Comparison of the chromium distribution in organs and subcellular fractions of normal and diabetic rats by using enriched stable isotope Cr-50 tracer technique

The enriched stable isotope 50Cr(III) tracer technique combined with neutron activation analysis was used to examine the intracellular distribution of Cr(III) in the liver, pancreas, testes, and kidney homogenates of both normal and diabetic rats. Our new results showed that the nucleic fraction has the highest Cr concentration in the liver cell of both normal and diabetic rats. The diabetic rats retain more Cr in the mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions of liver homogenate than the normal. This is likely an indication of chromium participating in the glucose or lipid metabolism to compensate the low level of insulin in the body of diabetic rats. The concentrations of Cr in the subcellular fractions of pancreas, testes, and kidney in the normal rats are higher than those in the diabetic rats, which favor the hypothesis that Cr(III) plays its biological function via interaction with the insulin-sensitive tissues or enhancement of the sensitivity of the insulin receptor.

[The changes of pancreatic function after cardiopulmonary bypass]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the changes of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function in patients who underwent heart valve replacement under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in order to optimally conside clinical management perioperatively.

METHOD

Sixteen patients with heart valve disease were selected. Serum glucose, lactate, insulin, C peptide, amylase and lipase were measured.

RESULT

Hyperglycemia and hyperlactacemia were noted after CPB and peaked at 19:00 on the operative day. Their changes were correctly correlated. Serum glucose and lactate returned to the baseline level on the third postoperative day. The average level of serum insulin were normal, but higher on the third postoperative day. However, the level of serum C peptide was higher than the baseline. It doubled the baseline level at 19:00 on the operative day. The average level of serum amylase and lipase was normal, except the higher level of serum lipase on the fourth postoperative day. In our group, 12 patients had normal serum amylase level perioperatively, and 4 increased serum amylase level (25%), among them 2 patients accompanied with hyperlipasimia (16%). There were 8 patients with hyperlipasimia (50%).

CONCLUSION

The endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions were influenced by CPB and did produce pathophysiologic changes.

The Kaiser Permanente/USC Patient Consultation Study: change in use and cost of health care services

The impacts of three alternative models of pharmacist consultation on the use and cost of health care services were studied. Two studies were conducted concurrently in an HMO over two years. In one, 6000 patients were randomly assigned to one of three consultation models; in the other, the three models were implemented in six geographic regions of California (4600 patients). The models were (1) consultation about new or changed prescriptions as mandated by state law (state model), (2) consultation focused on selected high-risk ambulatory care patients (Kaiser Permanente [KP] model), and (3) a control model. The patients were surveyed three times about their health status and satisfaction, and computerized data on health care use and cost were collected. The effect of the consultation models on the use and cost of health care services was examined across five risk groups that were based on drug-use profiles. An additional 37,750 patients (10% of the patients residing in the areawide study sites) were included in a supplemental analysis of the use and cost of health care services. There was no indication in the random-assignment study that pharmacist consultations affected either drug costs or the cost of office visits. Similar results were found in the areawide study, with the exception that the KP model was associated with lower drug costs than the control model. In the 10% sample, the KP model appeared to be associated with lower office visit costs but higher drug costs. Both models were associated with a lower likelihood of a hospital admission and with lower total health care costs for some high-risk patients compared with the control model. Counseling patients about their medications may be unlikely to reduce medication costs or the cost of office visits but may reduce the likelihood of hospital admissions and the overall costs of health care services; a combination of counseling patients at high risk for drug-related problems and counseling all patients about any new or changed prescription should be considered.

Molecular and structural biology of thyroid hormone receptors

1. Thyroid hormone receptors (TR) are expressed from two separate genes (alpha and beta) and belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which also contains receptors for steroids, vitamins and prostaglandins. 2. Unliganded TR are bound to DNA thyroid hormone response elements (TRE) predominantly as homodimers, or as heterodimers with retinoid X-receptors (RXR), and are associated with a complex of proteins containing corepressor proteins. Ligand binding promotes corepressor dissociation and binding of a coactivator. 3. Recent studies from our group have focused on the acquisition and use of X-ray crystallographic structures of ligand-binding domains (LBD) of both the rat (r) TR alpha and the human (h) TR beta bound to several different ligands. We have also developed ligands that bind selectively to the TR beta, which may provide ways to explore the differential functions of TR alpha compared with TR beta isoforms. 4. The LBD is comprised mostly of alpha-helices. The ligand is completely buried in the receptor and forms part of its hydrophobic core. Kinetic studies suggest that the limiting step in formation of high-affinity ligand-receptor complexes is the rate of folding of the receptor around the ligand. Ligands can be fitted tightly in the ligand-binding pocket and small differences in this fitting may explain many structure-activity relationships. Interestingly, analysis of the structures of antagonists suggests that they have chemical groups, 'extensions', that could impair receptor folding around them and, thus, prevent the agonist-induced conformation changes in the receptor. 5. The TR structures allowed us to see that the mutations that occur in the syndrome of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone are located in the vicinity of the ligand-binding pocket. 6. X-ray structure of the TR has also been used to guide construction of mutations in the TR surface that block binding of various proteins important for receptor function. Studies with these TR mutants reveal that the interfaces for homo- and heterodimerization map to similar residues in helix 10 and 11 and also allow the definition of the surface for binding of coactivators, which appears to be general for nuclear receptors. Formation of this surface, which involves packing of helix 12 of the TR into a scaffold formed by helices 3 and 5, appears to be the major change in the receptor structure induced by hormone occupancy.

Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action: insights from X-ray crystallographic and functional studies

This review summarizes the studies conducted in our laboratory on the mechanisms of thyroid hormone action over the past two decades. We have attempted to place our studies on thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in perspective with the work conducted by other investigators that established their nuclear localization, DNA-binding properties, DNA response elements, and the role of other proteins involved in TR-mediated regulation of gene transcription. Recently, our crystallographic studies of the TR ligand binding domain (LBD) revealed that the ligand has a structural role in the folding of the receptor's hydrophobic core. The analysis of the structure led to biochemical and genetic studies that have defined the surfaces on the TR LBD required for dimerization and binding of coactivator proteins. Placement of the mutations found in patients with the syndrome of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone on the TR LBD revealed that they were restricted to amino acids in the vicinity of the binding pocket for thyroid hormone. The insights gained from the elucidation of the TR LBD structure will provide the basis for the design of compounds with selective agonistic or antagonistic activities.

Voltage-dependent anion channel proteins in synaptosomes of the torpedo electric organ: immunolocalization, purification, and characterization

In this study, we purified and characterized the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) from the Torpedo electric organ. Using immunogold labeling, VDAC was colocalized with the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel in the synaptic plasma membrane. By immunoblot analysis, five protein bands in synaptosomes isolated from the Torpedo electric organ cross reacted with two monoclonal anti-VDAC antibody. No more than about 7 to 10% mitochondrial contains could be detected in any synaptosomal membrane preparation tested. This was estimated by comparing the specific activity in mitochondria and synaptosomes of succinate-cytochrome-c oxidoreductase and antimycin-insensitive NADH-cytochrome-c oxidoreductase activities; mitochondrial inner and outer membrane marker enzymes, respectively. [14C]DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide), which specifically label mitochondrial VDAC, labeled four 30-35 kDa protein bands that were found to interact with the anti-VDAC antibody. The distribution of the Torpedo VDAC protein bands was different among membranes isolated from various tissues. VDAC was purified from synaptosomes and a separation between two of the proteins was obtained. The two purified proteins were characterized by their single channel activity and partial amino acid sequences. Upon reconstitution into a planar lipid bilayer, the purified VDACs showed voltage-dependent channel activity with properties similar to those of purified mitochondrial VDAC. Amino acid sequence of four peptides, derived from VDAC band II, exhibited high homology to sequences present in human VDACI (98%), VDAC2 (91.8%), and VDAC3 (90%), while another peptide, derived from VDAC band III, showed lower homology to either VDAC1 (88.4%) or VDAC2 (79%). Two more peptides show high homology to the sequence present in mouse brain VDAC3 (100 and 78%). In addition, we demonstrate the translocation of ATP into synaptosomes, which is inhibited by DCCD and by the anion transport inhibitor DIDS. The possible function of VDAC in the synaptic plasma membrane is discussed.

Differential expression of Borrelia burgdorferi genes during erythema migrans and Lyme arthritis

Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, selectively expresses genes in the arthropod vector and mammalian host. Specific B. burgdorferi gene expression during human infection was examined in tissue specimens, using RNA-polymerase chain reaction, from 3 patients with Lyme disease. ospA was investigated because OspA is down-regulated by B. burgdorferi in ticks during engorgement and is a vaccine candidate in phase III clinical trials. p35 and p37 were also assessed because these genes are induced by spirochetes during murine Lyme borreliosis and play roles in protective immunity. p35 and p37 mRNA were detected in erythema migrans biopsy specimens from 2 patients and in the synovium of 1 patient with Lyme arthritis. ospA mRNA was not identified in any of these tissues. These data show that ospA is repressed while p35 and p37 are induced in human infection; these results are the first direct demonstration of differential B. burgdorferi gene expression during Lyme disease.

Estrogen receptor activation function 1 works by binding p160 coactivator proteins

Estrogen receptor-alpha contains two transactivation functions, a weak constitutive activation function (AF-1) and a hormone-dependent activation function (AF-2). AF-2 works by recruiting a large coactivator complex, composed of one or more p160s, CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300, and P/CAF (p300 and CBP-associated factor), via direct contacts with the p160s. We report here that independent AF-1 activity also requires p160 contacts. Unlike AF-2, which binds signature NR boxes in the center of the p160 molecule, AF-1 binds to sequences near the p160 C terminus. We propose that the ability of AF-1 and AF-2 to interact with separate surfaces of the same coactivator is important for the ability of these transactivation functions to synergize.

Serum and urine chromium concentrations in elderly diabetics

The serum and urine chromium concentrations of 57 diabetics and 55 normal fasting subjects were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Our results indicate that the chromium concentration ranges of serum and urine for diabetics are 0.22-0.36 and 4.54-5.90 microg/L, respectively, significantly lower than 0.66-0.84 7.80-9.68 microg/L for the normal (P<0.001), which implies that the elderly diabetics probably lack chromium. Further, it was found that the urine chromium level of the female diabetics was substantially higher than that of the male in the same age group (P<0.01), whereas the serum chromium level was almost the same. However, the urine chromium concentration increases with aging, no matter who the diabetics or the controls are. The serum chromium concentrations of the 24 cases patients with 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were significantly lower than that of those with empty stomach, whereas the urine chromium exhibits a contrary tendency. Our data indicate that the chromium lost and excreted from human body increases with aging and is related to the diabetics. Thus, it is recommended to supplement a certain amount of chromium to the elderly diabetics according to their nutritional level.

Solution NMR structure and backbone dynamics of the major cold-shock protein (CspA) from Escherichia coli: evidence for conformational dynamics in the single-stranded RNA-binding site

The major cold-shock protein (CspA) from Escherichia coli is a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding protein that is produced in response to cold stress. We have previously reported its overall chain fold as determined by NMR spectroscopy [Newkirk, K., Feng, W., Jiang, W., Tejero, R., Emerson, S. D., Inouye, M., and Montelione, G. T. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 5114-5118]. Here we describe the complete analysis of 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for CspA, together with a refined solution NMR structure based on 699 conformational constraints and an analysis of backbone dynamics based on 15N relaxation rate measurements. An extensive set of triple-resonance NMR experiments for obtaining the backbone and side chain resonance assignments were carried out on uniformly 13C- and 15N-enriched CspA. Using a subset of these triple-resonance experiments, the computer program AUTOASSIGN provided automatic analysis of sequence-specific backbone N, Calpha, C', HN, Halpha, and side chain Cbeta resonance assignments. The remaining 1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignments for CspA were then obtained by manual analysis of additional NMR spectra. Dihedral angle constraints and stereospecific methylene Hbeta resonance assignments were determined using a new conformational grid search program, HYPER, and used together with longer-range constraints as input for three-dimensional structure calculations. The resulting solution NMR structure of CspA is a well-defined five-stranded beta-barrel with surface-exposed aromatic groups that form a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding site. Backbone dynamics of CspA have also been characterized by 15N T1, T2, and heteronuclear 15N-1H NOE measurements and analyzed using the extended Lipari-Szabo formalism. These dynamic measurements indicate a molecular rotational correlation time taum of 4.88 +/- 0.04 ns and provide evidence for fast time scale (taue < 500 ps) dynamics in surface loops and motions on the microsecond to millisecond time scale within the proposed nucleic acid-binding epitope.

Use of the enriched stable isotope Cr-50 as a tracer to study the metabolism of chromium (III) in normal and diabetic rats

The activable enriched stable isotope Cr-50 compound Cr2O3 was used as a tracer to study the metabolism of chromium(III) [CR(III)] intragastrically administered in normal and diabetic rats. The comparison of absorption, distribution, and excretion in organs and tissues of the two groups do not show much alteration, but some differences exist indeed. The contents of 51Cr radioactivity of the diabetic rats appear to be of higher retention than in most studied organisms. The urinary 51Cr excretion of diabetics is significantly higher than that of normal rats. Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that the insulin-dependent rats generally absorb and excrete more chromium (Cr) than the normal rats.

Correlation of mercury with selenium in human hair at a typical mercury-polluted area in China

The levels of mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) and their correlation in human scalp hair of 29 pairs of pregnant women and their newborns living at a high-Hg and low-Se area, the Second Song-Hua-Jiang River System, have been studied by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Our results indicate that the Hg level in infant hair samples are roughly close to that in their mothers, whereas the Se level in infants is much higher. Furthermore, the molar ratios of Se/Hg in newborns are also 40% higher than those in mothers. It demonstrates that infants are able to absorb more selenium from their mothers' bodies to protect against or alleviate the intoxication of Hg. This "autoprotective mechanism" likely plays a critical role during fetal development. The possible chemical species of Hg and Se in hair is also discussed.

Hormone-dependent coactivator binding to a hydrophobic cleft on nuclear receptors

The ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors contains a transcriptional activation function (AF-2) that mediates hormone-dependent binding of coactivator proteins. Scanning surface mutagenesis on the human thyroid hormone receptor was performed to define the site that binds the coactivators, glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) and steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1). The residues involved encircle a small surface that contains a hydrophobic cleft. Ligand activation of transcription involves formation of this surface by folding the carboxyl-terminal alpha helix against a scaffold of three other helices. These features may represent general ones for nuclear receptors.

Activation of NF-kappaB via a Src-dependent Ras-MAPK-pp90rsk pathway is required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced mucin overproduction in epithelial cells

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder, the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians. Respiratory disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, 95% of CF patients die of respiratory failure. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen, chronically infects the lungs of over 85% of CF patients. It is ineradicable by antibiotics and responsible for airway mucus overproduction that contributes to airway obstruction and death. The molecular mechanisms underlying this pathology are unknown. Here we show that P. aeruginosa activates a c-Src-Ras-MEK1/2-MAPK-pp90rsk signaling pathway that leads to activation of nuclear factor NF-kappaB (p65/p50). Activated NF-kappaB binds to a kappaB site in the 5'-flanking region of the MUC2 gene and activates MUC2 mucin transcription. These studies bring new insight into bacterial-epithelial interactions and more specifically into the molecular pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis. Understanding these signaling and gene regulatory mechanisms opens up new therapeutic targets for cystic fibrosis.

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide interaction with the voltage-dependent anion channel from sarcoplasmic reticulum

In a recent study [Shoshan-Barmatz, V., Orr, I., Weil, S., Meyer, H., Varsanyi, M. & Heilmeyer, L. M. G. (1996) FEBS Lett. 386, 205-210] we have demonstrated the presence of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as supported here by co-localization of VDAC and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)ATPase in the SR using double-immunogold labeling. The interaction of the carboxyl-modifying reagent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide with the SR-VDAC is characterized by labeling with [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide modification of the reconstituted-purified VDAC channel activity. In both SR and mitochondrial membranes, [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide most specifically labeled a 35-kDa protein, identified as VDAC by specific anti-VDAC Ig. Labeling of the SR-VDAC was about twofold higher than that of the mitochondrial VDAC, which could result either form higher labeling of the SR protein or from relatively higher amounts of VDAC/mg total protein in the SR membranes. [14C]Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide labeling of the SR, but not the mitochondrial VDAC, was biphasic with respect to time and concentration of [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Partial digestion of [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-labeled SR-VDAC with chymotrypsin yielded five proteolytic fragments which were recognized by the anti-VDAC Ig, and the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding site was localized in the 19-kDa fragment. VDAC was purified from SR and mitochondrial membranes by spermine-agarose column. The interaction of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide with functional carboxyl residue(s) in the purified VDAC is demonstrated by recording its channel activity, following its reconstitution into planar lipid bilayer (PLB). Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibited the channel activity in a voltage-dependent manner, requiring incubation with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide at high (negative or positive) potentials. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide slowed down the transition from the high-conducting to a long-lived low-conducting states of the channel (approximately 20% of its maximal conductance), by stabilizing the intermediate states. Similar results were also obtained with purified-reconstituted mitochondrial VDAC. Hydrophilic carboxyl reagents [[1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl] carbodiimide, N-ethyl-phenylisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate] neither modified the channel activity nor prevented [14C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide labeling. These results indicate that dicyclohexylcarbodiimide interacts with a carboxyl group located in a hydrophobic region of the protein which is involved in the channel gating.

[Non-invasive determination of human oxygen metabolism during exercise]

Human muscle oxygenation during exercise was studied with near - infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Ten athletes performed a 12 min aerobic cycling exercise with increasing workloads. Muscle oxygen content (OC), blood lactate (Bla) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously throughout the test. The values measured showed a linear correlation (r = -0.962) between Bla and OC during aerobic exercise. The athletes and controls were also selected to compare the variation of OC, Bla and HR under exercise of the same workload. In addition, the muscle oxygen decrease and recovery during sprint were determined and discussed. The results demonstrated that NIRS provides an advantageous method for evaluation of oxygen supply and consumption in working muscles during exercise of varying intensity.

X-ray crystallographic and functional studies of thyroid hormone receptor

We have solved several X-ray crystallographic structures of TR ligand-binding domains (LBDs), including the rat (r) TR alpha and the human (h) TR beta bound to diverse ligands. The TR-LBD folding, comprised mostly of alpha-helices, is likely to be general for the superfamily. The ligand, buried in the receptor, forms part of its hydrophobic core. Tight fitting of ligand into the receptor explains its high affinity for the TR, although the structure suggests that ligands with even higher affinities might be generated. The kinetics of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine (T4) binding suggest that folding around the ligand, rather than receptor opening, is rate-limiting for high affinity binding. TR beta mutations in patients with resistance to T3 cluster around the ligand; these different locations could differentially affect on other receptor functions and explain the syndrome's clinical diversity. Guided by the structure, mutations have been placed on the TR surface to define interactions with other proteins. They suggest that a similar surface in the LBD is utilized for homo- or heterodimerization on direct repeats and inverted palindromes but not on palindromes. Coactivator proteins that mediate TR transcriptional activation bind to a small surface comprised of residues on four helices with a well-defined hydrophobic cleft, which may be a target for pharmaceuticals. The coactivator-binding surface appears to form upon ligand-binding by the folding of helix 12 into the scaffold formed by helices 3, 4 and 5. The analysis of most currently used antagonists suggest that although they probably fit into the ligand-binding pocket, they possess a group that may alter proper folding of the receptor, with disruption of the coactivator-binding surface (the 'extension model').

Improved clearability of cystic fibrosis sputum with dextran treatment in vitro

Most patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dextran exhibits anti-adhesive effects in preventing attachment of P. aeruginosa to epithelial cells (1). The initial purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of dextran to alter the rheology and ciliary transportability of CF sputum prior to initiation of a clinical trial in patients with CF. Sputum samples were collected from 25 patients with CF not receiving rhDNase therapy for use in in vitro testing. Aliquots of CF sputum were treated with 10% vol. Ringer's or the same volume of Dextran 4000 to give a final concentration of 0.4% (4 mg/ml) or 4% (40 mg/ml) dextran in the sputum. Dog mucus samples were collected from seven healthy, anesthetized dogs from the endotracheal tube cuff. Aliquots of dog mucus were subjected to the same concentrations of dextran as the CF sputum. All treated samples were incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C, and their rheologic properties (viscoelasticity) were evaluated by magnetic microrheometry. For 17 of the sputum samples, frog palate mucociliary transportability was determined from sputum movement on the ciliated, mucus-depleted frog palate, relative to native frog mucus control. Spinnability (cohesiveness) was evaluated by the filancemeter technique for eight sputum samples. Overall, whether for CF sputum or healthy dog mucus, Dextran 4000 treatment significantly reduced viscoelasticity and increased predicted mucociliary and cough clearability. Direct measurements of sputum mucociliary clearability on frog palate increased significantly with 0.4% dextran and 4% dextran compared with saline control. Sputum spinnability (cohesiveness) decreased significantly with both dextran concentrations, too. The effects on viscoelasticity and spinnability were greater at 4% than at 0.4%. There was a significant positive correlation between spinnability and viscoelasticity, and negative relationships between spinnability and both forms of clearability as predicted from viscoelastic measurements. This study suggests that treatment with Dextran 4000 can reduce the crosslink density and cohesiveness of CF and improve mucociliary and cough clearability. Dextran 4000 is an inexpensive and nontoxic agent that may be of benefit in patients with CF lung disease and perhaps in other respiratory disease where mucus retention is an important feature.

Inhibition of airway liquid secretion and its effect on the physical properties of airway mucus

The combination of both Cl- and HCO3- secretion inhibitors causes an accumulation of mucins within the submucosal gland ducts of acetylcholine (ACh)-treated bronchi [S. K. Inglis, M. R. Corboz, A. E. Taylor, and S. T. Ballard. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 16): L372-L377, 1997], suggesting indirectly that these agents block airway gland liquid secretion. The present study tested the hypotheses that ACh-stimulated liquid secretion is driven by Cl- and HCO3- secretion and that inhibition of this process leads to secretion of a dehydrated mucus with altered rheological properties. Excised distal bronchi from pigs were pretreated with either a combination of Cl- and HCO3- secretion inhibitors (bumetanide, acetazolamide, dimethylamiloride, and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) or the dimethyl sulfoxide vehicle and were then treated with ACh to induce secretion. The rate of mucus liquid secretion was substantially reduced when the airways were pretreated with the anion secretion inhibitors. Mucus liquid from inhibitor-pretreated airways contained almost threefold more nonvolatile solids than the control liquid. Rheological analysis revealed that mucus liquid from inhibitor-pretreated airways expressed a significantly greater log G* (rigidity factor), whereas tangent delta (recoil factor) was significantly reduced. These results suggest that 1) ACh-induced liquid secretion in bronchi is driven by both Cl- and HCO3- secretion and 2) inhibition of ACh-induced liquid secretion results in the secretion of mucus with a reduced water content and altered rheological properties.

Identification, characterization and partial purification of a thiol-protease which cleaves specifically the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel

A 94 kDa large subunit thiol-protease, as identified by anti-calpain antibodies, has been isolated from skeletal muscle junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). This protease cleaves specifically the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR)/Ca2+ release channel at one site resulting in the 375 kDa and 150 kDa fragments. The 94 kDa thiol-protease degrades neither other SR proteins nor the ryanodine receptor of cardiac nor brain membranes. The partially purified 94 kDa protease, like the SR associated protease, had an optimal pH of about 7.0, was absolutely dependent on the presence of thiol reducing reagents, and was completely inhibited by HgCl2, leupeptin and the specific calpain I inhibitor. However, while the SR membrane-associated protease requires Ca2+ at a submicromolar concentration, the isolated thiol-protease has lost the Ca2+ requirement. The 94 kDa thiol-protease had no effect on ryanodine binding but modified the channel activity of RyR reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer: in a time-dependent manner, the channel activity decreases and within several minutes the channel is converted into a subconducting state. The protease-modified channel activity is still Ca2+-dependent and ryanodine sensitive. This 94 kDa thiol-protease cross react with anti-calpain antibodies thus, may represent the novel large subunit of the skeletal muscle specific calpain p94.

[Antitumor activity of Hypsizigus marmoreus. II. Preventive effect against lung metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma]

Antitumor activity of Hypsizigus marmoreus, an edible mushroom, was investigated by in vivo bioassay. The aqueous extract, hereinafter referred to as YH, was tested against syngeneic tumor, Lewis lung carcinoma. YH was found to give a significant increase in life span when assayed using a solid tumor, Lewis lung carcinoma, by intraperitoneal administration, but not as much by oral administration. It was also found that YH have an inhibitory activity of spontaneous tumor metastasis in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma by intraperitoneal administration. YH significantly decreased the number of metastasized nodules. It was suggested by Winn test that antitumor and antimetasatic activities shown by YH was effective in increasing activity on immunological by competent cells.

Characterization of the long-lasting activator protein-1 complex induced by kainic acid treatment

Kainic acid is known to induce seizures, neuronal damage and cell loss in the rat hippocampus. Our laboratory has shown that a single kainic acid injection elicits acute increases of activator protein-1 DNA-binding activity and this activity stays at an elevated level for 2 weeks after kainic acid injection. However, some pathological changes such as mossy fiber sprouting do not occur until 2-3 weeks after the kainic acid injection and the specific transcription factors regulating the long-term events after kainic acid treatment are not clear. To determine the involvement of activator protein-1 transcription factors in the long-term events after kainic acid treatment, gel mobility-shift and Western blot analyses were used. The results showed that two activator protein-1 complexes with different mobilities occur during the acute stage. However, only the faster-migrating complex as well as the 35-37-kDa fos-related antigen and Jun-D proteins were seen during the late stage. These results suggest that different activator protein-1 complexes exist at different stages after convulsions and that they regulate ensembles of different genes.

Involvement of lysine residues in the gating of the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+-release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum

In this study, the modification of skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR)/Ca2+-release channel with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3,-diazole (Nbd-Cl) demonstrates that lysyl residues are involved in the channel gating. Nbd-Cl was found to have a dual effect: stimulation and inhibition of ryanodine binding and single channel activities. Nbd-Cl, in a time-dependent manner, first stimulated and subsequently inhibited ryanodine binding to both membrane-bound and purified RyR. Incubation of sacroplasmic reticulum membranes with Nbd-Cl for 5-20 s resulted in enhanced ryanodine-binding activity by 2-4-fold due, to an increased binding affinity by about tenfold, with no effect on the total binding sites (Bmax). However, under prolonged incubation (5-20 min), Nbd-Cl strongly inhibited ryanodine binding by decreasing the Bmax with no effect on the binding affinity. Similar effects of stimulation and inhibition by Nbd-Cl were obtained with single channel activity of RyR reconstituted into planar lipid bilayer. Nbd-Cl initially (within a few seconds) activated the channel to a highly open state, then (within a few minutes) inactivated it to the completely closed state. Nbd-Cl-modified protein, as assayed by ryanodine binding or single channel activities, was stable against thiolysis by dithiothreitol, suggesting Nbd-Cl modification of lysyl residues. Evidence from absorption and fluorescence excitation and emission spectra also demonstrated that lysyl residues in RyR were modified by Nbd-Cl. Spectrophotometric data were used to estimate a ratio of up to 1 mol Nbd bound/mol RyR (tetramer) and up to 4 mol Nbd bound per mol RyR (tetramer) for Nbd-Cl stimulated and inhibited RyR activities, respectively. The results clearly indicate the involvement of two classes of lysyl residues in RyR activity. Modification by Nbd-Cl of the fast-reacting group led to stimulation of ryanodine binding and single channel activities, while modification of the slow-reacting group resulted in inhibition of these activities. Thus, the involvement of lysine residues in the gating of the RyR channel is proposed.

Mutations in the conserved C-terminal sequence in thyroid hormone receptor dissociate hormone-dependent activation from interference with AP-1 activity

A short C-terminal sequence that is deleted in the v-ErbA oncoprotein and conserved in members of the nuclear receptor superfamily is required for normal biological function of its normal cellular counterpart, the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (T3R alpha). We carried out an extensive mutational analysis of this region based on the crystal structure of the hormone-bound ligand binding domain of T3R alpha. Mutagenesis of Leu398 or Glu401, which are surface exposed according to the crystal structure, completely blocks or significantly impairs T3-dependent transcriptional activation but does not affect or only partially diminishes interference with AP-1 activity. These are the first mutations that clearly dissociate these activities for T3R alpha. Substitution of Leu400, which is also surface exposed, does not affect interference with AP-1 activity and only partially diminishes T3-dependent transactivation. None of the mutations affect ligand-independent transactivation, consistent with previous findings that this activity is mediated by the N-terminal domain of T3R alpha. The loss of ligand-dependent transactivation for some mutants can largely be reversed in the presence of GRIP1, which acts as a strong ligand-dependent coactivator for wild-type T3R alpha. There is excellent correlation between T3-dependent in vitro association of GRIP1 with T3R alpha mutants and their ability to support T3-dependent transcriptional activation. Therefore, GRIP1, previously found to interact with the glucocorticoid, estrogen, and androgen receptors, may also have a role in T3R alpha-mediated ligand-dependent transcriptional activation. When fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain, that of the yeast transactivator GAL4, the conserved C terminus of T3R alpha functions as a strong ligand-independent activator in both mammalian and yeast cells. However, point mutations within this region have drastically different effects on these activities compared to their effect on the full-length T3R alpha. We conclude that the C-terminal conserved region contains a recognition surface for GRIP1 or a similar coactivator that facilitates its interaction with the basal transcriptional apparatus. While important for ligand-dependent transactivation, this interaction surface is not directly involved in transrepression of AP-1 activity.

[Detection of bcl-2/JH fusion gene in patients with B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by polymerase chain reaction and its clinical implication]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the frequency and clinical implication of bcl-2/JH gene rearrangement in B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas(B-NHLs).

METHODS

Major breakpoint region (MBR) and minor cluster region(mcr) of bcl-2 rearrangement were amplified by polymerase chain reaction in fresh tumor tissue, bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 23 cases of B-NHL.

RESULTS

Translocation breakpoint was revealed in 10 fresh tumor tissue (71.4% of follicular NHL, 31.3% of diffuse NHL), 8 bone marrow and 7 peripheral blood specimens. The MBR was involved in most of the cases, while the mcr only in one. In addition, of 18 patients with normal bone marrow morphology, 4 were PCR positive, including 2 in early stage ( I and II). Untreated patients with bcl-2 gene rearrangement obtained lower complete remission rate than those without the rearrangement.

CONCLUSION

Detection of bcl-2/JH fusion gene was helpful in diagnosing and staging lymphomas, selecting treatment protocols, and monitoring minimal residual diseases.

Automated analysis of protein NMR assignments using methods from artificial intelligence

An expert system for determining resonance assignments from NMR spectra of proteins is described. Given the amino acid sequence, a two-dimensional 15N-1H heteronuclear correlation spectrum and seven to eight three-dimensional triple-resonance NMR spectra for seven proteins, AUTOASSIGN obtained an average of 98% of sequence-specific spin-system assignments with an error rate of less than 0.5%. Execution times on a Sparc 10 workstation varied from 16 seconds for smaller proteins with simple spectra to one to nine minutes for medium size proteins exhibiting numerous extra spin systems attributed to conformational isomerization. AUTOASSIGN combines symbolic constraint satisfaction methods with a domain-specific knowledge base to exploit the logical structure of the sequential assignment problem, the specific features of the various NMR experiments, and the expected chemical shift frequencies of different amino acids. The current implementation specializes in the analysis of data derived from the most sensitive of the currently available triple-resonance experiments. Potential extensions of the system for analysis of additional types of protein NMR data are also discussed.

Borrelia burgdorferi P35 and P37 proteins, expressed in vivo, elicit protective immunity

p35 and p37 are Borrelia burgdorferi genes encoding 35 and 37 kDa proteins. The gene products were identified by differential screening of a B. burgdorferi expression library with sera from B. burgdorferi infected- and B. burgdorferi-hyperimmunized mice. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses confirmed that these genes were selectively expressed in vivo. ELISA, using P35 and P37, showed that infected mice (5 of 5, 100%) and patients (31 of 43, 72%) with Lyme borreliosis developed P35 or P37 antibodies. Mice developed peak IgG titers to P35 and P37 within 30 days, followed by decline. Mice given both P35 and P37 antisera were protected from challenge with 10(2) B. burgdorferi, and P35 and P37 antisera also afforded protection when administered 24 hr after spirochete challenge. The use of in vivo-expressed antigens such as P35 and P37 represents a new approach for Lyme disease serodiagnosis and for understanding the role of B. burgdorferi-specific immune responses in host immunity.

Trophic effects by epidermal growth factor on duodenal mucosa and exocrine pancreas in rats

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent growth factor with possible implications on the regulation of pancreatic secretion and duodenal absorption but also on pancreatic tumor growth. In the present study the growth effect on duodenal mucosa and pancreas by a 14-day continuous infusion of three different doses of EGF (4, 30 and 60 micrograms EGF/kg/24 h) was studied in rats. The EGF content in duodenal mucosa and pancreatic tissue was significantly increased by 30 and 60 micrograms/kg/24 h of EGF while plasma levels were only marginally increased. Neither duodenal mucosal nor pancreatic weights were changed but DNA content in both tissues was increased with the higher EGF doses. Long-term EGF infusion has moderate trophic effect on duodenal mucosa and the pancreas. There is a high tissue uptake of EGF, specially in duodenal mucosa. The hyperplasia seems to be related to tissue levels of EGF but not to plasma levels.

Spontaneous malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical and radiological findings in diagnosing spontaneous malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia.

METHODS

Fifteen cases of sarcomatous transformation proved by operation and pathological examinations were found in a group of 356 patients with fibrous dysplasia, and their radiological manifestations were retrospectively studied. The 15 cases included 8 osteosarcomas, 5 fibrosarcomas and 2 chondrosarcomas. All the 15 patients were known to have long-standing fibrous dysplasia, but no radiation therapy was ever received. Eleven patients had polyostotic fibrous dysplasia and 4 had monostotic type.

RESULTS

Malignant transformation most frequently occurs in the cystic expansive lesion of the long tubular bone. Pains, swelling and late appearance of a bony mass are the main clinical manifestations. The early radiological features of sarcomatous transformation in fibrous dysplasia are moth-eaten or cystic areas of osteolysis located in the involved bone. The cortical destruction and gradual formation of a soft tissue mass that contains tumor-bone are highly suspicious of osteosarcomatous transformation, while ring-like and spotty calcification in the tumor matrix is indicative of chondrosarcoma. Fibrosarcoma usually shows simple osteolytic destruction.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the clinical radiological findings, patients of sarcomatous transformation can be detected in the early stage. These radiological findings may be used as a clue for differentiating various kinds of sarcomatous transformation.

Phase labeling of C-H and C-C spin-system topologies: application in constant-time PFG-CBCA(CO)NH experiments for discriminating amino acid spin-system types

Triple-resonance experiments facilitate the determination of sequence-specific resonance assignments of medium-sized 13C,15N-enriched proteins. Some triple-resonance experiments can also be used to obtain information about amino acid spin-system topologies by proper delay tuning. The constant-time PFG-CBCA(CO)NH experiment allows discrimination between five different groups of amino acids by tuning (phase labeling) independently the delays for proton-carbon refocusing and carbon-carbon constant-time frequency labeling. The proton-carbon refocusing delay allows discrimination of spin-system topologies based on the number of protons attached to C alpha and C beta atoms (i.e. C-H phase labeling). In addition, tuning of the carbon-carbon constant-time frequency-labeling delay discriminates topologies based on the number of carbons directly coupled to C alpha and C beta atoms (i.e. C-C phase labeling). Classifying the spin systems into these five groups facilitates identification of amino acid types, making both manual and automated analysis of assignments easier. The use of this pair of optimally tuned PFG-CBCA(CO)NH experiments for distinguishing five spin-system topologies is demonstrated for the 124-residue bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A protein.

Novel covalent chaperone complexes associated with human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit folding intermediates

Molecular chaperones facilitate the folding of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of mammalian cells. The glycoprotein hormone chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit is a secretory protein whose folding in the ER has been demonstrated (Huth, J. R., Mountjoy, K., Perini, F., and Ruddon, R. W.(1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 8870-8879). Because folding of wild type hCG-beta subunit occurs in the ER with a t1/2 = 4-5 min, stable association of ER chaperones with hCG-beta have been difficult to detect probably because they have a short half-life. However, beta-chaperone complexes containing the ER chaperones BiP, ERp72, and ERp94 have been detected in slow folding mutants of hCG-beta subunit that lack both of the N-linked oligosaccharides (Feng, W., Matzuk, M. M., Mountjoy, K., Bedows, E., Ruddon, R. W., and Boime, I. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 11851-11859). The questions addressed here are 1) whether the detection of chaperone-containing complexes is related to the absence of carbohydrate or to the rate of hCG-beta subunit folding, 2) whether such complexes are dead-end or whether they lead to formation of a secreted, mature hCG-beta form, and 3) what the nature of the hCG-beta-chaperone binding is. The data obtained indicate that the amount of detectable hCG-beta-chaperone complexes correlates with the rate or extent of folding, that the complexes of hCG-beta with ER chaperones lead to the formation of secretable beta, and that the complexes of hCG-beta with chaperones involve the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds.

Phase labeling of C-H and C-C spin-system topologies: application in PFG-HACANH and PFG-HACA(CO)NH triple-resonance experiments for determining backbone resonance assignments in proteins

Triple-resonance experiments can be designed to provide useful information on spin-system topologies. In this paper we demonstrate optimized proton and carbon versions of PFG-CT-HACANH and PFG-CT-HACA(CO)NH 'straight-through' triple-resonance experiments that allow rapid and almost complete assignments of backbone H(alpha), 13C(alpha), 15N and H(N) resonances in small proteins. This work provides a practical guide to using these experiments for determining resonance assignments in proteins, and for identifying both intraresidue and sequential connections involving glycine residues. Two types of delay tunings within these pulse sequences provide phase discrimination of backbone Gly C(alpha) and H(alpha) resonances: (i) C-H phase discrimination by tuning of the refocusing period tau(a_f); (ii) C-C phase discrimination by tuning of the 13C constant-time evolution period 2T(c). For small proteins, C-C phase tuning provides better S/N ratios in PFG-CT-HACANH experiments while C-H phase tuning provides better S/N ratios in PFG-CT-HACA(CO)NH. These same principles can also be applied to triple-resonance experiments utilizing 13C-13C COSY and TOCSY transfer from peripheral side-chain atoms with detection of backbone amide protons for classification of side-chain spin-system topologies. Such data are valuable in algorithms for automated analysis of resonance assignments in proteins.

VDAC/porin is present in sarcoplasmic reticulum from skeletal muscle

In this study we demonstrate the existence of a protein with properties of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) using multiple approaches as summarized in the following: (a) 35 and 30 kDa proteins in different SR preparations, purified from other membranal systems by Ca2+/oxalate loading and sedimentation through 55% sucrose, cross-react with four different VDAC monoclonal antibodies. (b) Amino acid sequences of three peptides derived from the SR 35 kDa protein are identical to the sequences present in VDAC1 isoform. (c) Similar to the mitochondrial VDAC, the SR protein is specifically labeled by [14C]DCCD. (d) Using a new method, a 35 kDa protein has been purified from SR and mitochondria with a higher yield for the SR. (e) Upon reconstitution into a planar lipid bilayer, the purified SR protein shows voltage-dependent channel activity with properties similar to those of the purified mitochondrial VDAC or VDAC1/porin 31HL from human B lymphocytes, and its channel activity is completely inhibited by the anion transport inhibitor DIDS and about 80% by DCCD. We also demonstrate the translocation of ATP into the SR lumen and the phosphorylation of the luminal protein sarcalumenin by this ATP. Both ATP translocation and sarcalumenin phosphorylation are inhibited by DIDS, but not by atractyloside, a blocker of the ATP/ADP exchanger. These results indicate the existence of VDAC, thought to be located exclusively in mitochondria, in the SR of skeletal muscle, and its possible involvement in ATP transport. Together with recent studies on VDAC multicompartment location and its dynamic association with enzymes and channels, our findings suggest that VDAC deserves attention and consideration as a protein contributing to various cellular functions.

Ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel conformations as reflected in the different effects of propranolol on its ryanodine binding and channel activity

1. Propranolol, a beta-blocker, inhibited or stimulated ryanodine binding to both the membrane-bound and purified ryanodine receptor (RyR) depending on the assay conditions. At high NaCl concentrations, propranolol increased the number of ryanodine-binding sites (Bmax) with no effect on the binding affinity. In the presence of 0.2 M NaCl, ryanodine binding was inhibited by propranolol. Half-maximal inhibition was obtained at 1.2 mM and complete inhibition at 2 mM propranolol. The inhibitory effect of propranolol obtained at low NaCl concentration was not restored by increasing the NaCl concentration to 1 M. 2. Modulators of the RyR that are known to alter its conformational states, such as adenine nucleotides, Ca2+ concentration and pH, modified the effect of propranolol on ryanodine binding. In the presence of propranolol and at low NaCl concentrations, ryanodine binding was inhibited and showed no Ca(2+)-, pH-, or time-dependence. 3. Propranolol immediately and completely blocked the channel opening of RyR reconstituted into a planar lipid bilayer. Propranolol-modified non-active channel was reactivated to a subconductive state (about 40% of the control conductance) by ATP. 4. Competition experiments between lidocaine (a stimulatory drug) or tetracaine (an inhibitory drug) and propranolol at 0.2 or 1.0 M NaCl, respectively, suggest the existence of different interaction sites for local anaesthetics and propranolol. 5. These results suggest that propranolol interacts directly with the RyR and modifies its ryanodine binding and single-channel activities. Propranolol effects are altered by the RyR conformational state, suggesting its possible use as a conformational probe for RyR.

Antitumor activity of daphnane-type diterpene gnidimacrin isolated from Stellera chamaejasme L

The daphnane-type diterpene gnidimacrin, isolated from the root of the Chinese plant, Stellera chamaejasme L., was found to strongly inhibit cell growth of human leukemias, stomach cancers and non-small cell lung cancers in vitro at concentrations of 10(-9) to 10(-10) M. On the other hand, even at 10(-6) to 10(-5) M, the small cell lung cancer cell line H69 and the hepatoma cell line HLE were refractory to gnidimacrin. The agent showed significant antitumor activity against murine leukemias and solid tumors in an in vivo system. In K562, a sensitive human leukemia cell line, gnidimacrin induced blebbing of the cell surface, which was completely inhibited by staurosporine at concentrations above 10(-8) M, and arrested the cell cycle transiently to G2 and finally the G1 phase at growth-inhibitory concentrations. It inhibited phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate(PDBu) binding to K562 cells and directly stimulated protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the cells in a dose-dependent manner (3-100 nM). Although activation of PKC isolated from refractory H69 cells was observed only with 100 nM gnidimacrin, the degree of activation was lower than that produced by 3 nM in K562 cells. Our results suggest that gnidimacrin acts as a PKC activator for tumor cells and that this mechanism may be responsible for its antitumor activity.

The action of carboxyl modifying reagents on the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum

In this work we show that ryanodine binding to junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes or purified ryanodine receptor (RyR) is inhibited in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion by prior treatment with the carboxyl reagent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). Exposure of the membrane-bound RyR to the water soluble carboxyl reagents 1-ethyl-3 (3-(dimethylamino) propyl carbodiimide (EDC) or N-ethyl-pheny-lisoxazolium-3'-sulfonate (WRK) only slightly affects their ryanodine binding capacity. The amphipathic reagent N-ethoxy cabonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinaline (EEDQ) inhibited ryanodine binding at relatively high concentrations. DCCD-modification of the SR decreased the binding affinities of the RyR for ryanodine and Ca2+ by about 3- and 18-fold, respectively. The single channel activity of SR membranes modified with DCCD and then incorporated into planar lipid bilayers is very low (5-8%) in comparison to control membranes. Application of DCCD to either the myoplasmic (cis) or luminal (trans) side of the reconstituted unmodified channels resulted in complete inhibition of their single channel activities. Similar results were obtained with the water soluble reagent WRK applied to the myoplasmic, but not to the luminal side. The DCCD-modified non-active channel is re-activated by addition of ryanodine in the presence of 250 microM Ca2+ and is stabilized in a sub-conductance state. With caffeine, ryanodine re-activated the channel in the presence of 100 microM of Ca2+. The results suggest that a carboxyl residue(s) in the RyR is involved either in the binding of Ca2+, or in conformational changes that are produced by Ca2+ binding, and are required for the binding of ryanodine and the opening of the Ca2+ release channel.

Hepatitis B immunization: a potential incentive to HIV vaccine trial participation in Thailand?

To assess the effectiveness of hepatitis B immunization as an incentive to retention in HIV seroincidence studies and future HIV vaccine trials in northern Thailand, subjects enrolled in three HIV seroincidence cohorts were screened for hepatitis B markers and seronegatives were offered free hepatitis B immunization. Cohorts studied included female commercial sex workers (CSWs), male sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients, and recently discharged military conscripts. Subjects who agreed to the immunization program were compared with those not enrolled to determine the utility of immunization as an incentive to cohort retention. Full immunization was achieved for 273 (89.5%) of 305 vaccinees; only 323 (60.6%) of 533 subjects not immunized completed the same follow-up visits (OR = 1.49, 95% and CI = 1.27, 1.75). Hepatitis B vaccination was a significant incentive for completion of the follow-up program. The vaccination program had the greatest effect on the CSWs; a similar effect was seen for male STD patients, but not for discharged conscripts. Despite the immunization program, follow-up rates at 12 months were similar in the immunized and nonimmunized groups.

Marital fertility control among the Qing nobility: implications for two types of preventive check

Demographers, as early as Malthus, have assumed that the preventive checks, delayed marriage and celibacy, were absent in traditional China. In this paper on the Qing (1644-1911) imperial lineage, we demonstrate that, instead, there may have been a different, more 'modern' preventive check: fertility control within marriage. Marital fertility of lineage couples during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was low to moderate. Such low fertility was the product of three behavioural mechanisms: late starting, early stopping and, most significantly, long spacing. Couples apparently regulated their fertility according to their economic resources and the sex of their surviving children. Moreover, they did so, we suggest, by regulating their coital frequency. Deliberate fertility control, in other words, was already within the 'calculus of conscious choice' for some Chinese well before this century. the speed of contemporary sinitic fertility transitions may accordingly be attributed to the fact that they did not require a change in attitudes, only the diffusion of new incentives and effective technologies.

Study of UV-bleached channel-waveguide performance in nonlinear optical polymer films

We report studies on UV-photobleached optical channel waveguides in nonlinear optical polymer films. The nonlinear optical polymer used is poly(methyl methacrylate)/DR1 side-chain polymer. The effective indices of the channel waveguides are measured with the prism-coupling technique, along with the effective indices of bleached and unbleached polymer films. The effective-index method was used to predict the effective indices of the channel waveguides from measurements of the slab waveguides, without detailed knowledge of the index distributions in the polymer films. Some local stress-related effects on the boundaries of the channel waveguides caused by the UV-bleaching process are identified by comparison between direct channel measurement and prediction. It is found that the technique used in this study can be employed to predict the performance of channel waveguides processed such that they have no excessive internal stress distributions.

Modeling photobleached optical polymer waveguides

One of the most efficient ways to prepare nonlinear optical polymer channel waveguides is by photobleaching. To control the index profile precisely and to design and improve the performance of active electro-optical devices, modeling of the photobleaching process is important. We report our phenomenological bleaching model, which uses a stretched exponential time dependency technique that predicts the index profile for polymer channel waveguides and present design rules for active optical switches and modulators. One way to verify the bleaching model is to calculate the effective index and compare this with our measured effective index obtained with prism-coupling techniques. The bleaching model shows good agreement with experiments.

The asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit facilitate correct disulfide bond pairing

The role of asparagine (N)-linked oligosaccharide chains in intracellular folding of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-beta subunit was determined by examining the kinetics of folding in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with wild-type or mutant hCG-beta genes lacking one or both of the asparagine glycosylation sites. The half-time for folding of p beta 1 into p beta 2, the rate-determining step in beta folding, was 7 min for wild-type beta but 33 min for beta lacking both N-linked glycans. The p beta 1-->p beta 2 half-time was 7.5 min in CHO cells expressing the beta subunit missing the Asn13-linked glycan and 10 min for the beta subunit missing the Asn30-linked glycan. The inefficient folding of hCG-beta lacking both N-linked glycans correlated with the slow formation of the last three disulfide bonds (i.e. disulfides 23-72, 93-100, and 26-110) to form in the hCG-beta-folding pathway. Unglycosylated hCG-beta was slowly secreted from CHO cells, and beta subunit-folding intermediates retained in cells for more than 5 h were degraded into a hCG-beta core fragment-like protein. However, coexpression of the hCG-alpha gene enhanced folding and formation of disulfide bonds 23-72, 93-100, and 26-110 of hCG-beta lacking N-linked glycans. In addition, the molecular chaperones BiP, ERp72, and ERp94, but not calnexin, were found in a complex with unglycosylated, unfolded hCG-beta and may be involved in the folding of this beta form. These data indicate that N-linked oligosaccharides assist hCG-beta subunit folding by facilitating disulfide bond formation.

The epidemiology of HIV and syphilis among male commercial sex workers in northern Thailand

OBJECTIVE

To examine the prevalence and incidence of HIV and syphilis, and risk behaviors for these infections, among 1,172 male commercial sex workers (CSW) followed prospectively from 1989 to 1994 in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand.

METHODS

Twice yearly visits were conducted by the Thai Ministry of Public Health at all cooperating gay bars and clubs (17 sites) in Chiang Mai City as part of a national HIV sentinel surveillance. Men and boys who agreed were followed prospectively. Sentinel visits included an interview, HIV pre-test counseling, HIV and syphilis serology, condom distribution, and referral for post-test counseling. Participation was voluntary, confidential, and individual HIV results were available only to participating subjects. A total of 219 CSW were seen at least twice, allowing for incidence estimates based on 100 person-years (PY).

RESULTS

Median age of male CSW was 20 years. Median time of work as a CSW was 4 months. Most men (57.6%) described themselves as heterosexual. Median number of clients was 2.5 per week, and reported condom use with clients was low: 42% reported inconsistent or no condom use, while 58% reported always using condoms. Reactive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory results were 7.6%, overall, but showed a declining trend. HIV prevalence was 1.4% in June 1989, 13.9% in June 1990, and 20.1% in December 1993, and showed a significant increasing trend. There were 27 incident HIV infections in 227.3 PY of observation, for an overall incidence during the 4.5-year period of 11.9 per 100 PY (95% confidence interval, 7.42-16.38).

CONCLUSION

Male CSW in northern Thailand are at high risk for HIV despite current prevention efforts. The majority are heterosexual, which may be an important epidemiologic link in the spread of HIV between male CSW users and heterosexual women in Thailand.

Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides facilitate human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit folding but not assembly of prefolded beta with alpha

To determine the role of asparagine (N)-linked oligosaccharide chains in protein folding and assembly, the well established hCG-beta in vitro folding and assembly assays were used to analyze how the human CG (hCG) beta-subunit devoid of one or two N-linked glycans folds and assembles under different conditions. Two approaches were used: 1) site-specific mutagenesis of hCG-beta synthesized in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with beta-mutants lacking the asparagine glycosylation sites; and 2) enzymatic deglycosylation of hCG-beta synthesized in JAR cells with peptide N-glycosidase F or endoglycosidase H. In both cases, [35S]cysteine-labeled beta-subunits were used as substrates to measure the conversion of the hCG-beta folding intermediate p beta 1 into p beta 2 and assembly of p beta 2 with urinary alpha. Using the mutated substrates from Chinese hamster ovary cells, it was found that 60% of wild-type p beta 1 (two N-linked glycans), 60% of p beta 1 missing the Asn13-linked glycan, 40% of p beta 1 missing the Asn30-linked glycan, and 10% of p beta 1 missing two N-linked glycans were converted to the corresponding p beta 2, respectively. With the enzymatically deglycosylated substrate from JAR cells, 90% of p beta 1 (two N-linked glycans), 70% of p beta 1(1) (one N-linked glycan), and 10% of p beta 1(0) (without N-linked glycan) folded into p beta 2 under cysteamine and cystamine redox conditions with or without protein disulfide isomerase. These data demonstrate that at least one N-linked glycan is required for efficient folding of hCG-beta and that the Asn30-linked glycan is more important than Asn13-linked glycan for hCG-beta folding. It also was shown that the composition of N-linked glycans of hCG-p beta 1 did not change protein folding, since hCG-beta substrates with high mannose oligosacharides folded as efficiently as beta-substrates containing sialylated complex oligosaccharides. Moreover, assembly of the already folded, assembly-component folding intermediate, p beta 2, was not affected by removal of one or both of the N-linked glycans of the beta-subunit. These data thus show that N-linked glycans play their most important role in the folding component of the folding and assembly pathway for hCG-beta.