The critical role of ion channels in kidney disease: perspective from AKI and CKD

Ion channels, particularly those in the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, play key roles in cellular stress responses like inflammation and apoptosis, significantly impacting renal disease progression. Some channels such as TRPV1, TRPM2, TRPC6 impact renal pathology by mediating detrimental calcium influx, exacerbating oxidative stress, and promoting inflammatory pathways. Their activities are especially pronounced in conditions like ischemia and nephrotoxicity, common in acute kidney injury, and persist into chronic kidney injury, influencing fibrosis and nephron loss. Additionally, potassium and sodium channels like Kir4.1, KATP, and ENaC play critical roles in maintaining electrolyte balance and cellular energy under stress conditions. Further exploration of ion channel functionality and regulation is necessary to clarify their roles in renal disease. This review summarizes the involvement of ion channels in AKI and CKD and examines their potential clinical value in diagnosing and treating kidney disease.

Modification of MSCs with aHSCs-targeting peptide pPB for enhanced therapeutic efficacy in liver fibrosis

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold significant therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis but face translational challenges due to suboptimal homing efficiency and poor retention at injury sites. Activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs), the primary drivers of fibrogenesis, overexpress platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFRB), a validated therapeutic target in liver fibrosis. Here, we engineered pPB peptide-functionalized MSCs (pPB-MSCs) via hydrophobic insertion of DMPE-PEG-pPB (DPP) into the MSC membrane, creating a targeted "MSC-pPB-aHSC" delivery system. Our findings demonstrated that pPB modification preserved MSC viability, differentiation potential, and paracrine functions. pPB-MSCs exhibited higher binding affinity to TGF-β1-activated HSCs in vitro and greater hepatic accumulation in TAA-induced fibrotic mice, as quantified by in vivo imaging. Moreover, pPB-MSCs attenuated collagen deposition, suppressed α-SMA+ HSCs, and restored serum ALT/AST levels to near-normal ranges. Mechanistically, pPB-MSCs promoted hepatocyte regeneration via HGF upregulation, inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition through TGF-β/Smad pathway suppression, and polarized macrophages toward an M2 phenotype, reducing pro-inflammatory IL-6/TNF-α while elevating anti-inflammatory IL-10. Overall, our study raised a non-genetic MSC surface engineering strategy that synergizes PDGFRB-targeted homing with multifactorial tissue repair, addressing critical barriers in cell therapy for liver fibrosis. By achieving enhanced spatial delivery without compromising MSC functionality, our approach provides a clinically translatable platform for enhancing regenerative medicine outcomes.

An "all-in-one" therapeutic platform for programmed antibiosis, immunoregulation and neuroangiogenesis to accelerate diabetic wound healing

Pathological microenvironment of diabetes induces a high risk of bacterial invasion, aggressive inflammatory response, and hindered neuroangiogenesis, leading to retarded ulcer healing. To address this, an "all-in-one" therapeutic platform, named MZZ, was constructed by loading maltodextrin onto a MOF-on-MOF structure (with ZIF-67 as the core and ZIF-8 as the shell) through a hybrid process of solvent treatment and electrostatic adsorption. Maltodextrin acts as a target to bind surrounding bacteria, and ZIF-8 as well as ZIF-67 responsively release Zn and Co ions, which not only kill most bacteria, but also improve the phagocytosis and xenophagy of M1 macrophages by up-regulating the expression levels of ATG5, Bcl1 and FLT4, helping the residual bacterial clearance. In inflammatory stage, MZZ scavenges extracellular and intracellular ROS by valence transition between Co2+ and Co3+, and promote M1 macrophages to transform into M2 phenotype. In tissue reconstruction stage, the synergistic effect of Zn and Co ions as well as cytokines secreted by macrophages up-regulates cell vitality and biofunctions of endotheliocytes, neurocytes and fibroblasts. The programmed effects of MZZ on antibiosis, anti-inflammatory and neuroangiogenesis to accelerate wound repair are further confirmed in an infected diabetic model, and this "all-in-one" platform shows great clinical application potential.

Strategies to enhance the penetration of nanomedicine in solid tumors

Nanomedicine was previously regarded as a promising solution in the battle against cancer. Over the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to exploit nanomedicine for overcoming tumors. Unfortunately, despite these efforts, nanomedicine has not yet demonstrated its ability to cure tumors, and the research on nanomedicine has reached a bottleneck. For a significant period of time, drug delivery strategies have primarily focused on targeting nanomedicine delivery to tumors while neglecting its redistribution within solid tumors. The uneven distribution of nanomedicine within solid tumors results in limited therapeutic effects on most tumor cells and significantly hampers the efficiency of drug delivery and treatment outcomes. Therefore, this review discusses the challenges faced by nanomedicine in penetrating solid tumors and provides an overview of current nanotechnology strategies (alleviating penetration resistance, size regulation, tumor cell transport, and nanomotors) that facilitate enhanced penetration of nanomedicine into solid tumors. Additionally, we discussed the potential role of nanobionics in promoting effective penetration of nanomedicine.

Synthetic vascular graft that heals and regenerates

Millions of synthetic vascular grafts (sVG) are needed annually to address vascular diseases (a leading cause of death in humans) and kidney failure (as vascular access). However, in 70+ years since the first sVG in humans, we still do not have sVGs that fully endothelialize (the "holy grail" for truly successful grafts). The lack of healthy endothelium is believed to be a main cause for thrombosis, stenosis, and infection (the major reasons for graft failure). The immune-mediated foreign body response to traditional sVG materials encapsulates the materials in fibrotic scar suppressing vascularized healing. Here, we describe the first sVG optimized for vessel wall vascularization via uniform, spherical 40 μm pores. This sVG induced unprecedented rapid healing of luminal endothelium in a demanding and clinically relevant sheep model, probably by attracting and modulating macrophages and foreign body giant cells towards diverse, pro-healing phenotypes. Both this sVG and the control (PTFE grafts) remained 100 % patent during the implantation period. This advancement has broad implications beyond sVGs in tissue engineering and biocompatibility.

Nanomedicines for cardiovascular diseases: Lessons learned and pathways forward

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are vital causes of global mortality. Apart from lifestyle intervention like exercise for high-risk groups or patients at early period, various medical interventions such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery have been clinically used to reduce progression and prevalence of CVDs. However, invasive surgery risk and severe complications still contribute to ventricular remodeling, even heart failure. Innovations in nanomedicines have fueled impressive medical advances, representing a CVD therapeutic alternative. Currently, clinical translation of nanomedicines from bench to bedside continues to suffer unpredictable biosafety and orchestrated behavior mechanism, which, if appropriately addressed, might pave the way for their clinical implementation in the future. While state-of-the-art advances in CVDs nanomedicines are widely summarized in this review, the focus lies on urgent preclinical concerns and is transitioned to the ongoing clinical trials including stem cells-based, extracellular vesicles (EV)-based, gene, and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy whose clinically applicable potential in CVD therapy will hopefully provide first answers. Overall, this review aims to provide a concise but comprehensive understanding of perspectives and challenges of CVDs nanomedicines, especially from a clinical perspective.

Aptamer-functionalized biomimetic supramolecular nanozyme constructed by dipeptide, glutaraldehyde and hemin and its excellent sensing performances for tetrodotoxin

Bioinspired nanozymes hold promise for simulating natural processes and creating optimized functional systems, but their application is hindered by limited catalytic activity and selectivity. These challenges can be addressed by reconstructing enzymatic active sites to enhance catalytic efficiency and integrating biological recognition units for specificity. In this work, we developed a peroxidase-mimicking nanozyme by stabilizing hemin on a supramolecular scaffold of diphenylalanine (FF) and glutaraldehyde (GA). To enable specific recognition, we conjugated a tetrodotoxin (TTX) aptamer, yielding the He@FF/GA-Apt composite nanozyme. This nanozyme demonstrated robust catalytic activity in 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation. The TTX aptamer conferred specific TTX recognition, with the aptamer-TTX complex blocking the nanozyme active site and reducing its activity. Based on this mechanism, we created a dual-mode TTX detection method using UV-vis spectroscopy and smartphone RGB analysis. The UV-vis mode achieved a linear range of 1.0-40.0 ng mL-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.61 ng mL-1, while the smartphone mode had a LOD of 1.43 ng mL-1 in a linear range of 2.0-40.0 ng mL-1. Both methods performed well in real samples, with recoveries of 96.29 %-102.57 % (UV-vis mode) and 92.07 %-109.46 % (RGB mode). In comparation, the UV-vis mode offers high sensitivity but requires lab equipment, whereas smartphone RGB mode enables rapid on-site detection despite a little lower sensitivity. This work provides a promising approach for developing target-specific nanozyme sensors.

A cardiac extracellular matrix-based bilayer vascular graft with controlled microstructures for the reconstruction of small-diameter blood vessels

Despite recent progress, challenges with small-diameter vascular grafts, including mechanical strength, intimal hyperplasia, thrombosis, and poor endothelialization, remain unresolved. The present study reports a novel bilayer vascular graft designed to mimic the anatomical features of small-diameter blood vessels. The electrospun graft consists of a dense micro/nanofibrous inner layer of cardiac extracellular matrix (cECM), polycaprolactone (PCL) loaded with heparin (P-cECM-H), and a super porous and micro-fibrous PCL outer layer. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteome analysis of the cECM revealed that it is enriched with several bioactive proteins related to angiogenesis, wound regeneration, cell migration, etc. The porosities of the two layers are tailored according to endothelial and smooth muscle cell biology. The graft exhibited excellent mechanical properties, and the heparinized P-cECM inner layer improved hemocompatibility and anticoagulation efficacy. A significant increase in endothelial cell proliferation was noted in the P-cECM-H group after 7 days compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The bilayer graft maintained 100 % patency after 10 weeks of rat abdominal aorta implantation. Histological evaluation revealed smooth muscle cell infiltration inside the highly porous outer layer and neointima regeneration in the inner layer with a complete endothelial lining. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis further confirmed smooth muscle formation and endothelial layer formation. The gene expression data also suggested that the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways are involved in endothelial layer remodeling. These promising results indicate that cECM could be a key material for vascular tissue regeneration.

Association between serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels and depression: The mediation effect of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) is regarded as an inflammatory factor. Currently, the relationship between serum AGP levels and depression is controversial. We designed a cross-sectional study to explore the association between serum AGP levels and depression using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2021 to 2023. The PHQ-9 questionnaire was used to investigate the depression symptoms of participants, and the PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 was regarded as depression. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models, weighted multiple linear models, restricted cubic splines models (RCS), subgroup analyses, and interaction tests were performed to explore the association of serum AGP levels with depression. ROC curves were used to plot the predictive effect of AGP on depression. The mediation analysis was conducted to assess the mediation effect of the TyG index. Our study revealed that serum AGP levels were positively and linearly associated with depression. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratio of depression elevated by 1.04 times (OR = 2.04, 95 % CI: 1.17-3.57), and the PHQ-9 score increased by 1.47 (β = 1.47, 95 % CI: 0.37-2.56) for each ln-unit AGP level increase, respectively. A positive relationship was also observed in some subgroups. Furthermore, AGP presented a strong predictive effect on depression. In addition, the TyG index had a significant mediation effect on the relationship between serum AGP levels and depression. In general, our study provides some new insight into the role of AGP on depression and the mediation effect of the TyG index.

Nanotherapeutic strategies exploiting biological traits of cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a distinct subpopulation of cancer cells that orchestrate cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Despite advances in conventional therapies, the persistence of CSCs remains a major obstacle to achieving cancer eradication. Nanomedicine-based approaches have emerged for precise CSC targeting and elimination, offering unique advantages in overcoming the limitations of traditional treatments. This review systematically analyzes recent developments in nanomedicine for CSC-targeted therapy, emphasizing innovative nanomaterial designs addressing CSC-specific challenges. We first provide a detailed examination of CSC biology, focusing on their surface markers, signaling networks, microenvironmental interactions, and metabolic signatures. On this basis, we critically evaluate cutting-edge nanomaterial engineering designed to exploit these CSC traits, including stimuli-responsive nanodrugs, nanocarriers for drug delivery, and multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of generating localized hyperthermia or reactive oxygen species. These sophisticated nanotherapeutic approaches enhance selectivity and efficacy in CSC elimination, potentially circumventing drug resistance and cancer recurrence. Finally, we present an in-depth analysis of current challenges in translating nanomedicine-based CSC-targeted therapies from bench to bedside, offering critical insights into future research directions and clinical implementation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the intersection of nanomedicine and CSC biology, contributing to more effective cancer treatment modalities.

Small extracellular vesicles from adipose derived stem cells alleviate microglia activation and improve motor deficit of Parkinson's disease via miR-100-5p/DTX3L/STAT1 signaling axis

Dopaminergic neuron loss caused by microglia activation is an important pathological factor of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previously, we reported that small extracellular vesicle from adipose derived stem cells (ADSC-sEVs) could inhibit the activation of microglia and protect neuron apoptosis from microglia activation. However, whether ADSC-sEVs have protective effect on the motor deficit of PD mouse and the exact mechanism remains unknown. In this study, ADSC-sEVs were delivered to experimental model of Parkinson's disease by tail vein injection to explore the in vivo effect of ADSC-sEVs on PD. Next, the potential key microRNA in ADSC-sEVs was screened by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and the exact mechanism was further explored. We found that ADSC-sEVs greatly alleviated the activation of microglia and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of PD mice, the motor deficit was also significantly improved. By RNA-seq analysis, miR-100-5p was verified as a potential microRNA in this process, because knockdown of miR-100-5p in ADSC-sEVs weakened the protective effect of ADSC-sEVs on PD mouse as well as the anti-inflammatory effect on microglia activation. Finally, we found that miR-100-5p could target Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 3 L (DTX3L) and suppress its expression, which then decreased the expression and phosphorylation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 1 (STAT1), as well as alleviating the activation of microglia. Our findings illustrate that ADSC-sEVs are an effective therapy for PD, and it could be a promising therapy for the treatment of PD.

Investigation of self-assembly mechanism of gluten protein amyloid fibrils and molecular characterization of structure units

The mechanism of peptides self-assembly into gluten amyloid fibrils was explored through bond-breaking experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, verified through fibrillation experiments using synthetic peptides. The disruption of hydrogen bonds reduced thioflavin T fluorescence intensity and average particle size of gluten amyloid fibrils by 24 % and 81 %, respectively, causing a breakdown of internal structure. Disruption of electrostatic and hydrophobic forces induced further aggregation of fibrils. MD simulation revealed that peptides transitioned from a dispersed state to aggregation, followed by changes in secondary structure, culminating in the formation of stacked β-sheets structure units. Hydrogen bonding emerged as the primary driver of self-assembly with contributions from hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The synthetic single or hybrid peptide systems selected by MD formed ribbon- or fiber-like amyloid fibrils with inter-strand distance of 4.7 Å and respective inter-sheet distances of 10.2 Å and 10.8 Å, suggesting that the structure and morphology of eventual amyloid fibrils were affected by the peptide sequence and cross β-sheet structure units.

Hydrogel adhesives for tissue recovery

Hydrogel adhesives (HAs) are promising and rewarding tools for improving tissue therapy management. Such HAs had excellent properties and potential applications in biological tissues, such as suture replacement, long-term administration, and hemostatic sealing. In this review, the common designs and the latest progress of HAs based on various methodologies are systematically concluded. Thereafter, how to deal with interfacial water to form a robust wet adhesion and how to balance the adhesion and non-adhesion are underlined. This review also provides a brief description of gelation strategies and raw materials. Finally, the potentials of wound healing, hemostatic sealing, controlled drug delivery, and the current applications in dermal, dental, ocular, cardiac, stomach, and bone tissues are discussed. The comprehensive insight in this review will inspire more novel and practical HAs in the future.

Construction of nanozyme based with mixed valence manganese oxide loaded on defective metal-organic frameworks for sensitive detection of biomarker procalcitonin

Nanozymes possess the advantages of high stability, adjustable catalytic activity and simple preparation processes, which position them as a promising alternative to natural enzymes. In this work, an oxidase-like nanozyme has been prepared by loading mixed valence manganese oxides (MnxOy) on defective PCN-224 MOFs (dPCN). Dodecanoic acid was utilized to introduce abundant mesoporous defects into the dPCN, allowing manganese oxide to grow in situ on the surface and within the pores. The mixed valence state of manganese oxides endowed the MnxOy@dPCN nanozyme (MdP) with redox and catalytic properties, and the high oxidase-like catalytic performance of MdP for TMB substrate also originated from its favorable electrical conductivity and affinity to the substrate. The reactive oxygen species of the catalytic reaction were mainly singlet oxygen (1O2) and peroxyl radicals (·O2-). Without the existence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the nanozyme can rapidly and efficiently oxidize TMB substrate into blue oxidation state, which has strong absorbance at 650 nm. An immunosensor for detecting biomarker procalcitonin (PCT) in human serum samples has been established based on the high catalytic property of MdP nanozyme. The immunoassay for PCT has satisfactory accuracy and repeatability, and its linear detection range can reach to be 0.05-100 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.011 ng mL-1. The result affords a promising idea to construct oxidase-like nanozyme, and provides a method for sensitive determination of PCT in complex matrices.

Stimuli-responsive hydrogel with spatiotemporal co-delivery of FGF21 and H₂S for synergistic diabetic wound repair

Chronic diabetic wounds pose significant clinical challenges due to persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and disrupted cellular homeostasis. To address these multifactorial barriers, we engineered an injectable, biodegradable, and biocompatible methylated silk fibroin (SilMA) hydrogel system co-loaded with cobalt sulfide (CoS) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), designed for on-demand therapeutic release. In the acidic microenvironment characteristic of the inflammatory phase of diabetic wounds, the hydrogel rapidly releases hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and Co2+ ions, mitigating inflammation and exerting antibacterial effects. Subsequently, during the proliferative and remodeling phases, sustained release of FGF21 promotes cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and enzymatic homeostasis, thereby accelerating wound healing. Mechanistic studies reveal that the hydrogel facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, leading to upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Additionally, it enhances antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione) while suppressing pro-oxidant enzymes (NADPH oxidase, lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase). In vivo studies using a diabetic mouse model demonstrate that this dual-functional hydrogel significantly improves wound closure rates and tissue regeneration. These findings suggest that the SilMA-FGF21/CoS hydrogel represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of diabetic wounds.

PCL-fibrin-alginate hydrogel based cell co-culture system for improving angiogenesis and immune modulation in limb ischemia

Stem cell therapy has demonstrated promise in regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types and secrete growth factors. However, challenges such as poor survival rate of transplanted cells under ischemic and immune conditions limit its effectiveness. To address these issues, we developed a polycaprolactone (PCL)-fibrin-alginate matrix hydrogel, which combines adipose-derived stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with a PCL fiber, encapsulated within fibrin and alginate hydrogel to enhance cell survival, proliferation, and immune modulation. This structure offers protection to the encapsulated cells, supports angiogenesis, and modulates the immune response, significantly improving therapeutic outcomes in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. Our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate the scaffold's ability to support cell viability, promote angiogenesis, and modulate inflammatory responses, indicating its potential as a promising platform for ischemic tissue repair and regenerative medicine. This innovative approach to cell-based therapy highlights the importance of scaffold design in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell treatments for ischemic diseases.

Passivated hydrogel interface: Armor against foreign body response and inflammation in small-diameter vascular grafts

The development of small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) still faces significant challenges, particularly in overcoming blockages within vessels. A key issue is the foreign-body response (FBR) triggered by the implants, which impairs the integration between grafts and native vessels. In this study, we applied an interfacial infiltration strategy to create a stable, hydrophilic, and passivated hydrogel coating on SDVGs. This coating effectively resisted FBR and improved integration between the grafts and host tissue. We also incorporated anthocyanins, an antioxidant, into the hydrogel network to mitigate oxidative stress and promote endothelialization. The hydrogel coating exhibited excellent stability, retaining its integrity during continuous flushing over 15 days. Anthocyanins were released in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing inflammation and enhancing vascularization in a mouse subcutaneous implantation model. In a rabbit carotid artery replacement model, the SDVGs exhibited rapid endothelialization, guided vascular remodeling, and inhibited calcification, showing strong potential for clinical application. This study presents a straightforward and effective approach to improve the patency rate, endothelialization, and anti-calcification properties of SDVGs by equipping them with a protective anti-FBR and anti-inflammation hydrogel layer.

Organoid-Like Neurovascular Spheroids Promote the Recovery of Hypoxic-Ischemic Skin Flaps Through the Activation of Autophagy

Crosstalk between nerves and blood vessels plays a crucial role in flap development, injury repair, and homeostasis maintenance. However, in most flap transplantation strategies, the interactions between nerves and blood vessels have been ignored, leading to unsatisfactory repair effects. In this study, highly sprouting organoid-like neurovascular spheroids (NVUs) with P34HB porous microsphere cores embedding in a supportive microenvironment of Gelatin Methacryloyl hydrogel are developed. Cell-laden porous microspheres successfully recapitulated neurovascular coupling by providing a biomimetic extracellular microenvironment for neural and vascular cells at an in vivo cell density. The results demonstrated that neurovascular spheres formed complex vascular plexuses and secreted extracellular matrix, improving in vivo regeneration of skin flap. Autophagy activation regulated by nerves is detected along with the assembly of vascular networks, suggesting its role in neovascularization. By incorporating fibroblasts, highly biomimetic organoid-like models composed of dermis, vasculature, and innervation are facilely developed to mimic dermal tissues. This stable and highly reproducible in vitro model can be utilized for organ repair and mechanistic exploration.

AI-driven innovations in smart multifunctional nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery: A mini-review

The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and nanomedicine has revolutionized the design of smart multifunctional nanocarriers (SMNs) for drug and gene delivery, offering unprecedented precision, efficiency, and personalization in therapeutic applications. AI-driven approaches enhance the development of these nanocarriers by accelerating their design, optimizing drug loading and release kinetics, improving biocompatibility, and predicting interactions with biological barriers. This review explores the transformative role of AI in the fabrication and functionalization of SMNs, emphasizing its impact on overcoming challenges in targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and theranostics. We discuss the integration of AI with advanced nanomaterials-such as polymeric, lipidic, and inorganic nanoparticles-highlighting their potential in oncology and hematology. Furthermore, we examine recent clinical and preclinical case studies demonstrating AI-assisted nanocarrier development for personalized medicine. The synergy between AI and nanotechnology paves the way for next-generation precision therapeutics, addressing critical limitations in traditional drug delivery systems. However, data standardization, regulatory compliance, and translational scalability challenges remain. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to unlock AI's potential in nanomedicine fully, ultimately advancing the clinical application of SMNs for more effective and safer patient care.

MicroRNA-541-3p/Rac2 signaling bridges radiation-induced lung injury and repair

Background

While radiation-induced lung injury decreases quality of life and suppresses efficacy of radiotherapy, to date, the relationship between radiation-induced lung injury and repair remains unclear. Our previous studies revealed that TNFRSF10B-RIPK1/RIPK3-MLKL signaling induces necroptosis of alveolar epithelial cells and potentiates radiation-induced lung injury. We also found that microRNA-541-3p is differentially expressed in radiation-damaged lungs. The connection between microRNA-541-3p, TNFRSF10B signaling, and TGFβ1 signaling is also unclear.

Objective

This study was performed to explore the regulatory effects of microRNA-541-3p on TNFRSF10B and TGFβ1 signaling.

Methods

Mouse alveolar epithelial cells were transfected with a vector expressing microRNA-541-3p to regulate expression of target genes. Flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting were used to analyze cell necroptosis, target gene expression, and target protein expression, respectively.

Results

Overexpression of microRNA-541-3p positively regulated TNFRSF10B-RIPK1/RIPK3-MLKL signaling through Rac2 to induce cell necroptosis. MicroRNA-541-3p negatively regulates Rac2. MicroRNA-541-3p and Rac2 regulate the expression of Tgf-beta1 and its encoded proteins.

Conclusions

The Rac2 gene synchronously regulates TNFRSF10B-RIPK1/RIPK3-MLKL and TGFβ1 signaling. MicroRNA-541-3P/Rac2 act as mediators of radiation damage and repair signaling.

Targeted codelivery of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide for enhanced antithrombosis efficacy

Thrombosis is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. As important gaseous signaling molecules, both nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) demonstrate antiplatelet and anticoagulant functions, but little attention has been given to their synergistic effect and the underlying mechanism. In the present study, we developed an NO/H2S codelivery system based on enzyme prodrug therapy (EPT) strategy in which the prodrugs are specifically recognized by the engineered β-galactosidase. Targeted codelivery of NO and H2S in vivo was demonstrated by near-infrared fluorescence imaging and confirmed by measuring plasma and tissue levels; as a result, the side effects caused by systemic delivery, such as bleeding time, were reduced. Delivery of an optimized combination of NO and H2S with a low combination index (CI) results in a synergistic effect on the inhibition of platelet adhesion and activation. Mechanistically, NO and H2S cooperatively enhance the cGMP level through redox-based posttranslational modifications of phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5A), which leads to activation of the cGMP/PKG signaling pathway. Furthermore, targeted codelivery of NO and H2S demonstrates enhanced therapeutic efficacy for thrombosis in two mouse models of FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis and deep vein thrombosis. Collectively, these results confirm the synergistic efficacy of NO and H2S for antithrombotic therapy, and the codelivery system developed in this study represents a promising candidate for clinical translation.

Mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer induced by chronic PM2.5 exposure: Focus on the airway epithelial barrier and epithelial-mesenchymal transition

This study aims to provide new insights into PM2.5-induced lung diseases through a focus on the pulmonary epithelial barrier and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Firstly, we analyzed the mechanisms by which PM2.5 damages the airway epithelial barrier, including inflammatory responses, immune imbalance, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Subsequently, we investigated the mechanisms by which PM2.5 induces EMT, which involve the synergistic effect of oxidative stress and inflammation, the activation of key signaling pathways, and the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs. Furthermore, we explored the interaction between the airway epithelial barrier and EMT, especially the induction of EMT by epithelial barrier damage and the impact of EMT on epithelial barrier repair. Regarding lung injury diseases, we focused on the roles of the epithelial barrier and EMT in the development of pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer, providing evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Emphasizing the translational prospects from basic research to clinical applications, and we proposed new ideas for treating PM2.5-related lung diseases from four aspects-anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs, signaling pathway inhibitors, non-coding RNA-targeted therapies, and gene editing and cell therapies-by focusing on the two key links of the airway epithelial barrier and EMT.

From Diet to Scar: Novel Mendelian Randomization and Mediation Analyses Linking Dietary Habits, Gut Microbiota, and Hypertrophic Scarring

Hypertrophic scarring (HTS) is a pathological skin condition characterized by excessive collagen deposition during wound healing. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary habits and gut microbiota composition may influence HTS risk via systemic inflammatory and metabolic pathways. However, the causal relationships between these factors remain poorly understood. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to investigate the causal relationships between dietary habits, gut microbiota composition, and HTS risk. Additional analyses included mediation analysis to explore potential intermediary effects of gut microbiota and co-localization analysis to assess shared genetic loci between exposures and HTS. MR analysis identified significant associations between HTS and six dietary preferences, with caffeinated/sweet liking and jam liking increasing HTS risk, while crisps, curry, oranges, and strong flavor liking were protective. For gut microbiota, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Collinsella, and Coprococcus1 showed protective effects, whereas Adlercreutzia was positively associated with HTS risk. Mediation analysis did not support gut microbiota as a significant mediator between dietary habits and HTS, and co-localization analysis indicated distinct genetic determinants for these traits. The study highlights the independent roles of dietary habits and gut microbiota in influencing HTS risk, suggesting potential dietary and microbial-targeted interventions for scar prevention. Further research in diverse populations is needed to validate these findings and explore their clinical applications.

Ultrasound-Responsive 4D Bioscaffold for Synergistic Sonopiezoelectric-Gaseous Osteosarcoma Therapy and Enhanced Bone Regeneration

Various antitumor strategies have emerged to address the escalating need for effective tumor eradication. However, achieving precise and spatiotemporally controlled dynamic therapies remains promising yet challenging. Sonopiezoelectric nanotherapy eliminates tumor cells by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) through ultrasound stimulation, enabling spatiotemporal control and ensuring safety during deep tissue penetration. In this study, a hybrid bioscaffold incorporating few-layer black phosphorus (BP) and nitric oxide (NO) donors are rationally designed and engineered for sonopiezoelectric-gaseous synergistic therapy. This ultrasound-responsive system provides a stepwise countermeasure against tumor invasion in bone tissues. Ultrasonic vibration induces mechanical strain in BP nanosheets, leading to piezoelectric polarization and subsequent ROS generation. Moreover, ultrasound-triggered NO burst release from the donors enables spatiotemporally controlled gas therapy. The synergistic effects of sonopiezoelectric therapy and ultrasound-excited gas therapy enhance tumor eradication, effectively inhibiting tumor proliferation and metastasis while minimizing off-target cytotoxicity. Additionally, the biomineralization capability of degradable BP and proangiogenic effects of low-concentration NO establish the hybrid bioscaffold as a bioactive platform that facilitates subsequent bone regeneration. The development of this 4D multifunctional therapeutic platform, characterized by superior sonopiezoelectric efficacy, controlled NO release, and stimulatory effects on tissue regeneration, offers new insights into the comprehensive treatment of invasive bone tumors.

Implantable Dental Barrier Membranes as Regenerative Medicine in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis and bone loss in the maxillofacial and dental areas pose considerable challenges for both functional and aesthetic outcomes. To date, implantable dental barrier membranes, designed to prevent epithelial migration into defects and create a favorable environment for targeted cells, have garnered significant interest from researchers. Consequently, a variety of materials and fabrication methods have been explored in extensive research on regenerative dental barrier membranes.

METHODS

This review focuses on dental barrier membranes, summarizing the various biomaterials used in membrane manufacturing, fabrication methods, and state-of-the-art applications for dental tissue regeneration. Based on a discussion of the pros and cons of current membrane strategies, future research directions for improved membrane designs are proposed.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

To endow dental membranes with various biological properties that accommodate different clinical situations, numerous biomaterials and manufacturing methods have been proposed. These approaches provide theoretical support and hold promise for advancements in dental tissue regeneration.

Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells improve patency and regeneration of electrospun biodegradable vascular grafts via anti-thrombogenicity and M2 macrophage polarization

Small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) are prone to thrombosis and have low long-term patency rates for various reasons, which cannot meet the clinical requirements. In this work, Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell (hAMSC) seeding electrospun polylactic acid-co-polycaprolactone (PLCL) SDVGs are fabricated and their application potential is systematically evaluated. The SDVG has excellent mechanical properties. PLCL eletrospinning membrane has no cytotoxicity. The SDVG has a porous fibrous tube wall, uniform distribution of hAMSCs, and good cell compatibility, blood compatibility, histocompatibility and mechanical properties. hAMSCs loading can improve the acute antithrombotic ability, patency and in vivo regeneration effect of PLCL electrospun SDVGs. The mechanism is related to hAMSCs increasing the content of endothelial cells, contractile smooth muscle cells, and M2 macrophages, as well as activating extracellular matrix production.

NK cellular derived nanovesicles in tumor immunity

Natural Killer (NK) cells are a vital element of the innate immune system, and NK cell-based therapies have demonstrated efficacy against various malignancies. However, targeting solid tumors has been challenging due to the low infiltration of NK cells into tumors and the effective evasion strategies employed by tumors. Recent studies have shown that NK cell derived nanovesicles (NK-NV) can not only replicate the functions of NK cells but also offer more advantages in clinical applications. They are capable of transporting various cellular components such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids across distances, thereby facilitating intercellular communication among various cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). With the progress in nanomedical technology, these vesicles can be engineered to carry a range of functional elements and therapeutic agents to enhance their antitumoral capabilities. In this review, we summarize the current available literature on NK-NVs, discuss their potential biological functions and the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and explore their application in the treatment of solid tumors.

Novel high throughput 3D ECM remodeling assay identifies MEK as key driver of fibrotic fibroblast activity

In fibrotic tissues, activated fibroblasts remodel the collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). Intervening with this process represents a candidate therapeutic strategy to attenuate disease progression. Models that generate quantitative data on 3D fibroblast-mediated ECM remodeling with the reproducibility and throughput needed for drug testing are lacking. Here, we develop a model that fits this purpose and produces combined quantitative information on drug efficacy and cytotoxicity. We use microinjection robotics to design patterns of fibrillar collagen-embedded fibroblast clusters and apply automated microscopy and image analysis to quantify ECM remodeling between-, and cell viability within clusters of TGFβ-activated primary human skin or lung fibroblasts. We apply this assay to compound screening and reveal actionable targets to suppress fibrotic ECM remodeling. Strikingly, we find that after an initial phase of fibroblast activation by TGFβ, canonical TGFβ signaling is dispensable and, instead, non-canonical activation of MEK-ERK signaling drives ECM remodeling. Moreover, we reveal that higher concentrations of two TGFβ receptor inhibitors while blocking canonical TGFβ signaling, in fact stimulate this MEK-mediated profibrotic ECM remodeling activity.

Mineralized cellulose nanofibers reinforced bioactive hydrogel remodels the osteogenic and angiogenic microenvironment for enhancing bone regeneration

Slow osteogenesis and insufficient vascularization remain significant challenges in achieving effective bone repair and functional restoration with tissue-engineered scaffolds. Herein, a novel mineralized nanofibers reinforced bioactive hydrogel was designed to enhance bone regeneration inspired from the structural and functional properties of the bone tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). This bioactive hydrogel integrated enzymatically mineralized TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose (m-TOBC) nanofibers and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with the angiogenic drug dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) into gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). The m-TOBC nanofibers achieved one stone, three birds: improving the printability of GelMA ink, mechanical properties, and osteoconduction of the hydrogel. The incorporation of MSNs loaded with DMOG fostered an angiogenic microenvironment through the release of DMOG. Results indicated that the bioactive hydrogel significantly enhanced in vitro mineralized matrix deposition and osteoblastic alkaline phosphatase expression. Additionally, the bioactive hydrogel had good ability to promote angiogenesis in terms of enhanced endothelial cell migration, tube formation, and upregulated angiogenic genes expression levels. In a critical-sized rat cranial defect model, the bioactive hydrogel significantly enhanced bone regeneration. Overall, this research offered a promising strategy to design nanofibers enhanced hydrogel to remodel osteogenic and angiogenic microenvironment for enhancing bone repair.

A novel MMP-9 inhibitor exhibits selective inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer harboring EGFR T790M mutation by blocking EGFR/STAT3 signaling pathway

The T790M secondary mutation in EGFR confers therapeutic resistance to EGFR-TKIs, leading to poor outcomes. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR T790M mutation is incurable and there is an urgent need for improved therapeutics. Here we report the identification of a small compound, MG-3C, that kills NSCLC cells with T790M mutation while sparing lung cancer cells without T790M mutation. We found that MG-3C activity targets EGFR-STAT3 signaling pathway in NSCLC through direct inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), ultimately leading to G2/M phase arrest, growth inhibition and apoptosis. Compared with the reported MMP-9 inhibitor Ilomastat, MG-3C shows high anticancer activity and affinity for targets. MG-3C forms hydrogen bonds with the ASP-113, ASP-201 and HIS-203 amino acid residues of MMP-9 with a docking fraction of -9.04 kcal/mol, while Ilomastat forms hydrogen bonds with the GLN-169, ASP-201 and HIS-203 amino acid residues of MMP-9 with a docking fraction of -5.98 kcal/mol. The spatial structure composed of ASP-113, ASP-201, and HIS-203 of MMP-9 provides a new coordinate for the design of MMP-9 inhibitors. Most importantly, subcutaneous and oral administration of MG-3C elicit dramatic regression of NSCLC xenograft tumors harboring T790M mutation as well as favorable biosafety profile in vivo, suggesting that MG-3C may be a potential candidate for NSCLC harboring T790M mutation.

Myeloid SHP2 attenuates myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury via regulation of BRD4/SYK/STING/NOX4/NLRP3 signaling

The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of myeloid Src homology region 2‑containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R) injury and the underlying mechanism. Bioinformatics was used to analyze genes specifically associated with MI/R. In addition, myeloid‑specific SHP2 knockout mice and wild‑type mice were subjected to MI/R or sham surgery. Echocardiography and Masson's staining were used to observe the myocardial function and infarct area of the mice. In addition, double immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the relative fluorescence intensity of SHP2 and bromodomain‑containing protein 4 (BRD4) in bone marrow‑derived macrophages (BMMs) from the mice. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the expression levels of SHP2, BRD4, spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), IL‑1β and gasdermin D (GSDMD) in BMMs and mouse myocardial cells co‑cultured with the BMMs. In addition, flow cytometry was employed to assess myocardial cell apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the downregulated expression of SHP2 and upregulated expression of BRD4 and SYK in mice with MI/R. The deletion of myeloid SHP2 aggravated MI/R injury, impaired cardiac function and increased the infarct area in mice. In addition, myeloid SHP2 deletion in BMMs promoted the expression of BRD4, SYK, STING, NOX4 and NLRP3 in BMMs, and the expression of IL‑1β and GSDMD in mouse myocardial cells co‑cultured with the BMMs. In addition, the deletion of myeloid SHP2 promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis. These results indicate that myeloid SHP2 inhibits MI/R injury by regulating BRD4/SYK/STING/NOX4/NLRP3 signaling in BMMs.

M2 macrophage derived exosomal miR-20a-5p ameliorates trophoblast pyroptosis and placental injuries in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome via the TXNIP/NLRP3 axis

AIM

Obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome (OAPS) is a pregnancy-related complication characterized by trophoblast pyroptosis and placental injury induced by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs). M2-polarized macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-exos) exert anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and growth-promoting effects in various autoimmune diseases and tumors. However, their role in OAPS is not yet clear. Therefore, in this study, we isolated M2-exos from M2 macrophages and investigated their effects on trophoblast proliferation, death, migration, invasion, and pyroptosis following stimulation using aPLs.

MAIN METHODS

First, we established an animal model of OAPS and thereafter treated the OAPS mice with exogenous M2-exos via injection through the tail vein. Then to clarify the roles of miR-20a-5p and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in OAPS, we performed gain- or loss-of-function assays, and used GraphPad Prism software to analyze the collected data with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.

KEY FINDINGS

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) sequencing revealed the enrichment of miR-20a-5p in M2-exos, and these M2-exos significantly alleviated aPLs-induced trophoblast dysfunction. Our results also indicated that M2-exos delivered miR-20a-5p to trophoblast cells directly targeted thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and thus suppressed the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway, reduced pyroptosis and inflammation in trophoblast cells, and improved placental function and fetal development.

SIGNIFICANCE

M2-exos improve pregnancy outcomes in OAPS via the miR-20a-5p/TXNIP/NLRP3 axis, and thus represent as a novel therapeutic approach for aPLs-induced OAPS.

Advances of Metal-Based Nanomaterials in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Infections

The complicated environment of the oral cavity presents significant challenges to traditional antibacterial approaches, which has driven the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. Metal-based nanomaterials (MNMs), with diverse antibacterial mechanisms (e.g., membrane disruption, oxidative stress) and evolution from empirical to theory-guided design, exhibit immense potential. This review introduces the pioneering Hierarchical Response Strategy Framework, systematically classifying MNM therapeutic systems into three progressive levels: Primary category, comprising MNMs that exert spontaneous antibacterial effects based on inherent physicochemical properties (e.g., ion release); Secondary category, including MNMs with precisely controlled antibacterial actions by microenvironmental or stimulus-responsive mechanisms (e.g., light-induced ROS); and Tertiary category, encompassing MNMs that integrate antibacterial and regenerative functions for multidimensional therapy (e.g., remineralization). Through this framework, the authors elucidate MNMs' transition from single-function to precision-controlled, multifunctional synergy, analyze the impact of metal elements and structural design on efficacy, and summarize their applications in dental caries, endodontic infections, and periodontal disease, etc. This framework offers a novel perspective on existing research and a theoretical foundation for the rational design of next-generation precise, smart, and comprehensive anti-infective materials.

Milk-derived exosomes as functional nanocarriers in wound healing: Mechanisms, applications, and future directions

Wound healing presents a significant challenge in healthcare, imposing substantial physiological and economic burdens. While traditional treatments and stem cell therapies have shown benefits, milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) offer distinct advantages as a cell-free therapeutic approach. MDEs, isolated from mammalian milk, are characterized by their biocompatibility, ease of acquisition, and high yield, making them a promising tool for enhancing wound repair. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the composition, sources, and extraction methods of MDEs, with a focus on their therapeutic role in both acute and diabetic chronic wounds. MDEs facilitate wound healing through the delivery of bioactive molecules, modulating key processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and collagen synthesis. Their ability to regulate complex wound-healing pathways underscores their potential for widespread clinical application. This review highlights the importance of MDEs in advancing wound management and proposes strategies to optimize their use in regenerative medicine.

Metal-Organic Frameworks: Unlocking New Frontiers in Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most critical diseases which is the predominant cause of death in the world. Early screening and diagnosis of the disease and effective treatment after diagnosis play an important role in the patient's recovery. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a kind of hybrid ordered micro or meso-porous materials, constructed by metal nodes or clusters with organic ligands, due to their special features like high porosity and specific surface area, open metal sites, or ligand tunability, are widely used in various areas including gas storage, catalysis, sensors, biomedicine. Recently, advances in MOFs are bringing new developments and opportunities for the healthcare industry including the theranostic of CVD. In this review, the applications of MOFs are illustrated in the diagnosis and therapy of CVD, including biomarker detection, imaging, drug delivery systems, therapeutic gas delivery platforms, and nanomedicine. Also, the toxicity and biocompatibility of MOFs are discussed. By providing a comprehensive summary of the role played by MOFs in the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs, it is hoped to promote the future applications of MOFs in disease theranostics, especially in CVDs.

Nanozyme-driven multifunctional dressings: moving beyond enzyme-like catalysis in chronic wound treatment

The treatment of chronic wounds presents significant challenges due to the necessity of accelerating healing within complex microenvironments characterized by persistent inflammation and biochemical imbalances. Factors such as bacterial infections, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress disrupt cellular functions and impair angiogenesis, substantially delaying wound repair. Nanozymes, which are engineered nanoscale materials with enzyme-like activities, offer distinct advantages over conventional enzymes and traditional nanomaterials, making them promising candidates for chronic wound treatment. To enhance their clinical potential, nanozyme-based catalytic systems are currently being optimized through formulation advancements and preclinical studies assessing their biocompatibility, anti-oxidant activity, antibacterial efficacy, and tissue repair capabilities, ensuring their safety and clinical applicability. When integrated into multifunctional wound dressings, nanozymes modulate reactive oxygen species levels, promote tissue regeneration, and simultaneously combat infections and oxidative damage, extending beyond conventional enzyme-like catalysis in chronic wound treatment. The customizable architectures of nanozymes enable precise therapeutic applications, enhancing their effectiveness in managing complex wound conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the incorporation of nanozymes into wound dressings, detailing fabrication methods and emphasizing their transformative potential in chronic wound management. By identifying and addressing key limitations, we introduce strategic advancements to drive the development of nanozyme-driven dressings, paving the way for next-generation chronic wound treatments.

Effects of proteolysis pretreatment on the formation, structural changes and emulsifying properties of rice glutelin amyloid-like fibrils

Enzymatic hydrolysis prior to fibrillation can improve the formation capacity of food protein fibrils, which further affects their functional properties. In this study, the effects of proteolysis pretreatment with trypsin on the formation, structural changes and emulsifying properties of rice glutelin (RG) fibrils were investigated. The results showed that the formation of protein fibrils was confirmed by Thioflavin T fluorescence spectra, and the fibril formation capacity was enhanced by trypsin proteolysis pretreatment. The fibrils derived from the enzymatically modified rice glutelin (E-RG) had more β-sheet structures (58.20 %). Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were mainly involved in the formation of fibrils. More and more flexible fibrils were observed during the E-RG fibrillation. In addition, the emulsifying activity (21.68 m2/g), stability (26.84 min) and apparent viscosity of the E-RG fibrils were improved. Hence, these findings can provide a reference for broadening the application of rice glutelin fibrils in food processing.

Biomimetic Microchannel Integrated Silk Fibroin Scaffold for Regeneration of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the primary cause of low back pain, and patients with severe degeneration usually require lumbar fusion or total disc arthroplasty. Lumbar fusion carries the risk of accelerated degeneration of the adjacent intervertebral disc (IVD), and total disc arthroplasty could reduce the risk. However, the clinical application of artificial IVD whose nondegradable properties make it difficult to restore the biological function of the IVD. Therefore, we intend to fabricate a novel biomimetic microchannel integrated silk fibroin scaffold (BMI-SF scaffold) containing annulus fibrosus with oriented cross-microchannels and nucleus pulposus with interconnected porous structure. The BMI-SF scaffold exhibits controllable microchannels as well as excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that microchannels can direct cells into the BMI-SF scaffold and enhance neovascularization, supplying adequate nutritional support for tissue regeneration. The IVD replacement model showed that the BMI-SF scaffold has superior regenerative effects, such as restoring IVD height and providing motion segments with dynamic mechanical properties akin to the natural IVD. In this study, the BMI-SF scaffold developed using controlled microchannels provides a new strategy for patients with severe IVDD and has broad clinical application prospects.

Progress of nanomaterials in the treatment of ischemic heart disease

Medical or surgical interventions are commonly used to alleviate the clinical symptoms of individuals suffering from ischemic heart disease (IHD), but global morbidity and mortality remain high. This is due to the complexity of disease progression and the pathological basis of IHD, which primarily includes myocardial infarction (MI), myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and heart failure (HF), as well as underlying mechanisms, such as mitochondrial damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiomyocyte death. However, many drugs have limitations, such as poor stability and low bioavailability, and surgical strategies are often ineffective in preventing disease recurrence. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to develop effective drug delivery systems and technologies. Due to their advantages in enhancing drug utilization, nanomaterials are being used to control drug biodistribution and achieve targeted accumulation, addressing the therapeutic needs of IHD. In this work, we first described the clinical aspects of MI, IRI, and HF in the context of IHD as well as their shared pathological origins. Next, clinical interventional procedures for IHD are summarized. Finally, recent developments in the use of nanomaterials for the treatment of MI, IRI, and HF are highlighted, along with potential directions for future research.

EGR1-Driven Re-Epithelialization Enabled by Rutin-Based Self-Assembled Hydrogel Platform for Oral Ulcer Therapy

Oral ulcer (OU) is a highly prevalent mucosal disease characterized by persistent epithelial disruption. The primary challenge in its prolonged healing process is the disorder of re-epithelialization. This study develops a self-assembled hydrogel platform based on the natural small molecule rutin, which overcomes the re-epithelialization barrier through the synergistic effects of early growth response factor 1 (EGR1) gene programming and microenvironment remodeling. In this hydrogel, rutin formed supramolecular structures via hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions without structural modification. In vitro experiments confirm that rutin-based self-assembled hydrogel (RUTG) possesses excellent sustained-release properties and biocompatibility. Moreover, RUTG specifically regulates the transcriptional activation and translation of EGR1, thereby mediating the expression of re-epithelialization-related protein SOX9, and ultimately accelerating cell proliferation and migration as well as promoting re-epithelialization. Additionally, RUTG demonstrates beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, effectively remodeling the local microenvironment. In vivo studies using an oral ulcer model further confirm that RUTG could significantly accelerate the re-epithelialization process, shorten the ulcer healing cycle, and achieve functional tissue reconstruction. Collectively, this carrier-free hydrogel system, which integrates gene programming with microenvironment modulation to achieve efficient re-epithelialization, holds promise for introducing novel approaches to the treatment of oral ulcers.

Myogenic nano-adjuvant for orthopedic-related sarcopenia via mitochondrial homeostasis modulation in macrophage-myosatellite metabolic crosstalk

The decline in skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength linked to aging, also known as sarcopenia, is strongly associated with disability, traumatic injury, and metabolic disease in patients. Meanwhile, sarcopenia increases the risk of adverse orthopedic perioperative complications including implant dislocation, infection, loosening, and poor wound healing. Mitochondrial dyshomeostasis in the immune-myosatellite metabolic crosstalk is one of the major pathological factors in sarcopenia. To reduce the incidence of orthopedic perioperative complications in patients, we designed and developed a nano-adjuvant based on two-dimensional layer double hydroxide (LDH) for sustained improvement of systemic and orthopedic-related sarcopenia. Construction of MgAlCo-LDH@UA (MACL@UA) nano-adjuvant was performed by introducing cobalt in magnesium-aluminum LDH and further loading urolithin A (UA). The release of magnesium ions and UA promoted myocyte proliferation, angiogenesis and improved mitochondrial homeostasis. Al acted as an immunomodulatory adjuvant to enhance the metabolic crosstalk between macrophages and myosatellite cells, and prompted macrophage-derived glutamine nourishment. Animal experiments confirmed that vaccination with MACL@UA in systemic sarcopenia and intensive orthopedic perioperative vaccination with MACL@UA significantly enhanced quadriceps muscle mass in rats. This nano-adjuvant offers a solution for long-term improvement of sarcopenia and short-term significant reduction of orthopedic perioperative complications in patients, with promising prospects for clinical application and commercial translation.

Accurate Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids With Platelet-Rich Fibrin Shield: Enhancing Survival and Repair Functions of Sp-MSCs in Diabetic Wound Healing

Diabetic wound is a significant clinical challenge, and stem cell therapy has shown great potential. This study explores the role of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids (Sp-MSCs) in healing diabetic wounds and the use of autologous plasma-rich platelet fibrin (PRF) as a scaffold for Sp-MSCs. Through activation of the coagulation system, PRF offers a protective fibrin shield for Sp-MSCs to promote the rapid recovery migration and proliferation of MSCs while maintaining the activity of Sp-MSCs in an inflammatory overload environment by activating the related genes of Integrin-β1-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. The inclusion of Sp-MSCs accelerates the gelation of PRF and results in improved mechanical strength. Additionally, PRF enhances the repair function of Sp-MSCs, creating a favorable microenvironment for angiogenesis. In the wound model of diabetic mice, the combination of PRF with Sp-MSCs accelerates wound healing. Results show that this combination significantly promotes wound repair and regulates the immune microenvironment. The study suggests that PRF is a promising bio-derived scaffold for stem cell applications in diabetic wounds, offering new directions for stem cell therapy and biomimetic scaffold material development.

ZIF-8 composite nanofibrous membranes loaded with bFGF: a new approach for tendon adhesion prevention and repair

During tendon injury repair, deficiency of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a critical factor leading to unsatisfactory repair results. This study aims to prepare bFGF-loaded zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanocrystals using a one-pot synthesis method. Subsequently, a bilayer nanofibrous membrane incorporating these drug-loaded nanocrystals was fabricated through electrospinning technology. The potential of this composite nanofibrous membrane to facilitate the continuous release of bFGF at the site of tendon injury was evaluated, with the aim of enhancing the quality of tendon repair. The efficacy of the nanofibrous membrane in promoting tendon differentiation, preventing tendon adhesion, and facilitating tendon repair was assessed through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. At the site of tendon injury, the degradation of ZIF-8 in an acidic microenvironment resulted in the release of bFGF and Zn2+, which contributed to the enhancement of tendon repair. ZIF-8 nanocrystals achieved an encapsulation efficiency of 50.13% ± 1.42%. Following a continuous release period exceeding 40 days, the cumulative in vitro release rate was determined to be 35.02% ± 4.27%. The incorporation of ZIF-8 nanocrystals into a nanofibrous membrane demonstrated the ability to effectively preserve the bioactivity of bFGF while enabling sustained release at the site of tendon injury, thereby facilitating tendon repair. The findings offer novel insights into the treatment of tendon injuries and provide significant theoretical guidance for the tendon repair process.

A Generative Artificial Intelligence Copilot for Biomedical Nanoengineering

The recent success of large language models (LLMs) in performing natural language processing tasks has increased interest in applying generative artificial intelligence (AI) to scientific research. However, a common problem of LLMs is their tendency to produce inaccurate and sometimes "hallucinated" outputs. Here, we established a generative AI tool, NanoSafari, to automatically extract knowledge from the biomedical nanoscience literature and address scientific queries. We developed the Grouped Iterative Validation based Information Extraction (GIVE) method to extract contextual information on nanoparticle characteristics from >20,000 published articles and established a database that was incorporated into the generative LLM to provide accurate nanomaterial design parameters. Blinded evaluation by biomedical nanoscientists showed that NanoSafari outperformed the baseline model in providing more reliable parameters for nanomaterial design tasks, as further validated by bench experiments. Together, these findings demonstrate the utility of AI-based methods for automated learning from "real-world" published work to provide accurate and reliable scientific references for biomaterial and bioengineering applications.

Bioinspired rational design of nanozymes

Nanozymes, an emerging class of artificial enzymes, have attracted increasing attention for their potential in environmental monitoring, industrial catalysis, food safety, and biomedicine. To date, more than 1500 nanomaterials have been identified with enzyme-like activities, some demonstrating catalytic performances that match or even exceed those of natural enzymes. Despite this progress, key challenges remain, including poorly understood catalytic mechanisms, ambiguous structure-activity relationships, and a heavy dependence on nonspecific surface sites, all of which limit the efficiency, selectivity, and broader application of nanozymes. To address these limitations, researchers are turning to nature for inspiration, seeking to reconstruct enzyme active centers at the atomic scale and establish innovative design principles. This review examines the catalytic mechanisms and structural characteristics of natural enzymes, integrating machine learning approaches to investigate nanozyme kinetics, transition state stabilization, electron/proton transfer, and cooperative effects. It highlights bioinspired strategies such as three-dimensional structure design, cofactor incorporation, and artificial organelle systems. Furthermore, the review explores rational nanozyme design using activity descriptors and predictive modeling. Finally, it outlines the transformative potential of artificial intelligence and multiscale simulations in optimizing nanozyme performance, offering a theoretical foundation for the development of next-generation intelligent nanozymes.

Quercetin, Kaempferol and Capsaicin Counteract the TGF-β1-Induced Upregulation of αSMA and Collagen in Myoblasts

In fibrotic skeletal muscles, excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a result of increased activation and decreased apoptosis of myofibroblasts. The aim of this study is to investigate whether treatment with quercetin, kaempferol or capsaicin can reduce the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced myofibroblast differentiation and fibrotic ECM expression in differentiated C2C12 cells. Two-day-differentiated C2C12 cells were treated with TGF-β1 for 48 h to induce myofibroblast differentiation. Twenty-four hours before (pre-treatment) and for forty-eight hours with (co-treatment) TGF-β1 treatment, cells were exposed to quercetin (25, 50 µM), kaempferol (10, 25, 50 µM) or capsaicin (25, 50 µM). The immunofluorescence intensity of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and collagen type I/III gene expression were assessed as myofibroblast markers. MyoD immunofluorescence intensity was measured as a myogenic marker. Co-treatment of TGF-β1 with the phytochemicals was most effective, resulting in a decreased number of αSMA-positive cells (all three compounds), decreased collagen type I (kaempferol, capsaicin) and type III (kaempferol) gene expression, and increased MyoD (kaempferol, capsaicin) protein expression compared to TGF-β1 treatment. This study demonstrates that treatment with quercetin, kaempferol or capsaicin can reduce myofibroblast markers. This suggests a possible anti-fibrotic effect of the phytochemicals in skeletal muscle.

Biomimetic Anti-Adhesion Silk@Extracellular Matrix Composite Patch for the Treatment of Abdominal Wall Defects

Abdominal wall defects are predisposed to life-threatening complications. Biocompatible hernia patches are crucial for the effective repair and reconstruction of abdominal wall defects. However, conventional polymer-based hernia patches are prone to inducing inflammation and reaction to foreign body. The biomimetic Silk@Extracellular Matrix (S@ECM) patch is composed of naturally derived silk and extracellular matrix. The mechanical properties of S@ECM are provided by silk as the template and the incorporation of ECM facilitates cell adhesion and proliferation. Thus, S@ECM patch leads to the abilities of anti-adhesion and rapid reconstruction of the abdominal wall by recruiting cells. In vitro experiments using mechanical property tests demonstrate excellent mechanical properties (8.0 ± 0.1 MPa). In vivo experiments using a rat abdominal wall defect model demonstrate outstanding resistance to adhesions and rapid repair of the abdominal wall. The biomimetic S@ECM patch offers excellent therapeutic effects on abdominal wall defects, anti-adhesion effects and accelerates the repair of abdominal wall defects through in biomimetic reconstruction of abdominal wall defects. It offers significant values for repairing abdominal wall defects and provides design ideas for repairing other soft tissues.

ICG/MnO2-HFn-mPEG-DSPE-Lip enhances the anticancer activity of ICG phototherapy

Hypoxia poses a significant challenge to the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment. This study aims to design and synthesize PEGylated liposomes encapsulating MnO₂, indocyanine green (ICG), and H-chain ferritin (HFn) to potentially address hypoxia and enhance the therapeutic outcomes of PDT. PEGylated liposomes (ICG/MnO₂-HFn-mPEG-DSPE-Lip) were constructed with a rod-like structure, incorporating MnO₂ as a hypoxia-modulating agent and ICG as a photosensitizer. The drug loading capacity, stability and safety of liposomes were characterized. Singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) was measured under simulated tumor microenvironment conditions. In vitro phototoxicity was evaluated using A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Liposomes have a high drug loading capacity, good biocompatibility and good long-term stability. Under tumor-simulated conditions, ΦΔ was significantly improved, increasing from 0.210 for free ICG to 0.507. The liposomes demonstrated remarkable phototoxic effects on A549 cells (90.5% cell death under combined PDT/PTT vs. 15% for free ICG). This nanoplatform proposes a novel strategy to overcome hypoxia-induced PDT resistance, and the enhanced efficacy may be attributed to the increased oxygen supply mediated by MnO2 carried by HFn. These findings provide important insights for the development of next-generation therapeutic systems targeting tumor hypoxia.