Aspiration pneumonia with adenovirus infection in a Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata fuscata)

Pneumonia with aspiration of foreign bodies and adenovirus infection was identified in a wild Japanese macaque which died 1 month after capture. The adenovirus infection was considered to be secondary in importance to the pneumonia.

Adenoviral infection in infant tree shrews

An epizootic of fatal illness among infant common tree shrews (Tupaia glis) occurred in a research colony. Affected tree shrews were dehydrated, and ingested milk substitute remained in their stomachs for several hours without being digested. Twelve of 15 tree shrews born during a 3-month period died. The 4 tree shrews we were able to examine had intranuclear inclusions in the epithelium of the stomach and intestines, with mild to moderate multifocal necrosis. One tree shrew also had nasal epithelial inclusions and multiple foci of hepatocellular and biliary necrosis, with inclusions. The causative virus was identified as an adenovirus.

Undifferentiated neuroectodermal tumors induced by human adenovirus type 31 in Syrian hamsters

Human adenovirus type 31 was inoculated intraperitoneally into 18 and intracranially into 98 Syrian hamsters within 24 hours of birth. Intraperitoneal tumors developed multicentrically in 94.4%, 93 days on an average after virus inoculation, while brain tumors developed in 6.1%, 154 days. Intraperitoneal tumors primarily developed in the subserosal tissues and protruded into the peritoneal cavity. Some of the five enlarged brain tumors seemed to have extended from the paraventricular regions to the neighboring structures, and one microtumor was located in the subependymal layer. Twenty-six of the 98 hamsters inoculated with virus intracranially unexpectedly developed tumors in the subcutaneous tissue of the skull. Histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies revealed that the tumors which developed in the different sites had essentially the same features and were composed of undifferentiated small cells of primitive neuroectodermal nature. The incidence and the characteristics of the tumors were discussed in comparison with those of adenovirus type 12-induced tumors described previously.

Interferon treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis

We conducted a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of topical interferon in the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. The study was designed to determine the efficacy of plasmid-derived alpha-2 interferon treatment with regard to the duration of clinical disease, virus shedding, and the occurrence of bilateral infection and subepithelial infiltrates. Interferon therapy was not found to have a statistically significant effect with regard to these factors in the 14 patients who completed 14 days of treatment in the study with interferon or a placebo. Interferon therapy was, however, associated with a tendency toward asymptomatic infection in the second eye when compared to the controls.

Silver staining of DNA restriction fragments for the rapid identification of adenovirus isolates: application during nosocomial outbreaks

The ultrasensitive photochemical silver stain for nucleic acids, described by Beidler et al. (1982), has been applied to the detection of adenovirus restriction fragments as a relatively rapid technique for the identification of virus isolates. In this study, restriction enzyme cleavage analysis was used to characterize adenovirus isolates from what appeared to be two nosocomial outbreaks. The first outbreak was thus shown to include two clusters of patients, and involved two serotypes Ad7c and Ad40. The second outbreak was unrelated and involved Ad35. Although restriction analysis does not replace serum neutralization as a routine method for typing adenoviruses, it is a much more rapid means of discriminating between different patient isolates, providing a current rather than retrospective analysis of a nosocomial outbreak. During the first outbreak, restriction analysis identified two distinct adenovirus serotypes from one patient--Ad7c from a nasopharyngeal aspirate and Ad41 from a stool specimen. Restriction analysis is also valuable for the sub-typing of virus isolates. In this study, the Ad40 and Ad41 isolates were shown to be variants of the respective prototype strains.

A large outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8

A large nosocomial outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8 is described. Two hundred cases were identified, 123 by isolation of the virus and 77 by detecting HI antibodies in convalescent sera. Infection usually presented as a severe keratoconjunctivitis, and 107 (54%) of infected patients developed sub-epithelial corneal opacities. The majority (66%) of infections were acquired at the accident and emergency department attached to a large urban eye hospital when patients attended for other reasons; trauma to the eye, especially corneal foreign bodies, was the most frequent cause for the initial attendance. Transmission of virus within the family occurred in 13% of cases, but there was little spread outside family or hospital environments. The outbreak lasted from May to September, 1982, but it was not confirmed by isolation of the virus until the end of June when control measures were instituted. Delay in applying control measures was probably the major factor accounting for this large, prolonged outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

Experimental viral pneumonia in guinea pigs: an ultrastructural study

Homogenized lung tissue was used to experimentally reproduce lethal viral pneumonia in guinea pigs. The resultant lesions corresponded with those of the spontaneous disease. Pneumonia with necrotic bronchiolar epithelium accompanied by basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies was the primary finding. With transmission electron microscopy, numerous viral particles were found--mainly within the nucleus of pulmonary epithelial cells but also within the cytoplasm and in extracellular space. The appearance of viral particles, in particular their paracrystalline and crystalline deposition within the nucleus, indicates that our experimentally induced pneumonia was caused by an adenovirus.

Flow cytophotometric and time-lapse cinematographic study of human cells infected by adenovirus type 2 wild-type and two DNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants

Flow cytophotometry and time-lapse cinematography were used to study viral DNA synthesis and alteration of the cellular DNA content of human cells infected by adenovirus type 2 wild-type and two DNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants. Cell populations with DNA contents greater than 4n (where n represents the normal haploid DNA content of cells) were found after infection and their origin is discussed with regard to cell cycle changes, viral DNA replication and cell fusion or endomitosis.

A new animal model for human respiratory tract disease due to adenovirus

Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were tested as a model for human respiratory tract infection due to adenovirus. After intranasal instillation of 10(6.1) 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of adenovirus type 5 into one-month-old cotton rats, groups were killed at intervals for nasal and lung titration of virus and lung histopathology. In lung, eclipse occurred at 8 hr followed by peak viral titer (10(7.5) TCID50/g of lung) on day 5. Titers fell to 10(3.2) TCID50/g by day 10 and persisted at that level through the remainder of the study (day 28) despite appearance of serum neutralizing antibody after day 6. Interstitial pneumonia paralleled viral growth, and peribronchial mononuclear infiltration followed one to two days later. Titers in nasal mucosa peaked on day 3 but were undetectable beyond day 21. Pulmonary histopathology and viral replicative patterns paralleled findings in natural human disease.

Fluctuation of antiviral resistance in the intestinal tracts of nude mice infected with a mouse adenovirus

Oral administration of adenovirus strain K87 to BALB/c nude mice resulted in viral proliferation in the intestinal tract up to around week 6 at which point replication was suppressed. In other words, the host acquired resistance. However, this resistance was temporary and the viral infection persisted over a long period with repeated periods of proliferation and resistance. That the appearance of this resistance is the result of infecting mice with the virus and is not due to age difference per se was made clear through experimentation with nude mice of different age groups. However, it was indicated that increase in age is involved in the decreased rate of reproliferation following initial suppression. No evidence of the virus was obtained from any other organ throughout the infection. Furthermore, throughout the persistent infection, even during the aforementioned periods of resistance, no neutralizing antibody was detected from sera, intestinal wall or intestinal content. When spleen cells from BALB/c heterozygous littermate mice was transferred to the nude mice, an earlier onset of antiviral resistance was seen than in nude mice without the transfer, and this was accompanied by a rise in neutralizing antibody titer. From these results, it is believed that the resistance characteristic of nude mice infected by mouse adenovirus is dependent on some factor other than the neutralizing antibody invoked resistance exhibited by euthymic mice.

Rapid culture test for adenovirus isolation

A rapid culture test has been developed and evaluated for the detection of adenovirus in ocular infections. The test requires only two days' incubation of the inoculated cell monolayers on coverslips in flat bottomed tubes followed by detection of adenovirus inclusions using immunofluorescence staining method. The sensitivity of the rapid test is found to be comparable with that of the conventional tissue culture test which depends on the development of a cytopathic effect requiring 2-21 days' incubation (mean 9 X 4, SD 4 X 9).

Characterization of two serotypes of adenovirus isolated from sheep in the central United States

Two serotypes of adenovirus were isolated from lambs assembled at a ram testing station. The isolates were identified as adenoviruses on the basis of their morphologic and physicochemical characteristics. One isolate (RTS-42) was neutralized by antiserum to ovine adenovirus serotype 5, whereas the other strain (RTS-151) was not neutralized by the antisera to ovine adenovirus serotypes 1 through 5 or bovine adenovirus 1 through 8.

Experimental infection of lambs with ovine adenovirus isolate RTS-151: clinical, microbiological, and serologic responses

Twelve 1-week-old colostrum-deprived lambs that were inoculated with ovine adenovirus isolate RTS-151 developed a mild febrile response between postinoculation days (PID) 4 and 10. They were inactive and some had serous nasal discharges; their respiratory rates and efforts were increased. Virus was isolated from nasal secretions from PID 2 to PID 8. Virus also was isolated from tracheal fluid and lung tissue of most lambs at necropsy (between PID 2 and 12), but not from liver, kidney, small intestine, and feces, indicating that the infection was confined to the respiratory tract. Four control lambs remained healthy and neither virus nor serum antibody was detected.

Experimental infection of laying chickens with adenovirus 127 and with a related virus isolated from ducks

Infection of commercially reared white leghorn and white rock hens with adenovirus 127 was associated with decreases in total egg production, external egg quality, egg weight (P less than 0.01), and eggshell thickness (P less than 0.01). The egg-production and egg-quality disturbances were transient, and production returned to normal approximately 4 weeks postinfection. Infection of white leghorns with a hemagglutinating adenovirus isolated from Missouri ducks did not adversely affect egg production, external egg quality, or eggshell thickness, but it was associated with decreased egg weight (P less than 0.01). Prior infection with the duck adenovirus prevented the adverse egg-production effects of adenovirus 127 infection. Mean hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers of chickens infected with adenovirus 127 or with duck adenovirus ranged from 1:588 to 1:10809, and mean titers of uninfected chickens did not exceed 1:2.

Genome variants of human adenovirus 40 (subgroup F)

Twenty-six strains of faecal adenovirus from three continents (two from Europe, 16 from South Africa, and eight from Canada) were typed as Ad40 by restriction enzyme analysis of the DNA using Sma I. The DNA of the strains was further compared by digestion with six other enzymes, namely Bam HI, Eco RI, Bgl I, Xho I, Sst I, and Hind III. At least two different restriction profiles were found to exist for each enzyme. Nineteen of the 26 strains studied had the same combination of profiles for all the enzymes, within the limits of resolution of the technique. This genome type was detected from all three continents and included the Finnish reference strain Hovi-X. The other seven strains were genome variants, representing five other genome types. Three genome types were detected only in South African specimens, whereas one genome type was detected in single specimens from both South Africa and Canada. Strain Dugan from Holland, indistinguishable from other Ad40 strains in neutralization tests using polyclonal antibody preparations [de Jong et al, 1983], deviated from the common Hovi-X-like genome on digestion of the DNA with any of the enzymes except Sma I.

Restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of adenovirus type 8: two new subtypes from patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan

We studied the restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of DNAs of adenovirus type 8 (Ad 8) isolated from epidemic keratoconjunctivitis cases. DNAs of 25 Ad 8 isolates collected during the period from 1975 to 1981 in Sapporo were subjected to enzymatic cleavage with PstI, BamHl , HindIII and SalI. On the basis of the cleavage patterns, the isolates were divided into two subtypes, A and B, both different from Trim strain used as the Ad 8 prototype strain. Subtype A was prevalent in the period from 1975 to 1978, while subtype B in the period from 1976 to 1981.

Characteristics of mastadenovirus h 8, the causative agent of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

Adenovirus 8 (Ad 8, strain 1127) has the general structural features of an adenovirus; it produces the genus-specific hexon antigen. The fiber length of 12 nm corresponds to that of other subgenus D adenoviruses. In hemagglutination-inhibition, Ad 8 is related to Ad9 and Ad 15/H9. The slow multiplication, compared to most other subgenus D viruses, was shown not to be caused by an extended growth cycle, but appears to be due to an inefficient virus release into the medium. After restriction analysis with the enzymes Sma I and Bgl II, the typical fragment patterns of species from subgenus D were obtained, while very different patterns emerged from the analysis with Hind III, Bam HI, and Bst E II endonucleases. Several strains of Ad 8 produced more penton-associated toxin than Ad 15/H9 used as reference virus from subgenus D, which could explain the "clumping CPE" caused by Ad 8. Ad 8 toxin was neutralized by antisera from many adenovirus species. The poor virus yield of Ad 8 was not improved by removing soluble viral or cellular substances; all other attempts to improve virus yield by varying the conditions of cell culture also failed.

Unambiguous typing of canine adenovirus isolates by deoxyribonucleic acid restriction-endonuclease analysis

Viral deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from a limited number of cells infected with canine adenovirus type 1 or type 2 was cleaved with several restriction endonucleases. Agarose gel electrophoresis of the limit digests showed stable differences between the canine adenovirus type 1 and type 2 cleavage patterns. Rapid and accurate typing of large numbers of clinical isolates may thus be done by deoxyribonucleic acid restriction-endonuclease analysis.

Adenovirus serotypes isolated from ocular infections in London

During the period 1973-8 700 adenoviruses were isolated from the eyes of patients presenting at Moorfields Eye Hospital. Of these, 678 were serotyped by a neutralisation test. Twenty-one different serotypes were identified. Serotype 3, 7, and 10 accounted for 68% of the isolates, 4, 8, 15 (15/29), and 19 for 25%, and the other 14 serotypes for 7%. Community outbreaks of ocular infections by adenovirus 3, 4, 7, 10, and 15 (15/29) were observed. Outbreaks with adenovirus 3, 7, and 10 appeared to continue for 2 years or more, whereas outbreaks with 4 and 15 (15/29) were restricted to one year or less. Hospital outbreaks by adenovirus 8 and 19 were also recorded. During the same period 18 of these 21 adenovirus serotypes were isolated from the nonocular sites (mainly respiratory tract) in 7804 cases. There was a close association in the distribution of adenovirus 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 in the ocular and nonocular sites. No such association was observed for adenovirus serotypes 4, 8, 10, 15 (15/29), and 19.

Candidate adenoviruses 40 and 41: fastidious adenoviruses from human infant stool

About 200 antigenically related adenoviruses were isolated from cases of infantile diarrhoea in the Netherlands and North-West Germany. The viruses were fastidious and failed to replicate serially in human diploid fibroblasts and in primary human embryonic kidney cells. A number of strains were established in HeLa, HEp-2, Graham (293), cynomolgus monkey kidney, and Chang conjunctival cells. The viruses were mammalian adenoviruses by the usual criteria. No relationship to the 39 known human adenovirus species was found, either by neutralization tests or by haemagglutination inhibition tests. Neutralization tests showed two distinct variants, represented by strains Tak and Dugan. The variants were identical in haemagglutination inhibition tests. DNA restriction enzyme analysis showed Tak and Dugan to have considerably different genomes, indicating that these variants should be classified as different species (Wadell et al, 1983). It is proposed that the variants should be called Mastadenovirus h 40 (with reference strains Dugan and Hovi X) and Mastadenovirus h 41 (with reference strain Tak). Neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition tests demonstrated that the viruses from Glasgow and Helsinki (Hovi X) described by Johansson et al [1980] and by Kidd and Madeley [1981] belong to these two adenovirus species.