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Abstract
A portable microcomputer activity recorder was used to measure a 24-hour sample of activity level in 4-to 8-year-old children. Recorded activity level was not related to parental perception of activity level and did not differentiate children with differing behavioral styles. Parental perception of activity level, on the other hand, significantly differentiated children's behavioral style. Parents may be responding to a composite image of the child's behavioral style when they rate activity level. We urge caution in the use of the term 'activity level', which may have different meanings according to how it is measured.
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152
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Linden J, Hollen CE, Patel A. The mechanism by which adenosine and cholinergic agents reduce contractility in rat myocardium. Correlation with cyclic adenosine monophosphate and receptor densities. Circ Res 1985; 56:728-35. [PMID: 2581720 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.56.5.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine analogue phenylisopropyladenosine decreased the basal and isoproterenol-stimulated contractile state of isolated rat left atria. The ED50 levels for both responses were similar, suggesting that direct and antiadrenergic effects may be mediated by the same receptor. Phenylisopropyladenosine decreased the cyclic adenosine monophosphate content of isolated atria and inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in membranes prepared from atria and ventricles, but not as much as did methacholine. A maximally effective concentration of phenylisopropyladenosine or methacholine greatly reduced atrial contractility measured in the presence of either isoproterenol (1 microM) or Ro7-2956 (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 1 mM); however, in the presence of isoproterenol plus Ro7-2956, the contractile effects of phenylisopropyladenosine and methacholine were greatly attenuated. From the contractile data and cyclic adenosine monophosphate analyses, we conclude that direct and antiadrenergic contractile effects of both phenylisopropyladenosine and methacholine result primarily from their effects on cyclic adenosine monophosphate metabolism. The densities of adenosine, muscarinic, and beta-adrenergic receptors in rat atrial membranes were found to be 30, 551, and 24 fmol/mg protein, respectively, based on equilibrium-binding assays conducted with 125I-aminobenzyl-adenosine, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, and 125I-labeled pindolol. The greater effectiveness of methacholine than phenylisopropyladenosine as a negative inotropic agent and an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase in atria may be related to the relative densities of muscarinic and adenosine receptors.
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153
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Linden J, Patel A, Sadek S. [125I]Aminobenzyladenosine, a new radioligand with improved specific binding to adenosine receptors in heart. Circ Res 1985; 56:279-84. [PMID: 2982516 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.56.2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The density of adenosine receptors in membranes derived from rat hearts in 25 times lower than the density of receptors in rat brain membranes. Consequently, adenosine radioligands which are useful in brain such as l-[3H]phenylisopropyladenosine, [3H]cyclohexyladenosine, [3H]-2-chloroadenosine and l-[125I]hydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine are of limited usefulness in heart, due to a high ratio of nonspecific to specific binding. We have synthesized a new radioligand, [125I]-N6-4-aminobenzyladenosine, which binds to rat heart membranes with one-sixth the nonspecific binding of the other radioligands. [125I]-N6-4-aminobenzyladenosine bound to rat ventricle membranes with a KD equivalent to that of l-[125I]hydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine and a Bmax of 15.2 fmol/mg protein. [125I]-N6-4-aminobenzyladenosine bound with a higher affinity to brain (KD = 1.93 nM) than to heart membranes (KD = 11.6 nM). At the radioligand KD, 60% of the total [125I]-N6-4-aminobenzyladenosine bound to heart membranes was specifically bound. Iodination of aminobenzyladenosine increased its affinity for the adenosine receptor by 22-fold, possibly due to a steric or hydrophobic effect of iodine. The new ligand was found to be a full adenosine agonist based on its ability to inhibit cyclic adenosinemonophosphate accumulation in isolated embryonic chick heart cells and rat adipocytes. [125I]-N6-4-Aminobenzyladenosine bound to a single affinity site and was displaced from cardiac and brain adenosine receptors by other adenosine analogues with a potency order of l-phenylisopropyladenosine greater than 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine. These characteristics suggest that the radioligand binds to an Ri adenosine receptor.
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154
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Korner AF, Zeanah CH, Linden J, Berkowitz RI, Kraemer HC, Agras WS. The relation between neonatal and later activity and temperament. Child Dev 1985; 56:38-42. [PMID: 4039245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from several longitudinal studies suggests that individual activity characteristics tend to persist over time and to influence the development of temperamental style. The activity of 50 children whose motility had been monitored by an electronic activity monitor when they were neonates was again monitored by an ambulatory microcomputer when they were 4-8 years old. Additionally, the parents of these children filled out the Behavioral Style Questionnaire by McDevitt and Carey. The results showed that the level of the children's day and night activity was unrelated. The vigor of neonatal movements was later positively related to high daytime activity. Also, the least vigorous infants tended to become the most inactive children during the day. The results further showed that the most active neonates became children who, as perceived by their parents, tended to approach rather than withdraw from new experiences.
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155
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Linden J, Patel A, Spanier AM, Weglicki WB. Rapid agonist-induced decrease of 125I-pindolol binding to beta-adrenergic receptors. Relationship to desensitization of cyclic AMP accumulation in intact heart cells. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:15115-22. [PMID: 6096359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP accumulation in embryonic chick heart cells and binding of the beta-adrenergic antagonist 125I-pindolol to intact cells has been examined during the first 30 min of (-)-isoproterenol-induced desensitization. Myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors exist in two states which bind agonists with high (KD congruent to 10 nM) and low (KD congruent to 10 microM) affinities. Both activation and desensitization of cyclic AMP accumulation were mediated by (-)-isoproterenol binding to high affinity receptors. (-)-Isoproterenol-induced desensitization of cyclic AMP accumulation occurred with a t1/2 of 3.8 min. Desensitization was accompanied by a decrease in the number of 125I-pindolol binding sites assessed by equilibrium radioligand binding assays conducted at 4 degrees C or short (80 s) binding assays conducted at 37 degrees C. There was an excellent temporal correlation between loss of binding and loss of (-)-isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. After (-)-isoproterenol-induced desensitization, most of the remaining receptors assayed at 4 degrees C bound (-)-isoproterenol with high affinity. A rapid (-)-isoproterenol-induced decrease in the number of 125I-pindolol binding sites also occurred in adult canine heart cells and rat adipocytes. The data suggest that agonists do not cause uncoupling of surface receptors. Receptors may be uncoupled as a consequence of rapid sequestration into a hydrophobic compartment.
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156
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Linden J, Patel A, Spanier AM, Weglicki WB. Rapid agonist-induced decrease of 125I-pindolol binding to beta-adrenergic receptors. Relationship to desensitization of cyclic AMP accumulation in intact heart cells. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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157
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Linden J. Purification and characterization of (-)[125I]hydroxyphenylisopropyladenosine, an adenosine R-site agonist radioligand and theoretical analysis of mixed stereoisomer radioligand binding. Mol Pharmacol 1984; 26:414-23. [PMID: 6092894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
(-)-N6-(R-4-Hydroxyphenylisopropyl)adenosine (HPIA) was iodinated with NaI and trace 125I. Mono- and diiodinated reaction products and the starting material were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and the structures of the reaction products were verified by NMR. (-)-N6-(R-Phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA), IHPIA, and I2HPIA decreased rat atrial contractility with ED50 values of 24, 28, and 33 nM, respectively. The contractile effects of these compounds were competitively blocked by theophylline (KI = 7.9 microM), but were not affected by adenosine deaminase. IHPIA also inhibited (-)isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in adipocytes with an ED50 (10 nM) and to an extent (83%) nearly identical to PIA. [125I]HPIA prepared using carrier-free 125I bound to adenosine receptors on membranes from rat cerebral cortex, adipocyte ghosts, and heart ventricles. Binding was inhibited stereospecifically by PIA and by other adenosine analogues and alkylxanthines. The KD of [125I]HPIA determined kinetically using brain membranes at 21 degrees was 0.94 nM (K1 = 2.55 X 10(7) M-1 min-1; K-1 = 0.024 min-1) in good agreement with the equilibrium determination of 1.94 nM. The density of adenosine receptors in brain membranes was found to be 871 fmol/mg of protein. When normalized to protein, the density of receptors in heart membranes and adipocyte ghosts, respectively, was found to be 39- and 2.3-fold less than in brain membranes. We conclude that [125I]HPIA can be rapidly synthesized and purified, binds to adenosine R-sites and is an agonist radioligand resistant to adenosine deaminase. Computer modeling of the equilibrium binding resulting from the use of mixed stereoisomers of a radioligand indicates that the combined use of (-)[125I]HPIA and (+)[125I]HPIA would result in the generation of nonlinear Scatchard plots.
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158
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Cox CP, Linden J, Said SI. VIP elevates platelet cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and inhibits in vitro platelet activation induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF). Peptides 1984; 5:325-8. [PMID: 6206481 DOI: 10.1016/0196-9781(84)90228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent endogenous phospholipid released by a variety of mammalian cells, induces platelet activation in vivo and in vitro. Little is known, however, about the physiological modulation of its actions. We have examined the ability of two naturally occurring compounds which stimulate cAMP production, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and prostacyclin (PGI2), to inhibit PAF-induced platelet aggregation and secretion in vitro. Washed, [3H]serotonin-labeled, rabbit platelets were incubated 60 sec in the presence of VIP, PGI2 or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and subsequently stimulated with PAF. In separate studies, cAMP levels were determined in similar aliquots of platelets incubated for 30 sec with VIP, PGI2 or IBMX. VIP, PGI2 and IBMX inhibited platelet aggregation and secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Fifty percent inhibition was achieved at final concentrations of 1.7 X 10(6) M VIP, 3.6 X 10(6) M PGI2 and 6.5 X 10(5) M IBMX. IBMX potentiated the inhibitory effects of VIP and PGI2 on PAF-induced platelet activation. VIP and PGI2 elevated platelet cAMP levels four-fold and 50-fold, respectively, in the presence of 10(3) M IBMX. These findings demonstrate that VIP inhibits PAF-induced platelet activation, with a potency comparable to that of PGI2.
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159
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Belardinelli L, Fenton RA, West A, Linden J, Althaus JS, Berne RM. Extracellular action of adenosine and the antagonism by aminophylline on the atrioventricular conduction of isolated perfused guinea pig and rat hearts. Circ Res 1982; 51:569-79. [PMID: 6291799 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.51.5.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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160
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Linden J, Vogel S, Sperelakis N. Sensitivity of Ca-dependent slow action potentials to methacholine is induced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors in embryonic chick ventricles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982; 222:383-8. [PMID: 6178816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline esters fail to depress developed tension or the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax) of slow action potentials in embryonic chick ventricles, but they inhibit the stimulatory effect of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor methylisobutylxanthine (MIX). The mechanism by which the choline ester methacholine (MCh) counteracts the effects of MIX was examined in ventricular myocardium obtained from 7-day-old embryonic chicks. Four possible hypotheses were 1) that the physiological response to MCh is mediated by cyclic GMP, the production of which is potentiated by MIX; 2) that MCh acts by a mechanism independent of cyclic nucleotides; 3) that the binding of MIX to adenosine receptors induces sensitivity to MCh; or 4) that MCh acts by depressing basal cyclic AMP levels. Interactions between MCh, Angiotensin II and a nonmethylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor (Ro 7-2956) were assessed by measuring tissue levels of cyclic nucleotides and the Vmax of slow action potentials. MCh significantly reduced the basal cyclic AMP level of embryonic chick ventricles, despite having no physiological effect. The results favor the final hypothesis and imply that MCh effects are mediated by inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. The physiological response of the myocardium to a reduction in basal adenylate cyclase activity appears to be dependent on the initial tissue level of cyclic AMP.
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161
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Linden J, Brooker G. Evidence for persistent activation of cardiac slow channels in low-calcium solutions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1982; 242:H827-33. [PMID: 6805336 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1982.242.5.h827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Action potentials were recorded from frog ventricular strips superfused with calcium-free solutions. Very long action potentials (3-60 s) were induced by chelating residual calcium with 1-5 mM ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The kinetics of changes in action potential duration suggest that calcium influences action potential duration at an intracellular site. In low-calcium solutions isoproterenol was found to lengthen action potentials. The lengthening effect of isoproterenol became progressively greater as [Ca2+] was reduced by elevating [EGTA]. In the presence of 2 mM EGTA, 0.1 microM isoproterenol increased action potential duration from 4.3 +/- 0.4 to 43 +/- 14 s. Verapamil produced a greater than 90% reduction in the duration of very long action potentials (60 s) induced by EGTA, isoproterenol, or both. After rapid or prolonged depolarizations in low-calcium solutions the last 10-30 mV of repolarization took 10-15 s. We speculate that this slow phase of repolarization may be a manifestation of persistent slow channel activation. The data suggest that in low-calcium solutions slow channels can remain activated for many seconds.
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162
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Belardinelli L, Vogel S, Linden J, Berne RM. Antiadrenergic action of adenosine on ventricular myocardium in embryonic chick hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1982; 14:291-4. [PMID: 6290675 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2828(82)90207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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163
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Linden J. Calculating the dissociation constant of an unlabeled compound from the concentration required to displace radiolabel binding by 50%. JOURNAL OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE RESEARCH 1982; 8:163-172. [PMID: 6762384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the binding dissociation constant (KI) of a nonradiolabeled compound, the method of Cheng and Prusoff (1973) (Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 3099-3108) has been widely employed. The technique involves monitoring the competitive displacement from receptors of a radiolabeled compound with a known dissociation constant, KD, by a nonradiolabeled compound. The concentration of nonradiolabeled compound which displaces 50% of the radiolabel, the IC50, is used to estimate its KI with correction for competition with the radiolabel. The error of this method is small as long as the concentration of receptor is much less than KD and KI, constraints which are sometimes difficult to meet. In this report formulae are derived from which KI can be calculated from IC50 with no constraints on the receptor concentration.
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164
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Linden J, Brooker G. Properties of cardiac contractions in zero sodium solutions: intracellular free calcium controls slow channel conductance. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1980; 12:457-78. [PMID: 6251233 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2828(80)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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165
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166
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167
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Terasaki WL, Linden J, Brooker G. Quantitative relationship between beta-adrenergic receptor number and physiologic responses as studied with a long-lasting beta-adrenergic antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:6401-5. [PMID: 42915 PMCID: PMC411872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.12.6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminobenzyl analog of propranolol, 1- (p-amino-alpha,alpha-dimethylphenethylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2- propanol, was synthesized and found to be a potent beta-adrenergic blocking agent. The beta-adrenergic receptors of cultured rat C6 glioma cells (2B clone) as assessed by [(125)I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol binding were decreased 50 and >95% after pretreatment with 8 nM and 1 muM aminobenzylpropranolol, respectively. Unlike propranolol, aminobenzylpropranolol displayed a prolonged blockade of receptors that was maintained during several hours of washing. [(125)I]Iodohydroxybenzylpindolol saturation binding experiments in cells exposed to aminobenzylpropranolol and subsequently washed indicated that the compound effectively diminished receptor number with no change in the affinity of the remaining receptors for iodohydroxybenzylpindolol. Aminobenzylpropranolol inhibited catecholamine-stimulated intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation; with increasing blockade, isoproterenol dose-response curves became progressively shifted to the right but the maximal response was unaltered. Aminobenzylpropranolol inhibited the beta-adrenergic contractile response in atria isolated from rats and guinea pigs. Treatment with 0.1 and 10 muM aminobenzylpropranolol produced decreases of 0.5 and 2 orders of magnitude in the contractile potency of isoproterenol. As in glioma cells, aminobenzylpropranolol failed to decrease the maximal response to isoproterenol. The effects of aminobenzylpropranolol persisted during extensive washing of atria (up to 17 hr). Repeated exposures to isoproterenol at concentrations sufficient to produce maximal tension development also failed to alleviate the blockade. The inotropic potency of histamine in guinea pig atria was not affected by aminobenzylpropranolol. These data suggest that catecholamines are capable of eliciting full biological responses in glioma cells and isolated atria even though the great majority of beta-adrenergic receptors are persistently blocked.
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168
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Linden J, Brooker G. The questionable role of cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate in heart. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:3351-60. [PMID: 43730 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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169
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Linden J, Brooker G. The positive inotropic action of sulfonylureas. A mechanism independent of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Diabetes 1978; 27:694-8. [PMID: 207609 DOI: 10.2337/diab.27.6.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effect of sulfonylureas on contractility in atria isolated from rabbits, rats, and guinea pigs was examined. Tolbutamide was most efficacious on rabbit preparations, and 1 mM tolbutamide increased tension development about 30 per cent above control. Tolbutamide did not elevate cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) or increase the rate of spontaneously contracting rabbit, rat, or guinea pig preparations. Glibenclamide, which also increased tension development, was about 300 times as potent as tolbutamide, paralleling its potency relative to tolbutamide as an insulinotropic agent. Tolbutamide enhanced adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of rabbit myocardium only at very high concentrations (1 to 10 mM), and this activation was attributable to a nonspecific detergent action. Glibenclamide, at concentrations as high as 100 μM, failed to activate adenylate cyclase. Three inotropic agents, thought to act by elevating myocardial cyclic AMP—norepinephrine, histamine, and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor l-methyl-3-isobutyl xanthine (MIX)—failed to increase tension developed when added after a maximally effective concentration of isoproterenol. However, both calcium ion and tolbutamide could increase systolic and diastolic tension when added to contracting atria after maximal isoproterenol. It is concluded that the inotropic action of sulfonylureas is not mediated by cyclic AMP and may result from an effect upon myocardial calcium metabolism.
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170
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Linden J, Brooker G. Sodium requirement for the positive inotropic action of isoproterenol on guinea pig atria. Science 1978; 199:539-41. [PMID: 203031 DOI: 10.1126/science.203031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isoproterenol doses not elicit its characteristic positive inotropic action in contracting guinea pig atria suspended in sodium-free media. However, the ability of isoproterenol to decrease the time to peak tension development during an individual contraction cycle is still present in sodium-free solutions. Removal of sodium diminished but did not eliminate the tissues' ability to elevate adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in response to isoproterenol. The striking absence of an inotropic action by isoproterenol on atria in sodium-free media suggests that sodium (and possibly a sodium-calcium exchange across the sarcolemma) plays an important role in the inotropic action of catecholamines.
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171
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Linden J, Brooker G. Surfactants alter the oxygen tension of buffers: an artifactual component of the inotropic response to sulfonylureas in rat atria. FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS 1977; 36:2730-2. [PMID: 579173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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172
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Gonçalves N, Linden J. [Clinical experiences with Noxiptilin, a new antidepressive agent]. DIE MEDIZINISCHE WELT 1971; 27:1139-42. [PMID: 5559664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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173
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Linden J. [The syndrome of the functional muscular abdominal distension. Clinical picture and pathogenesis]. DER NERVENARZT 1970; 41:301-3. [PMID: 4246480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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174
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Linden J. [Grasping reflex of the foot and its significance in a series of cerebral decomposition symptoms]. DER NERVENARZT 1969; 40:497-500. [PMID: 5363762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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