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Sibinga NE, Foster LC, Hsieh CM, Perrella MA, Lee WS, Endege WO, Sage EH, Lee ME, Haber E. Collagen VIII is expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells in response to vascular injury. Circ Res 1997; 80:532-41. [PMID: 9118484 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.80.4.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes involved in vascular remodeling, we applied differential mRNA display analysis to the rat carotid artery balloon injury model. One polymerase chain reaction product showing increased expression at days 2 to 14 after vascular injury was nearly identical to the mouse alpha 1 chain of type VIII collagen, a heterotrimeric short-chain collagen of uncertain function expressed by a limited number of cell types. By Northern analysis, expression of both chains of the type VIII collagen heterotrimer increased: collagen alpha 1 (VIII) mRNA expression was almost 4-fold higher than control by 7 days after vascular injury, and collagen alpha 2 (VIII) mRNA expression reached a maximum of almost 6-fold above baseline by 3 days after injury. By immunohistochemical analysis, type VIII collagen expression increased in the media and neointima in a localized pattern consistent with the distribution of activated dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cultured VSMCs expressed higher levels of type VIII collagen in response to serum and growth factors, notably platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. VSMCs adhered significantly less to type VIII collagen than to type I collagen substrata and showed greater PDGF-BB-stimulated migration (by 2.2-fold) on type VIII collagen than on type I collagen. We hypothesize that increased expression of type VIII collagen by VSMCs after arterial injury may contribute to vascular remodeling through the promotion of VSMC migration.
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178
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Yet SF, Pellacani A, Patterson C, Tan L, Folta SC, Foster L, Lee WS, Hsieh CM, Perrella MA. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. A link to endotoxic shock. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:4295-301. [PMID: 9020147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.7.4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxic shock is a life-threatening consequence of severe Gram-negative infection characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation and severe hypotension. The production of nitric oxide (NO), through the inducible NO synthase pathway, has been implicated as a major contributor in this process. We now demonstrate that heme oxygenase (HO), an enzyme that generates carbon monoxide (CO) in the course of heme metabolism, may also be involved in the hemodynamic compromise of endotoxic shock. Inducible HO (HO-1) mRNA levels are dramatically increased in aortic tissue from rats receiving endotoxin, and this increase in vascular HO-1 message is associated with an 8.9-fold increase in HO enzyme activity in vivo. Immunocytochemical staining localizes an increase in HO-1 protein within smooth muscle cells of both large (aorta) and small (arterioles) blood vessels. Furthermore, zinc protoporphyrin IX, an inhibitor of HO activity, abrogates endotoxin-induced hypotension in rats. Studies performed in rat vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro show that the induction of HO-1 mRNA is regulated at the level of gene transcription, and this induction is independent of NO production. Taken together, these studies suggest that the up-regulation of HO-1, and the subsequent production of CO, contributes to the reduction in vascular tone during endotoxic shock.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/genetics
- Hypotension/drug therapy
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Protoporphyrins/pharmacology
- Protoporphyrins/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Shock, Septic/enzymology
- Shock, Septic/physiopathology
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179
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Prell GD, Morrishow AM, Duoyon E, Lee WS. Inhibitors of histamine methylation in brain promote formation of imidazoleacetic acid, which interacts with GABA receptors. J Neurochem 1997; 68:142-51. [PMID: 8978720 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68010142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In brain, the precursor of imidazoleacetic acid (IAA), a GABAA agonist but a GABAC antagonist, is not known. In the periphery, IAA derives from oxidation of histamine. But in brain, histamine is thought to be metabolized solely by histamine methyltransferase (HMT), forming tele-methylhistamine (t-MH) and tele-methylimidazoleacetic acid (t-MIAA). We showed that [3H]-histamine (intracerebroventricularly) could be converted to IAA in brains of rats, a process increased by inhibition of HMT. This demonstrated that brain can oxidize histamine and suggested that endogenous histamine might also be oxidized if HMT activity were reduced. We examined in rat cerebral cortex, effects of the following HMT inhibitors (mg/kg i.p.): metoprine (10), tacrine (10), velnacrine (10, 30), and physostigmine (1,2). Tacrine was a potent inhibitor (Ki approximately 22 nM). To measure histamine in tissue that contained HMT inhibitors, we developed a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. After 2 h, all drugs reduced endogenous levels of t-MH and t-MIAA and increased levels of histamine and IAA. Our results show that inhibition of HMT promotes oxidation of histamine in brain, probably by shunting histamine to an alternative metabolic pathway. Formation of IAA provides a novel interaction between histaminergic and GABAergic systems in brain. Accumulation of IAA should be considered when inhibitors of HMT are used to probe brain histamine function.
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180
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Hong KW, Yu SS, Shin YW, Kim CD, Rhim BY, Lee WS. Decreased CGRP level with increased sensitivity to CGRP in the pial arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci 1997; 60:697-705. [PMID: 9064474 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It was aimed to investigate the importance of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in maintenance of normal cerebral microcirculation. We examined both the functional (in vivo) and biochemical effects (in vitro) of CGRP on the pial arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). When mock cerebrospinal fluid containing capsaicin (3 x 10(-7) M) was suffused over the cortical surface, the diameter of pial arteries of SHR was transiently increased and rapidly returned to the baseline level, while the capsaicin-induced increase in pial arterial diameters of WKY was large and sustained for a longer duration (> 10 min). Capsaicin-induced vasodilation was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with CGRP8-37, a CGRP1, receptor antagonist, in both WKY and SHR. On the other hand, cortical suffusion with CGRP (10(-9) approximately 10(-6) M) exerted a larger enhancement in the vasodilation of pial artery of SHR than WKY. The CGRP-induced vasodilation was significantly antagonized by CGRP8-37 in both WKY and SHR. The released level of CGRP-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) from the pial artery was significantly lower in SHR (12.3 +/- 1.2 fmol/mm2/hr) than that in WKY (24.5 +/- 3.9 fmol/mm2/hr). CGRP (10(-6) M)-induced stimulation of cyclic AMP formation was rather larger in the pial arteries from SHR (50.2 +/- 5.8 fmol/mm2/30 min, p < 0.05) than those from WKY (34.5 +/- 3.8 fmol/mm2/30 min). These data suggest that, in the pial arteries of SHR, the transient vasodilation to capsaicin and enhanced vasodilation to CGRP are related to the decreased CGRP level in the cerebral microvascular beds, consequently leading to increased sensitivity of the CGRP receptors to CGRP.
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181
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Aziz N, Brown D, Lee WS, Naray-Fejes-Toth A. Aberrant 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 activity in the cpk mouse: implications for regulation by the Ke 6 gene. Endocrinology 1996; 137:5581-8. [PMID: 8940387 DOI: 10.1210/endo.137.12.8940387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been used to create experimental polycystic kidney disease in rodents and to induce cysts in embryonic kidneys cultures. In addition, the plasma corticosterone levels are higher in a heritable murine model of polycystic kidney disease, cpk mice, in the first postnatal week. Previously, we had shown that the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11betaHSD-1) gene is down-regulated in the cpk mice in a coordinated pattern with the Ke 6 gene. In this study, we measured the level of 11betaHSD-1 activity in kidney and liver tissues of cpk homozygote mice and found a reduction in its activity only in the kidney, not in the liver. The activity of the 11betaHSD-1 enzyme appears to be tightly correlated to the level of Ke 6 protein in these tissues. We discuss the possibility that the activity of the 11betaHSD-1 enzyme may be regulated by the Ke 6 enzyme. Ke 6 gene expression has been located to the outer stripe region of rodent kidneys, which is the same region of expression as that for the 11betaHSD-1 gene. These results suggest that down-regulation of the Ke 6 gene may lead to elevated corticosterone levels, mediated through an inhibition of 11betaHSD-1 activity.
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182
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Ahn SK, Chung J, Lee SH, Lee WS. Prominent pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue. Cutis 1996; 58:410-2. [PMID: 8970779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prominent pigmented fungiform paillae of the tongue are characterized clinically by prominence and pigmentation confined to these papillae and histopathologically by melanophages in the lamina opriae. A 45-year-old Asian woman had dark erythematous papules exclusively involved with fungiform papillae on the anterior lateral dorsal aspect of the tongue and hyperpigmentation on the lip. Histologic examination revealed many melanophages in the subepidermal area within the fungiform papillae. Her skin lesions improved moderately following two months of treatment for anemia.
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184
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Son WY, Park SE, Lee KA, Lee WS, Ko JJ, Yoon TK, Cha KY. Effects of 1,2-propanediol and freezing-thawing on the in vitro developmental capacity of human immature oocytes. Fertil Steril 1996; 66:995-9. [PMID: 8941068 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of 1,2-propanediol and freezing-thawing treatment on the maturation and developmental capacity of the human immature oocytes obtained from unstimulated ovaries. DESIGN Intact cumulus-enclosed immature oocytes collected from unstimulated ovaries were divided into three groups, such as no treatment as control (group 1), only 1,2-propanediol-treated (group 2), and cryopreserved group (group 3). Oocytes in group 1, group 2, and survived oocytes from cryopreservation in group 3 were cultured for 48 hours. A random selection of matured oocytes was inseminated with normal donor sperm to evaluate the fertilization and developmental capacity. SETTING Infertility Medical Center at the CHA General Hospital, Seoul, Korea. PATIENT(S) Oocytes were obtained from patients undergoing gynecological surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Rates of survival, maturation to metaphase II, fertilization, and cleavage. RESULT(S) Survival rate after freezing-thawing in group 3 was 55.1% (54/98). Oocytes were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, 10 IU/mL pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, and 10 IU/mL hCG. Maturation rates were 76.8% (63/82), 67.1% (47/70), and 59.3% (32/54) in the groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Maturation rate in group 3 was significantly lower than that of group 1. Fertilization rates were 90.5% (19/21), 81.0% (17/21), and 42.9% (6/14), and cleavage rates were 94.7% (18/19), 88.2% (15/17), and 16.7% (1/6) in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Fertilization and cleavage rates of survived oocytes in group 3 also were significantly lower than those of groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSION(S) Results suggest that the pretreatment with 1.5 M 1,2-propanediol itself before the freezing has no inhibitory effect on the maturation, fertilization, and cleavage of human immature oocytes in vitro. However, the freezing-thawing procedure used had detrimental effects on the maturation and developmental capacity.
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185
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Ahn SK, Chung J, Lee WS, Lee SH, Choi EH. Hybrid cysts showing alternate combination of eruptive vellus hair cyst, steatocystoma multiplex, and epidermoid cyst, and an association among the three conditions. Am J Dermatopathol 1996; 18:645-9. [PMID: 8989942 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199612000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Eruptive vellus hair cyst (EVHC), steatocystoma multiplex (SM), and epidermoid cyst are characterized by formation of multiple cutaneous cysts and have a resemblance in clinical features but have distinctive histologic features. We present herein two patients, who had EVHC, SM, and EVHC with sebaceous gland, and who also had EVHC, SM, and epidermoid cyst with sebaceous gland and vellus hairs. In addition, the interrelation among the three diseases is discussed. We think that EVHC, SM and epidermoid cyst are within the same spectrum of the disease process.
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186
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Abstract
Heterochromia of hair is the presence of more than one distinct color of hair in the same person. A color difference between scalp hair and a mustache or sideburns is not uncommon. Pubic and axillary hair and eyebrows and eyelashes are often darker than scalp hair in a fair-haired person. Rarely, a circumscribed patch of hair of different colors occurs. However, diffuse heterochromia of black and red scalp hair has not been previously reported. We describe a father and son with this condition.
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187
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Lai K, Wang H, Lee WS, Jain MK, Lee ME, Haber E. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in rat arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:1560-7. [PMID: 8833904 PMCID: PMC507588 DOI: 10.1172/jci118949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration is important in arteriosclerosis. In this process, cytokines and growth factors are upregulated and bind to their respective receptors, which in turn stimulate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. MAP kinases then relay signals to the nucleus that activate quiescent smooth muscle cells. Phosphatases downregulate MAP kinases. We investigated the role of a dual-specificity tyrosine phosphatase, MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), in smooth muscle cell proliferation. MKP-1 expression was high in arterial tissue by Northern analysis, and MKP-1 message was detected mainly in the arterial smooth muscle layer by in situ hybridization. After balloon injury of the rat carotid artery, expression of MKP-1 decreased greatly, whereas that of MAP kinases, especially p44 MAP kinase, increased. The time course of the reduction in MKP-1 message correlated with increased tyrosine phosphorylation and elevated p44 MAP kinase enzymatic activity. In rat arterial smooth muscle cells overexpressing MKP-1, growth was arrested in the G1 phase and entry into the S phase was blocked. A reduction in MKP-1 expression may contribute in part to proliferation of smooth muscle cells after vascular injury, possibly through a decrease in dephosphorylation of p44 MAP kinase.
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188
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Riccardi D, Lee WS, Lee K, Segre GV, Brown EM, Hebert SC. Localization of the extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor and PTH/PTHrP receptor in rat kidney. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 271:F951-6. [PMID: 8898027 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.4.f951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a strategy based on homology to the bovine parathyroid Ca(2+)-sensing receptor previously identified by us (5), we have recently isolated an extracellular, G protein-coupled Ca2+/ polyvalent cation-sensing receptor, RaKCaR (22), from rat kidney. The localization and physiological role(s) of this receptor in the kidney are not well understood. In the present study, we assessed the distribution of mRNAs for RaKCaR and the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH/PTHrP) receptor along the rat nephron by in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of microdissected nephron segments. Our results show that transcripts for both receptors coexpress at glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule, cortical thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, and cortical collecting duct. In addition, RaKCaR (but not PTH/PTHrP receptor) transcripts were found in the medullary thick ascending limb and outer medullary and inner medullary collecting ducts. These findings raise the possibility of roles for RaKCaR not only in the regulation of divalent mineral reabsorption but also in water reabsorption and urinary concentration. Taken together, our results provide new insights in understanding the effects of hypercalcemia on hormone-stimulated salt and water transport.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Dissection
- Extracellular Space/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization
- Kidney/metabolism
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1
- Receptors, Calcium-Sensing
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Parathyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription, Genetic
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189
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Kim YK, Son KH, Nam JY, Kim SU, Jeong TS, Lee WS, Bok SH, Kwon BM, Park YJ, Shin JM. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein by rosenonolactone derivatives. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1996; 49:815-6. [PMID: 8823516 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.49.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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190
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Jain M, He Q, Lee WS, Kashiki S, Foster LC, Tsai JC, Lee ME, Haber E. Role of CD44 in the reaction of vascular smooth muscle cells to arterial wall injury. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:877. [PMID: 8698880 PMCID: PMC507498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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191
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Abstract
Milia caused by proliferative tendencies of the epithelium after injury may occur in areas of bullous eruption (10). Even though the possibility of milia arising in herpes zoster scar is real, it has not been reported previously. We describe a case of milia arising in herpes zoster scars as an another example of milia occurring in traumatized skin.
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192
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Hsieh CM, Yoshizumi M, Endege WO, Kho CJ, Jain MK, Kashiki S, de los Santos R, Lee WS, Perrella MA, Lee ME. APEG-1, a novel gene preferentially expressed in aortic smooth muscle cells, is down-regulated by vascular injury. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:17354-9. [PMID: 8663449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.29.17354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of phenotypic alterations in arterial smooth muscle cells (ASMC) during the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis, little is known about genes that define differentiated ASMC. Using differential mRNA display, we isolated a novel gene preferentially expressed in the rat aorta and termed this gene APEG-1. The cDNA of rat APEG-1 contained an open reading frame encoding 113 amino acids, which would predict a basic protein of 12.7 kDa. The amino acid sequence of rat APEG-1 was highly conserved among human and mouse homologues (97 and 98%, respectively). Using an APEG-1 fusion protein containing an N-terminal c-Myc tag, we identified APEG-1 as a nuclear protein. By in situ hybridization, APEG-1 mRNA was expressed in rat ASMC. Although APEG-1 was expressed highly in differentiated ASMC in vivo, its expression was quickly down-regulated and disappeared in dedifferentiated ASMC in culture. In vivo, APEG-1 mRNA levels decreased by more than 80% in response to vascular injury as ASMC changed from a quiescent to a proliferative phenotype. Taken together, these data indicate that APEG-1 is a novel marker for differentiated ASMC and may have a role in regulating growth and differentiation of this cell type.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Aorta/injuries
- Aorta/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Biological Evolution
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Consensus Sequence
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA Primers
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase
- Open Reading Frames
- Organ Specificity
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Tagged Sites
- Transcription, Genetic
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193
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Tsai JC, Jain M, Hsieh CM, Lee WS, Yoshizumi M, Patterson C, Perrella MA, Cooke C, Wang H, Haber E, Schlegel R, Lee ME. Induction of apoptosis by pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and N-acetylcysteine in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1996. [PMID: 8631978 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.7.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have been used as antioxidants to prevent apoptosis in lymphocytes, neurons, and vascular endothelial cells. We report here that PDTC and NAC induce apoptosis in rat and human smooth muscle cells. In rat aortic smooth muscle cells, PDTC induced cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA strand breaks consistent with apoptosis. In addition, overexpression of Bcl-2 suppressed vascular smooth muscle cell death caused by PDTC and NAC. The viability of rat aortic smooth muscle cells decreased within 3 h of treatment with PDTC and was reduced to 30% at 12 h. The effect of PDTC and NAC on smooth muscle cells was not species specific because PDTC and NAC both caused dose-dependent reductions in viability in rat and human aortic smooth muscle cells. In contrast, neither PDTC nor NAC reduced viability in human aortic endothelial cells. The use of antioxidants to induce apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells may help prevent their proliferation in arteriosclerotic lesions.
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194
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Plotkin MD, Kaplan MR, Verlander JW, Lee WS, Brown D, Poch E, Gullans SR, Hebert SC. Localization of the thiazide sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter, rTSC1 in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 1996; 50:174-83. [PMID: 8807586 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A thiazide sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter, rTSC1, has recently been cloned from a rat kidney cortex cDNA library. The molecular regulation and nephron localization of this protein is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the nephron distribution and subcellular localization of the rTSC1 protein in the rat kidney. In situ hybridization showed rTSC1 transcripts were localized to short, convoluted tubule segments in the kidney cortex. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a 110 amino acid segment from the amino terminus of rTSC1 recognized three major bands of 135, 140 and 155 kDa on Western blotting of membrane protein from cortex but not outer medulla of the rat kidney. Immunofluorescence studies using the antibody alone and in double labeling experiments with antibodies against the H+ ATPase and calbindin D28, showed intense labeling of apical membranes in the distal nephron beginning in the initial distal convoluted tubule and terminating within the connecting tubule. The intensity of labeling diminished from proximal to distal sites along the distal tubule. Ultrastructural studies by immunoelectron microscopy showed the cotransporter protein to be localized predominately on apical microvilli of the distal convoluted tubule cells. These results are consistent with rTSC1 encoding the apical thiazide sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter in the distal tubule.
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195
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Abstract
We report a familial case of piebaldism affecting a 33-year-old man and his 3-month-old son. Typical skin findings, white forelock and amelanotic white macules containing hyperpigmented macules, were characteristically presented on both patients.
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196
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Lee SH, Kim IC, Lee WS, Byun SM. RcsC-mediated induction of colanic acid by secretion of streptokinase in Escherichia coli K-12. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 139:189-93. [PMID: 8674987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of a plasmid containing skc (streptokinase-coding gene) fused with ompA signal sequence into Escherichia coli K-12 strains, rendered the bacteria mucoid. Measurement of the synthesis of beta-galactosidase from a cps-lacZ fusion (lacZ fusion to a gene necessary for capsule synthesis) showed that the mucoid phenotype was due to induction of the capsular polysaccharide colanic acid synthesis. The introduction of a plasmid carrying skc fused with malE (gene encoding maltose-binding protein) also induced cps-lacZ expression, but intracellular expression of streptokinase in E. coli did not. The cps expression by secretion of streptokinase was diminished to the basal level in a cps-lacZ strain carrying a rcsC mutation. These results show that the secretion of streptokinase in E. coli induces colanic acid synthesis through the RcsC-dependent pathway.
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197
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Hediger MA, Smith CP, You G, Lee WS, Kanai Y, Shayakul C. Structure, regulation and physiological roles of urea transporters. Kidney Int 1996; 49:1615-23. [PMID: 8743465 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Urea is the major constituent of the urine and the principal means for disposal of nitrogen derived from amino acid metabolism. Specialized phloretin-inhibitable urea transporters are expressed in kidney medulla and play a central role in urea excretion and water balance. These transporters allow accumulation of urea in the medulla and enable the kidney to concentrate urine to an osmolality greater than systemic plasma. Recently, expression cloning with Xenopus oocytes has led to the isolation of a novel phloretin-inhibitable urea transporter (UT2) from rabbit, and subsequently from rat kidney. UT2 from both species has the characteristics of the phloretin-sensitive urea transporter previously defined in kidney by in vitro perfused tubule studies. Based on these advances, Ripoche and colleagues cloned a homologous urea transporter (HUT11) from erythrocytes. UT2 and HUT11 predict 43 kDa polypeptides and exhibit 64% amino acid sequence identity. Since regulation of urea transport in the kidney plays an important role in the orchestration of the antidiuretic response, we have studied the regulation of urea transporter in rat kidney at the mRNA level. On Northern blots probed at high stringency, rat UT2 hybridized to two transcripts of 2.9 kb and 4.0 kb, which have spatially distinct distributions within the kidney. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization of kidneys from rats maintained at different physiologic states revealed that the 2.9 and 4.0 kb transcripts are regulated by separate mechanisms. The 4 kb transcript was primarily responsive to changes in the dietary protein content, whereas the 2.9 kb transcript was highly responsive to changes in the hydration state of the animal. We propose that the two UT2 transcripts are regulated by distinct mechanisms to allow optimal fluid balance and urea excretion.
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198
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Chang SN, Kim SC, Lee SH, Lee WS. Minocycline treatment for confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. Cutis 1996; 57:454-7. [PMID: 8804855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report six cases of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis in which the skin lesions cleared almost completely after treatment with minocycline. Patients with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis often do not respond well to a variety of therapeutic agents. The response of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis to minocycline was first described in 1965. Although the pharmacologic mechanisms of minocycline in confluent and reticulated papillomatosis are unknown, we suggest that it should be considered as a first-choice therapeutic agent because of its marked effectiveness.
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199
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Shi C, Lee WS, He Q, Zhang D, Fletcher DL, Newell JB, Haber E. Immunologic basis of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:4051-6. [PMID: 8633015 PMCID: PMC39485 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.9.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although immunosuppressive therapy minimizes the risk of graft failure due to acute rejection, transplant-associated arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries remains a significant obstacle to the long-term survival of heart transplant recipients. The participation of specific inflammatory cell types in the genesis of this lesion was examined in a mouse model in which carotid arteries were transplanted across multiple histocompatibility barriers into seven mutant strains with immunologic defects. An acquired immune response--with the participation of CD4+ (helper) T cells, humoral antibody, and macrophages--was essential to the development of the concentric neointimal proliferation and luminal narrowing characteristic of transplant arteriosclerosis. CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and natural killer cells were not involved in the process. Arteries allografted into mice deficient in both T-cell receptors and humoral antibody showed almost no neointimal proliferation, whereas those grafted into mice deficient only in helper T cells, humoral antibody, or macrophages developed small neointimas. These small neointimas and the large neointimas of arteries grafted into control animals contained a similar number of inflammatory cells; however, smooth muscle cell number and collagen deposition were diminished in the small neointimas. Also, the degree of inflammatory reaction in the adventitia did not correlate with the size of the neointima. Thus, the reduction in neointimal size in arteries allografted into mice deficient in helper T cells, humoral antibody, or macrophages may be accounted for by a decrease in smooth muscle cell migration or proliferation.
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Jain MK, Fujita KP, Hsieh CM, Endege WO, Sibinga NE, Yet SF, Kashiki S, Lee WS, Perrella MA, Haber E, Lee ME. Molecular cloning and characterization of SmLIM, a developmentally regulated LIM protein preferentially expressed in aortic smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:10194-9. [PMID: 8626582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.17.10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated, quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells assume a dedifferentiated, proliferative phenotype in response to injury, one of the hallmarks of arteriosclerosis. Members of the LIM family of zinc-finger proteins are important in the differentiation of various cells including striated muscle. We describe here the molecular cloning and characterization of a developmentally regulated smooth muscle LIM protein, SmLIM, that is expressed preferentially in the rat aorta. This 194-amino acid protein has two LIM domains, and comparisons of rat SmLIM with its mouse and human homologues reveal high levels of amino acid sequence conservation (100 and 99%, respectively). SmLIM is a nuclear protein and maps to human chromosome 3. SmLIM mRNA expression was high in aorta but not in striated muscle and low in other smooth muscle tissues such as intestine and uterus. In contrast with arterial tissue, SmLIM mRNA was barely detectable in venous tissue. The presence of SmLIM expression within aortic smooth muscle cells was confirmed by in situ hybridization. In vitro, SmLIM mRNA levels decreased by 80% in response to platelet-derived growth factor-BB in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. In vivo, SmLIM mRNA decreased by 60% in response to vessel wall injury during periods of maximal smooth muscle cell proliferation. The down-regulation of SmLIM by phenotypic change in vascular smooth muscle cells suggests that it may be involved in their growth and differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Aorta
- Becaplermin
- Cell Differentiation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Cloning, Molecular
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Male
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
- Zinc Fingers
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