Coexistence of morphea and systemic sclerosis

While the association of morphea and systemic sclerosis (SSc) is considered to be a rare condition, we observed well-demarcated sclerotic skin changes indistinguishable from morphea in 9 of 135 SSc patients who visited our clinic during the last decade. We consider this rate of incidence (6.7%) to be high enough to consider morphea to be one of the skin involvements of SSc. There was a significantly (p < 0.01) higher incidence of morphea in males (3 of 5) than in females (6 of 130). Only 3 of 111 SSc patients positive for antinuclear antibody (ANA) also showed morphea, whereas 6 of 9 patients negative for ANA showed morphea (p < 0.01). Although the mechanism underlying the development of morphea in SSc patients remains unknown, our observations suggest a heterogeneous pathogenesis related to SSc gender and ANA type.

Clinical evaluation of scleroderma spectrum disorders using a points system

We have established a new diagnostic method using a points system to evaluate patients with early scleroderma and those with scleroderma spectrum disorders (SSD). To examine the clinical usefulness of this method, it was applied to a total of 215 cases including 97 patients with scleroderma, 32 with SSD, 28 with presumed primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and 58 with other connective tissue disorders (CTD). A total score was obtained for each patient as the sum of the following five factors: (1) extent of skin sclerosis (maximum, 10 points); (2) pulmonary changes (maximum, 4 points); (3) antinuclear antibodies (maximum, 5 points); (4) pattern of Raynaud's phenomenon (maximum, 3 points); and (5) nailfold bleeding (maximum, 2 points). Of the 97 scleroderma patients, 86 (89%) had 9 or more points, and of the 32 SSD patients, 28 (88%) had 5 to 8 points. In contrast, all patients with presumed primary RP and 54 of 58 (93%) patients with other CTD had 0 to 4 points. These data suggest that this diagnostic method is very useful not only for clinical evaluation of SSD, but also for the differentiation of scleroderma and SSD from other CTD and primary RP.

Characterization of baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin and fusion glycoproteins of the attenuated measles virus strain AIK-C

With measles virus cDNA of the avirulent vaccine strain AIK-C, two cDNAs of H or F genes were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. The amplified cDNAs were inserted respectively to the baculovirus transfer vector pAcYM1 derived from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica (AcNPV). After co-transfection of the transfer vectors with AcNPV DNA to Spodoptera frugiperda cells, recombinant baculoviruses were screened by plaque assay, and the viruses containing H-cDNA or F-cDNA were named H-AIK or F-AIK, respectively. By Western blot analyses, the band around 80 kDa and some smaller bands were appeared in the H-AIK infected S. frugiperda cells, and the band around 40 kDa was detected in the F-AIK infected cells. Immunofluorescence studies on unfixed S. frugiperda cells infected with H- or F-AIK recombinants showed that both antigens were transported to the cell surface. When green monkey red blood cells were added to the recombinant infected cells, H-AIK infected cells showed haemadsorption, and cells infected with F-AIK lysed the red blood cells. The recombinant proteins elicited the neutralizing antibodies against measles virus.

[Clinical evaluation of serum levels of monomeric dimeric and tetrameric pseudocholinesterases in patients with various liver diseases]

Serum levels of monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric pseudocholinesterases were measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with various liver diseases and normal controls in order to evaluate their clinical significance. In patients with liver cirrhosis, serum levels of monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric were significantly lower than those in normal controls, patients with fatty liver and chronic hepatitis. The ratio of monomeric and dimeric to tetrameric in patients with liver cirrhosis was also significantly lower than that in normal controls, patients with fatty liver and chronic hepatitis. Serum levels of tetrameric, dimeric and monomeric were not significantly higher in the patients with fatty liver than in normal controls, but the ratio of monomeric and dimeric to tetrameric was significantly higher in patients with fatty liver than that in normal controls, patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. These findings suggest that the selective determinations of serum levels of monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric pseudocholinesterases are useful to estimate the metabolism of fat and protein in various liver diseases.

Skin distribution and differential expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 and beta 2

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) 1 and 2 have both become increasingly important in cutaneous biology, but their expression and distribution in human skin are not entirely clear. In this report, normal forearm skin from four volunteers was investigated for TGF-beta 1 and beta 2 immunostaining with antibodies that detect preferentially either cell- or matrix-associated forms of these peptides. Marked cell-associated TGF-beta 1 was found in the dermis, particularly around blood vessels and ducts; cellular TGF-beta 2 immunostaining was less prominent, and was predominantly around blood vessels. Neither TGF-beta 1 nor -beta 2 could be detected in the epidermis or epithelial structures, and the dermal matrix contained minimally detectable amounts of the two isoforms. In all cases, dermal matrix and cells contained greater amounts of TGF-beta 1 than TGF-beta 2. Previous studies have shown that both TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 can induce dramatic increases in extracellular matrix, and both peptides have been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. We therefore investigated TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 immunostaining in involved forearm skin of four patients with systemic sclerosis. Compared to normal skin, fibrotic specimens showed increased amounts of matrix and epidermal TGF-beta 1, but not TGF-beta 2. We conclude that TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 expression in human skin is differentially regulated, and that their distribution is varied and complex.

Effect of platelet-poor plasma from patients with neurofibromatosis on the growth of cultured neurofibroma-derived fibroblast-like cells

The effect of platelet-poor plasma from patients with von Recklinghausen's disease (neurofibromatosis, NF) on the cell growth of cultured neurofibroma-derived fibroblast-like cells (NF fibroblast-like cells grown from explant cultures of cutaneous neurofibromas) was examined. Platelet-poor plasma and sera from nine NF patients and nine control individuals were examined. When comparing platelet-poor plasma from patients with NF with control individuals, the former stimulated the proliferation of fibroblast-like cells derived from neurofibromas, not that of normal fibroblasts.

Response of scleroderma fibroblasts to various growth factors

Abnormal growth regulation in lesional skin fibroblasts may be related to scleroderma pathogenesis. We report on the abnormal response of cultured fibroblasts derived from sclerotic lesions to various growth factors. We investigated the responses of skin fibroblasts (10 strains) and normal fibroblasts (9 strains) to the growth factors as PDGF, TGF-beta 1, EGF and basic FGF. Experiments were conducted during the proliferation and confluent stages. PDGF, EGF and basic FGF stimulated fibroblast growth during the proliferation and confluent stages, but the response of scleroderma fibroblasts was significantly lower than that of normal fibroblasts. TGF-beta 1 slightly stimulated confluent fibroblast growth and inhibited proliferating fibroblasts, and the response of scleroderma fibroblasts exceeded that of normal fibroblasts. The decreased response to growth-stimulating factors observed in scleroderma fibroblasts suggests that cultured fibroblasts derived from scleroderma lesions were already senescent because they have been activated by growth-stimulating factors and repeatedly divided in vivo. Thus, abnormal growth regulation of skin fibroblasts may be partially related to the pathogenesis of scleroderma.

Epidemiological study of patients with systemic sclerosis in Tokyo

We conducted an epidemiological study of systemic sclerosis in the city of Tokyo using the records of patients who had been registered to receive free medical service for intractable diseases. A total of 636 patients were registered as having systemic sclerosis in 1987, and we sent questionnaires to the doctor of each patient. The contents of the questionnaires included the patient's name, sex, age, occupation, major symptoms, therapy and laboratory findings. We received 357 completed replies, and were able to analyse them. Our study estimated that at 1 January 1988 the prevalence rate in Japan was between 2.1 and 5.3 per 100,000. The male/female ratio was 14:1. The ages of the patients when surveyed ranged from 17 to 82 years, with a mean age of 51 years, peaking with the most numerous group being 50-59 years. The characteristic signs of systemic sclerosis were as follows: proximal scleroderma, 75%; sclerodactyly, 91%; pitting scars, 49%; short sublingual frenulum, 49%; pulmonary fibrosis, 45%; diffuse pigmentation, 45%; and phalangeal contracture, 35%. Raynaud's phenomenon was present in 93% of patients, and was the initial symptom in 59% of cases. With respect to specific antinuclear antibodies, anticentromere antibody was present in 19% and antitopoisomerase I antibody was present in 27%.

Identification and characterization of a plaque forming avian rotavirus isolated from a wild bird in Japan

From fresh faeces of a wild bird (Melanitta fusca), a virus that showed granular cytopathic effects (CPE) on chicken kidney cell (CKC) cultures was isolated. By indirect immunofluorescence analyses (IFA), this isolate reacted with an antiserum against a bovine rotavirus. The isolate produced clear plaques on CKC by conventional techniques, without trypsin. Three virus plaques were selected by plaque size (small, medium, and large) and cloned by three successive plaque cloning. In the SDS-PAGE analyses, dsRNA bands showed a typical profile of avian rotavirus and quite different from that of avian reovirus. With dsRNA patterns, IFA results, CPE, and a morphological property, the clones were identified as avian rotaviruses of group A rotavirus. The clones killed chicken embryos, when they were inoculated to yolk sac.

[The titers and complement-activating abilities of anticentromere antibody in systemic sclerosis, other connective tissue diseases, and other related conditions]

The anticentromere antibody is considered to be a useful serologic marker for the CREST syndrome. But this antibody also appears in other related conditions less frequently. We classified 29 patients with anticentromere antibodies into 3 groups: (1) 16 patients with systemic sclerosis or Raynaud's phenomenon alone; (2) 7 patients with other connective tissue diseases; (3) 6 patients with other conditions. Ig class reactivities and complement-fixing abilities of anticentromere antibody were measured by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The whole Ig titers were high (1025 or more) in all patients belonging to group 1. However, the properdin-fixing anticentromere antibody titers of these patients were relatively low (256 or less). In contrast, the patients in group 2 and 3 were shown to have higher C3- and properdin-activating abilities which were determined by the ratios of the titers of C3- and properdin-fixing anticentromere antibody to the IgG titers although the whole Ig titers of these patients were widely distributed. These data suggest that the patients who have low whole Ig titers and/or high properdin-fixing titers do not belong to the scleroderma spectrum and that the patients without clinical features of scleroderma have high C3- and properdin-activating abilities.

Sequences and coding strategies of the S RNAs of Toscana and Rift Valley fever viruses compared to those of Punta Toro, Sicilian Sandfly fever, and Uukuniemi viruses

The sequences and coding strategies of the S RNAs of two viruses, Toscana (TOS) and the M12 derivative of Rift Valley fever ZH-548 (RVF, Phlebovirus genus, Bunyaviridae) have been determined from cDNA clones and compared to the previously published sequences of Punta Toro (PT), Sandfly fever Sicilian (SFS), and Uukuniemi (UUK) viruses. All five viruses exhibit an ambisense coding strategy for their small (S) RNA species, i.e., one gene product (the NSs protein) is encoded in the 5' half of the viral RNA, a second (the N protein) is encoded in the sequence complementary to the 3' half. The terminal nucleotides of the S RNAs of the five viruses are comparable through 13-14 residues. The 3' and 5' ends of these S RNAs have inverted complementary compositions. Three phleboviruses (TOS, SFS, and RVFV) exhibit comparable G-rich, centrally located intergenic sequences, albeit of different lengths. These sequences have a number of similar motifs at, or immediately following, the end of the coding regions, motifs that may be involved in their S mRNA transcription termination processes. The other two viruses (UUK, PT) have AT-rich intergenic sequences that have the potential to form secondary structure. They lack the G-rich sequences or particular sequence motifs recognized in the other three virus RNAs. The deduced sizes of the TOS and RVFV N proteins are 27,704 and 27,430 kDa (respectively). Their NSS proteins are 36,677 and 29,903 kDa (respectively). When aligned, the deduced sequences of the N proteins of the five viruses exhibit homologies ranging from 54 to 30%. The order of homology to RVFV N protein is PT greater than TOS greater than SFS greater than UUK; to TOS N protein it is PT greater than or equal to RVF greater than SFS greater than UUK. The sequences of the NSS proteins are less similar, with values ranging from 30 to less than 17%. The order of homology to RVFV NSS is SFS greater than PT greater than TOS greater than UUK. Due to these more distant relationships, the homologies to TOS NSS protein are less clear.

Early detection of scleroderma spectrum disorders in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon

Fifty patients with the chief complaint of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) presented at our scleroderma clinic from March to December 1990. Physical examination, routine laboratory tests (blood, urine and chest X-ray), determination of the pattern of RP, antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests and examination for nailfold bleeding were performed. Three patients were diagnosed as having systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma, 15 patients as having RP with positive anticentromere antibody and 6 patients as having an incomplete form of mixed connective tissue disease. Thus, a total of at least 24 patients out of 50 (48%) were shown to have a scleroderma spectrum disorder. A definite RP pattern (triphasic or biphasic and bilateral), positive ANA and positive nailfold bleeding were strongly correlated statistically, suggesting that these are simple useful findings for the early detection of scleroderma spectrum disorders in patients with RP. We expect that there are many undiagnosed patients with an early-stage scleroderma spectrum disorder in the general population.

A case of malignant hypertension and scleroderma after cosmetic surgery

A 44-year-old woman with scleroderma-like skin lesions and malignant hypertension following mammoplasty is reported. Sclerotic change is an unusual finding for ordinary finding progressive systemic sclerosis. On admission, she had severe high-renin hypertension and progressive renal failure, suggesting scleroderma renal crisis. With intensive treatment for hypertension including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, the blood pressure was well controlled. It was then suggested that she had malignant hypertension due to scleroderma after silicone injection, or the so-called human adjuvant disease after cosmetic surgery.

The effects of scleroderma sera on endothelial cell survival in vitro

The effects of sera and of platelet-poor plasma from patients with scleroderma on endothelial cell survival in vitro were studied. The survival ratio of rat heart endothelial cells was studied both in 10% test serum and in 10% platelet-poor plasma. Sera from patients with scleroderma decreased the survival ratio significantly when compared with sera from normal controls. In contrast, there was no significant difference between platelet-poor plasma from patients with scleroderma and that from normal controls. Our data indicate that platelets in the patients with scleroderma may cause vascular damage by affecting endothelial cell survival.

Characterization of baculovirus-expressed Rift Valley fever virus glycoproteins synthesized in insect cells

A cDNA corresponding to the complete coding region of the M RNA of the M12 mutant of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) strain ZH548 (K. Takehara, M-K. Min, J.K. Battles, K. Sugiyama, V.C. Emery, J.M. Dalrymple, and D.H.L. Bishop, Virology, 169, 452-457, 1989) has been inserted into the baculovirus transfer vector pAcYM1. By comparison with the parent RVFV, the M RNA of the M12 mutant has a new small open reading frame (ORF1) upstream of the one that initiates the precursor of the viral glycoproteins (ORF2, gene order: NS(M)-G2-G1). A derivative of the M12 cDNA was prepared from which most of the upstream sequences (including a polyT tract and ORF1) were removed. Other cDNA constructs were made from this derivative, constructs in which most of the G1 sequences were also removed, or most of the NS(M) coding sequences, or all of the NS(M) and most of G2 coding sequences. Each RVFV M cDNA construct was inserted into a pAcYM1 transfer vector and recombinant baculoviruses were produced (RVM1-5). The derived viruses were employed to study the expression and properties of the RVFV glycoproteins in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells. For each recombinant virus evidence was obtained which indicated that the RVFV glycoproteins were produced and processed in the insect cells. Although four of the recombinants gave low expression levels of the RVFV glycoproteins, for the vector that made only the G1 product, the expression level was significantly higher. Immunofluorescence analyses established that the RVFV glycoproteins were present both at intracellular locations and on the surface of the recombinant baculovirus infected insect cells.

Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with antiribosomal P protein antibody

Three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had positive antiribosomal P protein antibodies. The patients are women who had mild diseases that did not involve prominent internal organs. By using an immunofluorescence method for the detection fo antinuclear antibodies that employs HEp-2 cells, these serum samples produced intense stainings on cytoplasm and nucleoli that were digested with RNase. With the use of an immunoblotting technique, these serum samples recognized three ribosomal P proteins, called PO (38 kd), P1 (19 kd), and P2 (17 kd). We suggest that antiribosomal P protein antibodies can be detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and associated mild clinical features.

Immunocytochemical studies on cholestatic factor in human liver with or without cholestasis

The localization of the cholestatic factor (CF) was immunocytochemically investigated in liver biopsy specimens obtained from patients with various liver diseases. CF was detected in seven of nine patients with drug-induced liver injury, three of four with acute viral hepatitis, three of five with alcoholic liver injury and in the two patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Fourteen of these 15 CF-positive patients had jaundice in their clinical courses. CF was stained diffusely in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes throughout the lobules in a granular pattern. Electron-microscopically, it was localized on the ribosomes and polysomes as well as on the filamentous structures around the bile canaliculi. However, CF was not detected in liver specimens from normal controls and patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and extrahepatic biliary obstruction. These findings suggest that CF plays an important role in intrahepatic cholestasis in various liver diseases.

[The correlations of respiratory function tests, chest roentgenographic manifestations and respiratory symptoms in the patients with systemic sclerosis, using a scoring-method for symptoms]

Analytical studies were performed on the respiratory symptoms in 31 systemic sclerosis cases. Respiratory symptoms were expressed by scores from 1) coughs, 2) difficulties in walking, 3) difficulties in ascending, 4) dyspnea . In early stage cases with slight clinical symptoms, %VC was always normal, but %DLco was generally reduced. Because of good correlation between respiratory functions and clinical symptom scores, it is available to use the scores as well as %DLLco and %VC to diagnose slight lung involvement in systemic sclerosis. Also the clinical symptom scores are related to the roentgenographic manifestations of lung fibrosis which are characteristic in systemic sclerosis. Therefore we felt that this system of clinical symptom scores was useful to follow-up the patients.

Longitudinal study of patients with anticentromere antibody

As has previously been reported by many investigators, the anticentromere antibody is considered to be a useful serologic marker for the CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal involvement, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia) variant of systemic sclerosis. However, this antibody also appears in other conditions. By screening antinuclear antibody tests using HEp-2 cells as substrate, 39 patients were shown to have the anticentromere antibody. These patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1 = 17 patients with systemic sclerosis; group 2 = 9 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon alone; group 3 = 7 patients with other connective-tissue diseases, and group 4 = 6 patients with conditions other than those present in groups 1-3. Follow-up over years revealed that some patients suffering solely from Raynaud's phenomenon (group 2) developed the symptoms of systemic sclerosis. In contrast, of the patients who did not have Raynaud's phenomenon (group 4), none developed any symptom suggesting systemic sclerosis. We suggest that the simultaneous presence of Raynaud's phenomenon and the anticentromere antibody predicts the occurrence of systemic sclerosis. In contrast, the presence of the anticentromere antibody alone cannot necessarily be used to predict the development of systemic sclerosis.

Dipyridamole specifically decreases platelet-derived growth factor release from platelets

We previously reported that dipyridamole decreased platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) levels in human serum by lowering the release of PDGF during blood clotting. In this study, we have shown that this effect is specific for dipyridamole, and is not shown in other anti-platelet drugs such as aspirin, trapidil or ticlopidine. In addition, dipyridamole has been shown to decrease the PDGF level selectively, but not the levels of other factors from alpha-granules in platelets (beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor IV). These data indicate that dipyridamole may be an effective drug for preventing PDGF-related disorders.

Clinical significance of antinuclear antibodies in Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis

Clinical significance of specific antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis was studied. The patients with systemic sclerosis were classified into four groups according to ANA: (1) anticentromere antibody-positive; (2) anti-Scl-70 antibody-positive; (3) anti-nRNP antibody-positive, and (4) others. The mean score (the number of positive signs in six selected specific signs) of the patients with anti-Scl-70 antibody was significantly higher than those of the other three groups. More frequent contracture of phalanges in the patients with anti-Scl-70 antibody, less diffuse pigmentation in the patients with anti-nRNP antibody, and less pulmonary fibrosis in the patients with anticentromere antibody were revealed. As shown above, the detection of specific ANA in systemic sclerosis is clinically important.

Dipyridamole specifically decreases platelet-derived growth factor release from platelets

The authors have previously reported that dipyridamole decreased platelet-derived growth factor levels in human serum by lowering the release of this factor during blood clotting. In the present study, we have shown that this effect is specific to dipyridamole, and does not occur with other antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin, trapidil or ticlopidine. In addition, dipyridamole has been shown to decrease the PDGF level selectively, but not the levels of other factors from alpha granules in platelets (beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4). These data indicate that dipyridamole may be an effective drug for the prevention of PDGF-related disorders.

Immunogenic and protective properties of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by baculovirus vectors

The gene encoding the glycoprotein of rabies virus (G protein, CVS strain) has been cloned and inserted into the baculovirus transfer vector pAcYM1 derived from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica (AcNPV). The gene was placed under the control of the AcNPV polyhedrin promoter and expressed to high levels by the derived recombinant virus using a Spodoptera frugiperda cell line. It has been established that the antigenic characteristics of the protein were conserved by comparison with those of the native glycoprotein of rabies virions. The immunogenicity of the expressed product was also demonstrated. Intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection of G antigen conferred protection to mice and was associated with the induction of high titers of neutralizing antibodies. The availability of large quantities of antigenically and immunogenically reactive rabies G protein may make feasible crystallographic studies and the safe preparation of a low cost subunit vaccine for the disease.

Identification and characterization of an avian reovirus isolated from black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris)

An isolated virus from the feces of nestlings of Black-tailed gulls living on the Kabu-Island, Hachinohe-city, Aomori-prefecture, was identified as an avian reovirus from its morphological, physicochemical and biological features. Serologically, the isolate has a 62% of relatedness to TS-17 strain, a prototype of avian reovirus in Japan. The isolate showed no significant virulences to one-day-old SPF chickens, and showed low mortalities to chicken embryos, although it formed remarkable lesion onto chorioallantoic membrane.

Mitogenic activities for skin fibroblasts in the sera from untreated scleroderma patients at the early stage

Mitogenic activities for adult skin fibroblasts in 17 sera from untreated patients with scleroderma at the early stage were studied. Mitogenic activities in 10% test sera were measured by the [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay using confluent fibroblasts; there was no significant difference between scleroderma-affected and normal controls. Growth-stimulatory activities for subconfluent fibroblasts in 10% test sera were measured by increased cell numbers; again, there was no significant difference between scleroderma-affected and normal controls. There have been contradictory reports on growth-stimulatory activities in scleroderma sera; our data do not suggest the presence of a specific mitogen in scleroderma sera.

The effects of various growth factors on endothelial cell survival in vitro

The effects of various growth factors on endothelial cell survival in vitro were studied. Using rat heart endothelial cells, the cell survival curves were obtained; the cells were cultured until confluent, the medium was changed to serum-free medium with or without growth factors, and the cells were counted after 3, 6, 9, and 12 days. Transforming growth factor-beta, which is known as a potent growth inhibitor for vascular endothelial cells, shortened the rat heart endothelial cell's survival period, while epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor-alpha prolonged survival. Insulin did not affect the rat heart endothelial cell's survival. Our data indicate that growth factors play a role not only in cell proliferation but also in cell survival in vitro. In addition, elevated levels of growth inhibitors such as transforming growth factor-beta may cause tissue damage in vivo by affecting cell survival.

EGF and TGF-alpha are potent chemoattractants for endothelial cells and EGF-like peptides are present at sites of tissue regeneration

We report here that epidermal growth factor (EGF) isolated from male mouse salivary glands is active as a potent chemoattractant for a rat heart vascular endothelial cell line (RHEC). Human EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) produced in Escherichia coli are also active as chemoattractants for these cells. The chemotactic response of the cells is induced by concentrations of murine EGF that ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 nM with similar specific activities for both the human EGF and TGF-alpha. Other growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), TGF-beta, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin, or IGF were not active as chemoattractants for these cells. The chemotactic response exhibited similar kinetics to those reported for connective tissue cells responding to PDGF (2-6 h) and required both RNA and protein synthesis. However, in contrast to NIH/3T3 cells responding to PDGF, the proliferating cultures of RHEC respond as well as growth-arrested cultures in the chemotaxis assay. In in vivo studies of connective tissue regeneration it appears that EGF-like factors are present in wound fluid collected from rats. Acid extracts of wound fluid contained a RHEC chemotactic activity that was neutralized with anti-EGF antisera. These studies indicate that EGF-like factors may function in vivo to control in part the angiogenic events that occur during tissue repair.

Identification of mutations in the M RNA of a candidate vaccine strain of Rift Valley fever virus

The M RNA species of a candidate vaccine strain of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV ZH-548M12), derived by consecutive high level mutagenesis using 5-fluorouracil (H. Caplen, C. J. Peters, and D. H. L. Bishop, J. Gen. Virol., 66, 2271-2277, 1985), has been cloned and the cDNA sequenced. The data have been compared to those obtained for the parent virus strain RVFV ZH-548 as well as the previously published data for RVFV ZH-501 (M. S. Collett, A. F. Purchio, K. Keegan, S. Frazier, W. Hays, D. K. Anderson, M. D. Parker, C. Schmaljohn, J. Schmidt, and J. M. Dalrymple, Virology, 144, 228-245, 1985). Some eight nucleotide and three amino acid differences were identified between the M RNAs of ZH-501 and ZH-548. Between the M RNAs of ZH-548 and that of the M12 mutant there were 12 nucleotide and 7 amino acid changes. Unique to the mutant virus is a new AUG codon upstream of that which initiates the open reading frame of the RVFV M gene product (the viral glycoprotein precursor). The significance of this and other differences in the mutant RNA with regard to the derivation and potential attenuation of the candidate vaccine is discussed.

Atypical scleroderma associated with multiple myeloma

A case of atypical scleroderma associated with multiple myeloma is reported. The patient was a 50-year-old male; morphea-like plaques with brownish pigmentation were scattered on the whole body and sclerodactylia-like changes, contracture of fingers and polymyositis were observed. Histological findings in the sclerotic lesions were consistent with scleroderma. One year later, M-protein (IgG, kappa-chain) appeared in the serum and 3 years from the onset, the patient was diagnosed as multiple myeloma by bone marrow examination. It is speculated that abnormal immunological reactions related to multiple myeloma caused scleroderma-like lesions.

Clinical distribution of anticentromere antibody in Japanese patients

Serum samples from 401 subjects were screened for the presence of anticentromere antibody using HEp-2 cells as the substrate for an indirect immunofluorescence method. Anticentromere antibody was found in 16 cases; 8 out of 62 patients with systemic sclerosis, 3 out of 7 patients with primary Raynaud's disease, 2 out of 41 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 1 out of 54 asymptomatic relatives of systemic sclerosis and 2 out of 50 patients with miscellaneous diseases. In systemic sclerosis, the patients with anticentromere antibody were limited in CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal involvement, sclerodactylia and telangiectasia) variant. As reported previously by many investigators, anticentromere antibody is considered as a useful immunologic marker for CREST variant of systemic sclerosis, although this antibody is widely distributed in other conditions with less frequency.

Co-expression of the hepatitis B surface and core antigens using baculovirus multiple expression vectors

The hepatitis B (HB) virus DNA sequences coding for the pre-core (preC) or C antigens (HBpcAg, HBcAg) have been inserted into the baculovirus plasmid transfer vector, pAcYM1, such that the HB viral sequences are under the control of the polyhedrin promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV). Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with either of the derived recombinant plasmids in the presence of infectious AcNPV DNA yielded recombinant, polyhedrin-negative viruses that expressed high levels of the respective HBpcAg or HBcAg (representing approx. 5 to 10% and approx. 40% of the stained cellular proteins, respectively). The particulate 27 nm HBcAgs have been purified to homogeneity from infected cell extracts by density gradient centrifugation. Dual expression transfer vectors containing the HBcAg gene sequences and the coding sequences of the HB viral S antigen (HBsAg), each gene under the control of its own copy of the polyhedrin promoter, have also been constructed and used to derive recombinant viruses. The recombinant with the HB C and S genes expressed high levels of the HBcAg (approx. 40% of the cellular proteins) and low levels of the HBsAg (approx. 2% of the stained cellular proteins). Dual expression, occluded, recombinant baculoviruses that make HBsAg, as well as the AcNPV polyhedrin protein, have been prepared that are highly infectious for Trichoplusia ni caterpillars, allowing reproducible preparation of the antigen in larvae. Using radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and ELISAs, the recombinant HBcAg (RIA) and HBsAg (ELISA) have been used to identify human antibodies to HB virus with results that compare favourably with the data obtained with non-recombinant antigens.

Familial clustering of scleroderma spectrum disease

This is the second case report of familial scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) in South Carolina. The family includes two cases of scleroderma meeting American Rheumatism Association criteria, one of systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma, and two other cases of undifferentiated connective tissue disease with features of scleroderma spectrum disorders; there are also two cases of Raynaud's phenomenon (one associated with rheumatoid arthritis), for a total of seven affected relatives. Evidence of scleroderma spectrum disorders was sought in six siblings of the two co-index cases and in 23 of the 35 offspring. Laboratory studies included antinuclear antibody determinations and typing for the following genetic markers: HLA (A, B, C, DR), complotypes, Gm and Km allotypes, and alpha-1 antitrypsin phenotypes. No common genetic markers restricted to affected members of this family were found, and no environmental exposures were detected that could explain this familial clustering of cases. This report should, however, add to the slowly accumulating information on the genetic characteristics of families at unusually high risk for scleroderma spectrum disorders. Positive antinuclear antibody tests at a titer of 1/40 or higher were present in 57 percent of the first-degree relatives of the affected cases.

Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against an avian reovirus

Thirteen monoclonal antibodies against avian reovirus strain Uchida were derived. Of the 13 antibodies, three (MAb1, MAb2, and MAb3) had the ability to neutralize the infectivity of the virus. MAb1 neutralized strains Uchida, CS-108, and TS-142 equally. MAb2 neutralized the same three strains, but the activity of neutralization was 10 times higher against Uchida than against CS-108 and TS-142. MAb3 neutralized only strain Uchida. It seems that MAb1 and MAb2 have a rather broad neutralization activity and that MAb3 has a type-specific activity. These data indicate that there are both type-specific and more broadly specific neutralization epitopes in avian reovirus particles, as in mammalian reoviruses. In Western blot analysis, MAb1 bound to a sigma protein of strain Uchida, so it was suggested that this protein carries the epitope of the less specific neutralizing activity.

TGF-beta inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation: alteration of EGF binding and EGF-induced growth-regulatory (competence) gene expression

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) inhibits the growth of endothelial cells derived from various sources, including human umbilical vein, bovine aorta, and rat heart. Long-term exposure of rat heart endothelial cells to TGF-beta also induces dramatic changes in morphology that are characteristic of senescent cells. These changes are accompanied by a decrease in the number of high-affinity receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF), with almost no change in total receptor number. Additionally, the EGF-induced expression of specific competence genes (c-myc, JE, KC) is decreased, whereas the induction of c-fos gene expression by EGF is unaltered by TGF-beta treatment. These data suggest that growth inhibitors such as TGF-beta may act by altering the cell's response to growth-stimulatory factors.

Dipyridamole decreases platelet-derived growth factor levels in human serum

Mitogenic activities on confluent fibroblasts by sera from patients with scleroderma and normal controls were studied. In experiments using eight different fibroblast strains (one human fetal lung fibroblast, one foreskin fibroblast, three adult skin fibroblast, and three scleroderma fibroblast), pooled scleroderma serum showed lower mitogenic activity by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay than pooled normal serum. Individual serum investigations revealed that 11 of 33 patients (33%) showed low mitogenic activities; all 11 patients were receiving dipyridamole. Of 15 patients, 11 (73%) receiving dipyridamole showed low mutagenic activities; none of 18 patients not receiving dipyridamole showed low mitogenic activities. Approximately 70% of this serum activity was inhibited by the addition of anti-platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) antibody indicating that most of this serum activity seemed to be derived from PDGF. Western blot analysis of extracts of normal sera before and after administration of dipyridamole with antihuman PDGF antibody showed a large decrease in the amount of immunoreactive PDGF present. These data indicate that dipyridamole is an effective drug to lower release of PDGF during blood clotting.

Ascorbate effects on type I procollagen synthesis by human adult skin fibroblasts: different migration positions of type I procollagen chains on SDS polyacrylamide gel after incubation with ascorbate

The effects of ascorbate and steroids on type I procollagen synthesis by human skin fibroblasts were studied. Ascorbate treatment (50 micrograms/ml) for 24 hours stimulated a 2-3 fold increase in type I procollagen synthesis and an unexpected shift in the mobility of type I procollagen on SDS polyacrylamide gels. The kinetics of the increase in procollagen synthesis (4 hours) and the shift in electrophoretic mobility (1 hour) were dissimilar, suggesting different controlling mechanisms. This was confirmed by the addition of alpha-alpha'-dipyridyl to ascorbate-treated cultures which eliminated the ascorbate-induced shift in electrophoretic mobility without altering the amount of procollagen synthesis. In contrast, hydrocortisone (1.5 microM) reduced the ascorbate-induced stimulation of type I procollagen synthesis by 80% but did not affect the ascorbate-induced shift in electrophoretic mobility. These studies indicate that the ascorbate-induced increase in type I procollagen synthesis is due to increased levels of type I procollagen mRNA and is independent of the level of hydroxylation of the procollagen.

Characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from field cases in Japan

Seven Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Japan from 1930 to 1984 were cloned on chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and characterized biologically. All seven produced two or more types of plaques on CEFs. The plaques were classified into four types. Plaque cloning was carried out five times, and 22 cloned viruses were established. The biological characters of the cloned viruses suggested that the strains contain different clones and that their clones are different even among close cases, such as G strain and H strain.