1
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Ratzenböck A, Kobras M, Rustler A, Reiser O. Lewis Acid Catalyzed Cyclopropane Ring-Opening-Cyclization Cascade Using Thioureas as a N,N-bisnucleophile: Synthesis of Bicyclic Furo-, Pyrano-, and Pyrrololactams via a Formal [4+1]-Addition. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401332. [PMID: 38897923 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Fused bicyclic cyclopropanes were converted by Lewis acid-catalysis with thioureas to furo-, pyrano, and pyrrololactams with yields of up to 99 % and high diastereoselectivity. The formation of the title compounds, representing a formal [4+1]-cycloaddition to a donor-acceptor substituted cyclopropane, follows a cascade reaction involving SN1-type ring-opening addition and cyclization. Thiourea, being a cost-effective and odorless reagent, acts as an N,N-bis-nucleophile to generate bicyclic compounds containing an N-substituted γ-lactam moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ratzenböck
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Kobras
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Rustler
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Saha SK, Mallick S, Nath A, De Sarkar S. Electrosynthesis of Highly Functionalized Quinolines through Radical Annulation-Polar Addition Cascade. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39172934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of diversely functionalized quinoline-2-carboxylates is illustrated through electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling between N-aryl glycinates and methylenecyclopropanes. An extensive range of distinct functionalities is well-compatible under these transition-metal- and oxidant-free mild electrochemical conditions, contributing to a broad substrate scope and practical applicability. Cyclic voltammetric measurements and control experiments suggested a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition involving radical intermediates, followed by a cyclopropyl ring opening through nucleophilic polar addition, consecutively fabricating C-C and C-N bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Saha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Samrat Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Aritra Nath
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
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3
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Ni HQ, Alturaifi TM, Rodphon W, Scherschel NF, Yang S, Wang F, McAlpine IJ, Piercey DG, Liu P, Engle KM. Anti-selective Cyclopropanation of Nonconjugated Alkenes with Diverse Pronucleophiles via Directed Nucleopalladation. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39172733 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
A facile approach to obtaining densely functionalized cyclopropanes is described. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions via the directed nucleopalladation of nonconjugated alkenes with readily available pronucleophiles and gives excellent yields and good anti-selectivity using I2 and TBHP as oxidants. Pronucleophiles bearing a diverse collection of electron-withdrawing groups, including -CN, -CO2R, -COR, -SO2Ph, -CONHR, and -NO2, are well tolerated. Internal alkenes, which are generally challenging substrates in other cyclopropanation methods, provide excellent yields and good diastereoselectivity in this methodology, allowing for controlled access to cyclopropanes substituted at all three C atoms. DFT calculations and mechanistic experiments reveal that the major mechanistic pathway involves the initial α-iodination of the nucleophile, followed by anti-carbopalladation and intramolecular C(sp3)-I oxidative addition. Strain-release-promoted C(sp3)-C(sp3) reductive elimination then furnishes the cyclopropanated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Turki M Alturaifi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Warabhorn Rodphon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas F Scherschel
- Department of Materials Engineering and Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Indrawan J McAlpine
- Pfizer Oncology Medicinal Chemistry, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Genesis Therapeutics, 11568 Sorrento Valley Rd. Suite 8, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Davin G Piercey
- Department of Materials Engineering and Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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4
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Mitra S, Connolly SM, Ayidi S, Mondal M, Panda M, Kelly BG, Kerrigan NJ. Catalytic stereoselective synthesis of cyclopentanones from donor-acceptor cyclopropanes and in situ-generated ketenes. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39157999 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
A dual InBr3-EtAlCl2 Lewis acidic system was found to be optimal for promoting the diastereoselective (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with in situ-generated ketenes to form cyclopentanones. The desired products were formed in good to excellent yields (70-93% for 16 examples) and with good to excellent diastereoselectivity and enantiospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhanjan Mitra
- School of Chemical Sciences and Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Sophie M Connolly
- School of Chemical Sciences and Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Saud Ayidi
- School of Chemical Sciences and Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Mukulesh Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd, MI 48309, USA
| | - Manashi Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 N. Squirrel Rd, MI 48309, USA
| | | | - Nessan J Kerrigan
- School of Chemical Sciences and Life Sciences Institute, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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5
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Chen Z, Zhao S, Wang T, Xue F, Zhu C, Yue Y, Feng C. Electrooxidative 1,3-Oxo/Carboamination of Arylcyclopropanes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39140316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the work demonstrates an electrochemically paired electrolysis approach facilitating the efficient achievement of the electrooxidative 1,3-oxo/carboamination of arylcyclopropanes under mild conditions. The formation of 1,3-arylamination of arylcyclopropanes involves commercially available amine redox mediators through a radical-radical process. In addition, the successful execution of β-amino ketones also occurs under atmospheric conditions. The control experiments supported the existence of key benzylic radical intermediates in the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Chen
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Material Physics & Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chuan Zhu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yanni Yue
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering of Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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6
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Yu K, Nie Q, Chen Q, Liu W. Manganese-catalyzed cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols with sulfones. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6798. [PMID: 39122745 PMCID: PMC11315923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclopropanes are among the most important structural units in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Herein, we report a manganese-catalyzed cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols with sulfones as carbene alternative precursors via a borrowing hydrogen strategy under mild conditions. Various allylic alcohols and arylmethyl trifluoromethyl sulfones work efficiently in this borrowing hydrogen transformation and thereby deliver the corresponding cyclopropylmethanol products in 58% to 99% yields. Importantly, a major benefit of this transformation is that the versatile free alcohol moiety is retained in the resultant products, which can undergo a wide range of downstream transformations to provide access to a series of functional molecules. Mechanistic studies support a sequential reaction mechanism that involves catalytic dehydrogenation, Michael addition, cyclization, and catalytic hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qianjin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, 201620, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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7
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Guin A, Deswal S, Harariya MS, Biju AT. Lewis acid-catalyzed diastereoselective formal ene reaction of thioindolinones/thiolactams with bicyclobutanes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12473-12479. [PMID: 39118603 PMCID: PMC11304820 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs), featuring two fused cyclopropane rings, have found widespread application in organic synthesis. Their versatile reactivity towards radicals, nucleophiles, cations, and carbenes makes them suitable for various reactions, including ring-opening and annulation strategies. Despite this versatility, their potential as enophiles in an ene reaction remains underexplored. Considering this and given the challenges of achieving diastereoselectivity in ring-opening reactions of BCBs, herein, we present a unique method utilizing BCBs as enophiles in a mild and diastereoselective Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed formal ene reaction with thioindolinones/thiolactams, delivering 1,3-disubstituted cyclobutane derivatives in high yields and excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. Notably, structurally different thiolactam derivatives underwent diastereoselective addition to BCBs, affording the corresponding cyclobutanes. The synthesized thioindole-substituted cyclobutanes could serve as a versatile tool for subsequent functional group manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Guin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Shiksha Deswal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Mahesh Singh Harariya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India https://atbiju.in/
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8
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Xie T, Chen SS, Li YY, Chen DF. Leveraging Electron Push-Pull Effect for Catalytic Polymerization and Degradation of a Cyclobutane Monomer System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405408. [PMID: 38728168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) offers a striking solution to solve problems encountered in step-growth condensation polymerization, including precise control over molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and topology. This has inspired our interest in ROP of cycloalkanes with an ultimate goal to rethink polyolefins, which clearly poses a number of challenges. Practicality of ROP of cycloalkanes is actually limited by their low polymerizability and elusive mechanisms which arise from significantly varied ring size and non-polar C-C bonds in monomers. In this work, by using Lewis acid/Brønsted base/C(sp3)-H initiator system previously developed in our laboratory, we focus on cyclobutanes and explore the positional and electronic effects of substituents on the ring, namely electron push-pull effect, in promoting controlled polymerization to afford densely functionalized poly(cyclobutanes), as well as catalytic degradation of obtained polymers for upcycling. More importantly, experiments and DFT calculations unveil considerable population of Lewis-acid-induced thermostabilized 1,4-zwitterions, which distinguish cyclobutanes from cyclopropanes and others. All these findings would shed light on catalytic synthesis and degradation of saturated all-carbon main-chain polymers, as well as small molecule transformations of cyclobutanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shu-Sen Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Dian-Feng Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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9
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Li H, Cheng W, Lv J, Wang C. Synthesis of Fully Substituted Pyrazoles with a Dicyanomethyl Group via DBU/Lewis Acid-Mediated Annulation of D-A Cyclopropanes with Arylhydrazines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10355-10362. [PMID: 38959522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of fully substituted pyrazoles with a dicyanomethyl group was developed via an annulation reaction of 2-aroyl D-A cyclopropanes with arylhydrazines in the presence of DBU/AlCl3 reaction systems. This synthetic approach featured a wide range of readily available aroyl-substituted D-A cyclopropanes with diverse functional groups and a diversity of substituents on pyrazole products and had operationally simple and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhe Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Jiaman Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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10
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Li H, Cheng W, Wang C. Annulation of 2-Aroyl D-A Cyclopropanes via Selectively Ring-Opening Process with o-Benzenediamines to Access Quinoxaline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10333-10337. [PMID: 38953243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
An annulation reaction of 2-aroyl D-A cyclopropanes with o-benzenediamines via selective cleavage of C-C bonds of cyclopropane in the presence of DBU/Sc(OTf)3 reaction systems was developed for the direct preparation of 2-aryl-3-benzylquinoxalines. This synthetic approach tolerated a wide range of readily available aroyl-substituted D-A cyclopropanes with diverse functional groups and had operationally simple and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhe Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University,180 Siwangting Street, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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11
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Liu X, Zhu R, Yang Y, Xue Y, Xu D. Theoretical insights into enantioselective [2 + 1] cyclopropanation reactions of diazo compounds with electron-deficient olefins. J Mol Model 2024; 30:274. [PMID: 39023638 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The cyclopropane skeleton plays a significant role in bioactive molecules due to its distinctive structural properties. This has sparked keen interest and in-depth exploration in the field of stereoselective synthesis of cyclopropane derivatives. In the present study, the mechanism and the origin of stereoselectivity of diastereodivergent synthesis of cyclopropane derivatives via the catalyst-free [2 + 1]-cyclopropanation reactions of 3-diazo-N-methylindole (R1) with two types of electron-deficient olefins (R2 and R3) in both aqueous and toluene media have been studied using the DFT calculations. The findings indicate that these [2 + 1] cycloaddition reactions proceed in two stages, where the first step is not only the rate-determining step but also critically dictates the stereoselectivity of the product. The calculated diastereomeric ratios are in agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, by utilizing non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis and energy decomposition analysis based on molecular force fields (EDA-FF), we elucidated that the electrostatic interactions between reactant fragments in the transition state TS1s for the first step are the predominant factors determining the stereoselectivity, as opposed to the experimentally hypothesized steric hindrance and π-π stacking interactions. METHODS The geometrical structures of all minima and transition states on the potential energy surface (PES) in solvents water and toluene were fully optimized using the DFT method at the M06-2X(D3)/SMD/6-31 + G(d,p) level of theory. Single-point energy calculations were carried out based on the optimized geometries in the solution at the M06-2X(D3)/6-311 + G(d,p) level. All the DFT calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09 software. The optimized molecular structures were visualized using CYLview software. NCI analysis was performed using the Multiwfn and VMD softwares. The Multiwfn program was also used for CDFT and EDA-FF analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
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12
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Nicolai S, Waser J. Lewis acid catalyzed [4+2] annulation of bicyclobutanes with dienol ethers for the synthesis of bicyclo[4.1.1]octanes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10823-10829. [PMID: 39027289 PMCID: PMC11253158 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02767a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicyclic carbocycles containing a high fraction of Csp3 have become highly attractive synthetic targets because of the multiple applications they have found in medicinal chemistry. The formal cycloaddition of bicyclobutanes (BCBs) with two- or three-atom partners has recently been extensively explored for the construction of bicyclohexanes and bicycloheptanes, but applications to the synthesis of medium-sized bridged carbocycles remained more limited. We report herein the formal [4+2] cycloaddition of BCB ketones with silyl dienol ethers. The reaction occurred in the presence of 5 mol% aluminium triflate as a Lewis acid catalyst. Upon acidic hydrolysis of the enol ether intermediates, rigid bicyclo[4.1.1]octane (BCO) diketones could be accessed in up to quantitative yields. This procedure tolerated a range of both aromatic and aliphatic substituents on both the BCB substrates and the dienes. The obtained BCO products could be functionalized through reduction and cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Nicolai
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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13
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Britto KJ, Meenakshi M, Srinivasan K. Synthesis of 1-aryl-2,3-diaroyl cyclopropanes from 1,3,5-triaryl-1,5-diketones and their transformation into E, E-1,4-diaryl-1,3-butadienes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22076-22085. [PMID: 39005250 PMCID: PMC11240216 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02525c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of 1-aryl-2,3-diaroyl cyclopropanes has been developed by iodine/DBU-mediated cyclization of 1,3,5-triaryl-1,5-diketones. The alcohols derived by the reduction of these cyclopropanes, when treated with conc. HCl, afforded a series of 1,3-dienes through cyclopropyl ring-opening and subsequent fragmentation. Overall, the synthetic sequence represents a new non-Wittig methodology for the synthesis of 1,3-dienes from 1,5-diketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashpar John Britto
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620024 Tamil Nadu India +91-431-2407053
| | - Maniarasu Meenakshi
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620024 Tamil Nadu India +91-431-2407053
| | - Kannupal Srinivasan
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620024 Tamil Nadu India +91-431-2407053
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14
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Reyes E, Uria U, Prieto L, Carrillo L, Vicario JL. Organocatalysis as an enabling tool for enantioselective ring-opening reactions of cyclopropanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7288-7298. [PMID: 38938176 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01933d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The rich reactivity profile of cyclopropanes has been extensively explored to trigger new organic transformations that enable unusual disconnective approaches to synthesize molecular motifs that are not easily reached through conventional reactions. In particular, the chemistry of cyclopropanes has received special attention in the last decade, with multiple new approaches that capitalize on the use of organocatalysis for the activation of the cyclopropane scaffold. This situation has also opened the possibility of developing enantioselective variants of many reactions that until now were only carried out in an enantiospecific or diastereoselective manner. Our group has been particularly active in this field, focusing more specifically on the use of aminocatalysis and Brønsted acid catalysis as major organocatalytic activation manifolds to trigger new unprecedented transformations involving cyclopropanes that add to the current toolbox of general methodologies available to organic chemists for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Reyes
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Uxue Uria
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Liher Prieto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Luisa Carrillo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jose L Vicario
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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15
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Yaragorla S, Tiwari D, Lone MS. Mechanochemical Cascade Cyclization of Cyclopropyl Ketones with 1,2-Diamino Arenes for the Direct Synthesis of 1,2-Disubstituted Benzimidazoles†. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9427-9439. [PMID: 38905327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
A mechanochemical synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles from donor-acceptor cyclopropyl ketones and 1,2-diaminoarenes under metal-free and solventless conditions is reported. The reaction does not require inert conditions and is promoted by a stoichiometric amount of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol. This cascade reaction involves ring-opening, cyclization, and retro-Mannich reaction of cyclopropyl ketones with aryl 1,2-diamines. Compared to its solution-phase counterpart, this mechanochemical approach shows fast reactivity (24 vs 1.5 h). Mechanistic investigations by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry helped us to propose the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Yaragorla
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Divyanshu Tiwari
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Mehak Saba Lone
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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16
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Zhang C, Mazet C. Access to Cyclic Borates by Cu-Catalyzed Borylation of Unactivated Vinylcyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:5386-5390. [PMID: 38870414 PMCID: PMC11217945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
We report the copper-catalyzed borylation of unactivated vinylcyclopropanes to form six-membered cyclic borate salts. A copper complex bearing an N-heterocyclic ligand in combination with bis(pinacolato)diboron and LiOtBu catalyzes the ring-opening of the substrate under mild reaction conditions. The protocol can be applied to aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes and can be conducted on a gram scale. The synthetic utility of the lithium salts of the cyclic borate has been demonstrated through regioselective ring-opening functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clément Mazet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Ding Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Xue Y, Xu M, Zhang H, Xu L, Li P. Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Polysubstituted Piperidines Enabled by Boronyl Radical-Catalyzed (4+2) Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406612. [PMID: 38924325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Piperidines are widely present in small molecule drugs and natural products. Despite many methods have been developed for their synthesis, new approaches to polysubstituted piperidines are highly desirable. This work presents a radical (4+2) cycloaddition reaction for synthesis of piperidines featuring dense substituents at 3,4,5-positions that are not readily accessible by known methods. Using commercially available diboron(4) compounds and 4-phenylpyridine as the catalyst precursors, the boronyl radical-catalyzed cycloaddition between 3-aroyl azetidines and various alkenes, including previously unreactive 1,2-di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted alkenes, has delivered the polysubstituted piperidines in generally high yield and diastereoselectivity. The reaction also features high modularity, atom economy, broad substrate scope, metal-free conditions, simple catalysts and operation. The utilization of the products has been demonstrated by selective transformations. A plausible mechanism, with the ring-opening of azetidine as the rate-limiting step, has been proposed based on the experimental and computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Yuanji Xue
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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18
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Borisov DD, Platonov DN, Sokolov NA, Novikov RA, Tomilov YV. Formal High-Order Cycloadditions of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Cycloheptatrienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410081. [PMID: 38923229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The design of various cycloaddition/annulation processes is one of the most intriguing challenges in the development of donor-acceptor (D-A) cyclopropane chemistry. In this work, a new class of formal high-order [6+n]-cycloaddition and annulation processes of D-A cyclopropanes with cycloheptatriene systems has been designed and reported, to fill a significant gap in the chemistry of D-A cyclopropanes. The reactivity of methylated cycloheptatrienes from Me1 to Me5 as well as unsubstituted cycloheptatriene was studied in detail under GaCl3 activation conditions, which makes it possible to efficiently generate gallium 1,2-zwitterionic complexes or 1,3-zwitterionic intermediates starting from D-A cyclopropanes, while other Lewis acids are ineffective and non-selective. New examples of formal [6+2]-, [6+3]-, [6+4]-, [6+1]-, and [4+2]-cycloaddition and annulation reactions with cycloheptatrienes along with more complex processes were discovered. Cycloheptatriene itself can also successfully act as a hydride anion donor, which allows the ionic hydrogenation of D-A cyclopropanes to be performed under mild conditions. As a result, a number of efficient and highly diastereoselective protocols for the synthesis of seven-membered carbocycles has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis D Borisov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry N Platonov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita A Sokolov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman A Novikov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yury V Tomilov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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19
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Yu ZJ, Yan S, Zhao XL, Zhang J, Zhao MX. Chiral Brønsted Base Activation of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes toward Diastereo- and Enantioselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition with Isatin-Derived Ketimines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8691-8705. [PMID: 38856011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Organocatalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of donor-acceptor (D-A) cyclopropanes with isatin-derived ketimines are presented. Different from well-developed Lewis acid activation protocols which promote the reactivity of D-A cyclopropanes through coordinating to the acceptor group, in this reaction, dicyanocyclopropylmethyl ketones can be activated through nucleophilic activation of the donor group by using dihydroquinine-derived squaramide as Brønsted base catalyst. The reaction affords functionalized spiro[oxindole-3,2'-pyrrolidines] with two nonadjacent tetra- and tri-substituted stereocenters in 83-99% yields, moderate to excellent diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1 diastereomeric ratio (dr)), and excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% enantiomeric excess (ee)) under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mei-Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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20
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Sarkar B, Hajra A. Hydro-phosphorothiolation of Styrene and Cyclopropane with S-Hydrogen Phosphorothioates under Ambient Conditions. Org Lett 2024; 26:5141-5145. [PMID: 38848455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
A metal-free hexafluoroisopropanol-mediated hydro-phosphorothiolation of styrenes and donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with S-hydrogen phosphorothioates in a Markovnikov fashion has been developed under ambient reaction conditions to afford a library of S-alkyl phosphorothioates. Notably, this strategy provides a simple and efficient way to produce biologically significant kitazin and iprobenfos derivatives. Mechanistic studies disclose that the reaction proceeds through a carbocation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan 731235, India
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21
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Zosim TP, Kadikova RN, Novikov RA, Korlyukov AA, Mozgovoj OS, Ramazanov IR. The TaCl 5-Mediated Reaction of Dimethyl 2-Phenylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate with Aromatic Aldehydes as a Route to Substituted Tetrahydronaphthalenes. Molecules 2024; 29:2715. [PMID: 38930781 PMCID: PMC11205635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is found that the reaction of dimethyl 2-phenylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate with 2 equivalents each of aromatic aldehydes and TaCl5 in 1,2-dichloroethane at 23 °C for 24 h after hydrolysis gives substituted 4-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphtalene-2,2(1H)-dicarboxylates in good yield. This represents a new type of reactions between 2-arylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylates and aromatic aldehydes, yielding chlorinated tetrahydronaphthalenes with a cis arrangement of the aryl and chlorine substituents in the cyclohexene moiety. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat’yana P. Zosim
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (T.P.Z.); (O.S.M.)
| | - Rita N. Kadikova
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (T.P.Z.); (O.S.M.)
| | - Roman A. Novikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Korlyukov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova St., 28 bld. 1, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Oleg S. Mozgovoj
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (T.P.Z.); (O.S.M.)
| | - Ilfir R. Ramazanov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russia; (T.P.Z.); (O.S.M.)
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22
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Lei S, Wang H, Wang SR. Catalytic Intramolecular Ketone Haloacylation Enabled Stereoselective Heterolytic Cleavage of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Enhanced Reactivity and Regioselectivity beyond Electronics. Org Lett 2024; 26:4111-4116. [PMID: 38717836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
By integration of oxocarbenium activation and Lewis acid coordination activation via conformational proximity-driven, Pd(II)- or Cu(I)-catalyzed intramolecular ketone haloacylation, regio- and stereoselective heterolytic ring-opening 1,5-haloacylation of cyclopropyl ketones, including those with weak single alkyl donors, has been developed for the synthesis of valuable α-quaternary halo-γ-butenolides. The vicinal carboxylic acid and ketone acceptors are no longer just spectator activators. Further, this reaction delivers a constant regioselectivity regardless of the electronic nature of substituents, even the malonate.
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23
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Bera S, Kabadwal LM, Banerjee D. Harnessing alcohols as sustainable reagents for late-stage functionalisation: synthesis of drugs and bio-inspired compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4607-4647. [PMID: 38525675 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00942d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol is ubiquitous with unparalleled structural diversity and thus has wide applications as a native functional group in organic synthesis. It is highly prevalent among biomolecules and offers promising opportunities for the development of chemical libraries. Over the last decade, alcohol has been extensively used as an environmentally friendly chemical for numerous organic transformations. In this review, we collectively discuss the utilisation of alcohol from 2015 to 2023 in various organic transformations and their application toward intermediates of drugs, drug derivatives and natural product-like molecules. Notable features discussed are as follows: (i) sustainable approaches for C-X alkylation (X = C, N, or O) including O-phosphorylation of alcohols, (ii) newer strategies using methanol as a methylating reagent, (iii) allylation of alkenes and alkynes including allylic trifluoromethylations, (iv) alkenylation of N-heterocycles, ketones, sulfones, and ylides towards the synthesis of drug-like molecules, (v) cyclisation and annulation to pharmaceutically active molecules, and (vi) coupling of alcohols with aryl halides or triflates, aryl cyanide and olefins to access drug-like molecules. We summarise the synthesis of over 100 drugs via several approaches, where alcohol was used as one of the potential coupling partners. Additionally, a library of molecules consisting over 60 fatty acids or steroid motifs is documented for late-stage functionalisation including the challenges and opportunities for harnessing alcohols as renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Lalit Mohan Kabadwal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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24
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Lu YN, Che C, Zhen G, Chang X, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Visible-light-enabled stereoselective synthesis of functionalized cyclohexylamine derivatives via [4 + 2] cycloadditions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6507-6514. [PMID: 38699278 PMCID: PMC11062095 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00667d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition of benzocyclobutylamines with α-substituted vinylketones, enabled by photoredox catalysis, has been developed. The current method enables facile access to highly functionalized cyclohexylamine derivatives that were otherwise inaccessible, in moderate to good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. This protocol has some excellent features, such as full atom economy, good functional-group compatibility, mild reaction conditions, and an overall redox-neutral process. Additionally, an asymmetric version of this cycloaddition was preliminarily investigated via the incorporation of a chiral phosphoric acid (CPA), and moderate to good enantioselectivity could be effectively realized with excellent diastereoselectivity. Synthetic applications were demonstrated via a scale-up experiment and elaborations to access amino alcohol and cyclobutene derivatives. Based on the results of control experiments, a reasonable reaction mechanism was proposed to elucidate the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Lu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Chao Che
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Guangjin Zhen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xin Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 230021 China
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25
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Fujioka H, Yasui M, Hamada S, Fukumi K, Takeda N, Kobayashi Y, Furuta T, Ueda M. Palladium-catalyzed C-C bond cleavage of N-cyclopropyl acylhydrazones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3262-3267. [PMID: 38568183 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite their utility as directing groups, the C-C bond cleavage of cyclopropanes utilizing hydrazones has not been explored. Herein, Pd-catalyzed C-C bond cleavage reaction of N-cyclopropyl acylhydrazones, followed by cycloisomerization to yield pyrazoles, has been developed. The protocol enables the synthesis of various α-pyrazole carbonyl compounds, which have a potential of biological activity. Control experiments and DFT calculations suggest that β-carbon elimination of a stable 6-membered chelate palladium complex occurs, generating a conjugated azine as a reaction intermediate for the following cycloisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Fujioka
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Motohiro Yasui
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Shohei Hamada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Kohei Fukumi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Takumi Furuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Ueda
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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26
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Li S, Zhou L. Photocatalytic (3 + 3) Annnulation of Vinyldiazo Compounds and Aminocyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:3294-3298. [PMID: 38567829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
A (3 + 3) annulation of aminocyclopropanes and vinyldiazo compounds enabled by organo-photocatalysis is described. The reaction allows the regioselective synthesis of cyclohexenes bearing adjacent amino and carbonyl groups with broad functional group tolerance. In a departure from previous reports, our work demonstrated that a distonic radical cation can be preferentially intercepted by weakly nucleophilic vinyldiazo compounds, followed by an exclusive 6-endo radical cyclization for ring closure. Based on the interaction between adjacent amino and ester groups, the products can be further converted to cyclohexene-fused 1,3-oxazinane and azetidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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27
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Daniel FL, Srinivasan K. Intramolecular 1,2-Aroyl Migration in Spiro Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes: Formation of 1,4-Naphthoquinones and 1-Naphthols as Ring-Expansion Products. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5304-5313. [PMID: 38593430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Most of the known rearrangement reactions of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) involve the migration of cationic carbon atom to anionic carbon or heteroatoms in 1,3- or 1,4-positions. In the present work, we observed that spiro DACs based on 1,3-indanedione or 1-indanone moiety undergo intramolecular 1,2-aroyl migration when treated with titanium(IV) chloride to afford 1,4-naphthoquinones and α-naphthols readily. The reactions take place through the formation of putative 1,3-dipolar intermediates, followed by cleavage and migration of the aroyl group to the adjacent carbon to afford the ring-expansion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Leslin Daniel
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India
| | - Kannupal Srinivasan
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India
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28
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Karjee P, Debnath B, Mandal S, Saha S, Punniyamurthy T. One-pot C-N/C-C bond formation and oxidation of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with tetrahydroisoquinolines: access to benzo-fused indolizines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4068-4071. [PMID: 38506143 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00810c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
One-pot C-N/C-C bond formation of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) with tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) has been achieved to furnish benzo-fused indolizines. These reactions involve a MgI2-catalyzed ring opening of DACs and oxidative annulation using Mn(OAc)3·2H2O. The substrate scope and functional group diversity are the important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Karjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Bijoy Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Santu Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Sharajit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
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29
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Quezada V, Castroagudín M, Verdugo F, Ortiz S, Zaragoza G, Nachtigall FM, Reis FAA, Castro-Alvarez A, Santos LS, Nelson R. Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Cycloadditions between Indoles and Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes. Molecules 2024; 29:1604. [PMID: 38611883 PMCID: PMC11013886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This article describes the development of a nickel-catalyzed regio- and diastereoselective formal [3+2] cycloaddition between N-substituted indoles and donor-acceptor cyclopropanes to synthesize cyclopenta[b]indoles. Optimized reaction conditions provide the desired nitrogen-containing cycloadducts in up to 93% yield and dr 8.6:1 with complete regioselectivity. The substrate scope showed high tolerance to various substituted indoles and cyclopropanes, resulting in the synthesis of six new cyclopenta[b]indoles and the isolation of five derivatives previously reported in the literature. In addition, a mechanistic proposal for the reaction was studied through online reaction monitoring by ESI-MS, allowing for the identification of the reactive intermediates in the Ni(II) catalyzed process. X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure and relative endo stereochemistry of the products. This method enables the fast and efficient construction of fused indolines from readily accessible starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Quezada
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile; (V.Q.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariña Castroagudín
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile; (V.Q.); (M.C.)
| | - Felipe Verdugo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Concepción 4070371, Chile;
| | - Sergio Ortiz
- UMR 7200 Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, CNRS, Strasbourg Drug Discovery and Development Institute (IMS), Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France;
| | - Guillermo Zaragoza
- Unidade de Difracción de Raios X, RIAIDT, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Fabiane M. Nachtigall
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3467987, Chile;
| | - Francisco A. A. Reis
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chemistry Institute of Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Alejandro Castro-Alvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Leonardo S. Santos
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chemistry Institute of Natural Resources, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Ronald Nelson
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile; (V.Q.); (M.C.)
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30
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Maurya JP, Ramasastry SSV. Phosphine-Promoted Ring Opening/Recyclization of Cyclopropyl Ketones to Access Hydrofluorenones. Org Lett 2024; 26:2282-2286. [PMID: 38471028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The ring-reorganizing transformations of activated cyclopropanes are typically achieved under acidic conditions. This Letter describes the first acid-free and Lewis base-mediated cascade ring opening/recyclization of designed cyclopropyl ketones to access tetrahydrofluorenones. We rationally merged the nucleophilic features of phosphines with the electronically biased cyclopropanes to synthesize several new classes of hydrofluorenones. We have also demonstrated the synthetic utility of the products in accessing highly functionalized molecular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Maurya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, S A S Nagar, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
| | - S S V Ramasastry
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, S A S Nagar, Manauli, Punjab 140 306, India
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31
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Darzina M, Jirgensons A. Electrochemical Formation of Oxazolines by 1,3-Oxyfluorination of Non-activated Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:2158-2162. [PMID: 38456832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The C-C bond in non-activated cyclopropanes can be intramolecularly cleaved with an electrochemically generated amidyl radical forming oxazolines. In the presence of TBABF4, this provides 1,3-oxyfluorination products. C-C bond cleavage of cyclopropane proceeds with inversion of the configuration, suggesting an intramolecular homolytic substitution (SHi) mechanism. The performance of TBABF4 as an efficient fluoride source was explained by accumulation of the BF4- anion at the anode surface, at which a carbocation is formed by the oxidation of the C-centered radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madara Darzina
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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32
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Samantaray S, Maharana PK, Kar S, Saha S, Punniyamurthy T. Redox-neutral zinc-catalyzed cascade [1,4]-H shift/annulation of diaziridines with donor-acceptor aziridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3441-3444. [PMID: 38445334 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The coupling of diaziridines with donor-acceptor aziridines (DAAs) has been achieved using Zn-catalysis to furnish imidazopyrazole-4,4-dicarboxylates via [1,4]-hydride shift. The use of Zn-catalysis, [1,4]-hydride shift, natural product modification and a late-stage molecular docking study are important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Samantaray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Prabhat Kumar Maharana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Subhradeep Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Sharajit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
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33
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Ding H, Lv J, Zhang XL, Xu Y, Zhang YH, Liu XW. Efficient O- and S-glycosylation with ortho-2,2-dimethoxycarbonylcyclopropylbenzyl thioglycoside donors by catalytic strain-release. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3711-3720. [PMID: 38455029 PMCID: PMC10915852 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06619c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We herein present a strain-release glycosylation method employing a rationally designed ortho-2,2-dimethoxycarbonylcyclopropylbenzyl (CCPB) thioglycoside donor. The donor is activated through the nucleophilic ring-opening of a remotely activable donor-acceptor cyclopropane (DAC) catalyzed by mild Sc(OTf)3. Our new glycosylation method efficiently synthesizes O-, N-, and S-glycosides, providing facile chemical access to the challenging S-glycosides. Because the activation conditions of conventional glycosyl donors and our CCPB thioglycoside are orthogonal, our novel donor is amenable to controlled one-pot glycosylation reactions with conventional donors for expeditious access to complex glycans. The strain-release glycosylation is applied to the assembly of a tetrasaccharide of O-polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O-33 in one pot and the synthesis of a 1,1'-S-linked glycoside oral galectin-3 (Gal-3) inhibitor, TD139, to demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of the novel method for constructing both O- and S-glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ding
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Jian Lv
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Yu-Han Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Xue-Wei Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
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34
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Manenti M, Villa T, Macetti G, Silvani A. Alkene carboamination/oxidative denitrogenation of 3-allyl-3-hydrazinylindolin-2-ones: one-pot entry to spirocyclopropyloxindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2124-2136. [PMID: 38376537 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
A one-pot protocol, consisting of a Pd-catalysed carboamination reaction, followed by N-deprotection and oxidative denitrogenation, has been developed for the synthesis of diversely substituted spirocyclopropyloxindoles, in yields up to 73% and with diastereoselectivity close to 1 : 1. Readily accessible starting materials, mild reaction conditions, an easy to operate one-pot procedure and good functional group tolerance make this transformation a versatile tool for the synthesis of substituted spirocyclopropyloxindoles. This protocol successfully works on the gram-scale and allows access to both diastereoisomers separately. A plausible mechanism was proposed, and a series of post-transformations were performed on the obtained products, showing their remarkable synthetic versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Manenti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via C. Golgi 19, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Villa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via C. Golgi 19, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Macetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via C. Golgi 19, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, via C. Golgi 19, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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35
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Mishra M, Verma K, Banerjee S, Punniyamurthy T. Iron-catalyzed cascade C-C/C-O bond formation of 2,4-dienals with donor-acceptor cyclopropanes: access to functionalized hexahydrocyclopentapyrans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2788-2791. [PMID: 38362602 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed cascade C-C and C-O bond formation of 2,4-dienals with donor-acceptor cyclopropanes (DACs) has been developed to furnish hexahydrocyclopentapyrans. Optically active DACs can be coupled stereospecifically (>97% ee). Chirality transfer, use of iron-catalysis and substrate scope are the salient practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmath Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
| | - Kshitiz Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
| | - Sonbidya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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36
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Jiang Y, Ma HJ, Zhai CY, Wang XL. Sn(OTf) 2-Catalyzed (3 + 2) Cycloaddition/Sulfur Rearrangement Reaction of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Indoline-2-thiones. Org Lett 2024; 26:1672-1676. [PMID: 38359067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The (3 + 2) cycloaddition/sulfur rearrangement reaction of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes bearing a single keto acceptor with indoline-2-thiones has been realized. Under the catalysis of Sn(OTf)2, a series of functionalized 3-indolyl-4,5-dihydrothiophenes were synthesized with moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Hao-Jie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chen-Ying Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xue-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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37
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Harikumar S, Kandy LTK, Guin A, Biju AT. Lewis acid-catalyzed one-pot thioalkenylation of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes using in situ generated dithiocarbamates and propiolates. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1834-1838. [PMID: 38334700 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Lewis acid-catalyzed one-pot 1,3-thioalkenylation of donor-acceptor (D-A) cyclopropanes has been demonstrated employing in situ generated dithiocarbamates (from amines and CS2) as nucleophilic triggers and alkyl propiolates as electrophiles. This method addresses the limitations of previously known carbothiolation approach, eliminating the need for extra filtration prior to the subsequent trapping with electrophiles. The anticipated thioalkenylated products were obtained in good to excellent yields with a moderate to good E/Z ratio. Three new bonds (C-N, C-S, and C-C) are formed during this 1,3-bisfunctionalization reaction. Notably, employing enantiomerically pure D-A cyclopropanes resulted in enantiopure 1,3-thioalkenylated products, underscoring the stereospecific nature of the developed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevni Harikumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | | | - Avishek Guin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Akkattu T Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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38
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Meng Y, Gu J, Xin M, Jiang Y, Du Z, Lu G, Jiang J, Chan ASC, Ke Z, Zou Y. Chalcone-Based Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridazines via Cloke-Wilson-Type Rearrangement-Involved Tandem Reaction between Cyclopropyl Ketones and Hydrazines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2726-2740. [PMID: 38307838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
A facile and efficient approach for the synthesis of multisubstituted tetrahydropyridazines starting from cyclopropyl ketones and hydrazines has been developed. The transformation is chalcone-based and takes place via a Cloke-Wilson-type rearrangement-involved tandem reaction catalyzed by TfOH in HFIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfen Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixiu Xin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Du
- Zhongshan WanHan Pharmceutical Company, Ltd., Zhongshan 528451, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofeng Ke
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, PCFM Lab, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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39
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Borisov DD, Novikov RA, Tomilov YV. Three-Component Synthesis of Substituted Perhydropyrans from β-Styrylmalonates, Aldehydes, and Alkoxyaluminum Dichlorides. Org Lett 2024; 26:1022-1027. [PMID: 38284999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
A three-component synthesis of substituted dimethyl dihydro-2H-pyran-3,3(4H)-dicarboxylates in up to 80% yields by the reaction of β-styrylmalonates with aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of ROAlCl2 prepared in advance either by exposure of EtAlCl2 with air access or by mixing equimolar amounts of AlCl3 with a primary or secondary alcohol has been developed. If EtAlCl2, itself, is used, dihydro-2H-pyran-3,3(4H)-diesters are not formed at all, while dimerization of styrylmalonates by (4 + 2)-annulation-type to give substituted tetrahydronaphthalenes is the main process. The possibility of using the CH-O-Al fragment of alkoxyaluminum dichlorides in cycloaddition reactions with α-CH-functionalization has been shown for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis D Borisov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman A Novikov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology RAS, 32 Vavilov St., Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Yury V Tomilov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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40
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Plodukhin AY, Boichenko MA, Andreev IA, Tarasenko EA, Anisovich KV, Ratmanova NK, Zhokhov SS, Trushkov IV, Ivanova OA. Concise approach to γ-(het)aryl- and γ-alkenyl-γ-aminobutyric acids. Synthesis of vigabatrin. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1027-1033. [PMID: 38193622 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01769a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA derivatives have attracted increased attention over the years in the fields of medicinal chemistry and chemical biology due to their interesting biological properties and synthetic relevance. Here, we report a short synthetic route to γ-(het)aryl- and γ-alkenyl-γ-aminobutyric acids, including the antiepileptic drug vigabatrin, from readily available donor-acceptor cyclopropanes and ammonia or methylamine. This protocol includes a facile synthesis of 2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamides and their acid hydrolysis to γ-aryl- or γ-alkenyl-substituted GABAs, which can serve as perspective building blocks for the synthesis of various GABA-based N-heterocycles and bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Plodukhin
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Maksim A Boichenko
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ivan A Andreev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Elena A Tarasenko
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Kanstantsin V Anisovich
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Nina K Ratmanova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Samory Mashela 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sergey S Zhokhov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Igor V Trushkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga A Ivanova
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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41
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Chandu P, Mallick M, Srinivasu V, Sureshkumar D. Organophotocatalyzed Alkyl/Arylsulfonylation of Vinylcyclopropanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303187. [PMID: 37926681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Allyl sulfones are an essential pharmacophore in many bioactive compounds. To combat their synthetic barrier, we report a practical, straightforward organophotocatalyzed methodology for accessing miscellaneously functionalized allyl sulfone derivatives using inexpensive and bench-stable sodium sulfinate salts under mild conditions. This photo-catalyzed radical sulfonylation provides access to a variety of allyl sulfones in good to excellent yields with high E : Z selectivity. A wide range of vinyl cyclopropanes, as well as aryl/hetero and alkyl sodium sulfinates, were tolerated and reliable in gram-scale synthesis. Later on, further functionalization of allyl sulfones was demonstrated. A plausible mechanism for radical sulfonylation is proposed from the control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palasetty Chandu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Manasi Mallick
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Vinjamuri Srinivasu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
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42
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Kar S, Maharana PK, Punniyamurthy T, Trivedi V. Tandem (4 + 3)-Annulation of Aziridines: Stereoselective Access to Fused Azepinoindoles. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38051106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A stereoselective tandem (4 + 3)-coupling of aziridines with 4-alkylidene indole malonates has been disclosed under Cu-catalysis involving a base-promoted annulation. The methodology serves as a potential approach toward the facile construction of fused azepinoindoles with good yields and diastereoselectivities. Late-stage natural product and drug modification as well as preliminary investigations for the enantioselective (4 + 3)-annulation are important practical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Prabhat K Maharana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | | | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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43
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Wang H, Wang SR. Regio- and Stereospecific Hydrative Cloke-Wilson Rearrangement. Org Lett 2023; 25:8356-8360. [PMID: 37962522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The Cloke-Wilson rearrangement of unsymmetrical β-diketone-derived cyclopropanes inevitably yields a mixture of two 4-acylated 2,3-dihydrofuran regiomers. By using alkynes as masked acyls, Tf2NH-promoted Cloke-Wilson rearrangement of polysubstituted 1-(1-alkynyl)cyclopropyl ketones followed by alkyne hydration is described, regioselectively affording 2,3-dihydrofurans bearing 4-acyls nonequivalent to that involved in the Cloke-Wilson rearrangement. The 2,3-dihydrofuran rings with cis 2,3-diaryls are unexpectedly more stable than their trans diastereomers under the reaction conditions, guaranteeing the regiospecificity of this hydrative Cloke-Wilson rearrangement with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China and
| | - Sunewang R Wang
- Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Lu, Shanghai 200241, China and
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Lu, Shanghai 200062, China
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44
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Nguyen TVT, Bossonnet A, Wodrich MD, Waser J. Photocatalyzed [2σ + 2σ] and [2σ + 2π] Cycloadditions for the Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and 5- or 6-Membered Carbocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25411-25421. [PMID: 37934629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of photocatalysis for the homolytic ring-opening of carbonyl cyclopropanes. In contrast to previous studies, our approach does not require a metal cocatalyst or a strong reductant. The carbonyl cyclopropanes can be employed for both [2σ + 2σ] and [2σ + 2π] annulation with either alkenes/alkynes or bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, yielding cyclopent-anes/-enes and bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (BCHs), respectively. BCHs are promising bioisosteres for 1,2,4,5 tetra-substituted aromatic rings. Mechanistic studies, including density functional theory computation and a trapping experiment with DMPO, support a 1,3-biradical generated from cyclopropane as a key intermediate for these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin V T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne Ch-1015, Switzerland
| | - André Bossonnet
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne Ch-1015, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne Ch-1015, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne Ch-1015, Switzerland
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45
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Gallardo-Fuentes S, Lodeiro L, Matute R, Fernández I. Mechanistic Insights into the DABCO-Catalyzed Cloke-Wilson Rearrangement: A DFT Perspective. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15902-15912. [PMID: 37885222 PMCID: PMC10661052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism and selectivity patterns of the DABCO-catalyzed Cloke-Wilson rearrangement were computationally studied in detail using density functional theory calculations. Our computations suggest that the process occurs stepwise involving the initial ring opening of the cyclopropane promoted by a DABCO molecule followed by a ring-closure reaction of the readily formed zwitterionic intermediate. The regioselectivity of the initial nucleophilic ring-opening step strongly depends on the nature of the substituent attached to the cyclopropane moiety. The physical factors governing the preference for the more sterically hindered C2 (tertiary) position have been quantitatively analyzed by applying the combined activation strain model-energy decomposition analysis method. In addition, our calculations revealed a new mechanism for the analogous transformation involving vinylcyclopropanes consisting of an initial SN2' ring-opening process followed by a 5-exo-trig cyclization step, which proceeds without facial selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Gallardo-Fuentes
- Instituto
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Lucas Lodeiro
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Ricardo Matute
- Centro
Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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46
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Galeotti M, Lee W, Sisti S, Casciotti M, Salamone M, Houk KN, Bietti M. Radical and Cationic Pathways in C( sp3)-H Bond Oxygenation by Dioxiranes of Bicyclic and Spirocyclic Hydrocarbons Bearing Cyclopropane Moieties. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24021-24034. [PMID: 37874906 PMCID: PMC10636757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A product and DFT computational study on the reactions of 3-ethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (ETFDO) with bicyclic and spirocyclic hydrocarbons bearing cyclopropyl groups was carried out. With bicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes (n = 3-6), diastereoselective formation of the alcohol product derived from C2-H bond hydroxylation was observed, accompanied by smaller amounts of products derived from oxygenation at other sites. With 1-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, rearranged products were also observed in addition to the unrearranged products deriving from oxygenation at the most activated C2-H and C5-H bonds. With spiro[2.5]octane and 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane, reaction with ETFDO occurred predominantly or exclusively at the axial C4-H to give unrearranged oxygenation products, accompanied by smaller amounts of rearranged bicyclo[4.2.0]octan-1-ols. The good to outstanding site-selectivities and diastereoselectivities are paralleled by the calculated activation free energies for the corresponding reaction pathways. Computations show that the σ* orbitals of the bicyclo[n.1.0]alkane cis or trans C2-H bonds and spiro[2.5]octanes axial C4-H bond hyperconjugatively interact with the Walsh orbitals of the cyclopropane ring, activating these bonds toward HAT to ETFDO. The detection of rearranged oxygenation products in the oxidation of 1-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, spiro[2.5]octane, and 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane provides unambiguous evidence for the involvement of cationic intermediates in these reactions, representing the first examples on the operation of ET pathways in dioxirane-mediated C(sp3)-H bond oxygenations. Computations support these findings, showing that formation of cationic intermediates is associated with specific stabilizing hyperconjugative interactions between the incipient carbon radical and the cyclopropane C-C bonding orbitals that trigger ET to the incipient dioxirane derived 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-butoxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Woojin Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Casciotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
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47
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Biswas S, Chandu P, Garai S, Sureshkumar D. Diastereoselective Hydroacylation of Cyclopropenes by Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:7863-7867. [PMID: 37882545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and general strategy for the hydroacylation of cyclopropene is disclosed for synthesizing various 2-acylcyclopropane derivatives under mild reaction conditions. High functional group tolerance of this protocol features a novel route to access a divergent synthesis of acylated cyclopropane in a diastereoselective manner by photoinduced decarboxylation of α-ketoacid followed by acyl radical addition to cyclopropene. Additionally, the regioselective addition of acyl radical at the least substituted olefinic carbon center with trans-selective fashion makes this protocol more appealing toward natural product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 741246
| | - Palasetty Chandu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 741246
| | - Sumit Garai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 741246
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India 741246
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48
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Suthar S, Mondal KC. Open shell versus closed shell bonding interaction in cyclopropane derivatives: EDA-NOCV analyses. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:2184-2211. [PMID: 37530758 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropane ring is a very common motif in organic/bio-organic compounds. The chemical bonding of this strained ring is taught to all chemistry students. This three-membered cyclic, C3 ring is quite reactive which has attracted both, synthetic and theoretical chemists to rationalize/correlate its stability and bonding with its reactivity and physical properties over a century. There are a few bonding models (mainly the Bent-Bond model and Walsh model) of this C3 ring that are debated to date. Herein, we have carried out energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) to study the two most reactive bonds of cyclopropane rings of 49 different organic compounds containing different functional groups to obtain a much deeper bonding insight toward a more general bonding model of this class of compounds. The EDA-NOCV analyses of fragment orbitals and susequent bond formation revealed that the nature of the CC bond of the cyclopropane (splitting two bonds at a time out of three CC bonds) ring is preferred to form two dative covalent CC bonds (between a singlet olefin-fragment and an excited singlet carbene-fragment with a vacant sp2 orbital and a filled p-orbital) for the majority (37/49) of compounds over two covalent electron sharing bonds in some (7/49) compounds (between an excited triplet olefin and triplet carbene), while a few (5/49) compounds show flexibility to adopt either the electron sharing or dative covalent bond as both are equally possible. The effects of functional groups on the nature of chemical bond in cyclopropane rings have been studied in detail. Our bonding analyses are in line with the QTAIM analyses which produce small negative values of the Laplacian, significantly positive values of bond ellipticity, and accumulation of electron densities around the ring critical point of C3 -rings. These corresponding QTAIM parameters of C3 -rings are quite different for CC single bonds of normal hydrocarbons as expected. The chemical bonding in the majority of cyclopropane rings can be very similar to those of metal-olefin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Suthar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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49
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Xu Y, Gao HX, Pan C, Shi Y, Zhang C, Huang G, Feng C. Stereoselective Photoredox Catalyzed (3+3) Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrone with Aryl Cyclopropane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310671. [PMID: 37700683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
By resorting to the principle of remote activation, we herein demonstrate the first photoredox catalyzed (3+3) dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones with aryl cyclopropanes. Key to the fidelity of the reaction resides in a facile manner of substrate activation by single-electron transfer (SET) oxidation with photoredox catalysis, and the reaction takes place through a stepwise cascade encompassing a three-electron-type nucleophilic substitution triggered cyclopropane ring-opening and a diastereoselective 6-endo-trig radical cyclization manifold. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, nicely complementing the well-developed Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes. Other merits of the protocol include wide scope of aryl cyclopropanes with diversified substitution patterns and good functional-group compatibility. A mechanism involving an aryl radical cation promoted remote activation mode was also proposed and supported by mechanistic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xiang Gao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chengkai Pan
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of chemistry, School of science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of chemistry, School of science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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50
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Kumar R, Banerjee N, Kumar P, Banerjee P. Electrochemical Synthesis and Reactivity of Three-Membered Strained Carbo- and Heterocycles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301594. [PMID: 37436418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring structures are versatile synthetic building blocks in organic synthesis with biological importance. Moreover, the inherent strain of these three-membered rings leads to their ring-opening functionalization through C->C, C->N, and C-O bond cleavage. Traditional synthesis and ring-opening methods for these molecules require the use of acid catalysts or transition metals. Recently, electro-organic synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool for initiating new chemical transformations. In this review, the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of electro-mediated synthesis and ring-opening functionalization of three-membered carbo- and heterocycles are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Nakshatra Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
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