.

Perceived Discrimination and Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Symptoms: In Muslim American College Students

Prior research has found that Muslim Americans' discrimination experiences are associated with increased risk of mental health problems. However, few studies have included Muslim American college students or identified moderators of this relationship. Among a sample of Muslim American college students (N = 141), the current study found that perceived discrimination was positively associated with MD and GAD symptom severity. Having a strong Muslim American identity exacerbated the relationship between perceived discrimination and GAD symptoms. The findings support practices to reduce discrimination toward Muslim American college students and the need for outreach to students with a strong Muslim American identity.

Maintaining Harmony: How Religion and Culture are Interwoven in Managing Daily Diabetes Self-Care

The lingering culture among Javanese people cannot be separated from religion, influencing how they perceive any factors that might play a role in managing any health condition. This present study aimed in exploring the perceptions and experiences of religion and culture in performing daily self-care among Javanese Muslim with type 2 diabetes. A qualitative study with thematic content analysis method utilizing in-depth semi-structured interviews was undertaken to explore the perceptions and experiences of Javanese Muslim with diabetes managing their daily self-care activity. Convenient samples of 24 participants were selected to gain a richer understanding of self-care activity. The study identified one main theme of 'maintaining harmony' with comprised of two sub-themes: 'surrender and accept', and 'keep trying and leave the rest to Allah, a concept of tawakkal'. The first sub-theme consists of categories of: nerimo ing pandum, or accepting with sincerity, and tepo seliro, or being tolerance with others. The second sub-theme consists of three categories: being independent, social ties, and embracing Allah. The study also reveals the importance of Pengajian and Persadia as social resources in enhancing the capability to better self-care the condition. Thus, it also reveals the need to further develop diabetes education programmes in collaboration with religious leaders and health professionals to promote self-care to complement religious practice: Tawakkal or 'Keep trying and leave the rest to Allah'.

Religious and Cultural Aspects of Organ Donation in the Turkish Population

OBJECTIVE

Organ donation is becoming more important with increasing organ transplantation possibilities. We aimed to determine the knowledge, sociocultural view, and influences of religious belief regarding opinions on organ donation.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

This study was based on a self-administered survey questionnaire distributed via the Internet. The study sample was sent to Internet communication groups.

RESULTS

Three hundred and seventeen participants completed the survey: 39.4% of respondents said that they would definitely donate their organs; 6.9% would only give via live donation; 51.4% were undetermined; and 2.2% absolutely refused to donate. Muslim respondents favored organ donation (36.5%) and linked it to religious reasons (6.3%). Only 4 (1.3%) of the 6 (1.9%) Muslim respondents who said they would definitely not donate did so because they felt that organ donation was religiously inappropriate. Of 22 Muslim participants (7.3%), 5 (1.6%) attributed the idea of living donation to religious reasons and 11 (3.6%) did not have enough information. The atheist respondents believed that the reason for organ donation was to do someone else a favor (88.8%). The deist and agnostic believers also ascribed to this view. In order to evaluate the effects of cultural causes, we examined regional responses and found that 85 of the 196 participants in the Marmara Region would definitely donate organs, 18 would do so only for live donations, and 5 would definitely not donate.

CONCLUSION

Religious and cultural factors affect people's decision to donate their organs. In the survey we conducted on Turkish responders, we saw that religious causes are particularly effective in organ donation.

Narrative Review: The (Mental) Health Consequences of the Northern Iraq Offensive of ISIS in 2014 for Female Yezidis

The Yezidis who represent a religious minority living in Northern Iraq were particularly affected by the persecution by ISIS (Islamic state of Iraq and Syria, syn.: ISIL-Islamic state of Iraq and the Levant) that gained power after 2013. This paper gives an overview of the events and the mental health consequences on the Yezidi community as well as associated influences on affected female Yezidis. Based on a systematic literature search, the aspects of "Persecution by ISIS and actual situation of the Yezidi community", "Gender-specific aspects of the persecution and its consequences", "Mental health of the affected women", and "Cultural-historical and religious context" are worked out. Research indicates a high burden of health strain and mental health problems in the surviving Yezidi women, especially post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and depression. Concerning transgenerational trauma, the recent genocide has revived past experiences in the history of the community. Like the narrow cultural and religious rules of the community, this can be both a resource and a burden. The actual extent of the attacks is neither predictable for the affected individuals nor for the community, consequences could also be passed onto descendants. Long-term care and support of the affected persons, their descendants, and the Yezidi community seems indispensable.

Profile and Motivations of Registered Whole-Body Donors in Turkey: Istanbul University Experience

Little is known regarding the profiles of whole body donors in Muslim majority countries where donation is scarce. Therefore, this study aims to profile registered donors in Turkey by means of a survey. The explored data could be used to improve ongoing campaign efforts and ethical practices such as commemoration services. Registered donors of the donation programs at the two faculties of medicine of Istanbul University were compared with the national population and a cluster analysis was performed to reveal any concealed sub-groups. Data from 188 respondents were analyzed. The majority of registered donors were married (42%), male (65.4%), aged over 50 years (76%), held a tertiary education degree (49.7%), and were irreligious (58.5%). Cluster analysis revealed two groups with significantly different educational levels, marital statuses, and religious choices. Regarding whether their bodies could be used for education or research, the majority (64.5%) of the respondents left the decision to the anatomy department. Similarly, 73.8% approved indefinite use of their organs, body parts and/or skeletons. The respondents were also willing to share their medical history (94.2%) and personal information (81.6%) if needed. Motivational themes for body donation including usefulness, impermanence, religion, awareness, and kinship were devised after a thematic analysis. Among the respondents, 56.5% were registered organ donors and 63.3% were frequent blood donors. The results of this study provide data that may help revising informed consent forms, developing and implementing thanksgiving ceremonies, and selecting additional targets for supporting body donation campaign activities such as organ and blood donation units.

[Caregivers of North African origin faced with Islamist radicalisation]

Supporting teenagers in search of ideality sometimes requires accepting and understanding the movements present in the process of Islamist radicalisation. It is therefore necessary to understand the implicit dimension to this notion of radicalisation and what it arouses in each of us. For caregivers with a North African immigrant background, it is a question of implementing their countertransference in order to guarantee unconditional acceptance, and to establish a bond to deliver better care.

Incorporating Islamic Creed into Islamic Counselling Process: A Guideline to Counsellors

This article is a concept paper that reviewed the main principles of Islamic creed (aqīdah) related to counselling. Islamic creed has been regarded as the root of Islam; thus, it should be the fundamental composition of Islamic counselling. The objectives of this review are to demonstrate the relationship between counselling and Islamic creed and to establish a guideline for the practitioners of Islamic counselling when consulting with their clients in matters related to creed. The review was conducted by suggesting methods to incorporate Islamic creed into three stages of counselling process. The major references for this review were the verses in the Qurān, the Prophet Tradition (hadith) and literatures on Islamic counselling. This review revealed that there is a strong relationship between counselling and Islamic creed and there are six aspects of Islamic creed associated to counselling that should be observed by the Islamic counselling practitioners.