HNRNPC stabilizes m6A-modified AC145207.5 to accelerate tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer by impeding the Nrf2/GPX4 axis-mediated ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is an apoptosis-independent cell death pathway characterized by heightened lipid peroxidation, which shows promise for tumor suppression. Despite extensive research on long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) in ferroptosis, their role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains underexplored. We investigated the upregulation of AC145207.5 and HNRNPC expression in CRC tissues through public dataset analysis and in-house validation, identifying them as having significant diagnostic potential. In vitro experiments including MTS assay, transwell, and colony formation, alongside in vivo studies using xenograft models, elucidated the synergistic carcinogenic role of the HNRNPC/AC145207.5 axis in promoting the malignant characteristics of CRC. Mechanistically, the m6A reader HNRNPC stabilized m6A-modified AC145207.5, contributing to its stabilization and upregulation. Consequently, AC145207.5 activated the Nrf2/GPX4 axis, resulting in increased GPX4 expression, inhibition of GPX4-mediated ferroptosis, and facilitation of CRC progression. Our findings underscore the clinical relevance of the HNRNPC/AC145207.5 axis in CRC and illuminate its regulatory role in ferroptosis, suggesting implications for targeted precision medicine in CRC.

tRF-3019A/STAU1/BECN1 axis promotes autophagy and malignant progression of colon cancer

BACKGROUND

Tumor incidence, progression, and metastasis may be linked to the aberrant levels of novel non-coding RNA tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs). Uncertainty surrounds the role and possible mechanism of tRF-3019 A in causing colon cancer to proceed malignantly.

METHODS

By using qRT-PCR, transcription levels of tRF-3019 A were found in colon cancer cell lines and clinical samples. Locked nucleic acid (LNA)-tRF-3019 A or small molecule mimic was utilized to control the levels of tRF-3019 A in cells, and the CCK8 test was employed to assess the cells' capacity for proliferation. The rate of cell migration and invasiveness were assessed using the Transwell Assay. GFP-LC3B formation was seen using fluorescence microscopy, and autophagy-related protein expression was found using western blot analysis. The interactions between STAU1 and BECN1 and between tRF-3019 A and STAU1 were confirmed by RNA pull-down assay and RNA immunoprecipitation analyses. The mRNA and protein expression of STAU1 and BECN1 were found using qRT-PCR and western blot (WB). A xenograft tumor model was constructed to observe the growth of mouse tumors. qRT-PCR was used to detect the transcription levels of tRF-3019 A, STAU1, and BECN1, while WB was used to detect the expression of STAU1, BECN1, autophagy-related proteins, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related proteins in tumor tissues.

RESULTS

In colon cancer tissues and cells, tRF-3019 A was overexpressed, and by triggering autophagy, it may encourage cell division, migration, and invasion. From a mechanistic perspective, tRF-3019 A competitively bound to the STAU1 protein with BECN1 mRNA, thereby enhancing the stable expression of the autophagy-related protein BECN1. In the model of xenograft tumor mice with knockdown of STAU1, blocking tRF-3019 A led to a substantial decrease in the pace of tumor development, a reduction in the expression of EMT-related proteins and autophagy, and an inhibition of autophagy.

CONCLUSION

tRF-3019A activated tumor cell autophagy and promoted the malignant progression of colon cancer by competitively binding to the STAU1 protein with BECN1 mRNA.

The emerging significance of the METTL family as m6A-modified RNA methyltransferases in head and neck cancer

RNA epigenetic modifications are crucial in tumor development, with N6-methyladenosine (m6A) being the most prevalent epigenetic modification found in all eukaryotic messenger RNAs. Accumulating evidence indicates that m6A modifications significantly influence the progression of various malignancies, including head and neck cancer (HNC). The Methyltransferase-like (METTL) family proteins, a group of methyltransferases identified in recent years, function as the "writers" of m6A modifications. These proteins affect RNA stability, translation efficiency, splicing, and localization, thereby regulating diverse cellular functions and promoting tumorigenesis in multiple cancers through their methylation domains. This review aims to summarize existing literature on the METTL family of m6A-modified RNA to elucidate their roles in HNC, providing a theoretical foundation for their potential use as therapeutic targets.

LncRNA SNHG12 promotes EMT and metastasis of colorectal cancer via regulating TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

In this study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of SNHG12 promoting colorectal cancer (CRC) progression.

METHODS

Bioinformatics technology was utilized to identify SNHG12-targeted mRNA and the correlation with the prognosis of CRC patients. Transfected sequence of knockdown SNHG12 in HCT-116 cell line was established. CCK8 assay, colone formation assay, flow cytometry, cell migration and transwell assay were applied to detect the impact of SNHG12 on HCT-116 cells. Besides, qRT-PCR and western blot were employed to evaluate the apoptotic and EMT markers as well as the expression of TGF-β and p-Smad2/3. Additionally, the rescue test of overexpressing TGF-β and a nude mouse subcutaneous tumor model were established to validate the pivotal role of SNHG12 in driving the progression of CRC.

RESULTS

SNHG12 could predict the prognosis of CRC patients, and a target mRNA GOLT1B was obtained from bioinformatics. In vitro results indicated that SNHG12 facilitated the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCT-116 cells. qRT-PCR and western blot showed SNHG12 was related to the expression of Caspase 3, EMT markers as well as TGF-β and p-Smad2/3. Meanwhile, the rescue experiment proved that overexpressed TGF-β had the ability to reverse the impact of SNHG12 knockout on cell function and phenotype. In vivo, SNHG12 knockdown significantly reduced tumor growth.

CONCLUSION

SNHG12 promotes EMT and metastasis of CRC by modulating the TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling pathway and EMT process, which could function as a prognostic biomarker and a treatment target for CRC.

Emerging importance of m6A modification in liver cancer and its potential therapeutic role

Liver cancer refers to malignant tumors that form in the liver and is usually divided into several types, the most common of which is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which originates in liver cells. Other rare types of liver cancer include intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). m6A modification is a chemical modification of RNA that usually manifests as the addition of a methyl group to adenine in the RNA molecule to form N6-methyladenosine. This modification exerts a critical role in various biological processes by regulating the metabolism of RNA, affecting gene expression. Recent studies have shown that m6A modification is closely related to the occurrence and development of liver cancer, and m6A regulators can further participate in the pathogenesis of liver cancer by regulating the expression of key genes and the function of specific cells. In this review, we provided an overview of the latest advances in m6A modification in liver cancer research and explored in detail the specific functions of different m6A regulators. Meanwhile, we deeply analyzed the mechanisms and roles of m6A modification in liver cancer, aiming to provide novel insights and references for the search for potential therapeutic targets. Finally, we discussed the prospects and challenges of targeting m6A regulators in liver cancer therapy.

The role of RNA binding proteins in cancer biology: A focus on FMRP

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) act as crucial regulators of gene expression within cells, exerting precise control over processes such as RNA splicing, transport, localization, stability, and translation through their specific binding to RNA molecules. The diversity and complexity of RBPs are particularly significant in cancer biology, as they directly impact a multitude of RNA metabolic events closely associated with tumor initiation and progression. The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), as a member of the RBP family, is central to the neurodevelopmental disorder fragile X syndrome and increasingly recognized in the modulation of cancer biology through its influence on RNA metabolism. The protein's versatility, stemming from its diverse RNA-binding domains, enables it to govern a wide array of transcript processing events. Modifications in FMRP's expression or localization have been associated with the regulation of mRNAs linked to various processes pertinent to cancer, including tumor proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cellular senescence, chemotherapy/radiotherapy resistance, and immunotherapy evasion. In this review, we emphasize recent findings and analyses that suggest contrasting functions of this protein family in tumorigenesis. Our knowledge of the proteins that are regulated by FMRP is rapidly growing, and this has led to the identification of multiple targets for therapeutic intervention of cancer, some of which have already moved into clinical trials or clinical practice.

The microbiota-m6A-metabolism axis: Implications for therapeutic strategies in gastrointestinal cancers

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with metabolic reprogramming recognized as a central driver of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Among the key regulatory layers, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification-mediated by methyltransferases (writers such as METTL3/14), RNA-binding proteins (readers like YTHDFs and IGF2BPs), and demethylases (erasers including FTO and ALKBH5), plays a pivotal role in controlling gene expression and metabolic flux in the tumor context. Concurrently, the gut microbiota profoundly influences GI tumorigenesis and immune evasion by modulating metabolite availability and remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Recent evidence has uncovered a bidirectional crosstalk between microbial metabolites and m6A methylation: microbiota-derived signals dynamically regulate m6A deposition on metabolic and immune transcripts, while m6A modifications, in turn, regulate the stability and translation of key mRNAs such as PD-L1 and FOXP3. This reciprocal interaction forms self-reinforcing epigenetic circuits that drive tumor plasticity, immune escape, and metabolic adaptation. In this review, we dissect the molecular underpinnings of the microbiota-m6A-metabolism axis in GI cancers and explore its potential to inform novel strategies in immunotherapy, metabolic intervention, and microbiome-guided precision oncology.

Insights into noncanonical and diversified functions of ABCF1: from health to disease

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family is one of the largest and most ancient classes of transporters found in nearly all living organisms. However, ABCF1 lacks a transmembrane domain and therefore does not function as a transporter. Recent studies point to an unexpectedly diverse role of ABCF1 in regulating cell-essential processes from mRNA translation, innate immune response, and phagocytosis in somatic cells, to transcriptional regulation in embryonic stem cells. ABCF1's functional plasticity is in part mediated by its disordered low-complexity domain (LCD) to enable dynamic biomolecular interactions. In this review, we discuss how ABCF1 takes advantage of the LCD to expand its functional repertoire and highlight fundamental principles of biomolecular assembly driving biological reactions. We also discuss the functions and mechanisms of ABCF1 in development and tissue homeostasis, and how dysregulation of ABCF1 contributes to diseases such as inflammatory disease and cancer.

Recent advances in medicinal chemistry strategies for the development of METTL3 inhibitors

N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, exerts a critical influence on RNA function and gene expression. It has attracted considerable attention within the rapidly evolving field of epitranscriptomics. METTL3 is a key enzyme for m6A modification and is essential for maintaining normal m6A levels. High expression of METTL3 is closely associated with various cancers, including gastric cancer, liver cancer, and leukemia. Inhibiting METTL3 has shown potential in slowing cancer progression, thereby driving the development of METTL3 inhibitors. In this work, we summarize recent advancements in the development of METTL3 inhibitor, with a focus on medicinal chemistry strategies employed during discovery and optimization phases. We explore the application of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and protein-targeted degradation techniques, while addressing key challenges associated with their characterization and clinical translation. This review underscores the therapeutic potential of METTL3 inhibitors in modulating epitranscriptomic pathways and aims to offer perspectives for future research in this rapidly evolving field.

FTO facilitates colorectal cancer chemoresistance via regulation of NUPR1-dependent iron homeostasis

Drug resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a major challenge for cancer therapy and stands as the primary cause of cancer-related mortality. The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has emerged as a pivotal regulator in cancer biology, yet the precise m6A regulators that propel CRC progression and chemoresistance remain elusive. Our study established a significant correlation between m6A regulatory gene expression profiles and CRC severity. Notably, based on the knockout cellular and mouse model created by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering, we identified m6A demethylase FTO emerged as a pivotal orchestrator of CRC chemoresistance through the regulation of NUPR1, a critical transcription factor involved in iron homeostasis via LCN2 and FTH1. Mechanistic study revealed that FTO stabilized NUPR1 mRNA by specifically targeting the +451 m6A site, thereby preventing YTHDF2-mediated degradation of NUPR1 mRNA. Moreover, the simultaneous targeting of FTO and NUPR1 dramatically enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapy in CRC cells. Our findings underscore the potential of modulating the m6A methylome to overcome chemoresistance and highlight the FTO-NUPR1 axis as a critical determinant in CRC pathobiology.

Identification of biological markers and functional analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through Cuproptosis and methylation: molecular mechanism of action of METTL3 protein

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) is a common malignant tumor. Gene methylation and cell death mechanisms such as cupping death play an important role in the development of the tumor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of METTL3 protein in HNSC and its potential biomarker value. In this study, we collected and preprocessed relevant gene expression data, including cup-death and methylation-related gene datasets, and pan-cancer datasets. Differential expression analysis was used to compare gene expression in HNSC tumor tissue with adjacent normal tissue, followed by diagnostic and prognostic analysis, including survival analysis and marker evaluation. The genes co-expressed with METTL3 were screened by functional enrichment analysis, and the GO and KEGG pathways were analyzed. To evaluate the immunoinfiltration of HNSC and its relevance in pan-cancer. The results showed that METTL3 was highly expressed in HNSC tissues, which was closely related to the malignant degree of tumor and the prognosis of patients. The results of survival analysis showed that the expression level of METTL3 was significantly correlated with the survival of patients. METTL3 is associated with infiltration levels of multiple immune cell types, suggesting that it plays an important role in regulating the tumor microenvironment. Through functional enhancement analysis, it was determined that the signaling pathway involved in the co-expression of METTL3 genes was related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. As an important biomarker of HNSC, METTL3 not only has good diagnostic and prognostic evaluation ability, but also plays a key role in the tumor immune microenvironment. Its molecular mechanism of action can affect the occurrence and development of tumors by regulating tumor-related pathways and the function of immune cells, and it is worth further study to improve its potential in clinical application.

METTL3: a multifunctional regulator in diseases

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is the most prevalent and abundant internal modification of mRNAs and is catalyzed by the methyltransferase complex. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), the best-known m6A methyltransferase, has been confirmed to function as a multifunctional regulator in the reversible epitranscriptome modulation of m6A modification according to follow-up studies. Accumulating evidence in recent years has shown that METTL3 can regulate a variety of functional genes, that aberrant expression of METTL3 is usually associated with many pathological conditions, and that its expression regulatory mechanism is related mainly to its methyltransferase activity or mRNA posttranslational modification. In this review, we discuss the regulatory functions of METTL3 in various diseases, including metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. We focus mainly on recent progress in identifying the downstream target genes of METTL3 and its underlying molecular mechanisms and regulators in the above systems. Studies have revealed that the use of METTL3 as a therapeutic target and a new diagnostic biomarker has broad prospects. We hope that this review can serve as a reference for further studies.

N6-methyladenosine RNA modification in stomach carcinoma: Novel insights into mechanisms and implications for diagnosis and treatment

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is crucially involved in the genesis and advancement of gastric cancer (GC) by controlling various pathobiological aspects including gene expression, signal transduction, metabolism, cell death, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and exosome function. Despite its importance, the exact mechanisms by which m6A modification influences GC biology remain inadequately explored. This review consolidates the latest advances in uncovering the mechanisms and diverse roles of m6A in GC and proposes new research and translational directions. Key regulators (writers, readers, and erasers) of m6A, such as METTL3/14/16 and WTAP, significantly affect cancer progression, anticancer immune response, and treatment outcomes. m6A modification also impacts immune cell infiltration and the tumor microenvironment, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. Interactions between m6A methylation and non-coding RNAs offer further novel insights into GC development and therapeutic targets. Targeting m6A regulators could enhance immunotherapy response, overcome treatment resistance, and improve oncological and clinical outcomes. Models based on m6A can precisely predict treatment response and prognosis in GC. Additional investigation is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of m6A methylation and its potential clinical applications and relevance (e.g., as precise markers for early detection, prediction of outcome, and response to therapy and as therapeutic targets) in GC. Future research should focus on in vivo studies, potential clinical trials, and the examination of m6A modification in other types of cancers.

Comprehensive metabolomic and epigenomic characterization of microsatellite stable BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer

Oncogenic codon V600E mutations of the BRAF gene affect 10-15% of colorectal cancers, resulting in activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and increased cell proliferation and survival. BRAF-mutated colorectal tumors are often microsatellite unstable and characterized by high DNA methylation levels. However, the mechanistic link between BRAF mutations and hypermethylation remains controversial. Understanding this link, particularly in microsatellite stable tumors is of great interest as these often show poor survival. We characterized the metabolomic, epigenetic and transcriptomic patterns of altogether 39 microsatellite stable BRAF-mutated colorectal cancers. Metabolomic analysis of tumor tissue showed low levels of vitamin C and its metabolites in BRAF-mutated tumors. Gene expression analysis indicated dysregulation of vitamin C antioxidant activity in these lesions. As vitamin C is an important cofactor for the activity of TET DNA demethylase enzymes, low vitamin C levels could directly contribute to the high methylation levels in these tumors by decreasing enzymatic TET activity. Vitamin C transporter gene SLC23A1 expression, as well as vitamin C metabolite levels, were inversely correlated with DNA methylation levels. This work proposes a new mechanistic link between BRAF mutations and hypermethylation, inspiring further work on the role of vitamin C in the genesis of BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer.

Machine Learning and Mendelian Randomization Reveal a Tumor Immune Cell Profile for Predicting Bladder Cancer Risk and Immunotherapy Outcomes

This study's objective was to develop predictive models for bladder cancer (BLCA) using tumor infiltrated immune cell (TIIC)-related genes. Multiple RNA expression data and scRNA-seq were downloaded from the TCGA and GEO databases. A tissue specificity index was calculated and a computational framework developed to identify TIIC signature scores based on three algorithms. Univariate Cox analysis was performed, and the TIIC-related model was generated by 20 machine learning algorithms. A significant correlation between TIIC signature score and survival status, tumor stage, and TNM staging system was found. Patients in the high-score BLCA group had more favorable survival outcomes and enhanced response to PD-L1 immunotherapy as compared to those in the low-score group. This TIIC model showed better performance in prognosing BLCA. Diverse frequencies of mutations were observed in human chromosomes across groups categorized by TIIC score. No statistically significant correlation was observed between noncancerous bladder conditions and BLCA when examining the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the genes in the prognostic model. However, a statistically significant association was found at the SNP sites of rs3763840. There was no significant association between bladder stones and BLCA, but there was a significant association on the SNP sites of rs3763840. A novel TIIC signature score was constructed for the prognosis and immunotherapy for BLCA, which offers direction for predicting overall survival of patients with BLCA.

XRCC1 is linked to poor prognosis in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction after radiotherapy: transcriptome and alternative splicing events analysis

PURPOSE

This study aimed to (i) investigate the relationship between X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 gene (XRCC1) and prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG), and (ii) analyze the roles of XRCC1 in human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells following X-ray radiation.

METHODS

A total of 46 AEG patients were enrolled and examined for XRCC1 protein by immunohistochemistry. XRCC1 was knocked down in AGS cells by transfection, and AGS cells were subsequently exposed to 6 Gy of X-ray radiation. XRCC1 mRNA and protein expression was examined via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. The apoptosis of AGS cells was examined by flow cytometer. RNA-sequencing technology was used to identified differentially expressed genes and alternative splicing events following XRCC1 knockdown and radiation exposure.

RESULTS

XRCC1 positivity was strongly associated with distant metastasis, pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) classification, and radiotherapy resistance in AEG patients. A significant difference in progression-free survival was observed between AEG patients with low and high XRCC1 protein expression. The knockdown of XRCC1 notably exacerbated the effects of X-ray radiation on apoptosis in AGS cells. Additionally, X-ray radiation modified the expression of genes related to apoptosis and immune response in XRCC1-knockdown AGS cells. Furthermore, the generation of splice variants was influenced by XRCC1 knockdown in AGS cells.

CONCLUSION

XRCC1 may serve as a key oncogene that elucidates the role of alternative splicing events in the progression of AEG following X-ray treatment.

The RNA-Binding Proteins MCPIP2 and IGF2BP1 Competitively Modulate Breast Tumor Angiogenesis by Antagonizing VEGFA mRNA Stability and Expression

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for further growth and metastasis of solid tumors. However, the mechanisms underlying angiogenesis-related gene expression have yet to be clarified. Here, we discovered RNA-binding proteins monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 2 (MCPIP2) and insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) function as a pair of antagonists that modulate breast tumor angiogenesis by competitively regulating mRNA stability of proangiogenic gene transcripts, including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2), interleukin-8 (IL8), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), and ephrin A1 (EFNA1). Mechanistically, MCPIP2 physically interacted with the stem-loop structures in the 3'-untranslated region of proangiogenic transcripts through its RNase domain to destabilize their mRNAs. Ribosomal proteins might be required for MCPIP2-mediated destabilization of proangiogenic mRNAs. On the other hand, IGF2BP1 can stabilize the proangiogenic mRNAs by binding to the common RNA stem-loop structures. Furthermore, we found that MCPIP2 expression in human breast tumors was repressed, whereas IGF2BP1 expression increased. Lower MCPIP2 expression and higher IGF2BP1 expression in human breast tumors were significantly associated with poor survival of breast cancer patients, respectively. Notably, there was a reversed correlation relationship between MCPIP2, IGF2BP1 expression, and proangiogenic gene expression in human breast tumor samples. Collectively, our results elucidate a novel mechanism by which MCPIP2 and IGF2BP1 competitively modulate the expression of proangiogenic transcripts, which provides new insights into antiangiogenic therapy of breast cancer.

NAT10 inhibits the pyroptosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma through ac4C modification of ELANE mRNA

BACKGROUND

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is the most common type of head and neck malignancy. NAT10 is a catalytic enzyme for ac4C and is involved in the progression of a variety of cancers. This study aimed to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of NAT10 in LSCC.

METHODS

Pyroptosis was assessed by measuring the release of lactic dehydrogenase, pyroptosis rate, and pyroptosis-related proteins. The RNA and protein levels were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Potential mechanisms were validated using flow cytometry, ac4C dot blot, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP), RIP, and Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay experiments.

RESULTS

The result showed that the levels of NAT10 in LSCC tissues and cells were elevated and positively correlated with tumor grading and clinical staging. Knockdown of NAT10 promoted the pyroptosis of LSCC cells. NAT10 directly interacted with ELANE, suppressed the stability of the ELANE mRNA. NAT10 inhibited pyroptosis in LSCC by downregulating the ELANE expression in vivo and in vitro.

CONCLUSION

NAT10 inhibited the pyroptosis of LSCC cells and contributed to LSCC progression by suppressing ELANE mRNA stability in ac4C modification manner, indicating that the NAT10-ac4C-ELANE axis might be a potential target for LSCC.

Cancer stem cells amino acid metabolism: Roles, mechanisms, and intervention strategies

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are recognized as key drivers of tumor recurrence and therapy resistance due to their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. Amino acid metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of cancer, underpins CSC biology. Methionine, tryptophan, and glutamine support CSC survival and the maintenance of stemness, while proline plays a role in CSC differentiation and susceptibility to cell death. Consequently, the impact of amino acid metabolism on CSCs is multifaceted and complex. This review first outlines the intrinsic amino acid metabolic features of CSCs. It then provides a comprehensive analysis of the distinct roles of various amino acids in regulating CSC biology. Additionally, strategies targeting amino acid metabolism to eliminate CSCs in clinical therapies are discussed, offering new perspectives for the development of innovative tumor-targeting approaches.

Single-Cell Analysis Reveals that Vitamin C Inhibits Bone Metastasis of Renal Cancer via Cell Cycle Arrest and Microenvironment Remodeling

Bone metastasis is the second most common site of distant metastatic spread in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients, significantly contributing to cancer-related mortality. The metastatic process is driven by both intrinsic tumor cell properties, such as cancer stem cell-like characteristics, and the bone microenvironment. Understanding the complex interactions between cancer cells and their niche is crucial for identifying therapeutic targets to eliminate metastasis-initiating cells and prevent overt metastasis. In this study, a murine bone metastasis model is developed using renal cancer cells derived from fibrin gel-induced 3D tumor spheres, which exhibit stem-like phenotypes. It is found that a stable form of vitamin C, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium (APM), significantly inhibits the growth of renal cancer stem-like cells in vitro and the progression of RCC bone metastasis in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that APM induces cell cycle arrest and reduces the metastatic potential of cancer cells. Furthermore, APM remodels the tumor microenvironment by suppressing osteoclast differentiation and neutrophil recruitment. Combining APM with a CXCR2 antagonist, SB225002, further inhibits bone metastasis progression. This study provides a high-resolution profile of vitamin C's antitumor effects in the bone metastatic microenvironment and supports the rationale for clinical trials of vitamin C in bone metastatic RCC.

Blood Biomarker-Based Predictive Indicator for Liver Metastasis in Alpha-Fetoprotein-Producing Gastric Cancer and Multi-Omics Tumor Microenvironment Insights

Alpha-fetoprotein-producing gastric cancer (AFPGC) is a rare but highly aggressive subtype of gastric cancer. Patients with AFPGC are at high risk of liver metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is complex. A multicenter retrospective study is conducted from January 2011 to December 2021 and included 317 AFPGC patients. Using a multivariable logistic regression model, a nomogram for predicting liver metastasis is built. By combining AFP and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), we developed a novel and easily applicable predictive indicator, termed ANLiM score, for liver metastasis in AFPGC. An integrated multi-omics analysis, including whole-exome sequencing and proteomic analysis, is conducted and revealed an immunosuppressive TME in AFPGC with liver metastasis. Single-cell RNA sequencing and multiplex immunofluorescence identified the potential roles of tumor-associated neutrophils and tertiary lymphoid structures in shaping the immune microenvironment. These findings are validated in a real-world cohort receiving anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) therapy, which showed concordant effectiveness. In addition, the ANLiM score is also identified as a promising biomarker for predicting immunotherapy efficacy. Overall, a blood biomarker-based predictive indicator is developed for liver metastasis and immunotherapy response in AFPGC. The findings on immune microenvironmental alterations for AFPGC with liver metastasis provide new insights for optimizing immunotherapy strategies.

MNX1-AS1 suppresses chemosensitivity by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway in breast cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) critically regulate tumorigenesis and chemosensitivity. Despite the pivotal role of lncRNAs in breast cancer (BC), their specific functions and underlying mechanism, particularly in the context of drug resistance, remain largely unexplored. We discovered that MNX1-AS1 is significantly elevated in BC and contributes to paclitaxel resistance through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, elevated MNX1-AS1 expression exhibits close association with unfavourable prognosis in BC. Mechanistically, MNX1-AS1 interacts with YBX1, preventing its SMURF2-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, thereby increasing YBX1 protein levels. Upregulated YBX1 transcriptionally activates the expression of ITGA6 by binding to its promoter in the nucleus. Furthermore, MNX1-AS1 binds to IGF2BP2, promoting the stability of ITGA6 mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner within the cytoplasm. MNX1-AS1 increases ITGA6 expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, thereby activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Notably, lipid nanoparticles were implicated to effectively deliver MNX1-AS1 siRNA to tumor-bearing mice, resulting in significant antitumor effects. These findings underscore the role of MNX1-AS1 in activating the ITGA6/PI3K/AKT pathway, which facilitates tumor progression and induces chemoresistance in BC. Targeting MNX1-AS1 may represent a promosing therapeutic strategy to enhance chemotherapy efficacy in BC patients.

Multi-omics analysis identifies LANCL2 as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) constitutes a significant global public health burden due to its high morbidity rates and poor prognosis, underscoring the critical need for identifying novel therapeutic targets and elucidating their mechanisms. As a key member of the lanthionine synthetase C-like enzyme family, LANCL2 has shown aberrant expression in multiple malignancies. However, its biological significance in GC remains unclear. To this end, a series of exploration and research were conducted. Through integrated analyses of multi-omics databases and experimental validation, LANCL2 was up-regulated in STAD at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, elevated LANCL2 is closely associated with poor prognosis, and the constructed nomogram exhibited reliable predictive performance for 1, 3, and 5-year overall survival (OS) in the GC cohort. In addition, the genetic alteration status of LANCL2 was associated with new neoplasm event post initial therapy indicator, MSIsensor score, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and survival prognosis. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that LANCL2 is primarily associated with the regulation of immune checkpoints, the cell cycle and DNA repair. Furthermore, the expression of LANCL2 displayed significant correlations with immune infiltration, m6A methylation, ferroptosis, tumor cell stemness and drug reactivity. Finally, in vitro studies confirmed that silencing or overexpression of LANCL2 can significantly influence the changes of proliferation and cell cycle of GC cells. Overall, this study indicated LANCL2 as a critical regulator in GC pathogenesis, and highlighted its potential as a prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer management.

The dual role of autophagy in cancer stem cells: implications for tumor progression and therapy resistance

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a small yet crucial subgroup in tumors, known for their capacity to self-renew, differentiate, and promote tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. These characteristics position CSCs as significant factors in tumor recurrence and unfavorable clinical results, emphasizing their role as targets for therapy. Autophagy, an evolutionarily preserved cellular mechanism for degradation and recycling, has a complex function in cancer by aiding cell survival during stress and preserving balance by eliminating damaged organelles and proteins. Although autophagy can hinder tumor growth by reducing genomic instability, it also aids tumor advancement, particularly in harsh microenvironments, highlighting its dual characteristics. Recent research has highlighted the complex interactions between autophagy and CSCs, showing that autophagy governs CSC maintenance, boosts survival, and aids in resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. On the other hand, in specific situations, autophagy may restrict CSC growth by increasing differentiation or inducing cell death. These intricate interactions offer both obstacles and possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy, via inhibitors like chloroquine or by enhancing autophagy when advantageous, has demonstrated potential in making CSCs more responsive to standard treatments. Nonetheless, applying these strategies in clinical settings necessitates a better understanding of context-dependent autophagy dynamics and the discovery of dependable biomarkers indicating autophagic activity in CSCs. Progressing in this area might unveil novel, accurate strategies to tackle therapy resistance, lessen tumor recurrence, and ultimately enhance patient outcomes.

Insights into Sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanisms and therapeutic aspects

The most prevalent primary hepatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has a bad prognosis. HCC prevalence and related deaths have increased in recent decades. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed Sorafenib as a first-line treatment for individuals with advanced HCC. Despite this, some clinical studies indicate that a significant percentage of liver cancer patients exhibit insensitivity to sorafenib. Furthermore, the overall effectiveness of sorafenib is far from adequate, and the number of patients who benefit from therapy is low. In recent years, many researchers have focused on the mechanisms underlying sorafenib resistance. Acquired resistance to sorafenib in HCC cells has been reported to be facilitated by dysregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation, angiogenesis, autophagy, hypoxia-induced pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs), ferroptosis, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Recent clinical trials, including comparisons of sorafenib with immune checkpoint inhibitors like tislelizumab, have shown promise in improving patient outcomes. Additionally, combination therapies targeting complementary pathways are under investigation to overcome resistance and enhance treatment efficacy. The limitation of Sorafenib's effectiveness has been partially but not completely clarified. Furthermore, while certain regimens have demonstrated positive results, more clinical trials are required to confirm them. Future research should focus on identifying predictive biomarkers for therapy response, targeting the tumor microenvironment, and exploring novel therapeutic agents and personalized medicine strategies. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will be essential for developing more effective therapeutic approaches and improving the prognosis of patients with advanced HCC. This article discusses strategies that may be employed to enhance the success of treatment and summarizes new research on the possible pathways that lead to sorafenib resistance.

STAU1 exhibits oncogenic characteristics and modulates alternative splicing and gene expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells

Staufen double-stranded RNA-binding protein 1 (STAU1) plays a significant role in cancer development and is associated with survival outcomes in patients with lung cancer. However, its specific functions and molecular mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain underexplored. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the role and mechanism of STAU1 in A549 cells via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and in vitro experiments. STAU1 is highly expressed in A549 cells, and the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities of siSTAU1 cells are markedly inhibited, while the level of apoptosis is increased. Through RNA-seq analysis, we identified 197 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1,362 STAU1-regulated alternative splicing events (ASEs). The DEGs were specifically enriched in cell adhesion pathways, whereas the ASE genes were predominantly associated with cell division and the cell cycle. Furthermore, we validated the expression of several genes related to proliferation, invasion, and migration, as well as the AS patterns. Specifically, the expression levels of CFHR1, KLF2, and RHOB were upregulated in the siSTAU1 samples, whereas the expression of MASTL and STC2 was downregulated. Additionally, the AS patterns of BIN1 and SNHG17 were abnormal, which was corroborated by PCR experiments. Our study suggests that STAU1 has oncogenic characteristics and may modulate these genes to influence the proliferation, invasion, and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells. This research offers new insights that may contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of LUAD.

Switching from messenger RNAs to noncoding RNAs, METTL3 is a novel colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment target

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, one of the most prevalent RNA epigenetic modifications in eukaryotes, constitutes over 60% of all RNA methylation modifications. This dynamic modification regulates RNA processing, maturation, nucleocytoplasmic transport, translation efficiency, phase separation, and stability, thereby linking its dysregulation to diverse physiological and pathological processes. METTL3, a core catalytic component of the methyltransferase complex responsible for m6A deposition, is frequently dysregulated in diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Although METTL3’s involvement in CRC pathogenesis has been documented, its precise molecular mechanisms and functional roles remain incompletely understood. METTL3 mediates CRC progression-encompassing proliferation, invasion, drug resistance, and metabolic reprogramming-through m6A-dependent modulation of both coding RNAs and noncoding RNAs. Its regulatory effects are primarily attributed to interactions with key signaling pathways at multiple stages of CRC development. Emerging evidence highlights METTL3 as a promising biomarker for CRC diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target. By synthesizing recent advances in METTL3 research within CRC, this review provides critical insights into novel strategies for clinical diagnosis and targeted therapy.

The m6 A modification of CDKN2 A inhibites ferroptosis and affects the resistance of cervical squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC) is the fourth most common malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, cisplatin-based radiotherapy remains the primary treatment option. However, cisplatin resistance is a major challenge, leading to poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Through bioinformatics analysis, we investigated the expression of CDKN2A in the CESC database. WB, IHC, qPCR, and CCK-8 were used for clinical analysis of CDKN2A expression and its correlation with CESC cell proliferation. Through qPCR, CCK-8, ROS, MDA, Fe2+ and WB, we explored how CDKN2A promotes cisplatin resistance by inhibiting ferroptosis. In nude mouse tumor experiments, we investigated how CDKN2A participates in ferroptosis and cisplatin resistance in CESC through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, we explored CDKN2A as a target of METTL3 and how YTHDF1 enhances the stability of m6A-modified CDKN2A. We investigated the role of CDKN2A in CESC and its involvement in cisplatin resistance. We found that CDKN2A expression was associated with CESC cell ferroptosis and cisplatin resistance. Mechanistically, CDKN2A was identified as a target of METTL3, and YTHDF1 enhanced the stability of m6A-modified CDKN2A. Furthermore, METTL3 inhibited ferroptosis through m6A modification of YTHDF1/CDKN2A, influencing cisplatin resistance in CESC. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in CESC and suggest that targeting the METTL3/YTHDF1/CDKN2A axis may be a promising strategy to overcome this resistance and improve treatment outcomes.

The RNA-binding protein YTHDF3 affects gastric cancer cell migration and response to paclitaxel by regulating EZRIN

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality and the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Despite efforts, the identification of biomarkers and new therapeutic approaches for GC remains elusive. Recent studies have begun to reveal the role of N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) in the regulation of gene expression.

METHODS

The expression of the reader YT521-B homology domain-containing family 3 (YTHDF3) in GC was assessed in 331 patients using immunohistochemistry. GC cell lines depleted of YTHDF3 using CRISPR-Cas9 were evaluated for migration, metastasis, orientation of the mitotic spindle, and response to paclitaxel. The association between YTHDF3 and EZRIN (EZR) mRNA was shown using RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and RNA immunoprecipitation. The single-base elongation- and ligation-based qPCR amplification (SELECT) method was used to map m6A in the EZR transcript.

RESULTS

YTHDF3 was significantly overexpressed in GC, and high levels of YTHDF3 were predictive of the response to chemotherapy. In GC cell lines, YTHDF3 was the most highly expressed reader protein. YTHDF3 depletion impaired cytoskeleton organization, cell migration and metastasis, and orientation of the mitotic spindle, leading to an increased response to paclitaxel. EZR was one of the downregulated targets in the YTHDF3 knockout cell models and was associated with the observed phenotype.

CONCLUSION

YTHDF3 contributes to cell motility and response to paclitaxel in GC cell lines, at least in part through EZR regulation. The YTHDF3-EZR regulatory axis is a novel molecular player in GC, with clinical relevance and potential therapeutic utility.

Epitranscriptome-epigenome interactions in development and disease mechanisms

Crosstalk between epitranscriptomic modifications to RNA and epigenomic modifications to DNA and histones plays fundamental roles in development and disease. Here, we summarize two major regulatory modes of the crosstalk between the epigenome and epitranscriptome. In the 'cis mode', the crosstalk occurs co-transcriptionally, with direct interactions observed between epigenetic modifications mediated by their regulators. In the 'trans mode', the modification of an epigenetic layer regulates the expression of another epigenetic layer's writers/erasers and subsequently induces downstream epigenetic alteration. Additionally, we focus on the functional roles of the crosstalk mechanism in physiological and pathological contexts, including development, differentiation, cancer, and complex genetic diseases. Lastly, we discuss the potential future directions for a systematic understanding of epigenetic crosstalk in development and disease.

Epigenetic dynamics and molecular mechanisms in oncogenesis, tumor progression, and therapy resistance

Cancer progression is governed by a dynamic interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance. This review highlights key molecular pathways involved in oncogenesis, focusing on genetic alterations (mutations, amplifications, and translocations) in oncogenes (RAS and MYC) and tumor suppressor genes (TP53 and PTEN). Additionally, genomic instability, resulting from defective DNA repair mechanisms like mismatch repair and homologous recombination (HR), is identified as a critical factor contributing to tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and non-coding RNA regulation, further remodel chromatin structure and modulate gene expression, influencing tumor initiation, growth, metastasis, and response to treatment. Post-translational modifications, such as the attachment of a Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) to a target protein and ubiquitination, further influence autophagy, apoptosis, and cellular plasticity, enabling cancer cells to survive therapeutic stress. Cutting-edge technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9-mediated epigenome editing and single-cell RNA sequencing have opened new doors to understanding cellular diversity and regulatory networks in cancer. The review further examines the tumor microenvironment, including stromal remodeling, immune evasion, and hypoxia-driven signaling pathways, which are critical modulators of tumor progression and drug resistance to treatment. By integrating molecular, genetic, and epigenetic perspectives, this study underscores the crucial need for innovative, targeted therapeutic approaches to address the complexity and adaptability of cancer, thereby paving the way for more effective treatments.

RBM39 Promotes Base Excision Repair to Facilitate the Progression of HCC by Stabilising OGG1 mRNA

Targeting base excision repair (BER) has been an attractive strategy in cancer therapeutics. RNA-binding motif protein 39 (RBM39) modulates the alternative splicing of numerous genes involved in cancer occurrence and progression. However, whether and how RBM39 regulates BER in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Here, we found that under oxidative stress, RBM39 degradation or knockdown decreased BER efficiency in HCC cells using a well-designed BER reporter. Further assays showed that RBM39 promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, enhancing cell survival and inhibiting apoptosis. Mechanistically, RBM39 interacted with the mRNA of the essential glycosidase 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1), thereby stabilising OGG1 mRNA. This in turn increases OGG1 expression and promotes BER efficiency in HCC. Moreover, data suggested that RBM39 degradation, combined with oxidative damage, could be more effective for HCC treatment than monotherapy, both in vitro and in xenograft mice models. Overall, we demonstrated that RBM39 regulated OGG1 stabilisation and improved BER efficiency, suggesting that combining the RBM39 degradant indisulam with the oxidising agent KBrO3 could be an emerging strategy for HCC treatment.

Lactate and lactylation in liver diseases: energy metabolism, inflammatory immunity and tumor microenvironment

Liver diseases pose a significant threat to human health. Lactate, a byproduct of glycolysis, serves various biological functions, including acting as an energy source, a signaling molecule, and a substrate for lactylation. Lactylation is a novel lactate-dependent post-translational modification that plays a role in tumor proliferation, the regulation of immune cell function, and the modulation of gene expression. In this paper, we summarize the roles of lactate and lactylation in energy metabolism, inflammatory immunity, and the tumor microenvironment, while also elucidating recent research advancements regarding lactate and lactylation in the context of hepatic fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, lactate and lactylation are proposed as promising new targets for the treatment of liver diseases.

Post-Translational Modifications in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Therapeutic Opportunities

Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable hematologic malignancy due to the inevitable development of drug resistance, particularly in relapsed or refractory cases. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and glycosylation, play pivotal roles in regulating protein function, stability, and interactions, thereby influencing MM pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms by which dysregulated PTMs contribute to drug resistance in MM, focusing on their impact on key signaling pathways, metabolic reprogramming, and the tumor microenvironment. We highlight how PTMs modulate drug uptake, alter drug targets, and regulate cell survival signals, ultimately promoting resistance to PIs, IMiDs, and other therapeutic agents. Furthermore, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting PTM-related pathways, which offer promising avenues for overcoming resistance to treatment. By integrating preclinical and clinical insights, this review underscores the potential of PTM-targeted therapies to enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes in MM.

Combination therapies and novel delivery systems: a new frontier in overcoming TRAIL resistance in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) presents a formidable challenge in oncology, mainly due to its inherent resistance to therapies such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). This review delineates the multifaceted mechanisms underlying TRAIL resistance in GC, encompassing the deregulation of death receptors (DRs) and decoy receptors (DcRs), aberrant signaling pathways, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Innovative strategies such as nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and oncolytic viral therapies are being explored to counteract these challenges. Nanoparticles enhance TRAIL delivery and efficacy by exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, while oncolytic viruses can selectively target cancer cells and stimulate immune responses. Combination therapies, integrating TRAIL with conventional chemotherapeutics like paclitaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil, have shown promise in overcoming resistance by modulating apoptotic pathways and downregulating multidrug resistance genes. Additionally, novel agents like cyclopamine, decitabine, and genistein have emerged as effective TRAIL sensitizers by modulating apoptotic pathways and enhancing DR5 expression. Furthermore, the integration of epigenetic modifiers can restore TRAIL sensitivity by demethylating DR4 and DR5 genes. This review emphasizes the need for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of TRAIL resistance and the potential of combination therapies and TRAIL delivery by nanoparticles and oncolytic viruses to enhance treatment outcomes in GC. Future research should focus on elucidating predictive biomarkers and optimizing therapeutic regimens to improve the clinical efficacy of TRAIL-based strategies in GC.

The potential of MCM8 as a biomarker in esophageal carcinoma: a comprehensive analysis integrating m6a methylation and angiogenesis

BACKGROUND

Effective biomarkers for esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) are currently lacking. Here, we examined the role of minichromosome maintenance complex component 8 (MCM8) as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in ESCA and its association with m6a methylation and angiogenesis, and constructed a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network.

METHODS

Clinical data and gene expression profiles were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Differential gene expression analysis was performed using DESeq2 and limma packages. The prognostic significance of MCM8 expression regarding overall survival (OS) was examined using the Cox proportional hazards model. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the diagnostic potential of MCM8. MCM8 expression in ESCA tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining on a tissue microarray. Pearson correlation analysis identified co-expressed genes, followed by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. The GEPIA online tool was used to examine the relationship between MCM8 and m6a methylation as well as angiogenesis-related genes. MicroRNA and long noncoding RNA predictions were made using miRWalk, MicroT-CDS, ENCORI, and miRNet tools to construct the ceRNA network.

RESULTS

MCM8 was significantly overexpressed in tumor tissues and showed high diagnostic accuracy in the ROC analysis with an area under the curve of 0.920. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that high MCM8 expression correlated with poorer OS and disease-specific survival. Pearson correlation analysis identified a significant correlation between MCM8 and several m6a methylation-related genes such as HNRNPA2B1 and YTHDF1, as well as PTK2, an angiogenesis-related gene. A ceRNA network including MCM8, PURPL/hsa-miR- 135a- 5p/MCM8 was successfully predicted and constructed.

CONCLUSIONS

MCM8 is a promising biomarker in ESCA and it is associated with m6a methylation and angiogenesis, showing potential as a therapeutic target. The ceRNA network provided insight into the pathogenesis of ESCA.

METTL3 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating miR-146a-5p/SMAD4 axis

N6-methyladenosine (m6A), one of the most prominent and reversible internal modifications of eukaryotic RNAs, has emerged as a critical regulator of gene expression in various cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), wherein it shapes the tumor-specific epitranscriptomic gene-regulatory networks. METTL3, the primary m6A RNA methyltransferase, is significantly upregulated in OSCC cells leading to increased global m6A levels. Interestingly, METTL3 positively regulates miRNA biogenesis by modulating the processing of primary miRNAs in a m6A-dependent manner. We identified miR-146a-5p, an oncogenic miRNA as one of the METTL3-regulated miRNAs in OSCC. METTL3-depletion or inhibition of its catalytic activity leads to a reduction of miR-146a-5p and an appreciable accumulation of primary miR-146a in OSCC cells. Functional assays examining the effects of miR-146a-5p inhibition or overexpression confirm its oncogenic role in OSCC pathophysiology. Further, SMAD4, a central transducer in TGF-β signaling, was identified as a miR-146a-5p target. In OSCC cells, SMAD4-depletion exacerbates the oncogenic traits, whereas its overexpression exerts the opposite effect. Additionally, METTL3-depletion dysregulates SMAD4-regulated genes suggesting its potential involvement in SMAD4-dependent TGF-β signaling. Taken together, we report that METTL3, an oncogene regulates the expression of SMAD4, a tumor-suppressor via miR-146a-5p, thus unveiling a novel regulatory axis of METTL3/miR-146a-5p/SMAD4 in OSCC, which can potentially have therapeutic implications.

Recent Advance in Sensitive Detection of Demethylase FTO

Methylation modification is a critical regulatory mechanism in epigenetics and plays a significant role in various biological processes. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common modification found in RNA. The fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) facilitate the demethylation of m6A in RNA, and its abnormal expression is closely linked to the development of several diseases. As a result, FTO has the potential to serve as an important biomarker for clinical disease diagnosis. Despite its significance, there has been a lack of comprehensive reviews addressing advancements in detection methods for the demethylase FTO. This review provides an overview of the progress in FTO detection methods, ranging from traditional approaches to innovative techniques, with a particular emphasis on recently reported advancements. These novel detection methods can be categorized into strategies based on enzymes, functional nucleic acids (FNA), and conformational changes. We summarize the principles and applications of these detection methods and discuss the current challenges and prospects in this field.

miR-603 Mediates Thyroid Cancer Progression by Inhibiting HACE1-Dependent YAP1 Degradation

This study delineates the regulatory role of MicroRNA-603 (miR-603) on the molecular dynamics of HACE1 and YAP1 in thyroid cancer (TC). Using a combination of bioinformatics, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and various cellular assays, we identified that miR-603 is significantly overexpressed in TC tissues and cells. Our investigations confirmed that miR-603 targets the 3'UTR of HACE1, suppressing its expression, which in turn affects the ubiquitination and stability of the YAP1 protein. Specifically, HACE1's suppression led to decreased YAP1 degradation, promoting cellular processes associated with tumor progression, such as proliferation, migration, and invasion. These in vitro findings were corroborated by in vivo experiments in a TC xenograft model, demonstrating that miR-603 facilitates tumor growth through stabilization of YAP1 protein by targeting HACE1. These results highlight a novel miRNA-mediated pathway influencing TC pathogenesis and suggest potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

An Investigation of the RNA Modification m6A and Its Regulatory Enzymes in Rat Brains Affected by Chronic Morphine Treatment and Withdrawal

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most prevalent methylated modifications of mRNA in eukaryotes. This reversible alteration can directly or indirectly influence biological functions, including RNA degradation, translation, and splicing. This study investigates the impact of chronic morphine administration and varying withdrawal durations (1 day, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks) on the m6A modification levels in brain regions critical to addiction development and persistence. Our findings indicate that in the prefrontal cortex, the m6A levels and METTL3 expression decrease, accompanied by an increase in FTO and ALKBH5 expression, followed by fluctuating, but statistically insignificant changes in methylation-regulating enzymes over prolonged withdrawal. In the striatum, reductions in m6A levels and METTL3 expression are observed at 4 weeks of withdrawal, preceded by non-significant fluctuations in enzyme expression and the m6A modification levels. In contrast, no changes in the m6A modification levels or the expression of related enzymes are detected in the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Our data suggest that m6A modification and its regulatory enzymes undergo region-specific and time-dependent changes in response to chronic morphine exposure and subsequent withdrawal.

Lactylation as a metabolic epigenetic modification: Mechanistic insights and regulatory pathways from cells to organs and diseases

In recent years, lactylation, a novel post-translational modification, has demonstrated a unique role in bridging cellular metabolism and epigenetic regulation. This modification exerts a dual-edged effect in both cancer and non-cancer diseases by dynamically integrating the supply of metabolic substrates and the activity of modifying enzymes: on one hand, it promotes tissue homeostasis and repair through the activation of repair genes; on the other, it exacerbates pathological progression by driving malignant phenotypes. In the field of oncology, lactylation regulates key processes such as metabolic reprogramming, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance, thereby shaping the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. In non-cancerous diseases, including neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disorders, its aberrant activation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, fibrosis, and chronic inflammation. Existing studies have revealed a dynamic regulatory network formed by the cooperation of modifying and demodifying enzymes, and have identified mechanisms such as subcellular localization and RNA metabolism intervention that influence disease progression. Nevertheless, several challenges remain in the field. This article comprehensively summarizes the disease-specific regulatory mechanisms of lactylation, with the aim of providing a theoretical foundation for its targeted therapeutic application.

FOXA1-dependent NSUN2 facilitates the advancement of prostate cancer by preserving TRIM28 mRNA stability in a m5C-dependent manner

RNA epigenetics is gaining increased attention for its role in the initiation, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumors. These studies have primarily focused on m6A modification. However, despite being the second most abundant modification found in RNA, the role of m5C modification in prostate cancer remains largely unexplored. Here, we predict an RNA m5C methyltransferase, NSUN2, as a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer using various bioinformatics approaches, and verify the potential of NSUN2 as a target through multiple preclinical models. Mechanistically, NSUN2 enhances the stability of TRIM28 mRNA by adding m5C modification, promoting the expression of TRIM28. Concurrently, FOXA1, a prostate cancer lineage-specific transcription factor, transcriptionally activates the expression of NSUN2. Our study confirms the clinical potential of targeting RNA epigenetics for the treatment of prostate cancer and elucidates, mechanistically, how RNA epigenetics participates in the complex biological activities within tumors via the FOXA1-NSUN2-TRIM28 axis.

SENP3 induced HADHA deSUMOylation enhances intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma chemotherapy sensitivity via fatty acid oxidation

Chemoresistance contributes to poor outcomes in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). This study aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance and to develop strategies that can sensitize the chemotherapy. Patient derived organoids (PDOs) drug screening and Lipidomics profiling were performed to investigate the chemoresistance mechanism. Through multi-strategy analysis, we found that SENP3 enhanced chemotherapy sensitivity in a SUMO system dependent manner. Mechanistically, chemotherapy resistance increased METTL3 expression, which regulated SENP3 mRNA stability through YTHDF2-dependent m6A methylation modifications. SENP3 interacted with HADHA and catalyzed its deSUMOylation at two lysine residues. Specifically, SUMOylation and ubiquitination exhibited crosstalk at the same modification sites on HADHA, influencing its protein stability and, consequently, regulating fatty acid oxidation (FAO) levels. The physical interaction of SENP3, HADHA, and USP10 provides a novel molecular mechanism for the abnormal activation of FAO pathway. The lipid metabolism-targeting drug could be a promising therapeutic strategy for sensitizing ICC to chemotherapy.

Histone acetylation activated-IGF2BP3 regulates cyclin D1 mRNA stability to drive cell cycle transition and tumor progression of hepatocellular carcinoma

Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) is an oncofetal protein, is strongly associated with tumor initiation and progression due to its upregulation. However, the regulatory mechanisms driving IGF2BP3 upregulation and its contribution to the development and progression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that IGF2BP3 is re-expressed in HCC mouse models, with elevated levels correlating with a poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Our data revealed that histone acetylation at the IGF2BP3 promoter region drives transcription activation of IGF2BP3 in primary hepatocytes. Notably, histone acetylation and transcriptional reactivation of IGF2BP3 were observed in human HCC tissues as well. Mechanistically, IGF2BP3 knockdown modulated the cell cycle and cell proliferation by limiting G1/S phase transition, which is dependent on cyclin D1. We further showed that IGF2BP3 maintains CCND1 mRNA stability by directly interacting with its 3'UTR. Importantly, IGF2BP3 recruits the RNA stabilizer PABPC1 to potentiate CCND1 mRNA stability. These two proteins synergistically protect CCND1 mRNA from degradation. Furthermore, IGF2BP3-depleted HCC cells were unable to form tumors in the xenograft model. High IGF2BP3 and CCND1 levels predicted poor outcomes in patients. Collectively, our findings highlight the pivotal role of the IGF2BP3/cyclin D1 axis and reveal a new regulatory mechanism for IGF2BP3 re-expression via transcriptional activation during hepatocarcinogenesis. These results indicate that the IGF2BP3/CCND1 axis is a promising prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HCC.

METTL3 enhances esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by suppressing ferroptosis through the PBX3/CA9 cascade

BACKGROUND

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification controls various processes during tumorigenesis. Although METTL3 functions as a pro-tumorigenic driver in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), its mechanisms are largely unknown.

METHODS

mRNA expression was detected by quantitative PCR, and protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting. Cell motility, invasiveness, and apoptosis were analyzed by wound-healing assay, transwell assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell ferroptosis was assessed by detecting the contents of ROS, MDA and Fe2+. The METTL3/PBX3 and PBX3/CA9 relationships were validated by luciferase, MeRIP or ChIP assay. The effect of METTL3 on tumor growth was tested by xenograft studies.

RESULTS

METTL3 was enhanced in ESCC tumors and cells, and its deficiency suppressed ESCC cell migration and invasion and promoted cell apoptosis and ferroptosis. Additionally, METTL3 deficiency caused growth inhibition of ESCC xenografts in vivo. METTL3 enhanced m6A modification of PBX3 mRNA. PBX3 was identified as a mediator of METTL3 function in modulating ESCC cell phenotypes. PBX3 promoted CA9 transcription, and METTL3 positively regulated CA9 through PBX3. PBX3 deficiency impeded ESCC cell migration and invasion and enhanced cell apoptosis and ferroptosis by downregulating CA9.

CONCLUSION

Our study elucidates a novel mechanism, the METTL3/PBX3/CA9 cascade, underlying the oncogenic activity of METTL3 in ESCC. The novel cascade may represent the potential target for ESCC therapy in the future.

ALKBH3-Mediated M1A Demethylation of METTL3 Endows Pathological Fibrosis:Interplay Between M1A and M6A RNA Methylation

Epigenetic modifications serve as crucial molecular switches for pathological fibrosis; howbeit the role of m1A in this condition remains enigmatic. Herein, it is found that ALKBH3 exerts a pro-fibrotic effect in pathological skin fibrosis by reshaping N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification pattern. First, ALKBH3 exhibited specific upregulation within hypertrophic scars (HTS), accompanied by N1-methyladenosine (m1A) hypomethylation. Moreover, multiomics analyses identified METTL3, a critical writer enzyme involved in m6A modification, as a downstream candidate target of ALKBH3. Therapeutically, ablation of ALKBH3 inhibited the progression of HTS both in vitro and in vivo, while exogenous replenishment of METTL3 counteracted this antifibrotic effect. Mechanistically, ALKBH3 recognizes the m1A methylation sites and prevents YTHDF2-dependent mRNA decay of METTL3 transcript. Subsequently, METTL3 stabilizes collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) and fibronectin1 (FN1) mRNAs, two major components of extracellular matrix, and therefore eliciting the pathological transformation of HTS. This observation bridges the understanding of the link between m1A and m6A methylation, the two fundamental RNA modifications, underscoring the participation of "RNA methylation crosstalk" in pathological events.

Zinc-Mediated Deacetylation of Farnesoid X Receptor Activates the Adipose Triglyceride Lipase Pathway to Reduce Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Enhance Lipolysis in Yellow Catfish

BACKGROUND

High-fat diets (HFDs) can lead to excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver, leading to liver injury. Dietary zinc (Zn) has been shown to reduce HFD-induced lipid accumulation and improve lipid profiles in mammals, yet it remains unclear whether waterborne Zn maintains its lipid-lowering effects in osteichthyes.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory role of Zn in HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and its potential mechanisms.

METHODS

Yellow catfish were fed a control diet (11.21% lipid concentration), HFD (16.10% lipid concentration), or HFD combined with waterborne Zn exposure (0.2 mg/L) for 8 wk. Various biochemical, genetic, histologic, and molecular techniques were conducted to evaluate hepatic lipid deposition and lipid metabolism and determine protein interactions between silent information regulator (SIRT) 1 and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as well as protein-gene interactions between FXR and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL).

RESULTS

HFD feeding significantly increased liver fat content and induced hepatic damage in yellow catfish, but concurrent exposure to waterborne Zn alleviated these detrimental effects. Zn treatment increased mRNA and protein concentrations of SIRT1 (mean ± SEM; 97.19% ± 11.67% and 83.25% ± 28.60%, respectively) and FXR (163.90% ± 24.60% and 24.90% ± 11.12%, respectively) in yellow catfish liver (P < 0.05). Zn-activated FXR directly interacted with the promoter of ATGL, stimulating the expression of atgl (54.40% ± 16.33%; P < 0.05) and facilitating the hydrolysis of triglycerides and lipid droplets. Furthermore, Zn reduced the acetylation concentration of FXR by SIRT1 deacetylation of FXR protein K167.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings reveal that Zn protect against HFD-induced liver injury in yellow catfish by promoting the deacetylation of FXR protein K167 by SIRT1 and activating FXR, thereby promoting the transcriptional activation of ATGL to increase lipolysis.

Helicobacter pylori, microbiota and gastric cancer - principles of microorganism-driven carcinogenesis

The demonstration that Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic bacterium with marked carcinogenic potential has paved the way for new preventive approaches for gastric cancer. Although decades of research have uncovered complex interactions of H. pylori with epithelial cells, current insights have refined our view on H. pylori-associated carcinogenesis. Specifically, the cell-type-specific effects on gastric stem and progenitor cells deep in gastric glands provide a new view on the ability of the bacteria to colonize long-term, manipulate host responses and promote gastric pathology. Furthermore, new, large-scale epidemiological data have shed light on factors that determine why only a subset of carriers progress to gastric cancer. Currently, technological advances have brought yet another revelation: H. pylori is far from the only microorganism able to colonize the stomach. Instead, the stomach is colonized by a diverse gastric microbiota, and there is emerging evidence for the occurrence and pathological effect of dysbiosis resulting from an aberrant interplay between H. pylori and the gastric mucosa. With the weight of this evidence mounting, here we consider how the lessons learned from H. pylori research inform and synergize with this emerging field to bring a more comprehensive understanding of the role of microbes in gastric carcinogenesis.

ADP ribosylation factor-like GTPase 6-interacting protein 5 (Arl6IP5) is an ER membrane-shaping protein that modulates ER-phagy

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the membrane-bound organelle characterized by the reticular network of tubules. It is well established that the ER tubules are shaped by ER membrane proteins containing the conserved reticulon-homology domain (RHD). Membrane shaping by the RHD-containing proteins is also involved in the regulation of ER-phagy, selective autophagy of the ER. However, it remains unclear whether there exists ER membrane-shaping proteins other than the RHD-containing proteins. In this study, we characterize Arl6IP5, an ER membrane protein containing the conserved PRA1 domain, as an ER membrane-shaping protein. Upon overexpression, Arl6IP5 induces the extensive network of the ER tubules and constricts the ER membrane as judged by exclusion of a luminal ER enzyme from the ER tubules. The membrane constriction by Arl6IP5 allows the cells to maintain the tubular ER network in the absence of microtubules. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Arl6IP5 impairs the ER morphology, and the phenotype of the Arl6IP5 knockdown cells is rescued by exogenous expression of Arl6IP1, an RHD-containing protein. Furthermore, exogenous expression of Arl6IP5 rescues the phenotype of Arl6IP1 knockdown cells, and the PRA1 domain is sufficient to rescue it. Upon disruption of the possible short hairpin structures of the PRA1 domain, Arl6IP5 abolishes membrane constriction. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of Arl6IP5 impairs flux of the ER-phagy mediated by FAM134B. These results indicate that Arl6IP5 acts as an ER membrane-shaping protein involved in the regulation of ER-phagy, implying that the PRA1 domain may serve as a general membrane-shaping unit other than the RHD.

Role of ubiquitin-specific proteases in programmed cell death of breast cancer cells

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Great progress has been recently achieved in controlling breast cancer; however, mortality from breast cancer remains a substantial challenge, and new treatment mechanisms are being actively sought. Programmed cell death (PCD) is associated with the progression and treatment of many types of human cancers. PCD can be divided into multiple pathways including autophagy, apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and anoikis. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification process in which ubiquitin, a 76-amino acid protein, is coupled to the lysine residues of other proteins. Ubiquitination is involved in many physiological events and promotes cancer development and progression. This review elaborates the role of ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) in programmed cell death, which is common in breast cancer cells, and lays the foundation for tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy.