1
|
Guo G, Wang W, Tu M, Zhao B, Han J, Li J, Pan Y, Zhou J, Ma W, Liu Y, Sun T, Han X, An Y. Deciphering adipose development: Function, differentiation and regulation. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38516819 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The overdevelopment of adipose tissues, accompanied by excess lipid accumulation and energy storage, leads to adipose deposition and obesity. With the increasing incidence of obesity in recent years, obesity is becoming a major risk factor for human health, causing various relevant diseases (including hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis and cancers). Therefore, it is of significance to antagonize obesity to reduce the risk of obesity-related diseases. Excess lipid accumulation in adipose tissues is mediated by adipocyte hypertrophy (expansion of pre-existing adipocytes) or hyperplasia (increase of newly-formed adipocytes). It is necessary to prevent excessive accumulation of adipose tissues by controlling adipose development. Adipogenesis is exquisitely regulated by many factors in vivo and in vitro, including hormones, cytokines, gender and dietary components. The present review has concluded a comprehensive understanding of adipose development including its origin, classification, distribution, function, differentiation and molecular mechanisms underlying adipogenesis, which may provide potential therapeutic strategies for harnessing obesity without impairing adipose tissue function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wanli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengjie Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiayang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanbing Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tiantian Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh P, Ali SA. Mature white adipocyte plasticity during mammary gland remodelling and cancer. CELL INSIGHT 2023; 2:100123. [PMID: 37771567 PMCID: PMC10522874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland growth and differentiation predominantly rely on stromal-epithelial cellular communication. Specifically, mammary adipocytes play a crucial role in ductal morphogenesis, as well as in the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. The process of lactation entails a reduction in the levels of white adipose tissue associated with the MG, allowing for the expansion of milk-producing epithelial cells. Subsequently, during involution and the regression of the milk-producing unit, adipocyte layers resurface, occupying the vacated space. This dynamic phenomenon underscores the remarkable plasticity and expansion of adipose tissue. Traditionally considered terminally differentiated, adipocytes have recently been found to exhibit plasticity in certain contexts. Unraveling the significance of this cell type within the MG could pave the way for novel approaches to reduce the risk of breast cancer and enhance lactation performance. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding of adipocyte trans- and de-differentiation processes holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic interventions targeting cancer, fibrosis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other related diseases. Additionally, adipocytes may find utility in the realm of regenerative medicine. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in our understanding of MG remodelling, with a specific focus on the tissue-specific functions of adipocytes and their role in the development of cancer. By synthesizing current knowledge in this field, it aims to consolidate our understanding of adipocyte biology within the context of mammary gland biology, thereby fostering further research and discovery in this vital area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, 132001, India
- Division of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, 132001, India
- Division Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jones IC, Carnagarin R, Armstrong J, Lin DPL, Baxter-Holland M, Elahy M, Dass CR. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor: Inhibition of Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor (IR)/IR Substrate (IRS), Osteogeneration from Adipocytes, and Increased Levels Due to Doxorubicin Exposure. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1960. [PMID: 37514146 PMCID: PMC10384968 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been recently linked to insulin resistance and is capable of differentiating myocytes to bone. We examined in more detail the intricate signalling of the insulin pathway influenced by PEDF in skeletal myocytes. We tested whether this serpin is also capable of generating de novo bone from adipocytes in vitro and in vivo, and how the anticancer drug doxorubicin links with PEDF and cellular metabolism. METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS We demonstrate that PEDF can inhibit phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) in skeletal myocytes. PEDF constitutively activates p42/44 MAPK/Erk, but paradoxically does not affect mitogenic signalling. PEDF did not perturb either mitochondrial activity or proliferation in cells representing mesenchymal stem cells, cardiomyocytes, and skeletal myocytes and adipocytes. PEDF induced transdifferentiation of adipocytes to osteoblasts, promoting bone formation in cultured adipocytes in vitro and gelfoam fatpad implants in vivo. Bone formation in white adipose tissue (WAT) was better than in brown adipose tissue (BAT). The frontline anticancer drug doxorubicin increased levels of PEDF in a human breast cancer cell line, mirroring the in vivo finding where cardiac muscle tissue was stained increasingly for PEDF as the dose of doxorubicin increased in mice. PEDF also increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) in the breast cancer cell line. CONCLUSIONS PEDF may be used to regenerate bone from adipose tissue in cases of trauma such as fractures or bone cancers. The increased presence of PEDF in doxorubicin-treated tumour cells need further exploration, and could be useful therapeutically in future. The safety of PEDF administration in vivo was further demonstrated in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Jones
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine-Royal Perth Hospital Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jo Armstrong
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Daphne P L Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mia Baxter-Holland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mina Elahy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monastra G, Gambioli R, Unfer V, Forte G, Maymo-Masip E, Comitato R. D-Chiro-Inositol and Myo-Inositol Induce WAT/BAT Trans-Differentiation in Two Different Human Adipocyte Models (SGBS and LiSa-2). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087421. [PMID: 37108582 PMCID: PMC10139407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue/brown adipose tissue trans-differentiation is one of the main study targets for therapies against obesity and metabolic diseases. In recent years, numerous molecules able to induce such trans-differentiation have been identified; however, their effect in obesity therapies has not been as expected. In the present study, we investigated whether myo-inositol and its stereoisomer D-chiro-inositol could be involved in the browning of white adipose tissue. Our preliminary results clearly indicate that both, at 60 μM concentration, induce the upregulation of uncoupling protein 1 mRNA expression, the main brown adipose tissue marker, and increase mitochondrial copy number as well as oxygen consumption ratio. These changes demonstrate an activation of cell metabolism. Therefore, our results show that human differentiated adipocytes (SGBS and LiSa-2), assume the features typical of brown adipose tissue after both treatments. Furthermore, in the cell lines examined, we proved that D-chiro-inositol and myo-Inositol induce an increase in the expression of estrogen receptor mRNAs, suggesting a possible modulation by these isomers. We also found an increase in the mRNA of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, a very important target in lipid metabolism and metabolic diseases. Our results open new opportunities for the use of inositols in therapeutic strategies to counteract obesity and its metabolic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monastra
- Systems Biology Group Lab, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Unfer
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), 00161 Rome, Italy
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elsa Maymo-Masip
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43003 Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metaboílicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaella Comitato
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, 00178 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jalloul W, Moscalu M, Grierosu I, Ionescu T, Stolniceanu CR, Gutu M, Ghizdovat V, Mocanu V, Azoicai D, Iliescu R, Moscalu R, Stefanescu C. Brown Adipose Tissue Biodistribution and Correlations Particularities in Parathyroid Pathology Personalized Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123182. [PMID: 36553189 PMCID: PMC9777039 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) participates in the regulation of whole-body metabolism by producing a variety of adipokines. This study investigates into the BAT pattern and the clinical aspects of overweight and obese (OOB) vs. non-obese (NO) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) patients with the aim of assessing the impact of BAT and obesity on HPT. Parathyroid scans performed on 441 HPT patients between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed in order to select the images with active BAT. Based on their BMI, the patients with active BAT were divided into OOB vs. NO. The results showed that BAT was present in cervical and supraclavicular regions, with a single localization especially among NO vs. multiple sites among OOB. The (total counts/pixels)BAT/(total counts/pixels)non-BAT ratio in the right cervical localization showed a significant difference between the groups with higher values in OOB. BMI, PTH, FT4, vitamin D, magnesium, creatinine, and urea had significant correlations with BAT ratios. The predictive values showed that right cervical ratios higher than 1.52 and right supraclavicular ratios lower than 1.15 indicated an increased probability of being OOB. The significant correlations between BAT activation in OOB vs. NO and HPT clinical parameters could be useful for developing potential treatments based on this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Jalloul
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Moscalu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Irena Grierosu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Teodor Ionescu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cati Raluca Stolniceanu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Gutu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Vlad Ghizdovat
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Mocanu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences (Pathophysiology), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16, Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Doina Azoicai
- Department of Epidemiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Iliescu
- Department of Pharmacology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Roxana Moscalu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PT, UK
| | - Cipriana Stefanescu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo YY, Li BY, Xiao G, Liu Y, Guo L, Tang QQ. Cdo1 promotes PPARγ-mediated adipose tissue lipolysis in male mice. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1352-1368. [PMID: 36253617 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine dioxygenase 1 (Cdo1) is a key enzyme in taurine synthesis. Here we show that Cdo1 promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue. Adipose-specific knockout of Cdo1 in mice impairs energy expenditure, cold tolerance and lipolysis, exacerbates diet-induced obesity (DIO) and decreases adipose expression of the key lipolytic genes encoding ATGL and HSL, with little effect on adipose taurine levels. White-adipose-specific overexpression of ATGL and HSL blunts the role of adipose Cdo1 deficiency in promoting DIO. Mechanistically, Cdo1 interacts with PPARγ and facilitates the recruitment of Med24, the core subunit of mediator complex, to ATGL and HSL gene promoters, thereby transactivating their expression. Further, mice with transgenic overexpression of Cdo1 show better cold tolerance, ameliorated DIO and higher lipolysis capacity. Thus, we uncover an unexpected and important role of Cdo1 in regulating adipose lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bai-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, and School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song G, Kim HL, Jung Y, Park J, Lee JH, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Um JY. Fruit of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Induces Nonshivering Thermogenesis through Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Activation by SIRT1 in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice and Primary Cultured Brown Adipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6715-6725. [PMID: 32450691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes, which contain abundant mitochondria, use stored energy as fuel during a process named nonshivering thermogenesis. Thus, the pharmacological activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) has become a promising target for treating obesity. We investigated the effect of fruit of Hovenial dulcis Thunb. (FHD), a frequently used herbal treatment for liver diseases, on thermogenesis and its mechanism using primary cultured brown adipocytes and BAT of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Thermogenesis-related factors including UCP1 and PGC1α increased with FHD treatment. FHD also increased mitochondrial biogenesis and activation factors such as nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)1 and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex. Furthermore, FHD increased the intercellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) level and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity, which may be responsible for the activation of the thermogenic reaction. Overall, our results suggest that FHD can be a novel option for obesity treatment due to its thermogenic action through mitochondrial biogenesis and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gahee Song
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Lin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Comorbodity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunu Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Comorbodity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Comorbodity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Comorbodity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Comorbodity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Comorbodity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bio-transformation of green tea infusion with tannase and its improvement on adipocyte metabolism. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 135:109496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Zhao YX, Pan JB, Wang YN, Zou Y, Guo L, Tang QQ, Qian SW. Stimulation of histamine H4 receptor participates in cold-induced browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1158-E1171. [PMID: 31550180 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00131.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have shown that histamine and its signaling regulate energy homeostasis through the central nervous system, their roles in adipose tissues remain poorly understood. Here, we identified that the histamine H4 receptor (HrH4) was highly expressed in adipocytes at a level higher than that of the other three receptors (i.e., HrH1, HrH2, and HrH3). The HrH4 expression in adipocytes responded to cold through thermogenesis and lipolysis, supported by results from both mouse and cell models. When HrH4 expression was knocked down in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), browning and lipolysis effects triggered by cold were ablated, and the oxygen consumption was also lowered both at the normal and cold conditions. Moreover, mice exhibited browned scWAT, accelerated metabolic rates, and tolerance to hypothermia when 4-methylhistamine (4MH), a selective HrH4 agonist, was adjacently injected to the scWAT. Consistent with these findings, 4MH also triggered the browning and lipolytic effects in cultured C3H10T1/2 adipocytes. Mechanically, we demonstrated that p38/MAPK and ERK/MAPK pathways were involved in these processes. In conclusion, our findings have uncovered an effective role of HrH4 in adipose tissue browning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine of Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Bao Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Na Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Institute of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine of Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Wen Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim HS, Moon JH, Kim YM, Huh JY. Epigallocatechin Exerts Anti-Obesity Effect in Brown Adipose Tissue. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900347. [PMID: 31532890 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Catechins in green tea are well-known to be effective in reducing the risk of obesity. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of catechins present in green tea on adipocyte differentiation and mature adipocyte metabolism. Treatment of 3T3-L1 mouse adipocyte during differentiation adipocytes with (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and gallic acid (GA) resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of adipogenesis. Specifically, EGC increased adiponectin and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) transcription in mature adipocytes. Transcription levels of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were not significantly impacted by either of the compounds. These results suggest that the EGC is the most effective catechin having anti-obesity activity. Finally, EGC is an attractive candidate component for remodeling obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Moon
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Inhibitor of Differentiation-3 and Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors: Implications for Susceptibility to Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6821601. [PMID: 29507860 PMCID: PMC5817379 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6821601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rising global incidence of obesity cannot be fully explained within the context of traditional risk factors such as an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, aging, or genetics. Adipose tissue is an endocrine as well as a metabolic organ that may be susceptible to disruption by environmental estrogenic chemicals. Since some of the endocrine disruptors are lipophilic chemicals with long half-lives, they tend to bioaccumulate in the adipose tissue of exposed populations. Elevated exposure to these chemicals may predispose susceptible individuals to weight gain by increasing the number and size of fat cells. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the transcriptional regulator inhibitor of differentiation-3 (ID3) promotes high fat diet-induced obesity in vivo. We have shown previously that PCB153 and natural estrogen 17β-estradiol increase ID3 expression. Based on our findings, we postulate that ID3 is a molecular target of estrogenic endocrine disruptors (EEDs) in the adipose tissue and a better understanding of this relationship may help to explain how EEDs can lead to the transcriptional programming of deviant fat cells. This review will discuss the current understanding of ID3 in excess fat accumulation and the potential for EEDs to influence susceptibility to obesity or metabolic disorders via ID3 signaling.
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen LH, Chien YW, Liang CT, Chan CH, Fan MH, Huang HY. Green tea extract induces genes related to browning of white adipose tissue and limits weight-gain in high energy diet-fed rat. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1347480. [PMID: 28804438 PMCID: PMC5533130 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1347480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A wealth of research has reported on the anti-obesity effects of green tea extract (GTE). Although browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has been reported to attenuate obesity, no study has disclosed the effects of GTE on browning in Sprague Dawley rats. Objectives: The aims of the study were to investigate the effects of GTE on anti-obesity and browning, and their underlying mechanisms. Methods: Four groups of rats (n=10/group) were used including a normal diet with vehicle treatment, and a high-energy diet (HED) with vehicle or GTE by oral gavage at 77.5 or 155 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. Body weight, fat accumulation, and serum biochemical parameters were used to evaluate obesity. The gene expressions were analyzed using RT-qPCR and western blotting. Results: GTE modulated HED-induced body weight, fat accumulation, and serum levels of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, free fatty acids, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Moreover, GTE enhanced the serum high-density lipoprotein. Most importantly, the biomarkers of beige adipose tissue were up-regulated in WAT in GTE-given groups. GTE induced genes involved in different pathways of browning, and reduced transducin-like enhancer protein-3 in WAT. Conclusion: Our results suggest that GTE may improve obesity through inducing browning in HED-fed rats. Abbreviations: ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; BAT: Brown adipose tissue; BMP-7: Bone morphogenetic protein-7; BW: Body weight; CIDEA: Cell death activator; CPT-1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1; EFP: Epididymal fat pad; FFA: Free fatty acid; FGF-21: Fibroblast growth factor-21; GTE: Green tea extract; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; HED: high-energy diet; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; MFP: Mesenteric fat pad; PGC-1α: Activates PPAR-γ coactivator-1; PPAR-γ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; PRDM-16: PR domain containing 16; RFP: Renal fat pad; SD: Sprague Dawley; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triacylglycerol; TLE-3: Transducin-like enhancer protein-3: UCP-1: Uncoupling protein-1; WAT: White adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Han Chen
- YongLin Biomedical Engineering Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chien
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Ching-Hung Chan
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Fan
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cui J, Pang J, Lin YJ, Gong H, Wang ZH, Li YX, Li J, Wang Z, Jiang P, Dai DP, Li J, Cai JP, Huang JD, Zhang TM. Adipose-specific deletion of Kif5b exacerbates obesity and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2017; 31:2533-2547. [PMID: 28242773 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601103r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that KIF5B (conventional kinesin heavy chain) mediates glucose transporter type 4 translocation and adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting an involvement of KIF5B in the homeostasis of metabolism. However, the in vivo physiologic function of KIF5B in adipose tissue remains to be determined. In this study, adipose-specific Kif5b knockout (F-K5bKO) mice were generated using the Cre-LoxP strategy. F-K5bKO mice had similar body weights to controls fed on a standard chow diet. However, F-K5bKO mice had hyperlipidemia and significant glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Deletion of Kif5b aggravated the deleterious impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on body weight gain, hepatosteatosis, glucose tolerance, and systematic insulin sensitivity. These changes were accompanied by impaired insulin signaling, decreased secretion of adiponectin, and increased serum levels of leptin and proinflammatory adipokines. F-K5bKO mice fed on an HFD exhibited lower energy expenditure and thermogenic dysfunction as a result of whitening of brown adipose due to decreased mitochondria biogenesis and down-regulation of key thermogenic gene expression. In conclusion, selective deletion of Kif5b in adipose tissue exacerbates HFD-induced obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, partly through a decrease in energy expenditure, dysregulation of adipokine secretion, and insulin signaling.-Cui, J., Pang, J., Lin, Y.-J., Gong, H., Wang, Z.-H., Li, Y.-X., Li, J., Wang, Z., Jiang, P., Dai, D.-P., Li, J., Cai, J.-P., Huang, J.-D., Zhang, T.-M. Adipose-specific deletion of Kif5b exacerbates obesity and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Cui
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Pang
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Lin
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Gong
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-He Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Zai Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Peng Dai
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; .,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The Centre for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tie-Mei Zhang
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cocktail supplement with rosiglitazone: a novel inducer for chicken preadipocyte differentiation in vitro. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160049. [PMID: 27638500 PMCID: PMC5293590 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken preadipocytes cultured in cocktail supplement with rosiglitazone resulted in a marked increase in lipid droplet accumulation, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and mRNA expression of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and lipolysis. The present study provides a novel induction method for in vitro chicken preadipocyte differentiation. The preadipocyte differentiation biological process involves a cascade of transcriptional events that culminates in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ. The differentiation cocktail [insulin (INS), dexamethasone (DEX) and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)] can induce preadipocyte differentiation in mammals, but it is insufficient for chicken (Gallus gallus) adipogenesis. Oleate can induce chicken preadipocyte differentiation, but these differentiated preadipocytes may not be fully functional. The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether chicken preadipocytes can be induced to mature adipocytes by a novel induction method using differentiation cocktail supplemented with PPARγ agonist(s). Chicken preadipocytes cultured in cocktail supplemented with rosiglitazone or troglitazone resulted in a marked increase in lipid droplet accumulation (P<0.05), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity (P<0.05), mRNA expression level of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2; P<0.05), G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2; P<0.05) and lipolysis (P<0.05). In addition, supplementation of the cocktail with rosiglitazone promoted PPARγ mRNA expression (P<0.05). In conclusion, our data indicated that chicken preadipocytes can be induced to mature adipocytes using differentiation cocktail supplemented with rosiglitazone. The results of the present study provide a novel induction method for in vitro chicken preadipocyte differentiation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Duan W, Lopez MJ. Effects of Cryopreservation on Canine Multipotent Stromal Cells from Subcutaneous and Infrapatellar Adipose Tissue. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:257-68. [PMID: 26537238 PMCID: PMC4841859 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adipose derived multipotent stromal cells (ASCs) isolated from brown versus white adipose tissues, may have distinct in vitro properties, including response to cryopreservation, due to differences in tissue physiology. This study was designed to determine the ultrastructure, immunophenotype, in vitro expansion capabilities and multipotentiality of paired canine ASCs harvested from subcutaneous (SUB) and infrapatellar (IFP) adipose tissue up to cell passage (P) 3 before and after cryopreservation. Adipocyte and ASC ultrastructure from the same tissue were distinct, and morphologies of both differed between tissue sources and with cryopreservation. Cell expansion and colony forming unit frequencies were similar between ASCs from both tissue sources before and after cryopreservation. Most fresh cells were CD29+, CD44+, CD90+ and CD34- up to P3. Cryopreserved P1 and P3 cells had lower percentages of CD29+ and 44+ cells, respectively, compared to fresh. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) gene expression and sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), CD29 and CD44 protein expression was lower in cryopreserved versus fresh P3 ASCs. Both PPAR-γ and osteopontin (OPN) protein expression increased in fresh and cryopreserved P3 ASCs cultured in adipogenic and osteogenic induction medium, respectively, while SOX2 decreased. Based on the study findings, in vitro expansion and multipotentiality are not distinct among canine SUB and IFP ASCs before or after cryopreservation. However, cryopreservation alters ASC ultrastructure, immunophenotype and transcription factor expression from both tissue sources. Future studies are necessary to determine the impact of cryopreservation on cell potential for therapy and de novo tissue generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mandi J Lopez
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Adeniran-Catlett AE, Weinstock LD, Bozal FK, Beguin E, Caraballo AT, Murthy SK. Accelerated adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs in a microfluidic shear stimulation platform. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:440-6. [PMID: 26587686 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of transplanted adipose tissue to repair crucial defects is clinically interesting for surgical reconstruction. Terminally differentiated adipocytes are utilized to promote the healthy regeneration of defective tissue. Use of differentiated mesenchymal stem cells, capable of differentiation into adipocytes, is advantageous because of their regenerative properties. Conventionally, the differentiation of hMSCs toward adipocytes occurs through chemical stimulation. We designed a microfluidic system, consisting of plastic tubing and a syringe pump, to create an environment of shear to accelerate this differentiation process. This system employed a flow rate equivalent to the accelerated flow rates found within the arterial system in order to promote and activate intracellular and extracellular proteins associated with the adipogenic lineage. Confirmation of sustained viability following shear exposure was obtained using a fluorescent live-dead assay. Visualization of intracellular lipid accumulation was achieved via Oil Red O staining. When placed into culture, shear stimulated hMSCs were further induced toward brown adipose tissue, as evidenced by a greater quantity of lipid triglycerides, relative to unstimulated hMSCs. qRT-PCR analysis validated the phenotypic changes observed when the hMSCs were later cultured in adipogenic differentiation media. Additionally, increased fold change for adipogenic markers such as LPL1, CFL1, and SSP1 were observed as a result of shear stimulation. The significance of this work lies in the demonstration that transient fluid shear exposure of hMSCs in suspension can influence differentiation into adipocytes. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:440-446, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fazli K Bozal
- Biochemistry Program, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Estelle Beguin
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Shashi K Murthy
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Patil M, Sharma BK, Satyanarayana A. Id transcriptional regulators in adipogenesis and adipose tissue metabolism. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2014; 19:1386-97. [PMID: 24896358 DOI: 10.2741/4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Id proteins (Id1-Id4) are helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcriptional regulators that lack a basic DNA binding domain. They act as negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibit their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Id proteins are implicated in the regulation of various cellular mechanisms such as cell proliferation, cellular differentiation, cell fate determination, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. A handful of recent studies also disclosed that Id proteins have critical functions in adipocyte differentiation and adipose tissue metabolism. Here, we reviewed the progress made thus far in understanding the specific functions of Id proteins in adipose tissue differentiation and metabolism. In addition to reviewing the known mechanisms of action, we also discuss possible additional mechanisms in which Id proteins might participate in regulating adipogenic and metabolic pathways.
Collapse
|
18
|
Immunomodulatory Role of an Ayurvedic Formulation on Imbalanced Immunometabolics during Inflammatory Responses of Obesity and Prediabetic Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:795072. [PMID: 24302970 PMCID: PMC3835817 DOI: 10.1155/2013/795072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kal-1 is a polyherbal decoction of seven different natural ingredients, traditionally used in controlling sugar levels, inflammatory conditions particularly regulating metabolic and immunoinflammatory balance which are the major factors involved in obesity and related diseases. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Kal-1 (an abbreviation derived from the procuring source) on diet-induced obesity and type II diabetes using C57BL/6J mice as a model. The present study was performed with two experimental groups involving obese and prediabetic mice as study animals. In one, the mice were fed on high-fat with increased sucrose diet, and different amounts (5, 20, and 75 μL) of Kal-1 were administered with monitoring of disease progression over a period of 21 weeks whereas in the second group the mice were first put on the same diet for 21 weeks and then treated with the same amounts of Kal-1. A significant reduction in body weight, fat pads, fasting blood glucose levels, insulin levels, biochemical parameters, immunological parameters, and an array of pro- and anticytokines was observed in obese and diabetic mice plus Kal-1 than control (lean) mice fed on normal diet. In conclusion, Kal-1 has immunomodulatory potential for diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
Collapse
|
19
|
BMP4-mediated brown fat-like changes in white adipose tissue alter glucose and energy homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E798-807. [PMID: 23388637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215236110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in adipocytes of white adipose tissue (WAT) produces "white adipocytes" with characteristics of brown fat and leads to a reduction of adiposity and its metabolic complications. Although BMP4 is known to induce commitment of pluripotent stem cells to the adipocyte lineage by producing cells that possess the characteristics of preadipocytes, its effects on the mature white adipocyte phenotype and function were unknown. Forced expression of a BMP4 transgene in white adipocytes of mice gives rise to reduced WAT mass and white adipocyte size along with an increased number of a white adipocyte cell types with brown adipocyte characteristics comparable to those of beige or brite adipocytes. These changes correlate closely with increased energy expenditure, improved insulin sensitivity, and protection against diet-induced obesity and diabetes. Conversely, BMP4-deficient mice exhibit enlarged white adipocyte morphology and impaired insulin sensitivity. We identify peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) as the target of BMP signaling required for these brown fat-like changes in WAT. This effect of BMP4 on WAT appears to extend to human adipose tissue, because the level of expression of BMP4 in WAT correlates inversely with body mass index. These findings provide a genetic and metabolic basis for BMP4's role in altering insulin sensitivity by affecting WAT development.
Collapse
|
20
|
Rodríguez E, Ribot J, Rodríguez AM, Palou A. PPAR-γ2 Expression in Response to Cafeteria Diet: Gender- and Depot-Specific Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1455-63. [PMID: 15483210 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of short-term cafeteria (CAF) diet feeding on the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and their association with adiposity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Four-week-old male and female Wistar rats were fed CAF diet or standard chow for 2 weeks. Body weight, energy intake, tissue weights, and serum parameters were determined. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma2, PPARalpha, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-alpha, and adipocyte differentiation and determination factor 1 mRNAs in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) (visceral depot) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) (subcutaneous depot) and in interscapular brown adipose tissue were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Short-term CAF diet feeding resulted in increases in body weight, adipose tissue weights, and lipid serum levels. Increased adiposity was more related to an increase in visceral fat than an increase in subcutaneous fat. This difference was associated with a higher expression of key adipogenic transcription factors (mainly PPARgamma2 and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-alpha) in gWAT when compared with iWAT. Higher hypertrophy of gWAT was found in females, whereas males showed a higher hypertrophy of iWAT. Differential gender and depot response to CAF diet could be explained by depot and gender differential expression of key adipogenic transcription factors, especially PPARgamma2. Hence, reduced hypertrophy of female iWAT and defective thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue in response to CAF diet were related to decreased PPARgamma2 mRNA levels, whereas increased hypertrophy in male iWAT and gWAT and in female gWAT was related to a tendency toward increased PPARgamma2 mRNA levels in response to overfeeding. DISCUSSION Our results suggest the involvement of PPARgamma2 in gender- and depot-specific effects of CAF diet on development and function in adipose tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodríguez
- Laboratori de Biologia Molecular, Nutrició i Biotecnologia, Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Cra Valldemossa, Km 7.5. E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Satyanarayana A, Klarmann KD, Gavrilova O, Keller JR. Ablation of the transcriptional regulator Id1 enhances energy expenditure, increases insulin sensitivity, and protects against age and diet induced insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis. FASEB J 2011; 26:309-23. [PMID: 21990377 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-190892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health concern that contributes to the development of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Id proteins are helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells from multiple tissues, including adipocytes. We screened mouse tissues for the expression of Id1 and found that Id1 protein is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), suggesting a role for Id1 in adipogenesis and cell metabolism. Id1(-/-) mice are viable but show a significant reduction in fat mass (P<0.005) over the life of the animal that was not due to decreased number of adipocytes. Analysis of Id1(-/-) mice revealed higher energy expenditure, increased lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation, resulting in reduced triglyceride accumulation in WAT compared to Id1(+/+) mice. Serum levels of triglycerides (193.9±32.2 vs. 86.5±33.8, P<0.0005), cholesterol (189.4±33.8 vs. 110.6±8.23, P<0.0005) and leptin (1263±835 vs. 222±260, P<0.005) were significantly lower in aged Id1(-/-) mice compared to Id1(+/+) mice. Id1-deficient mice have higher resting (P<0.005) and total (P<0.05) O(2) consumption and lower respiratory exchange ratio (P<0.005), confirming that Id1(-/-) mice use a higher proportion of lipid as an energy source for the increased energy expenditure. The expression of PGC1α and UCP1 were 2- to 3-fold up-regulated in Id1(-/-) BAT, suggesting that loss of Id1 increases thermogenesis. As a consequence of higher energy expenditure and reduced fat mass, Id1(-/-) mice displayed enhanced insulin sensitivity. Id1 deficiency protected mice against age- and high-fat-diet-induced adiposity, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis. Our findings suggest that Id1 plays a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and could be a potential target in the treatment of insulin resistance and fatty liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ande Satyanarayana
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer, Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evaluation of macrophage plasticity in brown and white adipose tissue. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:124-33. [PMID: 21757190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There are still questions about whether macrophage differentiation is predetermined or is induced in response to tissue microenvironments. C2D macrophage cells reside early in the macrophage lineage in vitro, but differentiate to a more mature phenotype after adoptive transfer to the peritoneal cavity (PEC-C2D). Since C2D macrophage cells also traffic to adipose tissue after adoptive transfer, we explored the impact of white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) and in vitro cultured adipocytes on C2D macrophage cells. When PEC-C2D macrophage cells were cultured with preadipocytes the cells stretched out and CD11b and Mac-2 expression was lower compared to PEC-C2D macrophage cells placed in vitro alone. In contrast, PEC-C2D cells co-cultured with adipocytes maintained smaller, round morphology and more cells expressed Mac-2 compared to PEC-C2D co-cultured with preadipocytes. After intraperitoneal injection, C2D macrophage cells migrated into both WAT and BAT. A higher percentage of C2D macrophage cells isolated from WAT (WAT-C2D) expressed Ly-6C (33%), CD11b (11%), Mac-2 (11%) and F4/80 (29%) compared to C2D macrophage cells isolated from BAT (BAT-C2D). Overall, BAT-C2D macrophage cells had reduced expression of many cytokine, chemokine and receptor gene transcripts when compared to in vitro grown C2D macrophages, while WAT-C2D macrophage cells and PEC-C2D up-regulated many of these gene transcripts. These data suggest that the C2D macrophage phenotype can change rapidly and distinct phenotypes are induced by different microenvironments.
Collapse
|
23
|
Jo SJ, Choi WW, Lee ES, Lee JY, Park HS, Moon DW, Eun HC, Chung JH. Temporary Increase of PPAR-γ and Transient Expression of UCP-1 in Stromal Vascular Fraction Isolated Human Adipocyte Derived Stem Cells During Adipogenesis. Lipids 2011; 46:487-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
24
|
Abstract
PPARγ is an important transcription factor in the process of adipocyte recruitment and differentiation. Its relevance in vivo has been clearly observed using genetically modified animal models with different degrees of PPARγ function impairment. These animals showed defects in white and brown adipose tissue development and plasticity. Also, the use of PPARγ synthetic activators provided pharmacological evidence for the role of PPARγ as a modulator of adipose tissue plasticity and function. Aside from its well-established role in white adipocyte differentiation, PPARγ also plays a role in brown adipocyte differentiation. Specifically, in brown adipocytes, PPARγ promotes the transcription of genes involved in thermogenesis, such as mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, resulting in enhanced noradrenaline-dependent thermogenesis. PPARγ may also promote the acquirement of a 'brown' phenotype by mature white adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Dalla Nora
- a University of Ferrara, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Geriatric, Via Savonarola 9, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Sarah L Gray
- b University of British Columbia, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Vancouver, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, V6T 1Z3 Canada.
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- c University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd., Cambridge, CB2 2QR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Seale P, Kajimura S, Yang W, Chin S, Rohas L, Uldry M, Tavernier G, Langin D, Spiegelman BM. Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. Cell Metab 2007; 6:38-54. [PMID: 17618855 PMCID: PMC2564846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Brown fat cells are specialized to dissipate energy and can counteract obesity; however, the transcriptional basis of their determination is largely unknown. We show here that the zinc-finger protein PRDM16 is highly enriched in brown fat cells compared to white fat cells. When expressed in white fat cell progenitors, PRDM16 activates a robust brown fat phenotype including induction of PGC-1alpha, UCP1, and type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) expression and a remarkable increase in uncoupled respiration. Transgenic expression of PRDM16 at physiological levels in white fat depots stimulates the formation of brown fat cells. Depletion of PRDM16 through shRNA expression in brown fat cells causes a near total loss of the brown characteristics. PRDM16 activates brown fat cell identity at least in part by simultaneously activating PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta through direct protein binding. These data indicate that PRDM16 can control the determination of brown fat fate.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3T3-L1 Cells
- Adipocytes
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- COS Cells
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Respiration
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Fibroblasts
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- Phenotype
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Uncoupling Protein 1
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seale
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wenli Yang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Sherry Chin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lindsay Rohas
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marc Uldry
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Geneviève Tavernier
- Inserm, U858, Rangueil Institute of Molecular Medicine, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, F-31432 France
- Paul Sabatier University, Louis Bugnard Institute, IFR31, Toulouse, F-31432 France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, U858, Rangueil Institute of Molecular Medicine, Obesity Research Laboratory, Toulouse, F-31432 France
- Paul Sabatier University, Louis Bugnard Institute, IFR31, Toulouse, F-31432 France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Biology Institute of Purpan, Toulouse, F-31059 France
| | - Bruce M. Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
De Gemmis P, Lapucci C, Bertelli M, Tognetto A, Fanin E, Vettor R, Pagano C, Pandolfo M, Fabbri A. A real-time PCR approach to evaluate adipogenic potential of amniotic fluid-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2007; 15:719-28. [PMID: 17105407 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2006.15.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of adipocyte differentiation is an important process in the control of adipose tissue development. So far, adipogenesis has been investigated through the use of various experimental models. In this work, we used human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) obtained from amniotic fluid (AF) as an alternative model more representative of what naturally happens in vivo. In our opinion, these hMSCs are still not influenced by differentiation stimuli and could act in a way more correspondent to the physiological process of adipogenesis, representing also an ethically acceptable alternative to totipotent human embryonic stem cells (ES). Adipocyte differentiation was monitorated following the expressions of key genes. We measured the expression levels of PPARgamma2, PPARgamma-C1alpha, UCP-1, adipsin, and leptin genes using quantitative real-time PCR. We tested our experimental model with two different media. Understanding in vivo adipogenesis mechanisms will shed light on the pathophysiology of many diseases.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hansen JB, Kristiansen K. Regulatory circuits controlling white versus brown adipocyte differentiation. Biochem J 2006; 398:153-68. [PMID: 16898874 PMCID: PMC1550312 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ that exerts a profound influence on whole-body homoeostasis. Two types of adipose tissue exist in mammals: WAT (white adipose tissue) and BAT (brown adipose tissue). WAT stores energy and is the largest energy reserve in mammals, whereas BAT, expressing UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1), can dissipate energy through adaptive thermogenesis. In rodents, ample evidence supports BAT as an organ counteracting obesity, whereas less is known about the presence and significance of BAT in humans. Despite the different functions of white and brown adipocytes, knowledge of factors differentially influencing the formation of white and brown fat cells is sparse. Here we summarize recent progress in the molecular understanding of white versus brown adipocyte differentiation, including novel insights into transcriptional and signal transduction pathways. Since expression of UCP1 is the hallmark of BAT and a key factor determining energy expenditure, we also review conditions associated with enhanced energy expenditure and UCP1 expression in WAT that may provide information on processes involved in brown adipocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yamada Y, Wang XD, Yokoyama SI, Fukuda N, Takakura N. Cardiac progenitor cells in brown adipose tissue repaired damaged myocardium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:662-70. [PMID: 16488397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) regeneration is limited in adult life and is not sufficient to prevent myocardial infarction. Hence, the identification of a useful source of CM progenitors is of great interest for possible use in regenerative therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow, embryonic stem cells, and skeletal myoblasts are known sources of CM repletion; however, there are a number of critical problems for clinical application. In this study, we succeeded to identify CM progenitor cells in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Moreover, we showed that CM progenitor cells in BAT that existed in CD29-positive population could differentiate into CM with high efficiency. To confirm the in vivo effect of CD29(+)BAT-derived cells (BATDCs), we transplanted these cells into infarct border zone of an acute myocardial infarction model in rat. Results clearly indicated that implantation of CD29(+) BATDCs led to the reduction of the infarction area and improvement of left ventricular function by replacing newly developed CMs in comparison with that by CD29(+) white adipose tissue-derived cells or control saline. These findings suggest that BATDCs are one of the useful sources for a new strategy in CM regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Takarama-chi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
A lipodistrofia generalizada congênita (síndrome de Berardinelli-Seip), doença autossômica recessiva, caracteriza-se por escassez do tecido subcutâneo. A falta de tecido adiposo propicia disfunção metabólica dos lípides e carboidratos, resistência periférica à insulina, hipertrigliceridemia e hipermetabolismo. Outros achados são acantose nigricante, acromegalia, hepatomegalia e alterações musculares, ósseas, cardiovasculares e neurológicas. Relata-se o caso de paciente com essa síndrome, cujo diagnóstico foi realizado em um serviço de dermatologia.
Collapse
|
30
|
Higuchi T, Kinuya S, Taki J, Nakajima K, Ikeda M, Namura M, Tonami N. Brown adipose tissue: Evaluation with201Tl and99mTc-sestamibi dual-tracer SPECT. Ann Nucl Med 2004; 18:547-9. [PMID: 15515758 DOI: 10.1007/bf02984575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue is one kind of adipose tissue and regulates body temperature and balance of energy via non-shivering thermogenesis. The authors present a case that strongly suggested the presence of activated brown adipose tissue in the neck, shoulders and axillary space by increased 18F-FDG uptake. 99mTc-sestamibi and 201Tl dual-tracer SPECT study showed increased 99mTc-sestamibi uptake and non-increased 201Tl uptake in the corresponding 18F-FDG uptake sites. Brown adipose tissue has dense mitochondria in the cells, which play an important role in thermogenesis. 99mTc-sestamibi uptake and retention depend on the mitochondrial activity but 201Tl uptake does not. Therefore, the activity of mitochondria in activated brown adipose tissue may explain the discrepant uptake between 99mTc-sestamibi and 201Tl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Higuchi
- Department of Kanazawa, PET Center, Kanazawa Cardiovascular Hospital, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tseng YH, Kriauciunas KM, Kokkotou E, Kahn CR. Differential roles of insulin receptor substrates in brown adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:1918-29. [PMID: 14966273 PMCID: PMC350563 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.5.1918-1929.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin promotes adipocyte differentiation via a complex signaling network involving multiple insulin receptor substrates (IRSs). In cultured brown preadipocytes, expression of IRS-1 and IRS-2 mRNAs and proteins was at relatively high levels before and after differentiation into mature fat cells, while IRS-3 transcript was not detectable in preadipocytes but increased during the course of differentiation, and IRS-4 mRNA was barely detected in both states. To determine more precisely the roles of various IRS proteins in adipogenesis, we established and characterized brown preadipocyte cell lines from wild-type and IRS knockout (KO) animals. While wild-type, IRS-2 KO, and IRS-4 KO cells fully differentiated into mature adipocytes, IRS-3 KO cells showed a moderate defect in differentiation and IRS-1 KO cells exhibited a severe defect in the process. Cells lacking both IRS-1 and IRS-3 completely failed to differentiate. Expression of the adipogenic markers peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, fatty acid synthase, glucose transporter 4, and the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, as well as the brown-fat-specific markers PPARgamma coactivator 1 alpha and uncoupling protein 1, mirrored the differentiation pattern. Reconstitution of the IRS-1 KO cells with IRS-1 and IRS-4, but not IRS-2 or IRS-3, compensated for the lack of differentiation in IRS-1 KO cells. A chimeric molecule containing the N terminus of IRS-1 and the C terminus of IRS-2, but not one with the N terminus of IRS-2 and the C terminus of IRS-1, also rescued differentiation. Expression of Wnt 10a, a molecule known to inhibit adipogenesis, was dramatically increased in the IRS-1 KO cells, and this could be reduced by overexpression of IRS-1 or IRS-4, which was correlated with restoration of differentiation. These data indicate that both IRS-1 and -3 play important roles in the differentiation of brown adipocytes and that the N terminus of IRS-1 is more important for this function of the molecule. Although IRS-4 is not essential for the process, overexpression of IRS-4 can compensate for the deficiency in differentiation in IRS-1 KO cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Tseng
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Simha V, Garg A. Phenotypic heterogeneity in body fat distribution in patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy caused by mutations in the AGPAT2 or seipin genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5433-7. [PMID: 14602785 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by extreme paucity of adipose tissue since birth, acanthosis nigricans, severe insulin resistance, marked hypertriglyceridemia, and early-onset diabetes mellitus. Recently, we reported mutations in the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2) gene in CGL pedigrees linked to chromosome 9q34 (CGL1 subtype), and mutations in the Seipin gene were reported in pedigrees linked to chromosome 11q13 (CGL2 subtype). Whether the two subtypes have differences in body fat distribution has not been investigated. We, therefore, compared whole-body adipose tissue distribution by magnetic resonance imaging in 10 CGL patients, of whom seven (six females, one male) had CGL1 and three (two males, one female) had CGL2. Both subtypes had marked lack of metabolically active adipose tissue located at most sc, intermuscular, bone marrow, intraabdominal, and intrathoracic regions. Paucity of mechanical adipose tissue in the palms, soles, orbits, scalp, and periarticular regions was noted in CGL2, whereas it was well preserved in CGL1 patients. We conclude that CGL patients with Seipin mutations have a more severe lack of body fat, which affects both metabolically active and mechanical adipose tissue, compared with patients with mutations in the AGPAT2 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Simha
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Metges CC, Lehmann L, Boeuf S, Petzke KJ, Müller A, Rickert R, Franke W, Steinhart H, Nürnberg G, Klaus S. cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA affect lipid metabolism differently in primary white and brown adipocytes of djungarian hamsters. Lipids 2003; 38:1133-42. [PMID: 14733358 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We explored whether CLA isomers and other C18 FA affect (i) lipid content and FA concentrations in total adipocyte lipids, (ii) FA synthesis from glucose in TAG and phospholipids of primary brown (BAT) and white adipocytes (WAT), and (iii) mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in primary brown adipocytes of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). c9,t11-CLA, oleic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acid increased whereas t10,c12-CLA decreased lipid accumulation in both adipocyte types. t10,c12-CLA treatment affected FA composition mainly in BAT cells. CLA incorporation into lipids, in particular c9,t11-CLA, was higher in BAT. In both cell types, t10,c12-CLA treatment reduced the incorporation of glucose 13C carbon into FA of TAG and phospholipids, whereas c9,t11-CLA, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acid either did not influence or dose-dependently increased glucose carbon incorporation into FA. UCP1 mRNA expression was inhibited by t10,c12-CLA but increased by c9,t11-CLA, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acid. It is concluded that c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA have distinctly different effects on lipid metabolism in primary adipocytes. The effects of c9,t11-CLA are similar to those of other unsaturated C18 FA. The opposite effects of c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA are evident in both WAT and BAT cultures; however, brown adipocytes seem to be more susceptible to CLA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia C Metges
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, 14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lanz RB, Chua SS, Barron N, Söder BM, DeMayo F, O'Malley BW. Steroid receptor RNA activator stimulates proliferation as well as apoptosis in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:7163-76. [PMID: 14517287 PMCID: PMC230309 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.20.7163-7176.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2003] [Revised: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 07/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) is an RNA that coactivates steroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription in vitro. Its expression is strongly up-regulated in many human tumors of the breast, uterus, and ovary, suggesting a potential role in pathogenesis. To assess SRA function in vivo, a transgenic-mouse model was generated to enable robust human SRA expression by using the transcriptional activity of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Transgenic SRA was expressed in the nuclei of luminal epithelial cells of the mammary gland and tissues of the male accessory sex glands. Distinctive evidence for SRA function in vivo was obtained from the elevated levels of estrogen-controlled expression of progesterone receptor in transgenic mammary glands. Although overexpression of SRA showed strong promoting activities on cellular proliferation and differentiation, no alterations progressed to malignancy. Epithelial hyperplasia was accompanied by increased apoptosis, and preneoplastic lesions were cleared by focal degenerative transformations. In bitransgenic mice, SRA also antagonized ras-induced tumor formation. This work indicates that although coactivation of steroid-dependent transcription by SRA is accompanied by a proliferative response, overexpression is not in itself sufficient to induce turmorigenesis. Our results underline an intricate relationship between the different physiological roles of steroid receptors in conjunction with the RNA activator in the regulation of development, tissue homeostasis, and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer B Lanz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gouon-Evans V, Pollard JW. Unexpected deposition of brown fat in mammary gland during postnatal development. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:2618-27. [PMID: 12403850 DOI: 10.1210/me.2001-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary fat tissue is crucial for mammary ductal morphogenesis in both fetal and adult mice. There are two kinds of adipocytes, the energy-storing white and the energy-dissipating brown adipocyte. The precise identity of the types of adipocyte in the mammary gland has never been investigated but was always assumed to be only white fat. In this study, we show that both white and brown adipocytes are present in the postnatal mammary gland. The amount of brown adipose tissue (BAT) examined by histology and electron microscopy correlates with the transcript levels of uncoupling protein 1, which is a mitochondrial carrier expressed exclusively in BAT. Uncoupling protein 1 mRNAs are the highest during prepuberty, decrease upon puberty, and are finally undetectable in the adult mammary gland. The analysis of a BAT-depleted mouse model showed that depletion of mammary BAT in early postnatal development induces epithelial differentiation. Alveolar structures were formed along all ducts and were functional since they produced beta-casein. However, mammary transplantation experiments indicated that a systemic effect was responsible for epithelium differentiation. Our data suggest that BAT negatively regulates the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in a systemic manner during prepubertal ductal outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Boeuf S, Keijer J, Franssen-Van Hal NLW, Klaus S. Individual variation of adipose gene expression and identification of covariated genes by cDNA microarrays. Physiol Genomics 2002; 11:31-6. [PMID: 12361988 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00051.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling through the application of microarrays provides comprehensive assessment of gene expression levels in a given tissue or cell population, as well as information on changes of gene expression in altered physiological or pathological situations. Microarrays are particularly suited to study interactions in the regulation of large numbers of different genes, since their expression is analyzed simultaneously. For improved understanding of the physiology of adipose tissue, and consequently obesity and diabetes, identification of covariability in gene expression was attempted by analysis of the individual variability of gene expression in subcutaneous white and brown fat of the Siberian dwarf hamster using microarrays containing approximately 300 cDNA fragments of adipose genes. No sex-dependant variability in gene expression could be found, and overall individual variability was rather low, with more than 80% of clones showing a coefficient of variation lower than 30%. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) displayed a high variability of gene expression in brown fat, which was negatively correlated with the gene expression of complement factor B (FactB), implying a possible functional relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Boeuf
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam, 14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany, RIKILT, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fuentes Jiménez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna. Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba. España
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Johannessen EA, Weaver JMR, Bourova L, Svoboda P, Cobbold PH, Cooper JM. Micromachined nanocalorimetric sensor for ultra-low-volume cell-based assays. Anal Chem 2002; 74:2190-7. [PMID: 12033326 DOI: 10.1021/ac011028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current strategies for cell-based screening generally focus on the development of highly specific assays, which require an understanding of the nature of the signaling molecules and cellular pathways involved. In contrast, changes in temperature of cells provides a measure of altered cellular metabolism that is not stimulus specific and hence could have widespread applications in cell-based screening of receptor agonists and antagonists, as well as in the assessment of toxicity of new lead compounds. Consequently, we have developed a micromachined nanocalorimetric biological sensor using a small number of isolated living cells integrated within a subnanoliter format, which is capable of detecting 13 nW of generated power from the cells, upon exposure to a chemical or pharmaceutical stimulus. The sensor comprises a 10-junction gold and nickel thermopile, integrated on a silicon chip which was back-etched to span a 800-nm-thick membrane of silicon nitride. The thin-film membrane, which supported the sensing junctions of the thermoelectric transducer, gave the system a temperature resolution of 0.125 mK, a low heat capacity of 1.2 nJ mK(-1), and a rapid (unfiltered) response time of 12 ms. The application of the system in ultra-low-volume cell-based assays could provide a rapid endogenous screen. It offers important additional advantages over existing methods in that it is generic in nature, it does not require the use of recombinant cell lines or of detailed assay development, and finally, it can enable the use of primary cell lines or tissue biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Johannessen
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Klein J, Fasshauer M, Klein HH, Benito M, Kahn CR. Novel adipocyte lines from brown fat: a model system for the study of differentiation, energy metabolism, and insulin action. Bioessays 2002; 24:382-8. [PMID: 11948624 DOI: 10.1002/bies.10058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has emerged as an important endocrine regulator of glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. By virtue of the mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), brown fat additionally plays a unique role in thermoregulation. Interest has focused on this tissue not only as a target for pharmacotherapy of obesity and insulin resistance but also as an endocrine tissue with leptin secretion and high insulin sensitivity. Most studies of adipocytes have been limited either to primary cell culture or to a small number of established cell lines. Recently, we have generated immortalized brown adipocyte cell lines from single newborn mice of different knockout mouse models. These cell lines retain the main characteristics of primary cells including UCP-1 expression. They display sensitive and diverse metabolic responses to insulin and adrenergic stimulation and have proven to be useful in the characterization of UCP regulation and the role of key insulin signaling elements for insulin action. Here, we outline common approaches to the generation of adipose tissue cell lines. Furthermore, we propose that the novel technique of generating brown adipocyte lines from a single newborn mouse will be instrumental in gaining further insight into the role of a broad range of signaling molecules in adipose tissue biology and in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Lübeck, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Boeuf S, Klingenspor M, Van Hal NL, Schneider T, Keijer J, Klaus S. Differential gene expression in white and brown preadipocytes. Physiol Genomics 2001; 7:15-25. [PMID: 11595788 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00048.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
White (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue are tissues of energy storage and energy dissipation, respectively. Experimental evidence suggests that brown and white preadipocytes are differentially determined, but so far not much is known about the genetic control of this determination process. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes involved in brown and white preadipocyte development. Using representational difference analysis (cDNA RDA) and DNA microarray screening, we identified four genes with higher expression in white preadipocytes (three different complement factors and delta-6 fatty acid desaturase) and seven genes with higher expression levels in brown preadipocytes, of which three are structural genes implicated in cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization (fibronectin, alpha-actinin-4, metargidin) and four that might function in gene transcription and protein synthesis (vigilin, necdin, snRNP polypeptide A, and a homolog to human hepatocellular carcinoma-associated protein). The expression profile of these genes was analyzed during preadipocyte differentiation, upon beta-adrenergic stimulation, and in WAT and BAT tissue in vivo compared with references genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), cytochrome c oxidase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Boeuf
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam, 14558 Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Emergence during development of the white-adipocyte cell phenotype is independent of the brown-adipocyte cell phenotype. Biochem J 2001. [PMID: 11368797 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3560659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, two types of adipose tissue are present, brown and white. They develop sequentially, as brown fat occurs during late gestation whereas white fat grows mainly after birth. However, both tissues have been shown to have great plasticity. Thus an apparent transformation of brown fat into white fat takes place during post-natal development. This observation raises questions about a possible conversion of brown into white adipocytes during development, although indirect data argue against this hypothesis. To investigate such questions in vivo, we generated two types of transgenic line. The first carried a transgene expressing Cre recombinase specifically in brown adipocytes under the control of the rat UCP1 promoter. The second corresponded to an inactive lacZ gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus promoter. This dormant gene is inducible by Cre because it contains a Stop sequence between two loxP sequences, separating the promoter from the coding sequence. Adipose tissues of progeny derived by crossing independent lines established from both constructs were investigated. LacZ mRNA corresponding to the activated reporter gene was easily detected in brown fat and not typically in white fat, even by reverse transcriptase PCR experiments. These data represent the first direct experimental proof that, during normal development, most white adipocytes do not derive from brown adipocytes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Moulin K, Truel N, André M, Arnauld E, Nibbelink M, Cousin B, Dani C, Pénicaud L, Casteilla L. Emergence during development of the white-adipocyte cell phenotype is independent of the brown-adipocyte cell phenotype. Biochem J 2001; 356:659-64. [PMID: 11368797 PMCID: PMC1221881 DOI: 10.1042/bj3560659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, two types of adipose tissue are present, brown and white. They develop sequentially, as brown fat occurs during late gestation whereas white fat grows mainly after birth. However, both tissues have been shown to have great plasticity. Thus an apparent transformation of brown fat into white fat takes place during post-natal development. This observation raises questions about a possible conversion of brown into white adipocytes during development, although indirect data argue against this hypothesis. To investigate such questions in vivo, we generated two types of transgenic line. The first carried a transgene expressing Cre recombinase specifically in brown adipocytes under the control of the rat UCP1 promoter. The second corresponded to an inactive lacZ gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus promoter. This dormant gene is inducible by Cre because it contains a Stop sequence between two loxP sequences, separating the promoter from the coding sequence. Adipose tissues of progeny derived by crossing independent lines established from both constructs were investigated. LacZ mRNA corresponding to the activated reporter gene was easily detected in brown fat and not typically in white fat, even by reverse transcriptase PCR experiments. These data represent the first direct experimental proof that, during normal development, most white adipocytes do not derive from brown adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Moulin
- UMR-CNRS 5018, IFR 31, Bat L1, CHU Rangueil, 31054 Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hoover-Plow J, Yuen L. Plasminogen binding is increased with adipocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 284:389-94. [PMID: 11394891 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the plasminogen system in the development of adipose tissue. Plasminogen binding capacity was determined in differentiated and undifferentiated cells from adipose tissue of plasminogen deficient mice and 3T3 cells, a well-characterized tissue culture model. In 3T3 cells, plasminogen binding was fivefold higher in differentiated cells compared to the undifferentiated cells. Inhibition of binding by carboxyl-terminal lysine analogs was similar for the differentiated and undifferentiated cells with tranexamic acid > EACA > lysine. The binding of plasminogen was concentration-dependent and approaches saturation in the both cell types. The number of plasminogen binding sites was tenfold higher in the differentiated compared to the undifferentiated cells. In isolated mature fat cells and stromal cell cultures from mouse adipose tissue, plasminogen binding was also higher in the differentiated mature fat cells and differentiated stromal cells compared to undifferentiated stromal cells. Plasminogen binding was elevated in the differentiated cells from the Plg-/- mice compared to cells from the WT mice. These results suggest that the plasminogen system plays an important role in adipose tissue development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hoover-Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Klaus S, Seivert A, Boeuf S. Effect of the beta(3)-adrenergic agonist Cl316,243 on functional differentiation of white and brown adipocytes in primary cell culture. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1539:85-92. [PMID: 11389970 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(01)00093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the specific beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist CL 316,243 (CL) on proliferation and functional differentiation of the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) white and brown preadipocytes in primary cell culture. Proliferation of both white and brown preadipocytes was stimulated by a general beta-adrenergic agonist (isoproterenol) but not by CL. Lipolysis of differentiated white and brown adipocytes was stimulated similarly by CL with maximum effect at 10 nM. Thermogenic properties of cells were assessed by immunodetection of UCP-1, the brown adipocyte specific uncoupling protein, and measurement of cytochrome c oxidase (COx) activity as an index of mitochondrial capacity. UCP-1 content was largely increased by CL in BAT but not in WAT cultures. Basal UCP-2 mRNA levels were similar in WAT and BAT cultures and increased by both CL and isoproterenol. COx activity of BAT cultures was twice as high as that of WAT cultures but in neither cell culture system could it be increased by beta-adrenergic stimulation. We suggest (i) that white and brown preadipocyte proliferation is increased in vitro via beta1 or beta(2), but not beta(3)-adrenergic pathways, (ii) that white and brown preadipocytes represent different cell types, and (iii) that in vitro beta-adrenergic stimulation it is not sufficient to induce complete thermogenic adaptation of brown adipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Klaus
- The German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Urso R, Gentile M. Are 'buffalo hump' syndrome, Madelung's disease and multiple symmetrical lipomatosis variants of the same dysmetabolism? AIDS 2001; 15:290-1. [PMID: 11216947 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200101260-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
46
|
Fasshauer M, Klein J, Kriauciunas KM, Ueki K, Benito M, Kahn CR. Essential role of insulin receptor substrate 1 in differentiation of brown adipocytes. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:319-29. [PMID: 11113206 PMCID: PMC88805 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.1.319-329.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely distributed members of the family of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are IRS-1 and IRS-2. These proteins participate in insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling, as well as the actions of some cytokines, growth hormone, and prolactin. To more precisely define the specific role of IRS-1 in adipocyte biology, we established brown adipocyte cell lines from wild-type and IRS-1 knockout (KO) animals. Using differentiation protocols, both with and without insulin, preadipocyte cell lines derived from IRS-1 KO mice exhibited a marked decrease in differentiation and lipid accumulation (10 to 40%) compared to wild-type cells (90 to 100%). Furthermore, IRS-1 KO cells showed decreased expression of adipogenic marker proteins, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), fatty acid synthase, uncoupling protein-1, and glucose transporter 4. The differentiation deficit in the KO cells could be reversed almost completely by retrovirus-mediated reexpression of IRS-1, PPARgamma, or C/EBPalpha but not the thiazolidinedione troglitazone. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) assays performed at various stages of the differentiation process revealed a strong and transient activation in IRS-1, IRS-2, and phosphotyrosine-associated PI 3-kinase in the wild-type cells, whereas the IRS-1 KO cells showed impaired phosphotyrosine-associated PI 3-kinase activation, all of which was associated with IRS-2. Akt phosphorylation was reduced in parallel with the total PI 3-kinase activity. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase with LY294002 blocked differentiation of wild-type cells. Thus, IRS-1 appears to be an important mediator of brown adipocyte maturation. Furthermore, this signaling molecule appears to exert its unique role in the differentiation process via activation of PI 3-kinase and its downstream target, Akt, and is upstream of the effects of PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fasshauer
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nisoli E, Briscini L, Giordano A, Tonello C, Wiesbrock SM, Uysal KT, Cinti S, Carruba MO, Hotamisligil GS. Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates apoptosis of brown adipocytes and defective brown adipocyte function in obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8033-8. [PMID: 10884431 PMCID: PMC16665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.14.8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe quantitative and qualitative brown adipocyte defects are common in obesity. To investigate whether aberrant expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in obesity is involved in functional brown fat atrophy, we have studied genetically obese (ob/ob) mice with targeted null mutations in the genes encoding the two TNF receptors. The absence of both TNF receptors or p55 receptor alone resulted in a significant reduction in brown adipocyte apoptosis and an increase in beta(3)-adrenoreceptor and uncoupling protein-1 expression in obese mice. Increased numbers of multilocular functionally active brown adipocytes, and improved thermoregulation was also observed in obese animals lacking TNF-alpha function. These results indicate that TNF-alpha plays an important role in multiple aspects of brown adipose tissue biology and mediates the abnormalities that occur at this site in obesity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Adipocytes/cytology
- Adipocytes/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Apoptosis
- Body Temperature
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cold Temperature
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Ion Channels
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitochondrial Proteins
- Mutation
- Obesity/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Uncoupling Agents/metabolism
- Uncoupling Protein 1
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, LITA Vialba, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Reue K, Xu P, Wang XP, Slavin BG. Adipose tissue deficiency, glucose intolerance, and increased atherosclerosis result from mutation in the mouse fatty liver dystrophy (fld) gene. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
49
|
Masso-Welch PA, Darcy KM, Stangle-Castor NC, Ip MM. A developmental atlas of rat mammary gland histology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2000; 5:165-85. [PMID: 11149571 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026491221687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic tissue that undergoes epithelial expansion and invasion during puberty and cycles of branching and lobular morphogenesis, secretory differentiation, and regression during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. The alteration in the mammary gland epithelium during its postnatal differentiation is accompanied by changes in the multiple stromal cell types present in this complex tissue. The postnatal plasticity of the epithelium, endothelium, and stromal cells of the mammary gland may contribute to its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The purpose of this review is to assist researchers in recognizing histological changes in the epithelium and stroma of the rat mammary gland throughout development.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The lipodystrophies are rare disorders characterized by selective but variable loss of adipose tissue. Metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and fatty liver, increase in severity with the extent of fat loss. The lipodystrophies can be classified into two major types: familial and acquired. The main subtypes of familial lipodystrophies are congenital generalized lipodystrophy, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by near complete lack of metabolically active adipose tissue from birth, and familial partial lipodystrophy, Dunnigan type, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat from the extremities at puberty and excess fat accumulation in the face and neck. Recently, a gene for congenital generalized lipodystrophy was localized to chromosome 9q34, and a gene for familial partial lipodystrophy, Dunnigan type, to chromosome 1q21-22; the genes, however, remain to be identified. Patients with acquired generalized lipodystrophy have generalized loss of subcutaneous fat, but those with acquired partial lipodystrophy have fat loss limited to the face, trunk, and upper extremities. Both varieties occur approximately three times more often in women, begin during childhood, and have underlying autoimmunity. Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are receiving therapy that includes HIV-1 protease inhibitors have been reported to develop a lipodystrophy characterized by loss of subcutaneous fat from the extremities and face but excess fat deposition in the neck and trunk. Localized lipodystrophies can be caused by drugs, pressure, panniculitis, or unknown mechanisms. Current management of patients includes cosmetic surgery, diet, and drug therapy for control of diabetes and dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine and the Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9052, USA
| |
Collapse
|