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Salisbury L, Toombs HS, Kelly EA, Crawford S. The effect of end-user searching on reference services: experience with MEDLINE and current contents. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1990; 78:188-91. [PMID: 2073240 PMCID: PMC225374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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127
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Thornburg LP, Rottinghaus G, McGowan M, Kupka K, Crawford S, Forbes S. Hepatic copper concentrations in purebred and mixed-breed dogs. Vet Pathol 1990; 27:81-88. [PMID: 2345941 DOI: 10.1177/030098589002700202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histomorphologic, histochemical, and atomic absorption analysis studies were performed on liver tissue from 623 clinically normal purebred and mixed-breed dogs to assess the range of hepatic copper concentrations, the histologic distribution of copper, and the histomorphologic changes associated with the various copper concentrations that were found. Atomic absorption analysis revealed a continuous numerical spectrum ranging from less than 100 parts per million on a dry weight basis (ppm dw) to more than 2,000. No decisive numerical criterion was found that could be used to separate normal from abnormal copper concentrations because of this continuous array. The threshold for histochemical demonstration of copper-containing granules using rhodanine or rubeanic acid staining was 400 ppm dw. At this concentration the copper-containing granules were located in the centrilobular hepatocytes (zone 3 of Rappaport). Copper-containing granules were found in the midzonal and periportal hepatocytes (zones 2 and 1 of Rappaport) in livers with 1,000 ppm dw and higher copper concentrations. The majority of the 623 livers were normal histomorphologically. Multifocal hepatitis characterized by mixed inflammatory cell accumulation and centrilobular distribution was found to be associated with copper concentrations in the range of 2,000 ppm dw or higher. An appropriate upper limit for normal hepatic copper concentration in the dog was not determined based on the present study.
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128
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Chang YN, Crawford S, Stall J, Rawlins DR, Jeang KT, Hayward GS. The palindromic series I repeats in the simian cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter behave as both strong basal enhancers and cyclic AMP response elements. J Virol 1990; 64:264-77. [PMID: 2152815 PMCID: PMC249099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.1.264-277.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 600-base-pair (bp) enhancer region upstream from the major IE94 gene of simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV) produces very strong basal expression of associated gene products. This domain consists of multiple sets of interspersed repetitive elements, including 11 copies of a conserved 16-bp palindromic sequence with the consensus CCATTGACGTCAATGG. These series I repeats contain an 8-bp core TGACGTCA that resembles the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response element (CRE) of cellular genes. In transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays in K562 human erythroleukemia cells, a set of deleted variants of the IE94 promoter all responded up to 15-fold to induction by cAMP. However, successive removal of most of the SCMV 16-bp motifs reduced basal expression over 20-fold. The cAMP stimulation was also manifested at the steady-state RNA level after SCMV infection of K562 cells and was detectable within 1.5 h after treatment of DNA-transfected cells. Addition of a single 30-bp oligonucleotide encompassing the 16-bp palindrome conveyed up to 10-fold cAMP responsiveness onto a heterologous weak promoter but had no effect on basal expression. In contrast, two or more adjacent copies produced 20- to 40-fold increases in basal expression and provided greater than 200-fold activation in the presence of cAMP. Similar effects were obtained when the oligonucleotides were placed in a downstream location relative to the reporter gene. Studies with mutant oligonucleotides revealed that both the core CRE and the flanking sequence portions of the 16-bp elements were essential for enhancer function. Both components were also important for maximum cAMP responsiveness. Band shift assays with fractionated nuclear extracts from Raji lymphocytes revealed multiple competable complexes with cellular DNA-binding factors that recognized the series I elements. Three distinct CREB-like factors were detected that required only the core 8-bp elements for binding. We conclude that the 16-bp series I repeats provide a major contribution to the constitutive enhancer properties of the IE94 promoter and also act as functional CREs. The cAMP response properties appear likely to play a key role in reactivation of the virus from a latent state in appropriately differentiating cell types.
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129
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Mawad ME, Rivera V, Crawford S, Ramirez A, Breitbach W. Spinal cord ischemia after resection of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: MR findings in 24 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990; 11:987-91. [PMID: 2121005 PMCID: PMC8334116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
MR images of the thoracic spinal cord were made in 24 patients who developed signs and symptoms of spinal cord ischemia or infarction following surgery for a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. Findings consisted primarily of four different patterns of signal abnormalities in the distribution of the anterior spinal artery. These abnormalities were identified as types A-D, depending on the degree of involvement of the gray matter and surrounding white matter. We found good correlation between the distribution of the signal abnormalities in the cord, the severity of the neurologic deficits, and the clinical outcome. MR is the imaging method of choice for diagnosing spinal cord ischemia or infarction. A thorough knowledge of the spinal cord arterial territories is crucial for characterizing ischemic MR signal abnormalities and for differentiating them from other causes of myelopathy.
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130
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Crawford S, Beardsley RS, Lamy PP, Mech AB, Proksch R. Comparing fact sheets and lectures to provide investigational drug information. JOURNAL OF NURSING STAFF DEVELOPMENT : JNSD 1990; 6:35-9. [PMID: 2299409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a study to evaluate the effectiveness of two methods (fact sheets and lectures) of providing investigational drug information.
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131
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Digre KB, Maxner CE, Crawford S, Yuh WT. Significance of CT and MR findings in sphenoid sinus disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989; 10:603-6. [PMID: 2501995 PMCID: PMC8334545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of the paranasal sinuses, particularly the sphenoid sinus, can be associated with significant disorders of the optic and other cranial nerves. We examined 100 consecutive routine CT scans, 100 posterior fossa CT scans, and 100 MR scans to look for evidence of sinus disease, especially of the sphenoid sinus. The sphenoid sinus was abnormal in 7% of scans by all methods. Other sinuses were more frequently abnormal, including maxillary (23%), ethmoid (34%), and frontal (16%). Although MR was more sensitive in detecting sinus inflammation in the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses, the frequency of visible sphenoid sinus abnormalities detected by MR was not significantly greater when compared with CT. Of those patients with abnormal sphenoid sinuses, 24% had visual problems associated with the abnormality.
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132
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Crawford S. Irwin h. Pizer, twentieth editor of the bulletin. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1989; 77:77-8. [PMID: 16017910 PMCID: PMC227312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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133
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Bowden RA, Dobbs S, Kopecky KJ, Crawford S, Meyers JD. Increased cytotoxicity against cytomegalovirus-infected target cells by bronchoalveolar lavage cells from bone marrow transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1988; 158:773-9. [PMID: 2844915 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/158.4.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic activity of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from 23 bone marrow transplant recipients against CMV-infected fibroblast target cells was evaluated to determine if responses differed between patients with and without CMV pneumonia. Responses of BAL cells were also compared with responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). BAL cells from patients with CMV pneumonia had greater cytotoxicity than BAL cells from patients with non-CMV pneumonia (P = .008). Cytotoxicity of BAL cells was also increased, as compared with PBLs, from patients with CMV pneumonia (P = .008). Lymphocytes, not alveolar macrophages, were found to be the cytotoxic effector cells in studies using purified BAL populations. Depletion studies using Leu 11b and complement suggested that natural killer cells were responsible for the cytotoxic activity. These studies demonstrate that BAL cells from patients with CMV pneumonia after bone marrow transplant have increased cytotoxicity against CMV-infected target cells.
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134
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McNamara MC, Grant CM, Crawford S. Financing uncompensated care under hospital price competition: New Jersey's approach. TRUSTEE : THE JOURNAL FOR HOSPITAL GOVERNING BOARDS 1988; 41:14-5. [PMID: 10290481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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135
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Pollei SR, Boyer RS, Crawford S, Harnsberger HR, Barkovich AJ. Disorders of migration and sulcation. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1988; 9:231-46. [PMID: 3078670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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136
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Crawford S. Joint ventures. A modern approach to modern problems in Georgia. SOUTHERN HOSPITALS 1988; 56:20-3. [PMID: 10291312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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137
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Crawford S. Peer review and the evaluation of manuscripts. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1988; 76:75-7. [PMID: 3370379 PMCID: PMC227238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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138
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Crawford S, Varner MW, Digre KB, Servais G, Corbett JJ. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70:474-7. [PMID: 3627607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the precise neuropathologic basis for eclamptic convulsions remains unclear, intracranial hemorrhage is frequently associated with fatal cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a recently developed neuroimaging technique that appears superior to other processes for defining intracranial anatomy and pathophysiology. This technique has not yet been reported in eclampsia. The authors performed serial MRIs on an eclamptic woman, with findings compatible with previously described neuropathologic changes.
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139
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Crawford S, Halbrook B, Kelly E, Stucki L. Beyond the online catalog: developing an academic information system in the sciences. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1987; 75:202-8. [PMID: 3315052 PMCID: PMC227683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The online public access catalog consists essentially of a machine-readable database with network capabilities. Like other computer-based information systems, it may be continuously enhanced by the addition of new capabilities and databases. It may also become a gateway to other information networks. This paper reports the evolution of the Bibliographic Access and Control System (BACS) of Washington University in end-user searching, current awareness services, information management, and administrative functions. Ongoing research and development and the future of the online catalog are also discussed.
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140
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Crawford S. Surviving a PR nightmare. SOUTHERN HOSPITALS 1987; 55:34. [PMID: 10281986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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141
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Crawford S, Ryder D. A study of sex differences in cognitive impairment in alcoholics using traditional and computer-based tests. Drug Alcohol Depend 1986; 18:369-75. [PMID: 3816533 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(86)90101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Female alcoholics were found to report a similar pattern of cognitive impairment to male alcoholics immediately prior to discharge from an inpatient unit. Yet females reported a shorter history of heavy drinking and lower habitual levels of consumption. Clinical implications are discussed.
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142
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Stedman CM, Crawford S, Cherny WB. Thin-layer chromatography and false positive identification of phosphatidylglycerol in patients with preterm ruptured membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155:226-7. [PMID: 3728593 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(86)90118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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143
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Thornburg LP, Shaw D, Dolan M, Raisbeck M, Crawford S, Dennis GL, Olwin DB. Hereditary copper toxicosis in West Highland white terriers. Vet Pathol 1986; 23:148-54. [PMID: 3962081 DOI: 10.1177/030098588602300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histologic, histochemical and atomic absorption studies on liver tissue from 71 West Highland white terriers are reported. Twenty-seven dogs had histologically normal liver and copper concentration comparable to mongrel control dogs. Forty-four dogs had hepatic copper concentrations up to 22 times the mean copper concentration found in clinically normal mongrel dogs. Hepatitis, hepatic necrosis and cirrhosis were associated with the increased copper concentration in some dogs. Matings between dogs with high liver copper concentration produced pups with high liver concentration. The copper storage defect is inherited.
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144
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Crawford S. Introduction. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1986; 74:19-21. [PMID: 16017865 PMCID: PMC227764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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145
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Abstract
The findings of a pilot study, focusing on suicidal behaviors among 313 high school students in the Midwest, are discussed. Of all the students who participated in the study, 62.6% reported some degree of suicidal ideation or action, including 8.4% who had actually made a suicide attempt. The current study provides a linchpin between the studies of adolescent suicide attempt rates and the studies reporting on percentages of adolescents who made suicide attempts. When the percentage of attempters who made attempts but did not seek medical help is taken under consideration, these two groups of studies become equivalent. Apparently, suicide is a personal concern for most high school students--a problem that warrants immediate attention.
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146
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Crawford S. All-payer financing of uncompensated care: the New Jersey experience. BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 1986; 62:630-7. [PMID: 3091122 PMCID: PMC1629451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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147
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Crawford S, Goff SP. A deletion mutation in the 5' part of the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus blocks proteolytic processing of the gag and pol polyproteins. J Virol 1985; 53:899-907. [PMID: 3882995 PMCID: PMC254725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.53.3.899-907.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion mutations in the 5' part of the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus were generated by restriction enzyme site-directed mutagenesis of cloned proviral DNA. DNA sequence analysis indicated that one such deletion was localized entirely within the 5' part of the pol gene, did not affect the region encoding reverse transcriptase, and preserved the translational reading frame downstream of the mutation. The major viral precursor polyproteins (Pr65gag, Pr200gag-pol, and gPr80env) were synthesized at wild-type levels in cell lines carrying the mutant genome. These cell lines assembled and released wild-type levels of virion particles into the medium. Cleavage of both Pr65gag and Pr200gag-pol precursors to the mature proteins was completely blocked in the mutant virions. Surprisingly, these virions contained high levels of active reverse transcriptase; examination of the endogenous reverse transcription products synthesized by the mutant virions revealed normal amounts of minus-strand strong-stop DNA, indicating that the RNA genome was packaged and that reverse transcription in detergent-permeabilized virions was not significantly impaired. Processing of gPr80env to gP70env and P15E was not affected by the mutation, but cleavage of P15E to P12E was not observed. The mutant particles were poorly infectious; analysis indicated that infection was blocked at an early stage. The data are consistent with the idea that the 5' part of the pol gene encodes a protease directly responsible for processing Pr65gag, and possibly Pr200gag-pol, to the structural virion proteins. It appears that cleavage of the gag gene product is not required for budding and release of virions and that complete processing of the pol gene product to the mature form of reverse transcriptase is not required for its functional activation.
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148
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Hardy MC, Yeoh JW, Crawford S. Evaluating the impact of library services on the quality and cost of medical care. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1985; 73:43-6. [PMID: 3978294 PMCID: PMC227541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent federal regulations have minimized the role of the hospital library in contributing to the quality of medical care and in lowering hospital costs. We trace the events that have led to these assumptions and discuss the complex problem of evaluating the impact of library services. Current research on the value and effectiveness of information is outlined.
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149
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Danhauer JL, Crawford S, Edgerton BJ. English, Spanish, and bilingual speakers' performance on a nonsense syllable test (NST) of speech sound discrimination. THE JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING DISORDERS 1984; 49:164-8. [PMID: 6716988 DOI: 10.1044/jshd.4902.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of a 25-item open-set CVCV Nonsense Syllable Test (NST; Edgerton & Danhauer, 1979) to assess English, Spanish, and bilingual native speakers' speech sound discrimination skills (i.e., both the subjects and the NST were evaluated). The NST was presented at five sensation levels (SLs) between 25 and 65 dB to 29 normally hearing individuals from three native language backgrounds: monolingual English speakers, bilingual Spanish-English speakers having equal experience in each language, and Spanish speakers having little exposure to English. Articulation functions were plotted for each group and compared across SLs, groups, and scoring methods. Results indicated that the phoneme scoring method best described the responses, and all groups' scores improved with increases in SL until they reached a plateau at 45 dB SL. The bilingual group performed similarly to the English speakers; but, as expected, the Spanish group scored significantly poorer than the other two groups. Thus, while the NST may not be highly useful for Spanish speakers, it can help describe the speech sound discrimination abilities of bilingual (Spanish-English) speakers.
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150
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Crawford S. Derek John De Solla Price (1922-1983): the man and the contribution. BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 1984; 72:238-9. [PMID: 6375781 PMCID: PMC227421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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