CSF1R inhibition agents protect against cisplatin ototoxicity and synergize with immunotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach. However, limited research exists on combining cisplatin with CSF1/CSF1R immunotherapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Furthermore, few studies have investigated concurrent immunotherapeutic strategies to mitigate cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.Developing otoprotective agents that simultaneously reduce cisplatin resistance and enhance therapeutic efficacy holds significant implications for future treatment modalities. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and efficacy profile of CSF1R inhibitor (PLX3397). Our findings demonstrate that PLX3397 confers otoprotection in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity through cochlear macrophage depletion, synergizes with cisplatin inhibited tumor cell survival, migration, and invasion in vitro. Additionally, it significantly suppressed xenograft tumor lesion growth and angiogenesis in zebrafish models while modulating the polarization state of tumor-associated macrophages in vitro and inducing tumor immune activation. Our findings suggest that PLX3397 represents a promising immunotherapeutic agent, and its combination with cisplatin may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for attenuating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity while synergistically enhancing immunotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Cross-talks of GSH, mitochondria, RNA m6A modification, NRF2, and p53 between ferroptosis and cuproptosis in HCC: A review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality, as well as poor prognosis. Therefore, it is imperative to explore alternative therapeutic targets for HCC treatment. Ferroptosis and cuproptosis have recently been identified as metal-dependent cell death mechanisms that play significant roles in HCC treatment. This study identified potential cross-talk between ferroptosis and cuproptosis, including the common hub glutathione, common site of occurrence, mitochondria, shared epigenetic modification mode, RNA N6 methyladenosine modification, mutual inhibitor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and dual regulator, p53. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the joint induction of HCC cell death and effective inhibition of HCC progression. However, some immune cells are susceptible to ferroptosis or cuproptosis, which may impair or enhance anti-cancer immune function. We propose strategies to target specific targets molecules such as tripartite motif containing 25, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma or exploit the unique acidic environment surrounding cancer cells to precisely induce ferroptosis in cancer cells. This approach aims to advance the development of precision medicine for HCC treatment.

WGCNA and ferroptosis genes in OSCC: unraveling prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the predominant type of oral cancer, with over 370,000 new cases and approximately 170,000 deaths annually worldwide. Despite therapeutic advancements, OSCC mortality rates have been increasing, underscoring the need for improved prognostic models and therapeutic targets.

METHODS

We integrated transcriptomic and clinical survival data from the TCGA-OSCC dataset to identify ferroptosis-related prognostic genes. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we selected genes associated with OSCC prognosis and applied Lasso regression analysis to pinpoint key genes. A prognostic model was constructed and validated through survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

WGCNA identified modules significantly correlated with ferroptosis, yielding 321 genes associated with OSCC prognosis. Univariate Cox analysis identified 13 genes affecting OSCC prognosis. Lasso regression and multivariate Cox regression narrowed down the gene set to a final set of 7 genes, which were used to construct the risk model. The model stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups with significant survival differences (P < 0.001). The model's predictive accuracy was validated, with AUC values ranging from 0.565 to 0.733 for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival predictions. Immune-related analysis revealed that low-risk patients exhibited higher immune cell infiltration and were more likely to benefit from immunotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Our study presents a novel prognostic model for OSCC patients based on ferroptosis-related genes, which not only predicts survival but also identifies potential therapeutic targets. The model's predictive accuracy and clinical relevance were validated, offering a new strategy for OSCC treatment.

The controversial role of CD151 in different solid tumors: promoter or suppressor?

As a member of the tetraspanin superfamily, CD151 plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. CD151 is involved in various cellular processes, including cell-cell junction, signal transduction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cell maintenance (CSCs), angiogenesis, and exosome regulation. Therefore, CD151 is a potential target for tumor therapy and may be valuable in tumor diagnosis and prognosis. Notably, while CD151 predominantly functions as an oncogene in most cancers, it can also exhibit tumor-suppressive roles in specific contexts, indicating that its function is context-dependent. Additionally, CD151 plays a significant role in modulating the immune microenvironment. For instance, CD151 supports the proliferation, activation, and migration of T cells. The CD151 peptide may function as a tumor vaccination by stimulating CD8 + IFNγ + lymphocytes and inducing cytotoxic effects. Thus, the function of CD151 in tumors is intricate and warrants further investigation. In this review, we discuss the diagnostic and prognostic potential of CD151, as well as its regulatory roles in solid cancers, including those of the digestive system, lung, breast, prostate, and gynecological tissues. Basic experiments and clinical data demonstrate the beneficial and detrimental effects of CD151 in malignancies and offer a path forward for future investigation.

The Expression of Ferroptosis-Related Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Relationships With Prognosis

Background

Ferroptosis, a form of cell death discovered in recent years, is expected to provide new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through further research.

Methods

Based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we screened HCC-associated genes from 259 candidate genes in the FerrDb database. The screened genes were subjected to differential expression analysis, survival analysis, correlation analysis with clinical data, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The results were validated with the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) database and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, and signaling pathways were analyzed with the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) enrichment analysis. Human normal hepatocytes and different liver cancer cell lines were used to verify the expression levels of genes, using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR).

Results

Eight ferroptosis-related genes were finally selected, including ACSL3, ASNS, CHMP5, MYB, PCK2, PGD, SLC38A1, and YY1AP1. The expression of eight genes except PCK2 was significantly correlated with a lower survival rate of HCC, and the expression of PCK2 showed a correlation with a higher survival rate of HCC. The expression of all eight genes was also correlated with clinical traits. GSEA enrichment analysis obtained many pathways such as apoptosis, endocytosis, pathways in cancer, Wnt signaling pathway, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism pathway.

Conclusion

The ACSL3, ASNS, CHMP5, MYB, PCK2, PGD, SLC38A1, and YY1AP1 genes may become markers and new targets for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment of HCC.

Targeting novel immune checkpoints in the B7-H family: advancing cancer immunotherapy from bench to bedside

The B7-H family of immune checkpoint molecules is a crucial component of the immune regulatory network for tumors, offering new opportunities to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME). The B7-H family - which includes B7-H2 (inducible T cell costimulatory ligand, ICOSL), B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5 (V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation, VISTA), B7-H6, and B7-H7 (HHLA2) - is known for its diverse roles in regulating innate and adaptive immunity. These molecules can exhibit co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory effects on T cells, influencing processes such as T cell activation, differentiation, and effector functions, and they are involved in the recruitment and polarization of various immune cells. This review explores the structural characteristics, receptor-ligand interactions, and signaling pathways associated with each B7-H family member. We also discuss the family's impact on tumor immunity and potential therapeutic strategies.

CD73: a new immune checkpoint for leukemia treatment

Recent studies on the pathogenesis of leukemia have led to remarkable advances in disease treatment. Numerous studies have shown the potential and viability of immune responses against leukemia. In the classical pathway, this process is often initiated by the upstream activity of CD39, which hydrolyzes extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to AMP. Subsequently, CD73 acts on AMP to generate adenosine, contributing to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, CD73 can also utilize substrates derived from other molecules through the non-canonical NAD+ pathway, specifically via the CD38/CD203a/CD73 axis, further enhancing adenosine production and facilitating immune escape. Targeting CD73 has shown potential in disrupting these immunosuppressive pathways, thereby enhancing anti-leukemic immune responses and improving patient outcomes. Inhibiting CD73 not only reduces the levels of immunosuppressive adenosine but also increases the efficacy of existing immunotherapies, such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, making it a versatile therapeutic target in leukemia treatment. This review discusses the potential of CD73 as a therapeutic target and emphasizes its unique position in the immune escape mechanism of leukemia. Moreover, this review provides an overview of the current research progress and future trends, emphasizing the clinical significance of targeting CD73 and other potential therapeutic strategies in leukemia.

CENPF (+) cancer cells promote malignant progression of early-stage TP53 mutant lung adenocarcinoma

The prevention and precise treatment of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) characterized by small nodules (stage IA) remains a significant challenge for clinicians, which is due largely to the limited understanding of the oncogenic mechanisms spanning from preneoplasia to invasive adenocarcinoma. Our study highlights the pivotal role of cancer cells exhibiting high expression of centromere protein F (CENPF), driven by TP53 mutations, which become increasingly prevalent during the transition from preneoplasia to invasive LUAD. Biologically, cancer cells (CENPF+) exhibited robust proliferative and stem-like capabilities, thereby propelling the malignant progression of early-stage LUAD. Clinically, autoantibodies against CENPF in the serum and elevated cancer cells (CENPF+) in tissue correlated positively with the progression of early-stage LUAD, especially those in stage IA. Our findings suggest that cancer cells (CENPF+) play a central role in orchestrating the malignant evolution of LUAD and hold potential as a novel biomarker for early-stage detection and management of the disease.

ATP ion channel-type P2X purinergic receptors as a key regulatory molecule in breast cancer progression

Studies have confirmed that ATP ion channel P2X purinergic receptors play a key role in tumor growth and metastasis. Similarly, P2X purinergic receptors can be used as a favorable regulatory molecule of breast cancer cells to participate in the progression of breast cancer. There are abundant ATP and its cleavage products in breast cancer microenvironment, which can be used as natural activators of P2X purinergic receptors. P2X purinergic receptors play a role in regulating the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells by mediating signal transduction, growth regulation and immune cell activity in microenvironment. However, the application of P2X purinergic receptors antagonist has the pharmacological characteristics of inhibiting the progression of breast cancer cells. Among P2X purinergic receptors, there is a close relationship between P2X7 receptor and breast cancer patients. P2X purinergic receptors can be used as a biological marker for breast cancer patients. In this paper, we discuss the functional role and regulatory molecular mechanism of P2X purinergic receptors in the progression of breast cancer. The pharmacological effects of P2X purinergic receptors selective antagonist on the growth, metastasis and invasion of breast cancer cells were further discussed. Therefore, P2X purinergic receptors can be used as a key regulatory molecule of breast cancer and a pharmacological target for potential therapy.

Genetic, Epigenetic, and Microenvironmental Drivers of Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive and heterogeneous malignancy of the biliary tree that carries a poor prognosis. Multiple features at the genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental levels have been identified to better characterize CCA carcinogenesis. Genetic alterations, such as mutations in IDH1/2, BAP1, ARID1A, and FGFR2, play significant roles in CCA pathogenesis, with variations across different subtypes, races/ethnicities, and causes. Epigenetic dysregulation, characterized by DNA methylation and histone modifications, further contributes to the complexity of CCA, influencing gene expression and tumor behavior. Furthermore, CCA cells exchange autocrine and paracrine signals with other cancer cells and the infiltrating cell types that populate the microenvironment, including cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages, further contributing to an immunosuppressive niche that supports tumorigenesis. This review explores the multifaceted genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental drivers of CCA. Understanding these diverse mechanisms is essential for characterizing the complex pathways of CCA carcinogenesis and developing targeted therapies to improve patient outcomes.

Targeting PKC as a Therapeutic Strategy to Overcome Chemoresistance in TNBC by Restoring Aurora Kinase B Expression

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses a significant challenge due to its high mortality rates, primarily attributed to resistance against chemotherapy regimens containing taxanes like paclitaxel. Thus, developing combinatorial strategies to override resistance is a pressing need. By taking advantage of a library screening with various kinase inhibitors, we found that the small-molecule inhibitor enzastaurin targeting protein kinase C (PKC) could overcome resistance in TNBC cells. Mechanistically, dual treatment with paclitaxel and enzastaurin resulted in efficient mitotic arrest and subsequent cell death by restoring AURKB expression. Further analysis revealed that the GCN2-p-eIF2α axis was responsible for the posttranscriptional accumulation of AURKB upon combinatorial treatment. Finally, we confirmed that combinatorial regimens synergistically suppressed tumour growth in vivo in mouse models. Moreover, the efficiency of dual treatment was largely determined by AURKB, implying that AURKB could be a potential predictive marker for stratifying patients who may benefit from the combinatorial treatment. Collectively, our study not only unravels a novel underlying mechanism for paclitaxel resistance in TNBC but also provides a new potential combinatorial therapeutic strategy in the clinic.

CENPF interaction with PLA2G4A promotes glioma growth by modulating mTORC1 and NF-κB pathways

BACKGROUND

Glioma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, and due to the limited effectiveness of traditional single-target therapies, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic targets. Centromere protein F (CENPF) belongs to the centromere protein family and is mainly involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. CENPF has recently been found to play a key role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression, but its role in gliomas has not been well studied.

METHODS

The expression level and clinical information of CENPF were obtained by analyzing the TCGA, CGGA and GEO databases. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were used to quantitatively detect the expression of CENPF in glioma tissues and cell lines. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of TCGA and GSE16011 datasets was used to explore the molecular mechanism of the CENPF. CENPF-interacting proteins were detected by molecular docking and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). After silencing CENPF, CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry were used to detect changes in cell proliferation, invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis, and Western blot was used to detect changes in signaling pathway protein levels.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis showed that CENPF was generally highly expressed in gliomas and was associated with poor prognosis. This result was confirmed in glioma samples from our hospital. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that CENPF was an independent prognostic marker for gliomas. Western blot analysis in vitro showed that CENPF was overexpressed in the U251 and LN229 cell lines; therefore, these two cell lines were selected for subsequent experiments. GSEA analysis showed that CENPF was mainly involved in the G2/M phase-mediated cell cycle and P53 signaling pathway. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that silencing CENPF induced G2/M phase arrest and increased apoptosis in glioma cells. Subsequent experiments confirmed that CENPF influences the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process through the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Molecular docking and Co-IP assay revealed that CENPF exerts its effects by interacting with PLA2G4A promoting the downstream signaling pathway. Finally, we found that silencing CENPF combined with a PLA2G4A inhibitor (AACOCF3) induced glioma cell apoptosis and exhibited anti-glioma effects.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that CENPF plays a key role in promoting tumorigenesis through its interaction with PLA2G4A. This study provides a theoretical foundation for advancing multi-targeted therapies in glioma and for developing strategies to overcome tumor drug resistance.

Ferroptosis in Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, Crosstalk Regulation, and Therapeutic Strategies

Ferroptosis is a distinct form of iron-dependent programmed cell death characterized primarily by intracellular iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Multiple cellular processes, including amino acid metabolism, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, various signaling pathways, and autophagy, have been demonstrated to influence the induction and progression of ferroptosis. Recent investigations have elucidated that ferroptosis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various pulmonary disorders, including lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and asthma. Ferroptosis is increasingly recognized as a promising novel strategy for cancer treatment. Various immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, including CD8+ T cells, macrophages, regulatory T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells, have been shown to induce ferroptosis in tumor cells and modulate the process through the regulation of iron and lipid metabolism pathways. Conversely, ferroptosis can reciprocally alter the metabolic environment, leading to the activation or inhibition of immune cell functions, thereby modulating immune responses. This paper reviews the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis and describes the tumor immune microenvironment, discusses the connection between ferroptosis and the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer and pulmonary diseases, and discusses the development prospect of their interaction in the treatment of lung cancer and pulmonary diseases.

Emerging insights into the role of microRNAs regulation of ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major type of liver cancer and an important cause of cancer death. It has been reported that the hepatocyte death plays an important role in HCC. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of free iron and lipid peroxidation. A series of studies have shown that ferroptosis contributes to the occurrence and development of HCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with a length of approximately 222 nt. In recent years, miRNAs have been shown to participate in regulating ferroptosis to play a vital role in HCC, but the related mechanisms are not fully understood. This review summarized the current understanding of ferroptosis, as well as the biogenesis and function of miRNAs, and focused on the role of miRNAs regulation of ferroptosis in HCC, with the hope of providing new targets and ideas for the treatment of HCC.

Biological roles and molecular mechanism of circular RNAs in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastrointestinal malignancies

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are formed by splicing of precursor RNAs and covalently linked at the 5' and 3' ends. Dysregulated circRNAs are closely related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastrointestinal malignancies. CircRNAs, including circRNA_0008717, circGOT1, circ-DOCK5, circVPS33B, circPVT1, circMET, circ-OXCT1, circ_67835, circRTN4, circ_0087502, circFNDC38, circ_PTEN1, circPGPEP1, and circ-E-Cad are involved in the EMT process of gastrointestinal malignancies through a variety of mechanisms, such as regulating EMT-inducing transcription factors, signaling pathways, and tumor microenvironments. Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are common malignant tumors worldwide, and the heterogeneity and easy metastasis of gastrointestinal malignancies limit the effectiveness of medical treatments. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal malignancies is essential for clinical treatment. This article summarizes the biological roles and molecular mechanism of circRNAs in EMT of gastrointestinal malignancies, providing a theoretical basis for applying EMT-related circRNAs in targeted therapy.

Exosome-mediated Crosstalk in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: Critical Drivers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant global health issue, ranking as the sixth most prevalent malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in therapeutic strategies, mortality rates for HCC remain high. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a vital role in HCC progression by influencing tumor cell survival and growth. Recent studies highlight the essential role of exosomes in mediating intercellular communication within the TIME, particularly in interactions among tumor cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts. These interactions drive critical aspects of tumor development, including immune escape, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and metastasis. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which exosomes modulate the TIME is essential for developing targeted therapies. This review systematically evaluated the roles and regulatory mechanisms of exosomes within the TIME of HCC, examining the impact of both HCC-derived and non-HCC-derived exosomes on various cellular components within the TIME. It emphasized their regulatory effects on cell phenotypes and functions, as well as their roles in HCC progression. The review also explored the potential applications of exosome-based immunotherapies, offering new insights into improving therapeutic strategies for HCC.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote doxorubicin resistance in triple-negative breast cancer through enhancing ZFP64 histone lactylation to regulate ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been identified to drive chemotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This study evaluated the functions of CAFs-mediated suppressive ferroptosis in doxorubicin (DOX) resistance in TNBC and its detailed molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

TNBC cell lines were co-cultured with CAFs isolated from DOX-sensitive (CAF/S) or DOX-resistant (CAF/R) breast cancer tissues. Cell viability and death were assessed by cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Ferroptosis was evaluated by detection of Fe2+, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Histone lactylation was determined by lactate production, pan-Kla and H3K18la expression. Molecular mechanism was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter system. Molecule and protein expression was detected by quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. TNBC cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of nude mice to investigate DOX sensitivity in vivo.

RESULTS

CAFs-derived lactate repressed ferroptosis to confer resistance of TNBC cells to DOX. Moreover, zinc finger protein 64 (ZFP64) expression was elevated in DOX-resistant TNBC and was associated with high histone lactylation level. CAFs facilitated histone lactylation to enhance ZFP64 expression, which triggered ferroptosis inhibition and DOX resistance. In addition, ZFP64 bound to the promoters of GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1) and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), thereby promoting their expression. Rescue experiments indicated that ZFP64 silencing-induced ferroptosis and high sensitivity of TNBC cells to DOX could be counteracted by GCH1 or FTH1 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

CAFs acted as a ferroptosis inhibitor to cause DOX resistance of TNBC via histone lactylation-mediated ZFP64 up-regulation and subsequent promotion of GCH1-induced lipid peroxidation inhibition and FTH1-induced intracellular Fe2+ consumption.

Decoding the Tumor-Associated Microbiota: From Origins to Nanomedicine Applications in Cancer Therapy

Growing evidence reveals that the tumor microbiome-comprising distinct microbial communities within neoplastic tissues-exerts a profound influence on cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. These microbes actively reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) through metabolite secretion, the modulation of immune pathways, and direct interactions with host cells, thereby affecting tumor biology and therapeutic outcomes. Despite substantial heterogeneity among cancer types, recent insights underscore the tumor microbiome's potential as both a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and a targetable component for innovative treatments. In this review, we synthesize emerging knowledge on the mechanistic roles of tumor-associated microbiota in shaping the TME, with a focus on how these discoveries can guide novel therapeutic strategies. We further explore interdisciplinary advances, including the convergence of microbiomics and nanotechnology, to enhance drug delivery, circumvent resistance, and foster TME remodeling. By highlighting these cutting-edge developments, our review underscores the transformative potential of integrating tumor microbiome research into precision oncology and advancing more personalized cancer therapies.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cancer Resistance Against Therapeutics

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are specialized cells that can differentiate into various types of cells. MSCs can be utilized to treat cancer. However, a MSC is considered a double-edged sword, because it can promote tumor progression and support cancer cell growth. Likewise, MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) carry various intracellular materials and transfer them to other cells. MSC-Exos could also cause tumor progression, including brain cancer, breast cancer, hepatic cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer, and develop resistance against therapies, mainly chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. An MSC-Exo promotes tumor development and causes drug resistance in various cancer types. The mechanisms involved in cancer drug resistance vary depending on the cancer cell heterogeneity and complexity. In this article, we have explained the various biomarkers and mechanisms involved in the tumor and resistance development through MSC-Exos in different cancer types.

Sophisticated roles of tumor microenvironment in resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a serious threat to global health, with rising incidence and mortality rates. Therapeutic options for advanced HCC are quite limited, and the overall prognosis remains poor. Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting anti-PD1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4, have facilitated a paradigm shift in cancer treatment, demonstrating substantial survival benefits across various cancer types, including HCC. However, only a subset of HCC patients exhibit a favorable response to ICB therapy, and its efficacy is often hindered by the development of resistance. There are many studies to explore the underlying mechanisms of ICB response. In this review, we compiled the latest progression in immunotherapies for HCC and systematically summarized the sophisticated mechanisms by which components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) regulate resistance to ICB therapy. Additionally, we also outlined some scientific rationale strategies to boost antitumor immunity and enhance the efficacy of ICB in HCC. These insights may serve as a roadmap for future research and help improve outcomes for HCC patients.

Disruption of GPSM1/CSF1 signaling reprograms tumor-associated macrophages to overcome anti-PD-1 resistance in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies, particularly anti-PD-1, benefit only a limited subset of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. G-protein signaling modulator 1 (GPSM1) is implicated in immunity and oncology, yet its role in regulating the CRC tumor microenvironment (TME) and contributing to anti-PD-1 resistance remains poorly understood.

METHODS

We employed single-cell RNA sequencing and multiplex immunofluorescence on tumor samples from anti-PD-1-resistant CRC patients to evaluate GPSM1 expression and its impact on macrophage polarization. An orthotopic CRC xenograft model in C57BL/6 mice was used to assess the role of GPSM1 in vivo. An in vitro co-culture system, alongside mass cytometry and flow cytometry, explored GPSM1's biological functions within the TME. We further used ChIP-PCR, mass spectrometry, and co-immunoprecipitation to elucidate the mechanisms regulating GPSM1 activity.

RESULTS

GPSM1 expression was significantly elevated in anti-PD-1-resistant CRC tissues. Enhanced GPSM1 levels promoted anti-PD-1 resistance by driving macrophage polarization toward an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype, facilitating their infiltration into the TME. We identified the deubiquitinase USP9X as a key factor preventing GPSM1 degradation through K63-polyubiquitination. This stabilization of GPSM1 led to MEIS3 nuclear translocation, activating macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression. Importantly, ruxolitinib emerged as a promising GPSM1-targeting candidate, demonstrating improved efficacy in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy in both microsatellite instability-high and microsatellite stable CRC models.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight the pivotal role of GPSM1-driven M2 macrophage infiltration in mediating anti-PD-1 resistance in CRC. Targeting GPSM1 offers a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance ICB efficacy, potentially broadening the patient population that may benefit from these therapies.

Role of circular RNAs in cancer therapy resistance

Over the past decade, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have gained recognition as a novel class of genetic molecules, many of which are implicated in cancer pathogenesis via different mechanisms, including drug resistance, immune escape, and radio-resistance. ExosomalcircRNAs, in particular, facilitatecommunication between tumour cells and micro-environmental cells, including immune cells, fibroblasts, and other components. Notably, micro-environmental cells can reportedly influence tumour progression and treatment resistance by releasing exosomalcircRNAs. circRNAs often exhibit tissue- and cancer-specific expression patterns, and growing evidence highlights their potential clinical relevance and utility. These molecules show strong promise as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, this review aimed to briefly discuss the latest findings on the roles and resistance mechanisms of key circRNAs in the treatment of various malignancies, including lung, breast, liver, colorectal, and gastric cancers, as well as haematological malignancies and neuroblastoma.This review will contribute to the identification of new circRNA biomarkers for the early diagnosis as well as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.

Emerging roles of intratumoral microbiota: a key to novel cancer therapies

Microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, have been found to play critical roles in tumor microenvironments. Due to their low biomass and other obstacles, the presence of intratumor microbes has been challenging to definitively establish. However, advances in biotechnology have enabled researchers to reveal the association between intratumor microbiota and cancer. Recent studies have shown that tumor tissues, once thought to be sterile, actually contain various microorganisms. Disrupted mucosal barriers and adjacent normal tissues are important sources of intratumor microbiota. Additionally, microbes can invade tumors by traveling through the bloodstream to the tumor site and infiltrating through damaged blood vessels. These intratumor microbiota may promote the initiation and progression of cancers by inducing genomic instability and mutations, affecting epigenetic modifications, activating oncogenic pathways, and promoting inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the latest advancements in this field, including techniques and methods for identifying and culturing intratumor microbiota, their potential sources, functions, and roles in the efficacy of immunotherapy. It explores the relationship between gut microbiota and intratumor microbiota in cancer patients, and whether altering gut microbiota might influence the characteristics of intratumor microbiota and the host immune microenvironment. Additionally, the review discusses the prospects and limitations of utilizing intratumor microbiota in antitumor immunotherapy.

Integrated multiomics analysis highlights the immunosuppressive role of granulin precursor positive macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma

It has been reported that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a complicated role in cancer occurrence and development, immune escape, and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) resistance. However, the role of granulin precursor (GRN) highly expressed macrophages (hereafter refer to GRN+ macrophages) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poorly understood. Herein, we systematically integrated multiomics analysis of human tumor tissues to illustrate the functional role of GRN+ macrophages in HCC. GRN is selectively expressed by TAMs in different type of cancers including HCC, and was significantly associated with poor prognosis in several type of cancer. GRN was closely correlated with infiltration levels of most immune cells, especially the M2 macrophage cells in various cancers. In particular, both mRNA and protein expression level of GRN was significantly upregulated in HCC. Compared with tumor tissue, GRN was more significantly expressed in the stroma area between HCC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues. High expression of GRN was significantly correlated with M2-polarization of macrophages and T-cell exhaustion in HCC. GRN+ macrophages communicated with intratumoral immune cells, especially CD8+ T cells. Functionally, GRN+ macrophages contacted with CD8+ T cells, which inducing T-cell exhaustion. Our study offers a comprehensive understanding of the clinical relevance and immunological role of GRN+ macrophages in HCC, indicating its potential role as a promising target for immunotherapeutic strategies.

Intratumoral microbiome: implications for immune modulation and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer

Recent advancements have revealed the presence of a microbiome within tumor tissues, underscoring the crucial role of the tumor microbiome in the tumor ecosystem. This review delves into the characteristics of the intratumoral microbiome, underscoring its dual role in modulating immune responses and its potential to both suppress and promote tumor growth. We examine state-of-the-art techniques for detecting and analyzing intratumoral bacteria, with a particular focus on their interactions with the immune system and the resulting implications for cancer prognosis and treatment. By elucidating the intricate crosstalk between the intratumoral microbiome and the host immune system, we aim to uncover novel therapeutic strategies that enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments. Additionally, this review addresses the existing challenges and future prospects within this burgeoning field, advocating for the integration of microbiome research into comprehensive cancer therapy frameworks.

Characteristics of gut microbiota and metabolites in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and their prognostic value for resectable lesions

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota composition, fecal metabolites, and postoperative prognosis in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA). A total of 53 patients with resectable eCCA and 21 healthy volunteers as a control group were included. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomic analyses revealed significant differences in the gut microbial community structure and altered fecal metabolites profiles between eCCA patients and healthy controls. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that factors such as preoperative total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and specific metabolites were closely associated with overall survival in patients with eCCA post-surgery. The constructed nomogram model further demonstrated the predictive value of these factors, achieving a C-index of 0.718, with calibration curves confirming its strong predictive performance. In conclusion, gut microbiota composition and fecal metabolites play a crucial role in the surgical prognosis of eCCA patients, providing new insights for clinical prognostic assessment.

Interactions between the metabolic reprogramming of liver cancer and tumor microenvironment

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the major biological features of malignant tumors, playing a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cancer. The tumor microenvironment consists of various non-cancer cells, such as hepatic stellate cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, as well as extracellular matrix and soluble substances. In liver cancer, metabolic reprogramming not only affects its own growth and survival but also interacts with other non-cancer cells by influencing the expression and release of metabolites and cytokines (such as lactate, PGE2, arginine). This interaction leads to acidification of the microenvironment and restricts the uptake of nutrients by other non-cancer cells, resulting in metabolic competition and symbiosis. At the same time, metabolic reprogramming in neighboring cells during proliferation and differentiation processes also impacts tumor immunity. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the metabolic crosstalk between liver cancer cells and their tumor microenvironment, deepening our understanding of relevant findings and pathways. This contributes to further understanding the regulation of cancer development and immune evasion mechanisms while providing assistance in advancing personalized therapies targeting metabolic pathways for anti-cancer treatment.

Extracellular vesicles in tumor immunity: mechanisms and novel insights

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells, have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their role in tumor immunomodulation. These vesicles facilitate intercellular communication by transporting proteins, nucleic acids, and other biologically active substances, and they exhibit a dual role in tumor development and immune evasion mechanisms. Specifically, EVs can assist tumor cells in evading immune surveillance and attack by impairing immune cell function or modulating immunosuppressive pathways, thereby promoting tumor progression and metastasis. Conversely, they can also transport and release immunomodulatory factors that stimulate the activation and regulation of the immune system, enhancing the body's capacity to combat malignant diseases. This dual functionality of EVs presents promising avenues and targets for tumor immunotherapy. By examining the biological characteristics of EVs and their influence on tumor immunity, novel therapeutic strategies can be developed to improve the efficacy and relevance of cancer treatment. This review delineates the complex role of EVs in tumor immunomodulation and explores their potential implications for cancer therapeutic approaches, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation and provide practical insights for the advancement of future EVs-based cancer immunotherapy strategies.

Combination of adenosine blockade and ferroptosis for photo-immunotherapy of triple negative breast cancer with aptamer-modified copper sulfide

Combination of immunotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) provides a promising therapeutic performance for tumors. However, it still faces negative feedback from suppressive factors such as adenosine. Herein, we developed a new nanodrug that can combine adenosine blockade and ferroptosis to promote the photoimmunotherapy of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The nanodrug, named CuS-PEG@Apt, was constructed via the modification of copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles with adenosine aptamer and PEG. CuS-PEG@Apt could be effectively enriched in the tumor site and locally generate a strong photothermal effect, directly ablating tumors and inducing immunogenic death (ICD). On the other hand, the aptamers could block the adenosine pathway to inhibit the immune suppression by adenosine, which further promoted the anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, the CuS nanoparticles could consume GSH and inhibit GPX4 to cause the ferroptosis of tumor cells. Collectively, CuS-PEG@Apt achieved potent efficacy of tumor suppression via the combination of PTT, immune activation and ferroptosis, representing an appealing platform for TNBC treatment.

Recent updates of centromere proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma: a review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with approximately 800,000 deaths worldwide each year. Owing to the atypical early symptoms and characteristics of HCC, over 80% of HCC patients cannot receive curative treatment. The treatment of HCC is facing a bottleneck, and new treatment methods are urgently needed. Since the pathogenesis of HCC is not yet clear, identifying the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets related to it is crucial. Centromeres are considered special deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences with highly repetitive sequences that are physically connected to the spindle during cell division, ensuring equal division of genetic material between daughter cells. The numerous proteins that aggregate on this sequence during cell division are called centromere proteins (CENPs). Currently, numerous studies have shown that CENPs are abnormally expressed in tumor cells and are associated with patient prognosis. The abnormal expression of CENPs is a key cause of chromosomal instability. Furthermore, chromosomal instability is a common characteristic of the majority of tumors. Chromosomal instability can lead to uncontrolled and sustained division and proliferation of malignant tumors. Therapeutic plans targeting CENPs play important roles in the treatment of HCC. For example, small ribonucleic acid (RNA) can silence CENP expression and prevent the occurrence and development of liver cancer. In recent years, studies of HCC-targeting CENPs have gradually increased but are still relatively novel, requiring further systematic elaboration. In this review, we provide a detailed introduction to the characteristics of CENPs and discuss their roles in HCC. In addition, we discuss their application prospects in future clinical practice.

PD-L1 Acts Independently of PD-1 as a Marker of Pathologic Fibroblasts in Laryngotracheal Stenosis

OBJECTIVE

Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) describes fibrotic airway obstruction that is life-threatening without treatment. Targeted therapies are needed as an adjunct to surgical management. We have previously observed the upregulation of immune checkpoint programmed cell death (PD)-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, in patients with LTS. This study aims to determine whether PD-1 and PD-L1 play a role in the pathophysiology of LTS.

STUDY DESIGN

Basic science.

SETTING

Laboratory.

METHODS

Fibroblasts derived from the subglottic scar of 5 iSGS patients were cultured ex vivo with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), PD-L1 agonist (PD-1), and PD-L1 blockade (anti-PD-L1). PD-L1, TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII), and Collagen-1 expression were quantified by flow cytometry. A validated chemomechanical injury model of subglottic stenosis was applied in PD-1 knockout and wild-type (WT) mice, and subglottic thickening was assessed by histologic analysis.

RESULTS

TGFβ significantly increased the expression of PD-L1 and Collagen-1 in human airway scar fibroblasts (P < .05). PD-1 knockout mice demonstrated no significant difference in subglottic airway fibrosis compared to WT mice. Ex vivo PD-L1 modulation had no impact on fibroblast Collagen-1 expression. PD-L1 high-intensity fibroblasts expressed greater Collagen-1 and TGFβRII compared to PD-L1 low-intensity fibroblasts.

CONCLUSION

PD-1 knockout does not protect mice from the development of laryngotracheal fibrosis. However, its ligand, PD-L1 is highly expressed on pathologic fibroblasts unique to scar, characterized by high Collagen-1 and TGFβRII expression. PD-L1 is also upregulated in conjunction with Collagen-1 by TGFβ stimulation. PD-L1 may act independently of PD-1 to sensitize fibroblasts to TGFβ, suggesting direct targeting of PD-L1 may have therapeutic potential in LTS.

CircPTK2 as a Valuable Biomarker and Treatment Target in Cancer

Circular RNA (CircRNA)s, a newly discovered type of noncoding RNAs, have been found to play a role in controlling the development and aggressiveness of tumors. Abnormal control of circRNA has been observed in various types of human cancers, including bladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), breast cancer, and gastric cancer (GC). CircRNAs possess binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs) and function as miRNA sponges in posttranscriptional regulation. This mechanism has been documented to influence the course of cancer. Significantly, among these putative circRNAs, circular RNA protein tyrosine kinase 2 (circPTK2) exhibited increased expression and displayed a substantial association with adverse clinical characteristics and a negative prognosis. The production of these transcripts occurs via a back-splicing mechanism. The enclosed conformation of circRNAs shields them from destruction and enhances their potential as biomarkers. Gaining insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes would aid in the development of treatment approaches and the discovery of new tumor markers. This article provides a comprehensive assessment of the latest research on the biosynthesis and features of circRNAs. It examines the role of circPTK2 in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis evaluation of cancer.

Prediction model establishment of prognosis factors for distant metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma based on the SEER database

BACKGROUND

Distant metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important indicator of poor patient prognosis. Identifying patients who are at high risk of metastasis early on is essential for creating personalized treatment plans, yet currently, there is a scarcity of effective predictive tools.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of different factors on distant metastasis in HCC patients and to establish a clinical prediction model for predicting distant metastasis in HCC patients.

METHODS

Our study retrospectively examined 22,318 patients diagnosed with confirmed HCC from the SEER database. Prognostic factors for developing distant metastases in HCC patients were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Utilizing data from a multivariate logistic regression analysis, we created a nomogram. Its predictive precision was evaluated by analyzing the calibration curve, the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve, decision curve assessment (DCA), and Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve analysis of overall survival. Finally,the nomogram was visualized with an online calculator.

RESULTS

We identified six independent prognostic factors: ethnicity, marital status, tumor size, survival time, surgery, and radiotherapy. The nomogram constructed from these six factors showed good calibration, discrimination, and clinical application value after calibration curve analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and DCA curve analysis. Besides, KaplanMeier survival curves also demonstrated that this nomogram had predictive accuracy.

CONCLUSION

In this research, a nomogram model was created to accurately predict distant metastasis risk in patients with HCC. This study provides guidance for optimizing individual therapies and making better clinical decisions.

Cellular Membrane Protein GRINA is Highly Expressed and Associated with Survival Outcomes in Liver Cancer Patients

OBJECTIVE

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a lethal cancer with high global mortality, may be targeted through ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. Despite its potential, the prognostic value of ferroptosis in HCC is underexplored.

METHODS

Our study leveraged single-cell and bulk sequencing datasets to identify ferroptosis-related genes and developed a prognostic model via Cox and LASSO regression analyses. Survival and mutation analyses led to the creation of a nomogram for predicting patient prognosis. Furthermore, we investigated the role of GRINA, a ferroptosis-related gene, through functional assays, including cell proliferation, colony formation, and metastatic potential analyses. We also assessed mitochondrial abnormalities, intracellular iron, and ROS levels in GRINA-knockdown cells.

RESULTS

The developed ferroptosis-related model classified HCC patients into risk groups, revealing notable survival disparities. High-risk patients presented increased immune checkpoint gene expression. The nomogram revealed robust prognostic accuracy. Additionally, we found that GRINA suppression reduced HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, and metastatic potential. Cells with GRINA knockdown presented mitochondrial abnormalities and increased intracellular iron and ROS levels.

CONCLUSIONS

By analysing multiomics sequencing data, we established a connection between ferroptosis-related risk groups and the tumor immune microenvironment. These findings provide novel insights into the role of ferroptosis in HCC and suggest that GRINA inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy, leading to mitochondrial damage and the induction of ferroptosis in HCC cell lines.

Investigating SNHG3 as a potential therapeutic approach for HCC stem cells

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor worldwide. Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) has gained attention in tumor biology, and this study aims to investigate the role of lncRNA SNHG3 in HCC, specifically in the self-renewal and maintenance of liver cancer stem cells.

METHODS

The expression of lncRNA SNHG3 was analyzed in HCC and adjacent normal tissue using the TCGA database. The expression levels of SNHG3 in HCC cell lines (Hep3B, HepG2, Huh7) were detected using qRT-PCR and Western blot techniques. Functional assays, including CCK-8, soft agar colony formation, and tumor sphere formation, were performed to evaluate the impact of SNHG3 on HCC stem cell functionality. MeRIP-qPCR was also used to investigate the regulatory role of SNHG3 in m6A modification of ITGA6 mRNA mediated by METTL3.

RESULTS

The study found that SNHG3 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissue and cell lines compared to normal liver tissue. SNHG3 expression correlated with the pathological stage, metastasis status, and tumor size of liver cancer. Inhibiting SNHG3 reduced proliferation, colony formation, and tumor sphere formation ability in HCC stem cells. SNHG3 also played a role in regulating the m6A modification and expression of ITGA6 through METTL3.

CONCLUSION

This study emphasizes the upregulation of lncRNA SNHG3 and its role in HCC stem cell self-renewal. SNHG3 may regulate the m6A modification of ITGA6 mRNA through its interaction with METTL3, impacting the function of liver cancer stem cells. These findings support the potential of targeting SNHG3 as a therapeutic approach for HCC.

Prognostic models of immune-related cell death and stress unveil mechanisms driving macrophage phenotypic evolution in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly immune cell infiltration, programmed cell death (PCD) and stress, has increasingly become a focal point in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. Uncovering the intricate crosstalk between these factors can enhance our understanding of CRC, guide therapeutic strategies, and improve patient prognosis.

METHODS

We constructed an immune-related cell death and stress (ICDS) prognostic model utilizing machine learning methodologies. Furthermore, we performed enrichment analyses and deconvolution algorithms to elucidate the complex interactions between immune cell infiltration and the processes of PCD and stress within a substantial array of transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus data base (GEO) related to CRC. Single-cell sequencing and biochemical experiments were used to validate the interaction between the model genes and programmed cell death in tumor cells.

RESULTS

The ICDS prognostic model exhibited robust predictive performance in seven independent cohorts, revealing an inverse correlation between model scores and patient prognosis. Meanwhile, the ICDS index was positively correlated with clinical stage. Model analysis indicated that patient subgroups with low ICDS index exhibited heightened immune activation features and elevated activity in PCD and stress pathways. Single-cell analysis further revealed that macrophages were the central drivers of immune characteristics underlying prognostic differences within the ICDS prognostic model. Pseudotime analysis and cellular experiments indicated that the model gene GAL3ST4 promotes the transition of macrophages toward an M2 pro-tumor phenotype. Furthermore, cell communication analysis and experimental validation revealed that the cuproptosis in tumor cells suppress GAL3ST4 expression, thereby inhibiting M2-like macrophage polarization.

CONCLUSION

In summary, we constructed the ICDS prognostic model and uncovered the mechanism by which tumor cells downregulate GAL3ST4 expression via cuproptosis to inhibit M2-like macrophage polarization, providing new targets and biomarkers for CRC treatment and prognosis evaluation.

VCP downstream metabolite glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) inhibits CD8+T cells function in the HCC microenvironment

CD8+T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are often functionally impaired, which limits their ability to mount effective anti-tumor responses. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this dysfunction remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified valosin-containing protein (VCP) as a key regulator of CD8+T cells suppression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our findings reveal that VCP suppresses the activation, expansion, and cytotoxic capacity of CD8+T cells both in vitro and in vivo, significantly contributing to the immunosuppressive nature of the TME. Mechanistically, VCP stabilizes the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like protein (GPD1L), leading to the accumulation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), a downstream metabolite of GPD1L. The accumulated G3P diffuses into the TME and directly interacts with SRC-family tyrosine kinase LCK, a critical component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway in CD8+T cells. This interaction heightens the phosphorylation of Tyr505, a key inhibitory residue, ultimately reducing LCK activity and impairing downstream TCR signaling. Consequently, CD8+T cells lose their functional capacity, diminishing their ability to fight against HCC. Importantly, we demonstrated that targeting VCP in combination with anti-PD1 therapy significantly suppresses HCC tumor growth and restores the anti-tumor function of CD8+T cells, suggesting synergistic therapeutic potential. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized mechanism involving VCP and G3P in suppressing T-cell-mediated immunity in the TME, positioning VCP as a promising upstream target for enhancing immunotherapy in HCC.

In silico analysis of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA signatures related to Sorafenib effectiveness in liver cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common subtype of primary liver cancer with varied incidence and epidemiology worldwide. Sorafenib is still a recommended treatment for a large proportion of patients with advanced HCC. Different patterns of treatment responsiveness have been identified in differentiated hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and metastatic HCC SNU449 cells.

AIM

To define the long non-codingRNA-microRNA-mRNA (lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA) predicted signatures related to selected hallmarks of cancer (apoptosis, autophagy, cell stress, cell dedifferentiation and invasiveness) in RNAseq studies using Sorafenib-treated HepG2 and SNU449 cells. Various available software analyses allowed us to establish the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes following treatment in HepG2 and SNU449 cells.

METHODS

HepG2 and SNU449 cells were treated with Sorafenib (10 μmol/L) for 24 hours. Total RNA, including small and long RNA, was extracted with a commercial miRNeasy kit. RNAseq was carried out for the identification of changes in lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes.

RESULTS

MALAT, THAP9-AS1 and SNGH17 appeared to coordinately regulate miR-374b-3p and miR-769-5p that led to upregulation of SMAD7, TIRARP, TFAP4 and FAXDC2 in HepG2 cells. SNHG12, EPB41 L4A-AS1, LINC01578, SNHG12 and GAS5 interacted with let-7b-3p, miR-195-5p and VEGFA in SNU449 cells. The axes MALAT1/hsa-mir-374b-3p/SMAD7 and MALAT1/hsa-mir-769-5p/TFAP4 were of high relevance for Sorafenib response in HepG2 cells, whereas PVT1/hsa-miR-195-5p/VEGFA was responsible for the differential response of SNU449 cells to Sorafenib treatment.

CONCLUSION

Critical lncRNAs acting as sponges of miRNA were identified that regulated mRNA expression, whose proteins mainly increased the antitumor effectiveness of the treatment (SMAD7, TIRARP, TFAP4, FAXDC2 and ADRB2). However, the broad regulatory axis leading to increased VEGFA expression may be related to the side effect of Sorafenib in SNU449 cells.

Association of intratumoral microbiome diversity with hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis

The evidence that intratumoral microbiomes, as a rising hallmark of cancer, have a profound impact on cancer phenotypes is increasingly compelling. However, the impact of the composition and diversity of the intratumoral microbiome on the prognosis of patients undergoing surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains incompletely understood. In this study, we revealed a high abundance of bacteria in the neoplastic tissues. The presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid was detected alongside tumor-associated immune cells. By utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we identified a specific intratumoral microbiome signature that was highly predictive of the prognosis for HCC patients who underwent surgical resection. Specifically, the presence of Intestinimonas, Brachybacterium, and Rothia were identified as independent risk factors for the overall survival of HCC patients who underwent surgical resection.IMPORTANCEAlthough some studies have shown an abundance of bacteria in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), there is still limited understanding of the composition and diversity of the intratumoral microbiome that is favorable or adverse to the prognosis of HCC patients. Our results indicated that a greater abundance of bacteria could be observed in the neoplastic tissues than in nonneoplastic tissues. Bacterial cell wall components largely coincided with tumor-associated immune cells. The bacteria in the long overall survival (LOS) group were associated with metabolism and cytokine‒cytokine receptor interaction pathways, while bacteria in the short overall survival (SOS) group were associated with proinflammatory and cell proliferation pathways. Notably, specific taxa could independently predict HCC prognosis. Based on these findings, intratumoral microbiomes facilitate the use of precision medicine in clinical practice.

Progress in the Study of Intratumoral Microorganisms in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The intratumoral microbiota, an integral part of liver tumors, has garnered significant attention from researchers due to its role in tumor development regulation and impact on cancer treatment. Intratumoral microorganism not only influences tumorigenesis and progression, but also serves as potential biomarkers and targets for tumor therapy. Targeted manipulation of these microorganisms holds great promise for personalized liver cancer treatment. However, there is a lack of systematic summaries and reports on the study of intratumoral microorganism in hepatocellular carcinoma. This comprehensive review aims to address this gap by summarizing research progress related to in the field of hepatocellular carcinoma intratumoral bacteria, including their sources, types, distribution characteristics within tumors, impact on tumor development, underlying mechanisms, and application prospects. Through the analysis, it is proposed that intratumor organisms can be used as markers for liver cancer diagnosis and treatment, drug carrier materials for targeting liver cancer tissues, and the research prospects of developing new combination therapies based on the in-depth understanding of the interactions between intratumor microorganisms and the tumor microenvironment, immune cells, liver cancer cells, etc. as well as exploring the prospects of developing new combination therapies based on these interactions. It is hoped that from the perspective of intratumoral microbiota, potential theoretical support can be provided for future research on targeted cancer therapy for liver cancer intratumoral microbiota, and new insights and ideas can be provided for targeting points and research methods in tumor research.

Targeting ferroptosis: the role of non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and therapy

One of the most common tumors is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the prognosis for late-stage HCC is still not good. It is anticipated that improved outcomes would result from a deeper comprehension of the pathophysiology of HCC. Ferroptosis as a new discovered cell death type is linked to the progression of HCC and may be crucial for its detection, prevention, therapy, and prognosis. Numerous studies suggest that epigenetic alterations mediated by non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) might influence cancer cell susceptibility to ferroptosis. This study elucidates the processes of ferroptosis and delineates the paths by which ncRNAs influence HCC by modulating ferroptosis. Furthermore, it offers significant insights into ferroptosis-associated ncRNAs, intending to discover novel therapeutic approaches for HCC. It also explores innovative concepts for the future use of ncRNA-based ferroptosis-targeted therapeutics.

DPP4, a potential tumor biomarker, and tumor therapeutic target: review

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a serine protease widely distributed in membrane-bound and soluble forms in various tissues and organs throughout the body. DPP4 plays a role in inflammation, immune regulation, cell growth, migration and differentiation. The role of DPP4 in tumors has garnered increasing attention. Previous research has demonstrated that DPP4 contributes to the promotion of cancer in most cancers, and it may play a specific biological function through the variation in tumor cell types and expression forms. However, the expression of DDP4 in different tumor types and its specific mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we describe the structure of DPP4, summarize the recent research progress of its expression and potential mechanisms in common tumors, and discuss the development prospects of DPP4 inhibitors in tumor therapy. Although current research emphasizes the potential of DPP4 as a drug target, the incomplete understanding of its regulatory mechanisms impedes the discovery and development of new therapies against it. Further research on DPP4-related tumors is anticipated to promote its clinical application as a potential therapeutic target.

Mast cells: key players in digestive system tumors and their interactions with immune cells

Mast cells (MCs) are critical components of both innate and adaptive immune processes. They play a significant role in protecting human health and in the pathophysiology of various illnesses, including allergies, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies in tumor-related research have demonstrated that mast cells exert a substantial influence on tumor cell behavior and the tumor microenvironment, exhibiting both pro- and anti-tumor effects. Specifically, mast cells not only secrete mediators related to pro-tumor function such as trypsin-like enzymes, chymotrypsin, vascular endothelial cell growth factor and histamine, but also mediators related to anti-tumor progression such as cystatin C and IL-17F. This dual role of mast cells renders them an under-recognized but very promising target for tumor immunotherapy. Digestive system tumors, characterized by high morbidity and associated mortality rates globally, are increasingly recognized as a significant healthcare burden. This paper examines the influence of mast cell-derived mediators on the development of tumors in the digestive system. It also explores the prognostic significance of mast cells in patients with various gastrointestinal cancers at different stages of the disease. Additionally, the article investigates the interactions between mast cells and immune cells, as well as the potential relationships among intratumoral bacteria, immune cells, and mast cell within digestive system microenvironment. The aim is to propose new strategies for the immunotherapy of digestive system tumors by targeting mast cells.

Exploring the effects of gut microbiota on cholangiocarcinoma progression by patient-derived organoids

BACKGROUND

Recent research indicates a role of gut microbiota in development and progression of life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Carcinomas of the biliary ducts, the so-called cholangiocarcinomas, are known for their aggressive tumor biology, implying poor prognosis of affected patients. An impact of the gut microbiota on cholangiocarcinoma development and progression is plausible due to the enterohepatic circulation and is therefore the subject of scientific debate, however evidence is still lacking. This review aimed to discuss the suitability of complex cell culture models to investigate the role of gut microbiota in cholangiocarcinoma progression.

MAIN BODY

Clinical research in this area is challenging due to poor comparability of patients and feasibility reasons, which is why translational models are needed to understand the basis of tumor progression in cholangiocarcinoma. A promising approach to investigate the influence of gut microbiota could be an organoid model. Organoids are 3D cell models cultivated in a modifiable and controlled condition, which can be grown from tumor tissue. 3D cell models are able to imitate physiological and pathological processes in the human body and thus contribute to a better understanding of health and disease.

CONCLUSION

The use of complex cell cultures such as organoids and organoid co-cultures might be powerful and valuable tools to study not only the growth behavior and growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells, but also the interaction with the tumor microenvironment and with components of the gut microbiota.

Intra-tumoral sphingobacterium multivorum promotes triple-negative breast cancer progression by suppressing tumor immunosurveillance

BACKGROUND

Intratumor-resident bacteria represent an integral component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Microbial dysbiosis, which refers to an imbalance in the bacterial composition and bacterial metabolic activities, plays an important role in regulating breast cancer development and progression. However, the impact of specific intratumor-resident bacteria on tumor progression and their underlying mechanisms remain elusive.

METHODS

16S rDNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the cancerous and paracancerous tissues from breast cancer patients. The mouse models of bearing 4T1 cell tumors were employed to assess the influence of bacterial colonization on tumor growth. Tissue infiltration of regulatory T (Treg) cells and CD8+ T cells was evaluated through immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis. Comparative metabolite profiling in mice tumors was conducted using targeted metabolomics. Differential genes of tumor cells stimulated by bacteria were analyzed by transcriptomics and validated by qPCR assay.

RESULTS

We found that Sphingobacterium displayed high abundance in cancerous tissues. Intra-tumoral colonization of Sphingobacterium multivorum (S. multivorum) promoted tumor progression in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, S. multivorum diminished the therapeutic efficacy of αPD-1 mAb, which was associated with the increase of regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration, and decrese of the CD8+ T cell infiltration. Targeted metabolomics revealed a conspicuous reduction of propionylcarnitine in tumors colonized by S. multivorum Furthermore, the combination of metabolite propionylcarnitine and S. multivorum shown to suppress tumor growth compared that in S. multivorum alone in vivo. Mechanistically, S. multivorum promoted the secretion of chemokines CCL20 and CXCL8 from tumor cells. CCL20 secreted into the TME facilitated the recruitment of Treg cells and reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration, thus promoting tumor immune escape.

CONCLUSIONS

This study reveals S. multivorum suppresses immune surveillance within the TME, thereby promoting breast cancer progression.

Sodium aescinate-induced hepatotoxicity via ATF4/GSH/GPX4 axis-mediated ferroptosis

Sodium aescinate (SA), a natural plant extract with various bioactivities, is widely used to treat oedema and inflammation in clinics. However, adverse events, including liver injury, kidney injury, and phlebitis, have been reported in patients with SA in recent years. In this study, we used BALB/c mice and L02 cells to evaluate the role of ferroptosis in SA-induced liver injury. SA significantly increased AST, ALT, MDA and Fe2+, decreased GSH levels, and induced pathological changes in the liver in vivo. SA also reduced the viability of L02 cells and induced LDH release, intracellular cysteine reduction, GSH depletion, iron accumulation, ROS production, and lipid peroxidation, indicating that SA causes ferroptosis. In addition, SA inhibited transcriptional activity of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and subsequently reduced the expression of the downstream genes xCT (solute carrier family 7a member 11, SLC7A11) and Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) which play vital roles in GSH biosynthesis. Interestingly, the cytotoxic effects of SA were effectively attenuated by ATF4 overexpression, while they were significantly aggravated by ATF4 silencing. These results revealed that SA triggers hepatocyte ferroptosis by inhibiting the activity of ATF4, which causes an oxidative imbalance.

DPP4 promotes an immunoenhancing tumor microenvironment through exhausted CD8+ T cells with activating IL13-IL13RA2 axis in papillary thyroid cancer

BACKGROUND

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is among the most prevalent forms of endocrine malignancy with a rapid rise in incidence rates worldwide; however, the composition and characteristics of its immune microenvironment is poorly understand. Here, this work investigated the precise function of Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) in tumor-infiltrated T cells within PTC by investigating its role in cytokine-mediated signaling pathways.

METHODS

TCGA and GEO data as well as human PTC specimens confirmed the expression of DPP4 in PTC. The CIBERSORT and TIMER tool were used to analyze the distribution of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in PTC. CD8+ T cells from PTC patient's peripheral blood were cultured and used in a three-dimensional model for direct co-culture with PTC tumors to investigate DPP4 function.

RESULTS

Bioinformatic analyses has uncovered a significant upregulation of DPP4, which enhances the survival and migration of PTC cells in vitro. DPP4 upregulation significantly correlated with advanced grades, stages, and poor progression-free survival. DPP4 influences immune function and the exhaustion of CD8+ T cells through the IL13-IL13RA2 axis. The inhibition of DPP4 reduces CD8+ T cell exhaustion and IL13 secretion, while also blocking the IL13-IL13RA2 axis, thereby promoting the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of PTC cells.

CONCLUSION

Blocking DPP4 leads to the conversion of exhausted CD8+ T cells with decreased IL13 level, resulting in downregulation of IL13RA2 to promote mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of PTC cells. This highlights DPP4 as a potential therapeutic target, particularly between CD8+ T cells and PTC cells via IL13-IL13RA2 axis, and represents a novel avenue for combined immunotherapy in PTC.

The protein circPETH-147aa regulates metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma cells to remodel immunosuppressive microenvironment

Metabolic reprogramming fuels cancer cell metastasis and remodels the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). We report here that circPETH, a circular RNA (circRNA) transported via extracellular vesicles (EVs) from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, facilitates glycolysis and metastasis in recipient HCC cells. Mechanistically, circPETH-147aa, encoded by circPETH in an m6A-driven manner, promotes PKM2-catalyzed ALDOA-S36 phosphorylation via the MEG pocket. Furthermore, circPETH-147aa impairs anti-HCC immunity by increasing HuR-dependent SLC43A2 mRNA stability and driving methionine and leucine deficiency in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Importantly, through virtual and experimental screening, we find that a small molecule, Norathyriol, is an effective inhibitor that targets the MEG pocket on the circPETH-147aa surface. Norathyriol reverses circPETH-147aa-facilitated acquisition of metabolic and metastatic phenotypes by HCC cells, increases anti-PD1 efficacy, and enhances cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell function. Here we show that Norathyriol is a promising anti-HCC agent that contributes to attenuating the resistance of advanced HCC to immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) therapies.

Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) -A Vector Suitable for Evolving Therapies for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as the predominant form of primary liver cancer, characterized by a dismal prognosis. Therapeutic options for advanced HCC remain sparse, with efficacy significantly hampered by the emergence of drug resistance. In parallel with research into novel pharmacological agents, advances in drug delivery systems represent a promising avenue for overcoming resistance. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have demonstrated considerable efficacy in the delivery of nucleic acid-based therapeutics and hold potential for broader applications in drug delivery. This review describes the development of LNPs tailored for HCC treatment and consolidates recent investigations using LNPs to target HCC.

Mechanisms of Anti-PD Therapy Resistance in Digestive System Neoplasms

Digestive system neoplasms are highly heterogeneous and exhibit complex resistance mechanisms that render anti-programmed cell death protein (PD) therapies poorly effective. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in tumor development, apart from supplying energy for tumor proliferation and impeding the body's anti-tumor immune response, the TME actively facilitates tumor progression and immune escape via diverse pathways, which include the modulation of heritable gene expression alterations and the intricate interplay with the gut microbiota. In this review, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms underlying drug resistance in digestive tumors, focusing on immune-mediated resistance, microbial crosstalk, metabolism, and epigenetics. We will highlight the unique characteristics of each digestive tumor and emphasize the significance of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Furthermore, we will discuss the current therapeutic strategies that hold promise for combination with cancer immune normalization therapies. This review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the resistance mechanisms in digestive tumors and offer insights into potential therapeutic interventions.