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Lee KC, Yamazaki O, Horii K, Hamba H, Higaki I, Hirata S, Inoue T. Mirizzi syndrome caused by xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: report of a case. Surg Today 1997; 27:757-61. [PMID: 9306594 DOI: 10.1007/bf02384992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare inflammatory disease of the gallbladder. In severe cases, inflammation extends to adjacent structures, and XGC is sometimes confused with a malignant neoplasm. We recently diagnosed XGC as the preoperative cause of Mirizzi syndrome in a patient based on the clinical course. The patient was admitted because of obstructive jaundice, with gallbladder carcinoma as the suspected cause. The gallbladder was swollen with gallstones and the serum level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) was 3070 U/ml at admission. A percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) was done, and the common hepatic duct as well as the right and left hepatic ducts were found to be obstructed. Later, the CA19-9 level and swelling of the gallbladder decreased and the obstruction of the bile ducts disappeared. A cholecystectomy was performed and the intraoperative pathohistological diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis was made from frozen sections. The pathohistological diagnosis of XGC was made from paraffin-embedded sections. Mirizzi syndrome such as that seen in our patient is a rare complication of XGC. XGC occasionally causes extensive inflammation; thus, performing a conventional cholecystectomy can be unsafe. However, in our opinion, a total, not subtotal, cholecystectomy should be done whenever possible because the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma accompanied with XGC is higher than that with ordinary cholecystitis or gallstones.
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Choi JU, Kim DS, Kim EY, Lee KC. Natural history of moyamoya disease: comparison of activity of daily living in surgery and non surgery groups. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1997; 99 Suppl 2:S11-8. [PMID: 9409397 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-8467(97)00033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to reach a clearer understanding of the natural history of Moyamoya disease. Follow-up studies were performed in 88 patients with Moyamoya disease. They were divided into the ischemia group and the hemorrhage group. The activity of daily living (ADL) of each groups were followed up and compared between those who were surgically treated and conservatively managed. Ischemic manifestations were more common in the younger children and tended to be recurrent, whereas hemorrhagic manifestations were more common in the adults. Follow-up duration of the 36 patients, who were surgically treated, ranged from 6 to 86.4 months (mean: 28.8 months). During the follow-up period, ADL was improved in 17 of 31 ischemic Moyamoya patients (55%); the condition was unchanged in nine (29%); and aggravated in five (16%). Follow-up duration of the 52 patients who were managed without surgery ranged from 12 to 216 months (mean: 67.2 months). In 35 patients of the ischemia group, ADL was aggravated in 49% and improved in only 26% during the follow-up period. However, ADL was aggravated in 12% of 17 hemorrhagic patients, but improved in 53%. Our result suggest that indirect revascularization procedures are effective for prevention of recurrent ischemic attacks which is common in pediatric patients. However, the effectiveness of indirect revascularization for hemorrhagic Moyamoya disease is not clear and requires extended follow-up study.
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Chuang LM, Chiu KC, Chiang FT, Lee KC, Wu HP, Lin BJ, Tai TY. Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene in patients with hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease in Taiwan. Metabolism 1997; 46:1211-4. [PMID: 9322809 DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been identified that determines most of the plasma ACE activity genetically. Association of the D allele with insulin sensitivity and of the D/D genotype with coronary heart disease (CHD) has been reported in various ethnic populations. To study the role of this genetic polymorphism in patients with hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and NIDDM with CHD in a Taiwanese population, we used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based genotyping technique with an insertion-specific primer for confirmation of the I allele. One hundred ninety-seven unrelated normal controls, 67 subjects with hypertension, 107 subjects with NIDDM, and 70 subjects with NIDDM and CHD were recruited for this study; all were Han Chinese. Subjects without a history of diabetes were studied by a standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Hypertension was diagnosed according to the Fifth Joint National Committee criteria, and CHD was confirmed by a history of acute myocardial infarction and coronary angiographic intervention. The frequency of the I allele of the ACE gene in the normal population was 64.2%, which was higher than reported in white populations. The prevalence of the I allele of the ACE gene was not significantly increased in subjects with hypertension (73.1%), NIDDM (62.1%), and NIDDM with CHD (65%) compared with healthy controls. The I allele of the ACE gene did not correlate with demographic and metabolic variables. I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene is not a marker for hypertension, NIDDM, or CHD in this Taiwanese population.
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Chiang FT, Chiu KC, Tseng YZ, Lee KC, Chuang LM. Nucleotide(-258) G-to-A transition variant of the liver glucokinase gene is associated with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1997; 10:1049-52. [PMID: 9324112 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex disease with strong genetic influences. Essential hypertension has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance. A molecular variant with G-to-A transition at the nucleotide -258 of the liver glucokinase (GCK) promoter was found in diabetic patients. The variant A allele is associated with insulin resistance. We examine the role of this genetic variant in the pathogenesis of hypertension using a population association study. We recruited 205 Taiwanese subjects and they were divided into two groups based on either presence (65 subjects) or absence (140 subjects) of essential hypertension. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes. Genotypes at this locus were determined by using a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. The distribution of genotypic frequency was different between the hypertensive and control groups (P = .009). The frequency of variant A allele was greater in hypertensive subjects than in control (23% v 10%, P = .001). Subjects with at least an A allele had a risk for hypertension by 2.52 times (95% confidence interval 1.29 to 4.91) as compared with those without an A allele. Thus, we first demonstrate the association between the G-to-A variants at the nucleotide -258 of the liver GCK gene and essential hypertension. This may explain the insulin resistance in essential hypertension and the variant A allele as a risk factor for essential hypertension in the Taiwanese population.
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Lee KC. Primary mediastinal germ cell tumor with intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis--further support for germ cell origin of these tumors: a case report. Cancer 1997; 80:1007-8. [PMID: 9307213 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19970901)80:5<1007::aid-cncr36>3.3.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
Carcinosarcoma of the adrenal gland is an extremely rare variant of adrenocortical carcinoma, characterized by a biphasic pattern of carcinoma and sarcoma-like components. We report a case of adrenal carcinosarcoma occurring in a 61-year-old Korean man who presented with right flank pain of one month duration radiating to the back and right iliac crest. The tumor measured 12 x 12 x 7 cm and adhered to the liver and right upper pole of the kidney. The carcinomatous component of the tumor showed polygonal cells in a broad anastomosing trabecular pattern with delicate slit-like vascular channels; the sarcomatous component showed uniform spindled cells in a fascicular pattern. Both the carcinomatous and sarcomatous portions of the tumor were positive for pan-cytokeratin, and vimentin stained only the sarcomatous areas.
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Kim DS, Park YG, Choi JU, Chung SS, Lee KC. An analysis of the natural history of cavernous malformations. SURGICAL NEUROLOGY 1997; 48:9-17; discussion 17-8. [PMID: 9199678 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-3019(96)00425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of cavernous malformations has been controversial. Some reports suggest that surgical resection of the lesion for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage should not be considered because of low hemorrhagic risk. However, the role of surgery in management of cavernous malformations is undergoing reevaluation. The decision for surgical resection should be based on a careful analysis of the natural history of this lesion, which is not well understood. METHODS We investigated, retrospectively, the natural history of 108 cavernous malformations in 62 patients. Individual cavernous malformations were divided into four categories on the basis of magnetic resonance (MR) findings. The pattern of clinical and radiologic presentation and outcomes of management were analyzed. RESULTS The age of the patients ranged from 4-63 years (mean: 32.2 years). Multiple lesions were found in 13 of 62 patients (21%) and two of these patients were siblings. Twenty-five out of 62 patients had suffered recurrent symptoms. The bleeding rate was 2.3%/person/year (1.4%/lesion/year) during 2509.6 patient years. There were no significant differences between the bleeding rates of each type of lesion. During the follow-up period of 12-48 months (mean: 22.4 months), two of 28 patients conservatively treated had recurrent hemorrhages (rebleeding rate: 3.8%/person/year). During the follow-up period of 12-66 months (mean: 21.7 months), recurrent hemorrhages were observed in two of 17 patients with radiosurgery (rebleeding rate: 7.8%/person/year). CONCLUSION Our study has provided a profile of the natural history of these lesions. Based on our results, we recommend surgical excision of cavernous malformations in those patients with recurrent symptoms or acute progressive symptoms.
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Lee KC, Kang TS, Woo BH, Lee JT, Lee HS, DeLuca PP. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of radioiodinated salmon calcitonins. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 694:31-7. [PMID: 9234845 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase HPLC conditions for simultaneous separation of salmon calcitonin, mono- and di-radioiodinated salmon calcitonins and their tryptic digested fragments have been developed. Salmon calcitonin was radioiodinated with Na125I by the iodo-beads method. After solid-phase extraction from the reaction mixtures using C18 Bond Elut cartridges, mono- and di-radioiodinated salmon calcitonins were separated from each other, as well as from unlabeled salmon calcitonin, on a Bondclone 10 C18 column (300x7.8 mm I.D.) by isocratic elution with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in 34% aqueous acetonitrile. The characteristics of either iodinated peptides or unlabeled salmon calcitonin were evaluated on the basis of UV absorbance (215 and 280 nm), fluorescence (lambda(ex)=282 nm, lambda(em)=310 nm) and measurement of specific radioactivity by means of a flow-through radio-isotope detector. HPLC separation of a tryptic digest of iodinated salmon calcitonin fraction on a W-porex 5 C18 300 A column (250x4.6 mm I.D.) and subsequent amino acid analysis, led to the conclusion that radioiodination took place at the Tyr residue and not at the His moiety.
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Lee KC, Joo JY, Huh JS, Kim TS. Effects of repeated short versus single long episodes of focal ischemia on somatosensory evoked potentials and development of cerebral infarction in cats. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1997; 37:447-51; discussion 451-2. [PMID: 9232095 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.37.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of repeated short episodes of focal ischemia at 30-minute intervals or a single equivalent long episode of focal ischemia on neuronal function and development of cerebral infarction were compared using somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) recording and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining in a cat model. Seventeen cats underwent transorbital occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), using one of three procedures: sham-operation; single 1-hour occlusion of the MCA, followed by 3 hours of recirculation; or three 20-minute occlusions of the MCA at 30-minute intervals, followed by 3 hours of recirculation. Two of six cats in the single long-term occlusion group showed recovery of SEP, whereas all six cats in the repeated short-term occlusion group showed recovery of SEP at 3 hours after recirculation. All six cats in the single long-term occlusion group had cerebral infarction of various sizes, but only one cat in the repeated short-term occlusion group developed infarction. Repeated short episodes of focal ischemia are relatively less damaging than a single equivalent long episode of focal ischemia, even if the reperfusion interval is extended to 30 minutes.
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Lee KC, Huh SK, Park HS, Shin YS, Lee KS. Management of poor-grade patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Keio J Med 1997; 46:69-73. [PMID: 9212589 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.46.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To formulate treatment strategies for poor-grade patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), medical records were analyzed for 166 patients who were in Hunt and Hess Grade IV or V among 588 consecutive cases with ruptured intracranial aneurysm admitted during the past 5 years. Causes of unfavorable outcome (poor or dead) in those 166 patients were evaluated to improve the management outcome. Overall management results of the 166 poor-grade patients were favorable (good or fair) in 71 (42.8%), unfavorable in 95 (78 dead, 17 poor). Direct clipping was performed in 90 patients, and the results were favorable in 69 (76.7%) and unfavorable in 21 (23.3%). Surgery was not done in 76 patients because 41 were moribund on arrival, 15 deterioration due to rebleeding, 7 severe brain swelling, 5 serious medical illness, one severe delayed ischemic deficit (DID), and one cerebral infarction following angiography, and 6 refused surgery. Seven patients survived in non-surgery group (2 fair, 5 poor). Direct effects of aneurysm rupture (34.8%) and early rebleeding (34.8%) were the major causes of unfavorable outcome in Grade IV patients, while it was direct effect of aneurysm rupture (91.8%) in Grade V patients. It is suggested that as rebleeding is the only preventable cause of unfavorable outcome, urgent management is necessary to prevent rebleeding, especially for Grade IV patients. Grade IV patients should be treated aggressively with direct clipping for non-complex aneurysms or for patients with hematoma, and coil embolization for complex aneurysms without hematoma.
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Abla AA, Park HC, Lee KC, Maiman DJ, Pagni CA, Dunsker SB. Upper cervical spine trauma. SURGICAL NEUROLOGY 1997; 47:432-434. [PMID: 9131024 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-3019(97)90297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Kubo S, Hamba H, Hirohashi K, Kinoshita H, Lee KC, Yamazaki O, Nishio H, Yamada R. Magnetic resonance cholangiography in hepatolithiasis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:629-32. [PMID: 9128312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to examine the usefulness of magnetic resonance cholangiography in hepatolithiasis. METHODS Ten patients with hepatolithiasis were studied by ultrasonography, computed tomography, direct cholangiography, and magnetic resonance cholangiography to detect stones and to determine the morphological features of the bile ducts. In nine patients who underwent surgery, dilation and stenosis of the bile ducts were confirmed by intraoperative cholangioscopy, pathology, or both. RESULTS Stones were demonstrated in seven patients by ultrasonography, in eight by computed tomography, in seven by direct cholangiography, and in all by magnetic resonance cholangiography. The locations of stones were identified in four patients by ultrasonography, in seven by computed tomography, in six by direct cholangiography, and in nine by magnetic resonance cholangiography. Among nine patients with dilation of the bile ducts, the dilation was shown by ultrasonography in seven, by computed tomography in eight, by direct cholangiography in six, and by magnetic resonance cholangiography in eight. Among seven patients with stenosis of the bile ducts, this stenosis was shown by direct cholangiography in four and by magnetic resonance cholangiography in six. Ultrasonography and computed tomography did not show the stenosis. Sensitivity for detection of biliary stenosis was significantly higher in magnetic resonance cholangiography. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that magnetic resonance cholangiography not only detects stones, but can also delineate detailed information on the bile ducts, which is useful in the planning of treatment for hepatolithiasis.
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Lee KC, Bulls M, Holmes J, Barrier JW. Hybrid process for the conversion of lignocellulosic materials. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997; 66:1-23. [PMID: 9204515 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Because of the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulosic materials, it is important to pretreat the biomass in order to obtain a suitable material for the bioconversion. In this study, two different types of pretreatments were performed. The first experiment used a 2-gal Parr reactor operated at 140, 150, 160, and 170 degrees C with sulfuric acid concentrations varying from 0.5 to 2%. A second pretreatment was performed with a two-stage low-temperature process. The first-stage pretreatment was performed at 100 or 120 degrees C with sulfuric acid concentrations of 0.5, 2, and 5% followed by a second-stage pretreatment at 120 degrees C with 2% acid concentration. The best residues for enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentations (SSF) came from the higher temperature pretreatment with the Parr reactor. However, a large portion of the xylose fraction was degraded to furfural and glucose was degraded to HMF. On the contrary, the two-stage low temperature pretreatment resulted in a very low percentage of xylose degradation, and no glucose degradation. The residues from this two-stage pretreatment performed satisfactorily toward the production of ethanol by SSFs. This study discusses the results obtained from these experiments.
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Lee KC, Wang CC, Sambasivan M, George B, Tew JM, Lewis AI. Management of arteriovenous malformations: Part I. SURGICAL NEUROLOGY 1997; 47:247-50. [PMID: 9068695 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-3019(96)00482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of IDDM among children 0-14 years of age in Edmonton, Alberta, between 1990 and 1995 by means of a population-based registry. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Children < 15 years of age diagnosed with IDDM between January 1990 and December 1995 were registered according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) Multinational Project for Childhood Diabetes. The primary source of case ascertainment consisted of office records of pediatricians and endocrinologists. The secondary source consisted of inpatient records from the main city hospitals. RESULTS Between 1990 and 1995, 211 IDDM patients < 15 years of age were detected by the two sources. All but 15 of them were of European ancestry. The ascertainment-corrected incidence rates of this ethnic group (constituting 77% of the population) for the 6 years were 38.6, 23.5, 23.3, 24.2, 22.0, and 24.3 per 100,000, respectively, with case ascertainment rates of 75-95%. The age-adjusted rate over the 6-year period was 25.7 per 100,000 with a case ascertainment rate of 84.3%. No sex difference was observed. The highest incidence occurred in the 10- to 14-year-old age-group, and more cases were detected between January and March than at other periods in the year. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of IDDM among the European-derived population in Edmonton between 1990 and 1995 is the highest rate over a 6-year period to be reported in North America, comparable to that in Prince Edward Island, Canada, and to the highest rates in the world.
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Lee KC, Chiang AA. The outcome of terminal liver cirrhosis patients requiring mechanical ventilation. ZHONGHUA YI XUE ZA ZHI = CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL; FREE CHINA ED 1997; 59:88-94. [PMID: 9175297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is a common problem in Taiwan. Without liver transplantation, patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis frequently die of various complications and often require mechanical ventilatory support prior to their death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in-hospital and short-term outcome of such patients. METHODS A retrospective review of 47 medical records of mechanically ventilated patients with primary diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, admitted from November 1990 to September 1993, allowed analysis of disease course and outcome for these patients. RESULTS Among the 47 patients, a Child-Pugh's class A patient receiving temporary mechanical ventilation (MV) after elective devascularization surgery was excluded from analysis. Among the remaining medically treated 46 patients, there were 33 Child-Pugh's class C patients, 9 class B patients and 4 unclassified patients. Primary reasons for endotracheal intubation and MV included airway protection, acute respiratory distress and shock. Of these patients, shock was present in 39 cases, upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 34, systemic inflammatory response syndrome in 32, renal insufficiency with creatinine greater than 1.3 mg/dl in 32, bacteremia in 14, parenchymal lung disease in 16, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 10, and intracerebral hemorrhage in 1 during their hospital courses. Thirty-eight patients (83%) died within 72 hours after being placed on mechanical ventilation. Patients requiring MV with complications of bacteremia, parenchymal lung disease or renal insufficiency during hospitalization were found to have a 100% mortality rate. Successful weaning occurred in only 3 of 46 patients (8.7%). Of these three, two (4.3%) went home alive and had survived over six months after discharge. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that cirrhotic patients requiring MV have an extremely poor prognosis. Patients and their families should be fully informed of the prognosis, and routine use of MV should not be encouraged in patients with terminal stage liver disease.
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Abstract
Hypoglassia or aglossia is an uncommon anomaly, either of which may occur as an isolated finding or in association with other deformations, especially limb anomalies. Their genetic background is uncertain, and drug induced teratogen has not been clearly identified. We experienced a case of congenital aglossia with situs inversus in a female infant aged twelve days. Her initial complaints at admission were feeding difficulty and weight loss. In a review of literature, the association with situs inversus is very rare and only three cases have been reported until now.
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Yoon H, Shin YS, Lee KC, Park HW. Morphological characteristics of the developing human brain during the embryonic period. Yonsei Med J 1997; 38:26-32. [PMID: 9100480 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.1997.38.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many features of the developing nervous system are visible from external observations of intact human embryos. In this study, a photographic atlas from the 4th to the 7th week after ovulation (Carnegie stages 10-18) is provided. The neural folds began to fuse at stage 10, and the rostral and caudal neuropore were closed during stages 11 and 12, respectively. The three primary divisions of the brain were distinguishable before closing of the neural tube. The five secondary brain vesicles were formed during stages 14-15. The development of the cerebellum and cerebrum were first observed at stages 14 and 15, respectively. The mesencephalic flexure was seen at stage 12, and the cervical flexure and pontine flexure at stage 14. After stages 18-19, it became increasingly difficult to identify detailed features of the brain from the surface. Results from this study will help to correlate the characteristic findings of the developing central nervous system of human embryos from stereomicroscopical and light microscopical observations and to locate the exact parts of the developing human brain for other purposes.
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Wong SM, Mahtani PH, Lee KC, Yu HH, Tan Y, Neo KK, Chan Y, Wu M, Chng CG. Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus RNA: complete nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Arch Virol 1997; 142:383-91. [PMID: 9125051 DOI: 10.1007/s007050050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of cymbidium mosaic potexvirus (CymMV) was determined to be 6227 nucleotides in length, excluding the poly (A) tail at the 3' terminus. Similar to other potexviruses, its genome organisation is comprised of five major open reading frames (ORFs 1 to 5), encoding a Mr 160 KDa putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp); a Mr 26KDa/13KDa/10KDa triple-gene-block (TGB) and a Mr 24 KDa coat protein. The CymMV encoded proteins shared a high degree of homology to their corresponding proteins of other members of the potexvirus group. The nucleotide sequence of the 5' noncoding region (NCR) of CymMV and all other potexviruses initiates with GAAAA. CymMV possesses the shortest 5' NCR among all potexviruses. Based on phylogenetic comparisons of RdRp and coat protein, CymMV shares a close relationship to PAMV, NMV, WClMV and SMYEaV. This is believed to be the first record of the complete nucleotide sequence of CymMV.
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Hung KY, Lee KC, Yen CJ, Wu KD, Tsai TJ, Chen WY. Revised cutoff values of serum aminotransferase in detecting viral hepatitis among CAPD patients: experience from Taiwan, an endemic area for hepatitis B. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:180-3. [PMID: 9157333 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/12.1.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the best cutoff values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine amino-transferase (ALT) in detecting viral hepatitis C infection among patients of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). METHODS 90 (44 male and 46 female) CAPD patients and 526 adult controls (266 male, 260 female) were enrolled. Serum AST and ALT were measured by an auto-analyser monthly. Serum HBsAg was examined using a RIA method and anti-HCV by an second-generation EIA method. The best cutoff values of AST and ALT for detecting viral hepatitis were obtained from the ROC (receiver-operating characteristic) curve. RESULTS The prevalence of anti-HCV(+) was significantly higher in CAPD patients (16.7%) than in normal controls (4.9%), while that of HBsAg(+) was similar in both groups. CAPD patients had significantly lower levels of serum aminotransferases compared to normal controls. Mean AST were 23.8 IU/l in normal control and 18.8 IU/l in the CAPD patients (P < 0.001). Mean ALT were 21.9 IU/l in normal controls and 15.3 IU/l in the CAPD patients (P < 0.001). CAPD patients with HCV infection had higher serum AST and ALT levels than those without. However, HBV infection did not cause significant serum aminotransferase elevation in patients. The conventional cutoff values of AST (40 IU/l) and ALT (40 IU/l) for detecting viral hepatitis yielded only a sensitivity of 27.3 and 18.2% respectively; on the contrary, our revised cutoff values of AST (24 IU/l) and ALT (17 IU/l) had better sensitivities (AST, 72.7%; ALT, 63.6%). For serial aminotransferase values, the sensitivity of AST and ALT for detecting HCV were 36.4 and 27.3% by conventional criteria, and were both 81.8%, by our newly revised criteria. CONCLUSIONS Serum aminotransferase cutoff values should be modified for screening viral hepatitis in a CAPD population. Our new cutoff criteria had important clinical implications in providing benefits of earlier detection and possible prevention from chronic hepatic deteriorations.
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Radak Z, Asano K, Lee KC, Ohno H, Nakamura A, Nakamoto H, Goto S. High altitude training increases reactive carbonyl derivatives but not lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle of rats. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 22:1109-14. [PMID: 9034249 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative stress related consequences of physical training at high altitude are not known. The hypothesis was tested that physical training and exposure to high altitude have adverse effects on free radical generation and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The present results showed that 4 weeks of exercise at an altitude of 4000 m increased the activity of Mn-SOD in both white and red types of skeletal muscle. The activities of Cu,Zn-SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the level of lipid peroxidation measured by TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides, did not change significantly. In contrast, the level of reactive carbonyl derivatives measured by anti-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone antibodies and spectrophotometry showed an increase in both types of muscle of altitude trained rats compared with sea level trained and control groups. It was suggested that the oxidative modification of certain amino acids is due to the increasing gap between activity of SOD and peroxide scavenging enzymes, which results in increases in the number of hydrogen peroxide molecules. Thus, since the mechanism of generation and/or the mode of action of radicals resulting in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation appears to be different in vivo, both processes should be studied during oxidative stress.
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Lee KC, Mahtani PH, Chng CG, Wong SM. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the cytoplasmic inclusion protein gene of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus: its role in classification of the Potyviridae. Virus Genes 1997; 14:41-53. [PMID: 9208454 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007935423180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic inclusion (CI) gene of a Singapore isolate of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV-S) was sequenced and compared with CI of 14 other potyviruses. In addition to the consensus sequence GAVGSGKST of nucleotide binding motif (NTBM) which is implicated as a membrane-binding component of the RNA helicase complex, five other conserved motifs were found. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from sequence data for the CI and the coat protein. Similar branching patterns obtained from both CI and coat protein analyses suggests that phylogenetic relationship among potyviruses can be determined using the CI. We propose that phylogenetic analysis of CI gene may be used as an alternative approach for the study of evolution within the family Potyviridae.
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Abstract
Thirty-two cases of surgically removed astrocytoma were evaluated for the expression of androgen receptors(ARs) immunohistochemically and the relationships between androgen receptors, DNA ploidy pattern, and survival of patients were studied. The cases included 18 grade I/II astrocytomas, 4 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 10 glioblastoma multiforme(GBM). Positive AR was present in 12 out of 32 cases(38%), which consisted of 5 cases in grade I/II(28%), 3 cases in anaplastic astrocytoma(75%), and 4 cases in GBM(40%). For both low and high grade astrocytomas, sex and ploidy pattern were not correlated with expression of the androgen receptors. Androgen receptor expression did not significantly affect the survival time. This study confirms previous reports of a low incidence of androgen receptors in astrocytomas. In addition, it shows that expression of androgen receptors is not correlated with DNA ploidy pattern and survival of patients in astrocytoma.
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Kingdom TT, Lee KC, FitzSimmons SC, Cropp GJ. Clinical characteristics and genotype analysis of patients with cystic fibrosis and nasal polyposis requiring surgery. ARCHIVES OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY--HEAD & NECK SURGERY 1996; 122:1209-13. [PMID: 8906056 DOI: 10.1001/archotol.1996.01890230055011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical characteristics and genotypes of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and nasal polyposis who require surgery. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of a large patient database. SETTING Data obtained from the National CF Patient Registry of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, Md. PATIENTS Clinical and genotype data on 20198 patients with CF who were registered in 1992 and 1993 were analyzed. The study group (n = 815) consisted of patients with CF who had undergone surgical procedures for the treatment of nasal polyposis. The comparison group (n = 19383) comprised the remainder of the patients in the database. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed that patients with CF and nasal polyposis who required surgery had better pulmonary function (higher percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity), better nutritional status, a higher rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization, more office visits, more hospitalizations, and a higher rate of acute exacerbations per year (P < .001 for each) than did the comparison group. Among the patients who had mutation analysis performed, patients with nasal polyposis who required surgery were significantly associated with 2 specific genotypes: the delta-F508/delta-F508 (57.5% vs 49.9%, P = .01) and the delta-F508/G551D (12% vs 8%, P = .05) genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CF and nasal polyposis who require surgery may constitute a clinical subgroup within the spectrum of the disease. These patients appear to have slightly better pulmonary function and nutritional status; yet, they seem to have a higher degree of health care utilization. The higher rate of P aeruginosa respiratory infection in this patient group suggests an association with the presence of nasal polyposis. Genotype analysis showed a higher prevalence of the delta-F508/delta-F508 and the delta-F508/G551D genotypes in this patient group.
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