[Principal component analysis and correlation analysis of elements in flos Chrysanthemi indici from different regions]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the character of inorganic elements in Flos Chrysanthemi indici and look for relationship between the element concentration and regions.

METHOD

The contents of elements, including borum (B), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium(Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), cesium (Se), barium(Ba) and lead(Pb) in Chinese traditional herb Flos Chrysanthemi indici from different regions were determined by ICP-AES. The element distrubution diagram were plotted. The principal component analysis and correlation analysis of SPSS were applied for the study of characteristic elements.

RESULT

Similar curves of element concentration have been acquired. It is observed that the content of elements in the samples shows regional diversity. There are 15 correlative element pairs in correlation analysis. Four principal components which accounted for over 84.437% of the total variance were extracted from the original data. The first and second factors accounted for 60.090% of the total variance, which means that P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, B, Na and Se may be the characteristic elements.

CONCLUSION

The showed that element content in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici display special distributing diagram. Remarkable correlation is presented in some element pairs. The elements contents of Flos Chrysanthemi indici gained from Yunan, Hunan are higher than those from other regions.

[Effects of phosphate fertilizer on active ingredients and antioxidant activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium]

OBJECTIVE

In order to provide a scientific fertilizer application for the standardized cultivation, the effects of phosphate (P) fertilizer on the active ingredients and antioxidant activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium were studied.

METHOD

Pot experiment was adopted to study the effects of P supply on the yield and the content of flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, soluble sugar, soluble amino acids and crude protein of C. morifolium flower. And effects of P supply on the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of flower were researched too.

RESULT

The yield of C. morifolium dry flower increased 129. 94% when P fertilizer was applied. Appropriate application of P fertilizer could also significantly improve the content and accumulation of total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and soluble sugar in C. morifolium. Thus, the inhibition rates of hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and DPPH free radical of C. morifolium was increased. When the level of P supply exceeded 0.20 g P2O5 per plant, P had also negative influence on the yield and the content of active ingredients and the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and DPPH free radical of C. morifolium. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between the content of total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid and the inhibition rate of hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical and DPPH free radical, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Appropriate application of P fertilizer could be beneficial to the increase the active components and antioxidant activity of C. morifolium. And recommended level of P fertilizer is 0.26-0.28 g x kg(-1).

[Effect of Chrysanthemum indicum on ventricular remodeling in rats]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effects and mechanism of Chrysanthemum indicum on experimental ventricular remodeling induced by isoprenaline (ISO) and L-thyroxine (L-Thy).

METHODS

The ventricular remodeling of mice were induced by subcutaneous injection of ISO with the dosage of 2 mg/kg daily for 7 d and the rats with L-Thy intraperitoneally with the dosage of 0.25 mg/kg daily for 9 d. After 7 days' treatment, the cardiac index and the Ang II content in myocardium of mice were measured. After 9 days' treatment, the ratios of LVW/BW, HW/BW of rats were calculated, the Ang II content in heart tissue and the ALD, TNF-alpha concentration in serun were determined by radioimmunoassay, the Hydroxy proline (Hyp) content in heart tissue were measured by hydrolysis method.

RESULTS

After 7 - 9 days of treatment, Chrysanthemum indicum significantly reduced the left ventricular weight index and heart weight index in mice and rats with myocardial hypertrophy, decreased the content of Ang II in ventricular tissue in mice and rats, and reduced the ALD, TNF-alpha concentration in serum and the Hyp content in ventricular tissue in rats (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Chrysanthemum indicum can significantly attenuate the experimental ventricular remodeling; the mechanism may be related with restricting the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and decreasing the levels of Ang II, ALD and TNF-alpha.

[Determination of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and linarin in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici from different places by RP-hPLC]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the quality of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici which produced in twenty-two different producing places.

METHOD

Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were analyzed on a Shim-pack C8 colunm (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) eluted with the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.5% phosphoric acid( 19:81). The detection wavelength was set at 326 nm. Linarin were eluted with the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water-acetic acid(26: 23: 1). The detection wavelength was set at 334 nm. The column temperature was 25 degrees C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min .

RESULT

The linear response ranged within 2.5-50 microg for chlorogenic acid (r = 0.998), 2.5-25 microg for caffeic acid (r = 0.998) and 4.97-41.47 microg for linarin (r = 0.999), respectively. Recoveries were 100.8% with RSD 2.1% for chlorogenic acid, 96.2% with RSD 2.3% for caffeic acid and 103.7% with RSD 1.8% for linarin.

CONCLUSION

There was a significant difference in the content of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, linarin among the samples. The content of chlorogenic in the sample from Fengdou Chongqing city was the highest in those from other places. The content of caffeic acid in the all samples is very low. The content of linarin in the samples from Jiangsu province and Anhui province almost reached the national standard in pharmacopoeia.

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. reduces the oxidized LDL-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (CM) with antioxidant, cardiovascular protective and anti-inflammatory functions, has been widely used in China for hundreds of years as a healthy beverage and medicine.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of HCM (a hot water extract of the flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. [CM]), ECM (an ethanol extract of CM), and the abundant flavonoids apigenin and luteolin in CM on the oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-induced expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The possible mechanism of these effects was also determined.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MTT assay was for cell viability. Western blot was used for ICAM-1 and E-selection protein expression, and for activation of protein kinase B (PKB) and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) proteins. Fluorescence flow cytometry was for ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression on cell surface. DCF-DA flow cytometric assay was used for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

RESULTS

HCM, ECM, apigenin, and luteolin dose-dependently inhibited ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression and adhesion of HL-60 by oxLDL. HCM, ECM, apigenin, and luteolin reversed the inhibition of phosphorylation of Akt and CREB by oxLDL; however, this reversion was abolished by wortmannin. In addition, wortmannin abrogated the inhibitory effects of CM extracts, apigenin and luteolin on adhesion molecule expression. The ROS scavenging capability of HCM, ECM, apigenin, and luteolin proceeded dose-dependently in the presence of oxLDL.

CONCLUSION

CM is a plant with cardiovascular-protective potential and the inhibitory effects of CM on ICAM-1 and E-selectin expression are, at least partially, attributed to its antioxidant activity and modulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

[Effects of soil factors on active component content of Chrysanthemum morifolium]

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of soil factors on the active component content of Chrysanthemum morifolium and screen out the leading factors.

METHOD

The active component of water soluble extracts, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and mineral elements were determined and chemical properties and mineral elements of soil were analyzed for studying the effects on Ch. morifolium through correlation, stepwise regression, path and grey correlation analysis.

RESULT

Soil available P and K were the most important factors that affected the active component content of Ch. morifolium, followed by urease, phosphatase and invertase activities and organic matter. The mineral elements in Ch. morifolium and in soil correlated well, P and K were enriched in the plant mostly, followed by Cd, Ca, Zn, Cu. The main leading factors of mineral elements in soil were P and K, followed by Fe, Cu and Zn.

CONCLUSION

Soil was one of the important factors which affected the active component content of Ch. morifolium.

Chrysanthemum indicum ethanolic extract inhibits invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulation of MMP/TIMP balance as therapeutic target

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive cancer with a dismal outcome largely due to metastasis and postsurgical recurrence. Thus, the inhibition of invasion and metastasis is of great importance in its therapies. Medicinal plants or ethnopharmacology used in folklore medicine continue to be an important source of discovery and development of novel or potential therapeutic agents for treatment of cancer. Chrysanthemum indicum, one of the medicinal plants or ethnopharmacology, is being used for treatment of many diseases including cancer. However, this plant molecular mechanisms underlining the anti-metastatic effects have not been well documented. In this study, Chrysanthemum indicum ethanolic extract (CIE) significantly suppressed proliferation and invasion of MHCC97H cells, one of the HCC cell lines with high metastatic potential, in a dose-dependent manner. CIE markedly decreased MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, increased simultaneously TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 expression further restoring their balance in the cancer cells. The present study indicates that CIE reduced MHCC97H cell metastatic capability, in part at least, through decrease of the MMP expression, simultaneous increase of the TIMP expression, further restoring their balance as therapeutic target in HCC. It is suggested that Chrysanthemum indicum is a potential novel therapeutic medicinal plant for treatment of HCC or cancer invasion and metastasis.

[The effect of different endophytic fungi on Chrysanthemum morifolium output and quality]

OBJECTIVE

To enhance the flowers yield of Chrysanthemum morifolium by endophytic fungi.

METHODS

Endophytic fungi (Chaetomium globosum strain C4 and Botrytis sp. strain C1) were inoculated to the plantlets which were planted in the pots. The output of the flowers was measured, the total flavonoids and essential oil contents of the flowers were determined.

RESULTS

Compared to that of the control, fresh and dry outputs of the fungi C4 group increased 24.81%, 7.59%, fresh and dry outputs of the fungi C1 group increased 17.08%, 6.87%. Total flavonoids content of the fungi C4 group was higher than that of the control remarkably, fungi C4, C1 groups flowers total flavonoids content increased 31.79%, 8.55% compared to that of the control. Essential oil content of the fungi C4, C1 groups increased 13.21%, 18.19% respectively. The content percentage of various essential oil components of the fungi C4, C1 groups increased 10.42%, 8.90% compared to that of the control respectively. There were differences among the content percentage of various essential oil components of fungi C4, C1 treated group and the control's.

CONCLUSION

The two fungi could build the symbiosis relation with the Chrysnthemum morifolium, which may cause them to enhance the output and quality finally.

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CM) extract protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (Asteraceae) has (CM) long been used in Korean and Chinese traditional herbal medicines with numerous therapeutic applications.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the neuroprotective activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM) extract against 1-methyl-4-phenylpridinium ions (MPP(+)), Parkinsonian toxin through oxidative stress and impaired energy metabolism, in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The effects of CM against MPP(+)-induced cytotoxicity and neuronal cell viability, oxidative damage, the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteolysis were evaluated by using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

RESULTS

CM effectively inhibited the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability. CM also attenuated the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP proteolysis.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that CM possesses potent neuroprotective activity and therefore, might be a potential candidate in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

[Studies on flavones from Flos Chrysanthemi Indici]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici.

METHODS

Chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Their structures were indentified by means of physicochemical and spectral data.

RESULTS

From the 80% ethanol extract of the material, seven compounds were isolated. Their structures were identified as luteolin (1), luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), luteolin-7-O-(6"-O-acetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), diosmetin (4), diosmetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), eupatilin (6) and apigenin (7), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Compounds 3-6 are isolated from Flos Chrysanthemi Indici for the first time.

[Characteristics of accumulation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in Chrysanthemum morifolium]

OBJECTIVE

To study the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and N, P, K, Ca and Mg accumulation and distribution of Chrysanthemum morifolium.

METHOD

The sampling were carried out on the different growing time of C. morifolium, and the amount of dry matter and the content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in all parts of the plant were measured.

RESULT

The dry matter accumulation was lineally increased with the absorption and accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. In different growing periods, the accumulation and distribution of mineral nutrition were different in C. morifolium. The mineral nutrition was mostly in the leaf of the plant in the vegetative period. When the growth changed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, the mineral nutrition was transferred and distributed into bud, flower and root shoot. And the period of flower bud differentiation of C. morifolium was the period of maximal accumulation of dry matter and showed the maximum efficiency of N, P and K nutrition. For production of 100 kg dry flower 4.13 kg N, 0.37 kg P, 5.03 kg K, 3.03 kg Ca and 0.81 kg Mg were needed. And the ratio of them was 1:0.09:1.22:0.73:0.20.

CONCLUSION

The period of flower bud differentiation is the most crucial period in the growth of C. morifolium. And it must pay attention to the supply of mineral nutrition and moisture of plant to promote flower formation and dry matter accumulation in this period. It is strongly recommended that the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be early applied, the nitrogenous fertilizer should be applied dividedly, and the calcium magnesium fertilizers are also applied properly.

Cytotoxic activity of flavonoids from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium on human colon cancer Colon205 cells

A new p-hydroxyphenylacetyl flavonoid, diosmetin 7-(6''-O-p-hydroxyphenylacetyl)-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1), was isolated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. 'huaiju' cv. nov. (Compositae), together with five known flavonoids, luteolin (2), diosmetin (3), diosmetin 7-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (4), diosmin (5), and scolimoside (6), and four known caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, macranthoin F (7), 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (8), 1,3-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (9), and chlorogenic acid (10). The structure of 1 was elucidated by UV, IR, ESI-TOF-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxic activity of compounds 1-5 against human colon cancer cell Colon205 was investigated using MTT assays. Compounds 2 and 3 showed significant cytotoxicities against Colon205, with their IC(50) values being 96.9 and 82.9 microM, respectively. However, compounds 1, 4, and 5 showed little cytotoxic activity.

[Effects of waterlogging stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium during seedling stage]

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of waterlogging stress on medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium during the seedling stage and build a reliable evaluation of flooding tolerance indicator system.

METHOD

The three cultivars: C. morifolium cv. Hongxinju, C. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiju and C. morifolium cv. Changbanju were studied for the and the effect of waterlogging stress on their physiological and biochemical chracteristics.

RESULT

With the extension of waterlogging, the content of chlorophyll and relative leaf water potential were decreased, meanwhile malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and soluble sugar were increased. The catalase (CAT) of C. morifolium cv. Hongxinju rose at first and then dropped and CAT of C. morifolium cv. Xiaobailu and C. morifolium cv. Changbanju declined at first before decreased, and then dropped again. The peroxidase (POD) rose firstly before decrease and then increases again. After the waterlogging treatments which last for 4 days, the physiology and biochemistry characteristics can not restore to the comparison (CK) within 3 days.

CONCLUSION

Four days waterlogging treatment had made serious damage on medicinal Chrysanthemum. Among three cultivars, C. morifolium Ramat. cv. Hongxinju showed the highest tolerance ability, while C. morifolium cv. Changbanju was the lowest, and C. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiu was in the middle. The malonaldehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) could be the main physiological and biochemical indexes to reflect the tolerance ability against waterlogging.

[Simultaneous determination of six flavonoids in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici by RP-HPLC]

OBJECTIVE

To develop an HPLC method for the determination of luteolin-7-O-glycoside, apigenin-7-O-glycoside, linarin, luteolin, apigenin and acacetin in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici simultaneously.

METHOD

The reversed phase HPLC system consisting of a C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) and a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.05% phosphate acid with gradient elution as the mobile phase was adopted. The absorbance was monitored at 326 nm.

RESULT

The linear response range was 1.08-21.5 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.9990), 0.278-5.57 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.9994), 5.58-112 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.9999), 0.521-10.4 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.9995), 0.162-3.25 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.9999) and 0.288-5.76 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.9998), respectively (n = 6). The average recoveries (n = 9) of six flavonoids were 96.34%-104.0%. All of RSD of precision (n = 6) and repeatability (n = 6) were less than 1.2% and 2.6%.

CONCLUSION

The validation data demonstrated that the method was accurate and repeatable, and can be ase to measure the six flavonoids in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici.

[Pre-treatment in determining total polysaccharide in flos Chrysanthemum indicum by response surface design]

OBJECTIVE

To study pre-treatment in determining total polysaccharide in flos Chrysanthemi Indici.

METHOD

The factors including the extraction temperature, extraction time, ratio of material to liquid were studied. The best extraction condition was found through the response surface design.

RESULT

The best extraction condition as follows: 81.0 degrees C of the extraction temperature, 1.6 h of extraction time, and the ratio of material to water as 1: 29. On these conditions the extraction rate of flos Chrysanthemi Indici was the best.

CONCLUSION

A model equation that can be used to predict the experiment is established through the response surface method.

[Antiarrhythmic effect of ethyl acetate extract from Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat on rats]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of ethyl acetate extract from Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat (CME) on experimental arrhythmia induced by ischemia/reperfusion or aconitine in rats and to explore its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Arrhythmia model in intact rat was induced by aconitine (30 microg/kg body weight, i.v.). In isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts, regional ischemia and reperfusion was induced by ligation and release of left anterior descending artery. The ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT), effective refractory period (ERP), and diastolic excitation threshold (DET) in the isolated heart were measured. The action potentials of papillary muscle in rat right ventricle were recorded by conventional glass microelectrode technique.

RESULTS

Compared with control group CME significantly decreased the number and duration of ventricular tachycardia (VT); delayed the occurrence of ventricular premature beats (VPB) and VT induced by aconitine. Arrhythmia score of the CME group was lower than that in aconitine-treated group. CME markedly prolonged the ERP and increased the VFT in the isolated perfused rat hearts during ischemia and reperfusion. CME prolonged action potential duration at 50% and 90% repolarization of the right ventricular papillary muscles and decreased the maximal rate of rise of the action potential upstroke, but did not affect the resting potential, amplitude of action potential.

CONCLUSION

CME can reduce myocardial vulnerability and exerts its antiarrhythmic effects induced by aconitine or ischemia/reperfusion, which may be related to its prolongation of action potential duration and effective refractory period that enhance the electrophysiological stability of myocardiaium.

[Study on refining process of Flos Chrysanthemi extract with macroporous resin]

OBJECTIVE

To determine the parameters of refining process of Flos Chrysanthemi extract with macroporous adsorption resin.

METHODS

According to the chlorogenic acid and total flavonoids, to investigate the kind of macoroporous resin, the maximum quantity of physic liquor, and the type and quantity of elution solvent. Then combining with the retention rate of luteolin, to verify the parameters of the process.

RESULTS

The maximum adsorption quantity of chlorogenic acid was 10.8 mg/g dry resin, and the elution solvent was 5-fold column volume of 80% alcohol; the purity of total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and luteolin were 589.2%, 605.4%, 650.1%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The resin F can enrich the active components of Flos Chrysanthemi effectively.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Chrysanthemum indicum extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation

AIM OF THE STUDY

Although Chrysanthemum indicum Linné (Compositae) has long been used in traditional Korean, Chinese, Japanese medicine to treat various immune-related diseases the underlying mechanism(s) by which these effects are induced remains to be defined in vivo model system. We investigated the effects of 70% ethanolic extract from Chrysanthemum indicum Linné (CIE) on skin inflammation in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta), activation of myeloperoxidase, and histological assessment were examined in acute and chronic skin inflammation using 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema.

RESULTS

CIE inhibited topical edema in the mouse ear, following administration at 200mg/kg (i.p.), leading to substantial reductions in skin thickness and tissue weight, inflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil-mediated myeloperoxidase activity, and various histopathological indicators. Furthermore, CIE was effective at reducing inflammatory damage induced by chronic TPA exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that CIE is an effective anti-inflammatory agent in murine phorbol ester-induced dermatitis, and suggest that the extract may have therapeutic potential in a variety of immune-related cutaneous diseases.

Identification of volatile compounds in Chrysanthemum morifolium by microwave distillation solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC/MS

Microwave distillation with concomitant solid-phase microextraction (MD-SPME) coupled with GC/MS was developed for identifying volatile compounds in the dried flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM). Different experimental parameters, including SPME fiber coating, microwave power, irradiation time, and water volume were optimized. The best results were obtained using carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber with microwave irradiation at 400 W for 3 min and the addition of 1 mL water into 1.0 g sample. The proposed method allowed the isolation, extraction, and concentration of volatile compounds to be completed in a single step. This MD-SPME-GC/MS method has also been compared to the conventional steam distillation method followed by GC/MS for this identification. Thirty-two volatile compounds were identified using the newly developed MD-SPME-GC/MS process. Relative standard deviation values of <9.8% demonstrate good repeatability. In comparison, 27 compounds were identified by traditional steam distillation-GC/MS. Therefore, the proposed MD-SPME-GC/MS method is simple, rapid, and efficient for identifying volatile compounds in CM.

[Antagonism of total flavonoids from Chrysanthemum morifolium against lead induced oxidative injury in mice]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate antagonism effects of total flavonoids from Chrysanthemum morifolium. (TFCM) against lead induced oxidative injury.

METHOD

Ninety male mice were randomly divided into 9 groups. Mice except normal control group inject lead acetate every other day for 20 days. In the next 10 d, drugs were orally administrated to mice once a day. After the last aministration, mice were sacrificed and immediately subjected to necropsy. The concentration of lead, zinc and copper in blood, brain, liver and kidney were determined. The body weight, relative organ weight, antioxidant enzyme levels (GSH, GSH-Px, SOD and CAT) and lipid peroxidation products (MDA) were performed.

RESULT

TFCM might antagonize the decrease of body weight and the increase of organ weight/body weight ratio. The combined treatment with TFCM and DMSA can significantly lower the lead levels in blood, brain, liver and kidney. In contrast, lead concentration in mice treated with TFCM alone did not show significant change in these organs. The other trace elements such as zinc and copper had no significant decrease after TFCM or DMSA treatment. Middle and high-dose TFCM was more effective than DMSA in increasing the activity of GSH, GSH-Px, SOD, CAT and decreasing the concentration of MDA in mice brain. In addition, high-dose TFCM was more effective than DMSA in increasing the activity of GSH-Px, CAT and decreasing the concentration of MDA in mice liver and kidney. The combined treatment with TFCM and DMSA also can reverse lipid peroxidation and increase antioxidant enzyme levels in lead poisoning mice dose-dependently, and it had more beneficial effects than treatment with DMSA alone.

CONCLUSION

TFCM might improve antioxidant defense system, reverse lipid peroxidation and protect brain, liver and kidney against lead induced oxidative damage in mice significantly.

[Beneficial effect of total flavonoids of Chrysanthemum indicum on adjuvant arthritis by induction of apoptosis of synovial fibroblasts]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect on the extract of total flavonoids of Chrysanthemum indicum (TFC) on adjuvant arthritis synovial cells.

METHOD

SD rats were divided randomly into six groups including normal, model, TFC (84, 168, 336 mg x kg(-1)) and control drug Tripterygium glycosides (30 mg x kg(-1)) groups. Adjuvant arthritis rat model was induced by a single intradermal injection of 0.1 mL of the complete Freund's adjuvant into the right hind feet pads of the SD rats. The proliferation of synoviocyte was measured by MT; The apoptosis rates of synovial cells were evaluated using TUNEL and FCM analysis.

RESULT

TFC resulted in a dose-dependent way in inhibiting the proliferation of synovial and inducing the apoptosis of synovium and synoviocytes in vivo.

CONCLUSION

TFC can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in synovial cells, and exert therapeutical effect on rheumatoid arthritis.

[Characterization of chemical components of essential oil from flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium produced in Anhui province]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the chemical components of the essential oil extracted from six cultivars' Juhua (Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju) produced in Anhui province of China, which were breed from Chrysanthemum morifolium, and to provide scientific basis for quality control.

METHOD

The essential oils of the six cultivars'Juhua were extracted by water-steam distillation and separated by GC capillary column chromatography. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and identified by GC-MS.

RESULT

From Zaogongju, Wangongju, Huangyaoju, Chuju, Xiaoboju and Daboju, 247, 226, 246, 182, 216 and 122 chromatographic peaks were detected, among them 75, 54, 78, 50, 53 and 43 components were identified,which were composed of 85.67%, 82.80%, 81.38%, 73.22%, 71.51% and 72.87% of the total essential oil, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Monoterpenoid compounds were higher more than sesquiterpenoid compounds in the five juhua except for Chuju. There was no difference in the constituents of essential oil of Zaogongju and Wangongju. And verbenyl acetate was the main chemical constituent and composed of 32.10% and 37.85% of the total essential oil, respectively. (1R)-Camphor and bisabolol oxide A were the main chemical constituents in Huangyaoju, which were composed of 28.70% and 12.58% of the total essential oil, respectively. beta-Selinene and borneol were the main chemical constituents in Chuju, which were composed of 17.85% and 12.84% of the total essential oil, respectively. Eucalyptol was the main chemical constituent in Xiaoboju, which were composed of 21.33%. Verbene oxides and chrysanthenone were composed of 25.32% and 8.26% of the total essential oil, respectively, in the Daboju. The common chemical constituents were camphene, borneol, bornyl aceate, (1R)-camphor, (-)-4-terpineol, alpha-terpineol, eucalyptol, cis-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, juniper camphor, beta-sesquiphellandrene, alpha-curcumene and beta-farnesene in the six cultivars' Juhua produced in Anhui province of China. The resultant data provided the further evidences to distinguish Juhua' cultivars and scientific basis for quality control of Juhua.

Heterocyclic compounds from Chrysanthemum coronarium L. and their inhibitory activity on hACAT-1, hACAT-2, and LDL-oxidation

The aerial parts of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. were extracted with MeOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned using EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H(2)O, successively. Repeated column chromatography of the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions gave a new heterocycle, 5,5'-dibuthoxy-2,2'-bifuran (1) along with five known compounds: methyl trans-ferulate (2), prunasin (3), sambunigrin (4), pterolactam (5), and adenosine (6), which were identified by several spectroscopic methods including NMR and MS. This paper is the first report on the isolation of these compounds from C. coronarium L. The IC(50) values of compound 1 for human Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (hACAT)-1 and hACAT-2 were 0.16 mM and 0.19 mM, respectively. Compound 2 inhibited low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation with an IC(50) value of 7.7 microM.

[Studies on chemical constituents from flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum.

METHODS

Chemical constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The structures were identified by means of physico-chemical and spectral data.

RESULTS

From the 80% ethanol extract of the material, seven compounds were isolated. Their structures were identified as acacetin(1), acacetin-7-O-(6"-O-acetyl) beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), linarin (3), apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(4), chlorogenic acid (5), vanillic acid(6) and sucrose(7), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Compounds 2, 4, 6 and 7 are isolated from C. indicum for the first time.

[Studies on chemical constituents in Huangjuhua (flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium)]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents in Huangjuhua (flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium).

METHOD

The chemical constituents were isolated by various column chromatographic methods and structurally elucidated by NMR and MS evidences.

RESULT

Eleven compounds were obtained and identified as luteolin (1), quercetin (2), acacetin 7-O-beta-D-(3"-acetyl) -glucopyranoside (3), luteolin 7-O-beta-D-(6"-acetyl)-glucopyranoside (4), hesperetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), acacetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), diosmetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), apigenin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), hesperidin (9), linarin (10), and luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11).

CONCLUSION

Compounds 4, 5 were isolated from the plant for the first time.