1
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Vos WAJW, Navas A, Meeder EMG, Blaauw MJT, Groenendijk AL, van Eekeren LE, Otten T, Vadaq N, Matzaraki V, van Cranenbroek B, Brinkman K, van Lunzen J, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Blok WL, van der Ven AJAM, Koenen HJPM, Stalenhoef JE. HIV immunological non-responders are characterized by extensive immunosenescence and impaired lymphocyte cytokine production capacity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350065. [PMID: 38779686 PMCID: PMC11109418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunological non-responders (INR) are people living with HIV (PLHIV) who fail to fully restore CD4+ T-cell counts despite complete viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART). INR are at higher risk for non-HIV related morbidity and mortality. Previous research suggest persistent qualitative defects. Methods The 2000HIV study (clinical trials NTC03994835) enrolled 1895 PLHIV, divided in a discovery and validation cohort. PLHIV with CD4 T-cell count <350 cells/mm3 after ≥2 years of suppressive ART were defined as INR and were compared to immunological responders (IR) with CD4 T-cell count >500 cells/mm3. Logistic and rank based regression were used to analyze clinical data, extensive innate and adaptive immunophenotyping, and ex vivo monocyte and lymphocyte cytokine production after stimulation with various stimuli. Results The discovery cohort consisted of 62 INR and 1224 IR, the validation cohort of 26 INR and 243 IR. INR were older, had more advanced HIV disease before starting ART and had more frequently a history of non-AIDS related malignancy. INR had lower absolute CD4+ T-cell numbers in all subsets. Activated (HLA-DR+, CD38+) and exhausted (PD1+) subpopulations were proportionally increased in CD4 T-cells. Monocyte and granulocyte immunophenotypes were comparable. INR lymphocytes produced less IL-22, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 to stimuli. In contrast, monocyte cytokine production did not differ. The proportions of CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+ and CD4+PD1+ subpopulations showed an inversed correlation to lymphocyte cytokine production. Conclusions INR compared to IR have hyperactivated and exhausted CD4+ T-cells in combination with lymphocyte functional impairment, while innate immune responses were comparable. Our data provide a rationale to consider the use of anti-PD1 therapy in INR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm A. J. W. Vos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriana Navas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elise M. G. Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboudumc, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Cognition and Behavior, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marc J. T. Blaauw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Albert L. Groenendijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, ErasmusMC, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious diseases, ErasmusMC, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louise E. van Eekeren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Twan Otten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Elizabeth-Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Nadira Vadaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bram van Cranenbroek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Kees Brinkman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Willem L. Blok
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Hans J. P. M. Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Janneke E. Stalenhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, OLVG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Li J, Wang Z, Dong H, Hao Y, Gao P, Li W. Different expression levels of interleukin-36 in asthma phenotypes. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 20:3. [PMID: 38218943 PMCID: PMC10787970 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-023-00868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 family is closely associated with inflammation and consists of IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra. The role of IL-36 in the context of asthma and asthmatic phenotypes is not well characterized. We examined the sputum IL-36 levels in patients with different asthma phenotypes in order to unravel the mechanism of IL-36 in different asthma phenotypes. Our objective was to investigate the induced sputum IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra concentrations in patients with mild asthma, and to analyze the relationship of these markers with lung function and other cytokines in patients with different asthma phenotypes. Induced sputum samples were collected from patients with mild controlled asthma (n = 62, 27 males, age 54.77 ± 15.49) and healthy non-asthmatic controls (n = 16, 10 males, age 54.25 ± 14.60). Inflammatory cell counts in sputum were determined. The concentrations of IL-36 and other cytokines in the sputum supernatant were measured by ELISA and Cytometric Bead Array. This is the first study to report the differential expression of different isoforms of IL-36 in different asthma phenotypes. IL-36α and IL-36β concentrations were significantly higher in the asthma group (P = 0.003 and 0.031), while IL-36Ra concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0.001) compared to healthy non-asthmatic controls. Sputum IL-36α and IL-36β concentrations in the neutrophilic asthma group were significantly higher than those in paucigranulocytic asthma (n = 24) and eosinophilic asthma groups (n = 23). IL-36α and IL-36β showed positive correlation with sputum neutrophils and total cell count (R = 0.689, P < 0.01; R = 0.304, P = 0.008; R = 0.689, P < 0.042; R = 0.253, P = 0.026). In conclusion, IL-36α and IL-36β may contribute to asthma airway inflammation by promoting neutrophil recruitment in airways. Our study provides insights into the inflammatory pathways of neutrophilic asthma and identifies potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengda Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongna Dong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuqiu Hao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Gutierrez-Hoffmann M, Fan J, O’Meally RN, Cole RN, Florea L, Antonescu C, Talbot CC, Tiniakou E, Darrah E, Soloski MJ. The Interaction of Borrelia burgdorferi with Human Dendritic Cells: Functional Implications. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:612-625. [PMID: 37405694 PMCID: PMC10527078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses by serving as sensors of infection and as the primary APCs responsible for the initiation of the T cell response against invading pathogens. The naive T cell activation requires the following three key signals to be delivered from dendritic cells: engagement of the TCR by peptide Ags bound to MHC molecules (signal 1), engagement of costimulatory molecules on both cell types (signal 2), and expression of polarizing cytokines (signal 3). Initial interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and dendritic cells remain largely unexplored. To address this gap in knowledge, we cultured live B. burgdorferi with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) from healthy donors to examine the bacterial immunopeptidome associated with HLA-DR. In parallel, we examined changes in the expression of key costimulatory and regulatory molecules as well as profiled the cytokines released by dendritic cells when exposed to live spirochetes. RNA-sequencing studies on B. burgdorferi-pulsed dendritic cells show a unique gene expression signature associated with B. burgdorferi stimulation that differs from stimulation with lipoteichoic acid, a TLR2 agonist. These studies revealed that exposure of mo-DCs to live B. burgdorferi drives the expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as immunoregulatory molecules (e.g., PD-L1, IDO1, Tim3). Collectively, these studies indicate that the interaction of live B. burgdorferi with mo-DCs promotes a unique mature DC phenotype that likely impacts the nature of the adaptive T cell response generated in human Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gutierrez-Hoffmann
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jinshui Fan
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert N. O’Meally
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility,
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility,
Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Liliana Florea
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins
University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Corina Antonescu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins
University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - C. Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns
Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eleni Tiniakou
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mark J. Soloski
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University,
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Cornet-Gomez A, Moreira LR, Gomez-Samblás M, Osuna A. Extracellular vesicles of Trypanosoma cruzi and immune complexes they form with sialylated and non-sialylated IgGs increase small peritoneal macrophage subpopulation and elicit different cytokines profiles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215913. [PMID: 37600828 PMCID: PMC10434529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is characterized by the presence of cardiac or gastrointestinal symptoms in a large number of patients during the chronic phase of the disease. Although the origin of the symptoms is not clear, several mechanisms have been described involving factors related to T. cruzi and the host immune response. In this sense, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the parasite and the immune complexes (ICs) formed after their recognition by host IgGs (EVs-IgGs) may play an important role in the immune response during infection. The aim of the present work is to elucidate the modulation of the immune response exerted by EVs and the ICs they form by analyzing the variation in the subpopulations of small and large peritoneal macrophages after intraperitoneal inoculation in mice and to evaluate the role of the sialylation of the host IgGs in this immunomodulation. Both macrophage subpopulations were purified and subjected to cytokine expression analysis by RT-qPCR. The results showed an increase in the small peritoneal macrophage subpopulation after intraperitoneal injection of parasite EVs, but a greater increase in this subpopulation was observed when sialylated and non-sialylated ICs were injected, which was similar to inoculation with the trypomastigote stage of the parasite. The cytokine expression results showed the ability of both subpopulations to express inflammatory and non-inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest the role of free EVs in the acute phase of the disease and the possible role of immune complexes in the immune response in the chronic phase of the disease, when the levels of antibodies against the parasite allow the formation of immune complexes. The differential expression of interleukins showed after the inoculation of immune complexes formed with sialylated and non-sialylated IgGs and the interleukins expression induced by EVs, demonstrates that the IgG glycosilation is involved in the type of immune response that dominates in each of the phases of the Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cornet-Gomez
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mercedes Gomez-Samblás
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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5
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Prombutara P, Adriansyah Putra Siregar T, Laopanupong T, Kanjanasirirat P, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Rai A, Chaiprasert A, Palittapongarnpim P, Ponpuak M. Host cell transcriptomic response to the multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clonal outbreak Beijing strain reveals its pathogenic features. Virulence 2022; 13:1810-1826. [PMID: 36242542 PMCID: PMC9578452 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2135268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The upsurge of multidrug-resistant infections has rendered tuberculosis the principal cause of death among infectious diseases. A clonal outbreak multidrug-resistant triggering strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in Kanchanaburi Province, labelled "MKR superspreader," which was found to subsequently spread to other regions, as revealed by prior epidemiological reports in Thailand. Herein, we showed that the MKR displayed a higher growth rate upon infection into host macrophages in comparison with the H37Rv reference strain. To further elucidate MKR's biology, we utilized RNA-Seq and differential gene expression analyses to identify host factors involved in the intracellular viability of the MKR. A set of host genes function in the cellular response to lipid pathway was found to be uniquely up-regulated in host macrophages infected with the MKR, but not those infected with H37Rv. Within this set of genes, the IL-36 cytokines which regulate host cell cholesterol metabolism and resistance against mycobacteria attracted our interest, as our previous study revealed that the MKR elevated genes associated with cholesterol breakdown during its growth inside host macrophages. Indeed, when comparing macrophages infected with the MKR to H37Rv-infected cells, our RNA-Seq data showed that the expression ratio of IL-36RN, the negative regulator of the IL-36 pathway, to that of IL-36G was greater in macrophages infected with the MKR. Furthermore, the MKR's intracellular survival and increased intracellular cholesterol level in the MKR-infected macrophages were diminished with decreased IL-36RN expression. Overall, our results indicated that IL-36RN could serve as a new target against this emerging multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tegar Adriansyah Putra Siregar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Awantika Rai
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Novel insights into the role of anti-inflammatory IL-38 in immunity against infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1322-1324. [PMID: 35974108 PMCID: PMC9379218 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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7
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Dong H, Hao Y, Li W, Yang W, Gao P. IL-36 Cytokines: Their Roles in Asthma and Potential as a Therapeutic. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921275. [PMID: 35903102 PMCID: PMC9314646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines are members of the IL-1 superfamily, which consists of three agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ) and an IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). IL-36 cytokines are crucial for immune and inflammatory responses. Abnormal levels of IL-36 cytokine expression are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation, autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. The present study provides a summary of recent reports on IL-36 cytokines that participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and the potential mechanisms underlying their roles in asthma. Abnormal levels of IL-36 cytokines are associated with the pathogenesis of different types of asthma through the regulation of the functions of different types of cells. Considering the important role of IL-36 cytokines in asthma, these may become a potential therapeutic target for asthma treatment. However, existing evidence is insufficient to fully elucidate the specific mechanism underlying the action of IL-36 cytokines during the pathological process of asthma. The possible mechanisms and functions of IL-36 cytokines in different types of asthma require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqiu Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Gao,
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8
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Baker JR, Fenwick PS, Koss CK, Owles HB, Elkin SL, Fine JS, Thomas M, Kasmi KC, Barnes PJ, Donnelly LE. Imbalance between IL-36 receptor agonist and antagonist drives neutrophilic inflammation in COPD. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155581. [PMID: 35763349 PMCID: PMC9462491 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments fail to modify the underlying pathophysiology and disease progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), necessitating alternative therapies. Here, we show that COPD subjects have increased IL-36γ and decreased IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) in bronchoalveolar and nasal fluid compared to control subjects. IL-36γ is derived from small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) and further induced by a viral mimetic, whereas IL-36RA is derived from macrophages. IL-36γ stimulates release of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL8, as well as elastolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) from small airway fibroblasts (SAF). Proteases released from COPD neutrophils cleave and activate IL-36γ thereby perpetuating IL-36 inflammation. Transfer of culture media from SAEC to SAF stimulated release of CXCL1, that was inhibited by exogenous IL-36RA. The use of a therapeutic antibody that inhibits binding to the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) attenuated IL-36γ driven inflammation and cellular cross talk. We have demonstrated a mechanism for the amplification and propagation of neutrophilic inflammation in COPD and that blocking this cytokine family via a IL-36R neutralizing antibody could be a promising new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Baker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Fenwick
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin K Koss
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG,, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Harriet B Owles
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Elkin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jay S Fine
- Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, United States of America
| | - Matthew Thomas
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG,, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Karim C Kasmi
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG,, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Li Z, Ding Y, Peng Y, Yu J, Pan C, Cai Y, Dong Q, Zhong Y, Zhu R, Yu K, Zeng Q. Effects of IL-38 on Macrophages and Myocardial Ischemic Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894002. [PMID: 35634320 PMCID: PMC9136064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in clearing necrotic myocardial tissues, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. M1 macrophages not only participate in the inflammatory response in myocardial tissues after infarction, which causes heart damage, but also exert a protective effect on the heart during ischemia. In contrast, M2 macrophages exhibit anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties by inducing the production of high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and fibro-progenitor cells. Interleukin (IL)-38, a new member of the IL-1 family, has been reported to modulate the IL-36 signaling pathway by playing a role similar to that of the IL-36 receptor antagonist, which also affects the production and secretion of macrophage-related inflammatory factors that play an anti-inflammatory role. IL-38 can relieve myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting the differentiation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages, inhibit the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and increase the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β. The intact recombinant IL-38 can also bind to interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL-1RAPL1) to activate the c-jun N-terminal kinase/activator protein 1 (JNK/AP1) pathway and increase the production of IL-6. In addition, IL-38 regulates dendritic cell-induced cardiac regulatory T cells, thereby regulating macrophage polarization and improving ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Accordingly, we speculated that IL-38 and macrophage regulation may be therapeutic targets for ameliorating myocardial ischemic injury and ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. However, the specific mechanism of the IL-38 action warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kunwu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiutang Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Superfamily Cytokines and Their Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2054431. [PMID: 35378905 PMCID: PMC8976653 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2054431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukins (ILs)—which are important members of cytokines—consist of a vast group of molecules, including a wide range of immune mediators that contribute to the immunological responses of many cells and tissues. ILs are immune-glycoproteins, which directly contribute to the growth, activation, adhesion, differentiation, migration, proliferation, and maturation of immune cells; and subsequently, they are involved in the pro and anti-inflammatory responses of the body, by their interaction with a wide range of receptors. Due to the importance of immune system in different organisms, the genes belonging to immune elements, such as ILs, have been studied vigorously. The results of recent investigations showed that the genes pertaining to the immune system undergo progressive evolution with a constant rate. The occurrence of any mutation or polymorphism in IL genes may result in substantial changes in their biology and function and may be associated with a wide range of diseases and disorders. Among these abnormalities, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can represent as important disruptive factors. The present review aims at concisely summarizing the current knowledge available on the occurrence, properties, role, and biological consequences of SNPs within the IL-1 family members.
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Wang X, Liang Y, Wang H, Zhang B, Soong L, Cai J, Yi P, Fan X, Sun J. The Protective Role of IL-36/IL-36R Signal in Con A-Induced Acute Hepatitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:861-869. [PMID: 35046104 PMCID: PMC8830780 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The IL-36 family, including IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36R antagonist, belong to the IL-1 superfamily. It was reported that IL-36 plays a role in immune diseases. However, it remains unclear how IL-36 regulates inflammation. To determine the role of IL-36/IL-36R signaling pathways, we established an acute hepatitis mouse model (C57BL/6) by i.v. injection of the plant lectin Con A. We found that the levels of IL-36 were increased in the liver after Con A injection. Our results demonstrated the infiltrated neutrophils, but not the hepatocytes, were the main source of IL-36 in the liver. Using the IL-36R-/- mouse model (H-2b), we surprisingly found that the absence of IL-36 signals led to aggravated liver injury, as evidenced by increased mortality, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and severe liver pathological changes. Further investigations demonstrated that a lack of IL-36 signaling induced intrahepatic activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and increased the production of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, IL-36R-/- mice had reduced T regulatory cell numbers and chemokines in the liver. Together, our results from the mouse model suggested a vital role of IL-36 in regulating T cell function and homeostasis during liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; and
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Jiyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China;
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China;
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX;
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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12
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The role of IL-36 subfamily in intestinal disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:223-230. [PMID: 35166319 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36 is a subfamily, of the IL-1 super-family and includes IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-38 and IL-36Ra. IL-36 cytokines are involved in the pathology of multiple tissues, including skin, lung, oral cavity, intestine, kidneys and joints. Recent studies suggest that IL-36 signaling regulates autoimmune disease in addition to antibacterial and antiviral responses. Most research has focused on IL-36 in skin diseases such as psoriasis, however, studies on intestinal diseases are also underway. This review outlines what is known about the bioactivity of the IL-36 subfamily and its role in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, gut dysbacteriosis and infection, and proposes that IL-36 may be a target for novel therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat intestinal diseases.
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13
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Watkinson RL, Looi K, Laing IA, Cianferoni A, Kicic A. Viral Induced Effects on a Vulnerable Epithelium; Lessons Learned From Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773600. [PMID: 34912343 PMCID: PMC8666438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium is integral to the protection of many different biological systems and for the maintenance of biochemical homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that particular children have epithelial vulnerabilities leading to dysregulated barrier function and integrity, that resultantly contributes to disease pathogenesis. These epithelial vulnerabilities likely develop in utero or in early life due to various genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Although various epithelia are uniquely structured with specific function, prevalent allergic-type epithelial diseases in children potentially have common or parallel disease processes. These include inflammation and immune response dysregulation stemming from atypical epithelial barrier function and integrity. Two diseases where aetiology and pathogenesis are potentially linked to epithelial vulnerabilities include Paediatric Asthma and Eosinophilic Oesophagitis (EoE). For example, rhinovirus C (RV-C) is a known risk factor for paediatric asthma development and is known to disrupt respiratory epithelial barrier function causing acute inflammation. In addition, EoE, a prevalent atopic condition of the oesophageal epithelium, is characterised by similar innate immune and epithelial responses to viral injury. This review examines the current literature and identifies the gaps in the field defining viral-induced effects on a vulnerable respiratory epithelium and resulting chronic inflammation, drawing from knowledge generated in acute wheezing illness, paediatric asthma and EoE. Besides highlighting the importance of epithelial structure and barrier function in allergic disease pathogenesis regardless of specific epithelial sub-types, this review focuses on the importance of examining other parallel allergic-type disease processes that may uncover commonalities driving disease pathogenesis. This in turn may be beneficial in the development of common therapeutics for current clinical management and disease prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Watkinson
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Antonella Cianferoni
- Pediatrics Department, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-Yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Al-Luhaibi ZII, Dernovics Á, Seprényi G, Ayaydin F, Boldogkői Z, Veréb Z, Megyeri K. IL-36α and Lipopolysaccharide Cooperatively Induce Autophagy by Triggering Pro-Autophagic Biased Signaling. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1541. [PMID: 34829770 PMCID: PMC8615041 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that controls infections both directly and indirectly via its multifaceted effects on the innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been reported that LPS stimulates this cellular process, whereas the effect of IL-36α on autophagy remains largely unknown. We therefore investigated how IL-36α modulates the endogenous and LPS-induced autophagy in THP-1 cells. The levels of LC3B-II and autophagic flux were determined by Western blotting. The intracellular localization of LC3B was measured by immunofluorescence assay. The activation levels of signaling pathways implicated in autophagy regulation were evaluated by using a phosphokinase array. Our results showed that combined IL-36α and LPS treatment cooperatively increased the levels of LC3B-II and Beclin-1, stimulated the autophagic flux, facilitated intracellular redistribution of LC3B, and increased the average number of autophagosomes per cell. The IL36α/LPS combined treatment increased phosphorylation of STAT5a/b, had minimal effect on the Akt/PRAS40/mTOR pathway, and reduced the levels of phospho-Yes, phospho-FAK, and phospho-WNK1. Thus, this cytokine/PAMP combination triggers pro-autophagic biased signaling by several mechanisms and thus cooperatively stimulates the autophagic cascade. An increased autophagic activity of innate immune cells simultaneously exposed to IL-36α and LPS may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid I. I. Al-Luhaibi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
| | - Áron Dernovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
| | - György Seprényi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Kossuth L. sgt. 40, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM) Nonprofit Ltd., Római krt. 21, H-6723 Szeged, Hungary;
- Biological Research Centre, Laboratory of Cellular Imaging, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi Béla u. 4, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Klára Megyeri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.I.I.A.-L.); (Á.D.)
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15
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Chen WJ, Yu X, Yuan XR, Chen BJ, Cai N, Zeng S, Sun YS, Li HW. The Role of IL-36 in the Pathophysiological Processes of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:727956. [PMID: 34675805 PMCID: PMC8523922 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A member of the interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily was IL-36, which contained IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra. Heterotrimer complexes, consisting of heterodimeric receptor complexes and IL-36 agonist, gave signals through intracellular functional domains, so as to bind to downstream proteins and induce inflammatory response. IL-36 agonists upregulated mature-associated CD80, CD86, MHCII, and inductively produced several pro-inflammatory cytokines through the IL-36R-dependent manner in dendritic cells (DCs). Besides, DCs had the ability to initiate the differentiation of helper T (Th) cells. Up to date, the role of IL-36 in immunity, inflammation and other diseases is of great importance. Additionally, autoimmune diseases were characterized by excessive immune response, resulting in damage and dysfunction of specific or multiple organs and tissues. Most autoimmune diseases were related to inflammatory response. In this review, we will conclude the recent research advances of IL-36 in the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases, which may provide new insight for the future research and the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Rong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bang-jie Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Na Cai
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuo Zeng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-song Sun
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-wen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Elias M, Zhao S, Le HT, Wang J, Neurath MF, Neufert C, Fiocchi C, Rieder F. IL-36 in chronic inflammation and fibrosis - bridging the gap? J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144336. [PMID: 33463541 DOI: 10.1172/jci144336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists and one receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). The three endogenous agonists, IL-36α, -β, and -γ, act primarily as proinflammatory cytokines, and their signaling through the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) promotes immune cell infiltration and secretion of inflammatory and chemotactic molecules. However, IL-36 signaling also fosters secretion of profibrotic soluble mediators, suggesting a role in fibrotic disorders. IL-36 isoforms and IL-36 have been implicated in inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and allergic rhinitis. Moreover, IL-36 has been connected to fibrotic disorders affecting the kidney, lung, and intestines. This review summarizes the expression, cellular source, and function of IL-36 in inflammation and fibrosis in various organs, and proposes that IL-36 modulation may prove valuable in preventing or treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and may reveal a mechanistic link between inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Elias
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hongnga T Le
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1 and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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17
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Wang XR, Xiao JP, Wang DG. Elevated levels of serum IL-36α in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biomed Rep 2021; 15:76. [PMID: 34405048 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the levels of IL-36α and its association with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A total of 60 patients with SLE and 29 healthy controls were enrolled in the present study. Disease activity was evaluated using the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). The serum levels of IL-36α, IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) and IL-17 were assessed using ELISA. The levels of IL-36α in patients with SLE were significantly higher compared with those of healthy controls. There was a significant increase in IL-36α in the active SLE group (SLEDAI score ≥5) compared with that of the healthy controls (P<0.001). The serum IL-36α levels were higher in patients with active SLE than in patients with quiescent disease (P=0.012). IL-36Ra was downregulated in patients with SLE (P=0.007). The serum IL-17 levels were elevated in patients with SLE (P=0.036), and a positive correlation was observed between the IL-36α and IL-17 levels (r=0.453, P=0.003). The serum IL-36α levels were associated with SLEDAI (r=0.374, P=0.003), proteinuria (r=0.329, P=0.010) and complement 3 (r=-0.336, P=0.009). Patients who were receiving glucocorticoid treatment had lower IL-36α levels than those who were not receiving glucocorticoid treatment (P=0.003). Patients with lupus nephritis had higher serum IL-36α levels compared with those found in patients without lupus nephritis (P=0.037). The serum IL-36α concentration was elevated in patients with SLE, and was correlated with disease activity and IL-17 levels. The aberrant serum IL-36α levels observed in the present study and its clinical association with SLE suggest the important role of IL-36α in onset and progression of SLE. In addition, the association of IL-36α with IL-17 level indicates its involvement in the regulation of T helper 17 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - De-Guang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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18
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Zhang M, Liu J, Gao R, Hu Y, Lu L, Liu C, Ai L, Pan J, Tian L, Fan J. Interleukin-36γ aggravates macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis progression in ApoE knockout mice. Cytokine 2021; 146:155630. [PMID: 34246054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Macrophage-derived foam cell formation is a critical early event in atherogenesis. However, the molecular pathways involved in this disease have not been fully elucidated. Interleukin (IL)-36 plays a crucial role in inflammation, and this study was conducted to investigate the possible role of IL-36γ in the pathogenesis and regulation of atherosclerosis. In this study, we show that IL-36γ regulates inflammatory responses and lipoprotein metabolic processes in macrophages and exerts its atherosclerosis-promoting effects by increasing macrophage foam cell formation and uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Mechanistically, IL-36γ specifically upregulates expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in macrophages. These results contribute to our understanding of IL-36γ as a novel regulator of foam cell formation and atherogenesis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yazhuo Hu
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chuanbin Liu
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lunna Ai
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jingkun Pan
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiao Fan
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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19
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Wang X, Yi P, Liang Y. The Role of IL-36 in Infectious Diseases: Potential Target for COVID-19? Front Immunol 2021; 12:662266. [PMID: 34054828 PMCID: PMC8155493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family, which is currently experiencing a renaissance due to the growing understanding of its context-dependent roles and advances in our understanding of the inflammatory response. The immunological role of IL-36 has revealed its profound and indispensable functional roles in psoriasis, as well as in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer. More recently, an increasing body of evidence suggests that IL-36 plays a crucial role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. There is a growing interest as to whether IL-36 contributes to host protective immune responses against infection as well as the potential implications of IL-36 for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding cellular expression, regulatory mechanisms and biological roles of IL-36 in infectious diseases, which suggest more specific strategies to maneuver IL-36 as a diagnostic or therapeutic target, especially in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Panpan Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis of Hunan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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20
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Dai C, Me R, Gao N, Su G, Wu X, Yu FSX. Role of IL-36γ/IL-36R Signaling in Corneal Innate Defense Against Candida albicans Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:10. [PMID: 33970198 PMCID: PMC8114008 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines have been shown to play either beneficial or detrimental roles in the infection of mucosal tissues in a pathogen-dependent manner, but their involvement in fungal keratitis remains elusive. We herein investigated their expression and function in mediating corneal innate immunity against Candida albicans infection. Methods Gene expression in mouse corneas with or without C. albicans infection was determined by regular RT- and real-time (q)-PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA or proteome profile assay. The severity of C. albicans keratitis was assessed using clinical scoring, bacterial counting, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as an indicator of neutrophil infiltration. IL36R knockout mice and IL-33-specific siRNA were used to assess the involvement IL-33 signaling in C. albicans-infected corneas. B6 CD11c-DTR mice and clodronate liposomes were used to define the involvement of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in IL-36R signaling and C. albicans keratitis, respectively. Results IL-36γ were up-regulated in C57BL6 mouse corneas in response to C. albicans infection. IL-36 receptor-deficient mice display increased severity of keratitis, with a higher fungal load, MPO, and IL-1β levels, and lower soluble sIL-1Ra and calprotectin levels. Exogenous IL-36γ prevented fungal keratitis pathogenesis with lower fungal load and MPO activity, higher expression of sIL-1Ra and calprotectin, and lower expression of IL-1β, at mRNA or protein levels. Protein array analysis revealed that the expression of IL-33 and REG3G were related to IL-36/IL36R signaling, and siRNA downregulation of IL-33 increased the severity of C. albicans keratitis. Depletion of dendritic cells or macrophages resulted in severe C. albicans keratitis and yet exhibited minimal effects on exogenous IL-36γ-induced protection against C. albicans infection in B6 mouse corneas. Conclusions IL-36/IL36R signaling plays a protective role in fungal keratitis by promoting AMP expression and by suppressing fungal infection-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in a dendritic cell- and macrophage-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Dai
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rao Me
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Guanyu Su
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fu-Shin X. Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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21
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Martin P, Goldstein JD, Mermoud L, Diaz-Barreiro A, Palmer G. IL-1 Family Antagonists in Mouse and Human Skin Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652846. [PMID: 33796114 PMCID: PMC8009184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines initiate inflammatory responses, and shape innate and adaptive immunity. They play important roles in host defense, but excessive immune activation can also lead to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Dysregulated IL-1 family signaling is observed in a variety of skin disorders. In particular, IL-1 family cytokines have been linked to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. The biological activity of pro-inflammatory IL-1 family agonists is controlled by the natural receptor antagonists IL-1Ra and IL-36Ra, as well as by the regulatory cytokines IL-37 and IL-38. These four anti-inflammatory IL-1 family members are constitutively and highly expressed at steady state in the epidermis, where keratinocytes are a major producing cell type. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning their regulatory roles in skin biology and inflammation and their therapeutic potential in human inflammatory skin diseases. We further highlight some common misunderstandings and less well-known observations, which persist in the field despite recent extensive interest for these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praxedis Martin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie D. Goldstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Mermoud
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Diaz-Barreiro
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Griffiths JS, Camilli G, Kotowicz NK, Ho J, Richardson JP, Naglik JR. Role for IL-1 Family Cytokines in Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633047. [PMID: 33643264 PMCID: PMC7902786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens kill approximately 1.5 million individuals per year and represent a severe disease burden worldwide. It is estimated over 150 million people have serious fungal disease such as recurrent mucosal infections or life-threatening systemic infections. Disease can ensue from commensal fungi or new infection and involves different fungal morphologies and the expression of virulence factors. Therefore, anti-fungal immunity is complex and requires coordination between multiple facets of the immune system. IL-1 family cytokines are associated with acute and chronic inflammation and are essential for the innate response to infection. Recent research indicates IL-1 cytokines play a key role mediating immunity against different fungal infections. During mucosal disease, IL-1R and IL-36R are required for neutrophil recruitment and protective Th17 responses, but function through different mechanisms. During systemic disease, IL-18 drives protective Th1 responses, while IL-33 promotes Th2 and suppresses Th1 immunity. The IL-1 family represents an attractive anti-fungal immunotherapy target. There is a need for novel anti-fungal therapeutics, as current therapies are ineffective, toxic and encounter resistance, and no anti-fungal vaccine exists. Furthering our understanding of the IL-1 family cytokines and their complex role during fungal infection may aid the development of novel therapies. As such, this review will discuss the role for IL-1 family cytokines in fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Griffiths
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Camilli
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia K Kotowicz
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima Ho
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Yang M, Giehl E, Feng C, Feist M, Chen H, Dai E, Liu Z, Ma C, Ravindranathan R, Bartlett DL, Lu B, Guo ZS. IL-36γ-armed oncolytic virus exerts superior efficacy through induction of potent adaptive antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2467-2481. [PMID: 33538860 PMCID: PMC8360872 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to apply the cytokine IL-36γ to cancer immunotherapy by constructing new oncolytic vaccinia viruses (OV) expressing interleukin-36γ (IL-36γ-OVs), leveraging unique synergism between OV and IL-36γ’s ability to promote antitumor adaptive immunity and modulate tumor microenvironment (TME). IL-36γ-OV had dramatic therapeutic efficacies in multiple murine tumor models, frequently leading to complete cancer eradication in large fractions of mice. Mechanistically, IL-36-γ-armed OV induced infiltration of lymphocytes and dendritic cells, decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2-like tumor-associated macrophages, and T cell differentiation into effector cells. Further study showed that IL-36γ-OV increased the number of tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and the therapeutic efficacy depended on both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. These results demonstrate that these IL36γ-armed OVs exert potent therapeutic efficacy mainly though antitumor immunity and they may hold great potential to advance treatment in human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Esther Giehl
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chao Feng
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mathilde Feist
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, CCM/CVK, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hongqi Chen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Enyong Dai
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zuqiang Liu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Congrong Ma
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roshni Ravindranathan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Bartlett
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,AHN-Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zong Sheng Guo
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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24
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Zhao Z, Zhang R, Gao X, Li H, Liu H. Altered serum levels of IL-36 cytokines (IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra) and their potential roles in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23832. [PMID: 33350771 PMCID: PMC7769357 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune neurological disorder mainly involving the peripheral nerves. Currently, various cytokines have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of GBS. Because of their similar biological structures, interleukin (IL)-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36 receptor antagonist (Ra) were all renamed and collectively called IL-36 cytokines. The roles of IL-36 cytokines in GBS currently remain unclear.Forty-two patients with GBS and 32 healthy volunteers were included in our study. Serum IL-36α, β, γ, and interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) levels of patients with GBS in the acute and remission phases and healthy volunteers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, we examined the serum levels of other inflammatory factors that have been shown to be involved in GBS pathogenesis, represented by IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, the correlations between the serum levels of IL-36 cytokines and different clinical data or the serum levels of other inflammatory factors in GBS patients were analyzed.Significantly higher serum IL-36α and IL-36γ levels were measured in the acute phase than in the remission phase and in healthy control (HC) subjects (P < .05), while lower serum IL-36Ra levels were measured in the acute phase than in the remission phase and in HC subjects (P < .05). Serum IL-36α and IL-36γ levels were positively correlated with GBS disability scale scores (GDSs), while serum IL-36Ra levels were negatively correlated with GDSs. Correlation analyses among inflammatory factors showed that serum IL-36α and IL-36γ levels in GBS patients were positively correlated with serum IL-17 and TNF-α levels, while serum IL-36Ra levels were negatively correlated with the levels of these 2 inflammatory factors. Similar results were observed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), IL-36α and IL-36γ levels in CSF were positively correlated with GDSs, while IL-36Ra levels in CSF were negatively correlated with GDSs. Additionally, the serum and CSF levels of IL-36α and IL-36γ in the axonal subtype of GBS patients were higher than those in the demyelination subtype.Based on our findings, IL-36 cytokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of GBS and some of these cytokines may help predict the disease severity and other clinical characteristics of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinxin Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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25
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Meier K, Schloegl A, Poddubnyy D, Ghoreschi K. Skin manifestations in spondyloarthritis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2020; 12:1759720X20975915. [PMID: 33343725 PMCID: PMC7727049 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20975915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondyloarthritides (SpA) like psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis/ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated SpA can present with characteristic skin manifestations. These SpA-associated skin disorders may precede joint involvement, reflect a loss of efficacy of a current systemic treatment or can even be treatment associated. Cutaneous manifestations in SpA not only add additional morbidity with physical impact but also impose a psychosocial burden on affected patients. Psoriasis (PsO) - the main skin disease in SpA - has a variety of clinical presentations, including plaque-type PsO, inverse PsO, guttate PsO, erythrodermic PsO, nail PsO and pustular types. SpA associated with IBD presents with neutrophilic and granulomatous skin disorders, including pyoderma gangrenosum, hidradenitis suppurativa and cutaneous Crohn's disease. Reactive arthritides has a favourable prognosis and may feature keratoderma blenorrhagicum or balanitis circinatum as typical skin manifestations. Immunologically, SpA-associated skin diseases share interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23 dysregulation but show distinctive genetic and immunological profiles. Therefore, they vary in their treatment responses to targeted therapies with biologicals or small molecules. In this review, we highlight the clinical presentation of skin manifestations in SpA and discuss therapeutic approaches in this interdisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | | | - Denis Poddubnyy
- Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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26
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Macleod T, Ainscough JS, Hesse C, Konzok S, Braun A, Buhl AL, Wenzel J, Bowyer P, Terao Y, Herrick S, Wittmann M, Stacey M. The Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-36γ Is a Global Discriminator of Harmless Microbes and Invasive Pathogens within Epithelial Tissues. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108515. [PMID: 33326792 PMCID: PMC7758160 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues represent vital interfaces between organisms and their environment. As they are constantly exposed to harmful pathogens, innocuous commensals, and environmental microbes, it is essential they sense and elicit appropriate responses toward these different types of microbes. Here, we demonstrate that the epithelial cytokine interleukin-36γ (IL-36γ) acts as a global discriminator of pathogenic and harmless microbes via cell damage and proteolytic activation. We show that intracellular pro-IL-36γ is upregulated by both fungal and bacterial epithelial microbes; yet, it is only liberated from cells, and subsequently processed to its mature, potent, proinflammatory form, by pathogen-mediated cell damage and pathogen-derived proteases. This work demonstrates that IL-36γ senses pathogen-induced cell damage and proteolytic activity and is a key initiator of immune responses and pathological inflammation within epithelial tissues. As an apically located epithelial proinflammatory cytokine, we therefore propose that IL-36γ is critical as the initial discriminator of harmless microbes and invasive pathogens within epithelial tissues. Epithelial pathogens induce expression and release of IL-36γ Proteases secreted by several epithelial pathogens activate IL-36γ The A. fumigatus and S. pyogenes virulence factors Asp F13 and SpeB activate IL-36γ IL-36γ is a global sensor of pathogen-derived proteases during epithelial infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Macleod
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joseph S Ainscough
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christina Hesse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Konzok
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Buhl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn 53012, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn 53012, Germany
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sarah Herrick
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK.
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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27
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Neurath MF. IL-36 in chronic inflammation and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Larson ET, Brennan DL, Hickey ER, Ganesan R, Kroe-Barrett R, Farrow NA. X-ray crystal structure localizes the mechanism of inhibition of an IL-36R antagonist monoclonal antibody to interaction with Ig1 and Ig2 extra cellular domains. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1679-1686. [PMID: 32239732 PMCID: PMC7314403 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular signaling via binding of the cytokines IL‐36α, β, and γ along with binding of the accessory protein IL‐36RAcP, to their cognate receptor IL‐36R is believed to play a major role in epithelial and immune cell‐mediated inflammation responses. Antagonizing the signaling cascade that results from these binding events via a directed monoclonal antibody provides an opportunity to suppress such immune responses. We report here the molecular structure of a complex between an extracellular portion of human IL‐36R and a Fab derived from a high affinity anti‐IL‐36R neutralizing monoclonal antibody at 2.3 Å resolution. This structure, the first of IL‐36R, reveals similarities with other structurally characterized IL‐1R family members and elucidates the molecular determinants leading to the high affinity binding of the monoclonal antibody. The structure of the complex reveals that the epitope recognized by the Fab is remote from both the putative ligand and accessory protein binding interfaces on IL‐36R, suggesting that the functional activity of the antibody is noncompetitive for these binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raj Ganesan
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Peng X, Pan X, Tan J, Li Y, Li M. Protective effect of interleukin-36 receptor antagonist on liver injury induced by concanavalin A in mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:623-628. [PMID: 32742600 PMCID: PMC7374990 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.35614.8492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective(s): Interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) is a new member of the IL-1 family that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of inflammatory and immune diseases. Our purpose was to determine the effect of IL-36Ra on liver injury in a mouse hepatitis model induced by concanavalin A (ConA). Materials and Methods: Mice were treated with IL-36Ra DNA or pcDNA3.1 control plasmid using a hydrodynamic gene delivery approach. Results: Our data reveal that treatment with IL-36Ra decreased liver inflammation and serum level of aminotransferases. Furthermore, IL-36Ra reduced ConA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-17A) production when compared to control plasmid. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that IL-36Ra is a critical protector against ConA-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Peng
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiuhe Pan
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Hepatology, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mingcai Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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30
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Qu Q, Zhai Z, Xu J, Li S, Chen C, Lu B. IL36 Cooperates With Anti-CTLA-4 mAbs to Facilitate Antitumor Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:634. [PMID: 32351508 PMCID: PMC7174717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great impact on long-term survival of some cancer patients, the immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is limited by its low response rates for most cancers. There is a pressing need for novel combination immunotherapies that overcome the resistance to current ICB therapies. Cytokines play a pivotal role in tumor immunotherapy by helping initiating and driving antitumor immune responses. Here, we demonstrated that, besides conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, IL36 surprisingly increased the number of tumor-infiltrating regulatory T (Treg) cells in vivo and enhanced proliferation of Tregs in vitro. Administration of CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) strongly enhanced IL36-stimulated antitumor activities through depletion of Tregs. In addition, a cancer gene therapy using the IL36-loaded nanoparticles in combination with CTLA-4 mAbs additively reduced lung metastasis of breast tumor cells. We further showed that the combined therapy of CTLA-4 mAbs and IL36 led to an increase in proliferation and IFN-γ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when compared to single therapy with CTLA-4 mAbs or IL36. Collectively, our findings demonstrated a new combination therapy that could improve the clinical response to ICB immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Qu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zhiwei Zhai
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jieni Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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31
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Liu L, He H, Xu D, Feng Y, Zhou H, Shi L, Gu Y, Wang J, Zhu Y. Association between interleukin-36γ and tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2457-2465. [PMID: 32194745 PMCID: PMC7039103 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is effective in improving the survival and prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and identifying effective immunomarkers is important for immunotherapy. Interleukin (IL)-36γ is a novel immunomarker that has an important function in the antitumor immune response. The present study investigated the association between IL-36γ and NSCLC to provide novel insight into immunotherapy for patients with NSCLC. Tissue microarrays of lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were purchased for immunohistochemical analysis of IL-36γ expression levels and clinical parameters. In addition, fresh clinical NSCLC and adjacent normal tissue samples were collected to analyze IL-36γ mRNA expression levels using quantitative PCR. IL-36γ protein was primarily located in the cytoplasm, with a small quantity in the nucleus, and IL-36γ mRNA and protein expression levels in lung cancer tissues were significantly higher compared with those in adjacent normal tissues. Elevated IL-36γ protein expression levels were significantly associated with a higher tumor grade of lung adenocarcinoma; however, IL-36γ mRNA expression levels were inversely associated with the clinical Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, patients with adenocarcinoma with high IL-36γ protein expression levels tended to longer post-operative survival times. These findings indicate that IL-36γ may have potential as an immunomarker for prediction of tumor progression and survival in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Honghong He
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Suzhou Blood Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Clinical Laboratory, Yancheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, P.R. China
| | - Yuehua Feng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Clinical Immunology Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Yibei Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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32
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Wang S, Liu Y, Nie M, Li Q, Liu Y. Profile of IL-36 cytokines (IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ and IL-36Ra) in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106341. [PMID: 32114410 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mu Nie
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianpeng Li
- Department of Hematology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.
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Liu XG, Li J, Zheng LJ, Han B, Huang F. Interleukin-36 receptor antagonist alleviates airway inflammation in asthma via inhibiting the activation of Interleukin-36 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106200. [PMID: 32044656 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Asthma is characterized as an inflammatory disorder in the respiratory system with increasing tendency. Most of the asthma patients suffered from the disease since childhood. Thus, developing novel therapeutic targets of pediatric asthma is necessary. Here, we conducted the present study to investigate the effects of IL-36RN (Interleukin-36 receptor antagonist), a newly identified anti-inflammatory factor, on asthma. METHODS Sixty asthmatic children (30 moderate and 30 mild) were recruited. The levels of IL-36RN in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), serum and induced sputum (IS) samples from asthma patients and healthy controls (HCs) were measured by qPCR and ELISA. The anti-inflammatory effects of IL-36RN were determined in vitro and potential therapeutic effect on asthma was evaluated in the mouse model of asthma. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of IL-36RN were significant down-regulated in asthmatics than HCs. The IL-36RN significantly suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in PBMCs and sputum cells from asthma patients in vitro. And delivering IL-36RN into the mouse model of asthma showed disease alleviation. Pathway analysis showed that the IL-36RN may alleviate airway inflammation in asthma through suppressing the activation of IL-36 pathway. CONCLUSION Our data here indicated that IL-36RN may alleviate airway inflammation in asthma through suppressing the activation of IL-36 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Peoples Hospital of Shangqiu City, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Children Hospital of Kaifeng, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, PR China
| | - Lu-Jun Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Peoples' Hospital of Henan, Zhengzhou 476000, PR China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pediatrics, First Peoples Hospital of Shangqiu City, Shangqiu 476000, Henan, PR China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peoples Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 476000, Henan, PR China
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Interleukin-36: Structure, Signaling and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 21:191-210. [PMID: 32026417 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The IL-36 family belongs to a larger IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists (IL-36α/β/γ), one antagonist (IL-36Ra), one cognate receptor (IL-36R) and one accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). The receptor activation follows a two-step mechanism in that the agonist first binds to IL-36R and the resulting binary complex recruits IL-1RAcP. Assembled ternary complex brings together intracellular TIR domains of receptors which activate downstream NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Antagonist IL-36Ra inhibits the signaling by binding to IL-36R and preventing recruitment of IL-1RAcP. Members of IL-36 are normally expressed at low levels. Upon stimulation, they are inducted and act on a variety of cells including epithelial and immune cells. Protease mediated N-terminal processing is needed for cytokine activation. In the skin, the functional role of IL-36 is to contribute to host defense through inflammatory response. However, when dysregulated, IL-36 stimulates keratinocyte and immune cells to enhance the Th17/Th23 axis and induces psoriatic-like skin disorder. Genetic mutations of the antagonist IL-36Ra are associated with occurrence of generalized pustular psoriasis, a rare but life-threatening skin disease. Anti-IL-36 antibodies attenuate IMQ or IL-23 induced skin inflammation in mice, illustrating IL-36's involvement in mouse model of psoriasis. Other organs such as the lungs, the intestine, the joints and the brain also express IL-36 family members upon stimulation. The physiological and pathological roles of IL-36 are less well defined in these organs than in the skin. In this chapter, current progress on IL-36 protein and biology is reviewed with a discussion on investigative tools for this novel target.
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Kaipilyawar V, Salgame P. Infection resisters: targets of new research for uncovering natural protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31602294 PMCID: PMC6774050 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19805.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
“Infection resisters” are broadly defined as individuals who despite significant exposure to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain persistently unreactive to conventional detection assays, suggesting that they remain uninfected or rapidly clear their infection early on following exposure. In this review, we highlight recent studies that point to underlying host immune mechanisms that could mediate this natural resistance. We also illustrate some additional avenues that are likely to be differently modulated in resisters and possess the potential to be targeted, ranging from early mycobacterial sensing leading up to subsequent killing. Emerging research in this area can be harnessed to provide valuable insights into the development of novel therapeutic and vaccine strategies against
M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Kaipilyawar
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, 225 Warren St, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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36
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Madonna S, Girolomoni G, Dinarello CA, Albanesi C. The Significance of IL-36 Hyperactivation and IL-36R Targeting in Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3318. [PMID: 31284527 PMCID: PMC6650959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease that involves mainly T helper (Th)17, Th1 and Th22 lymphocytes, which cause hyper-proliferation of the epidermis with aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, and local production of chemokines and cytokines. These fuel a self-amplifying loop where these products act on T cells to perpetuate cutaneous inflammatory processes. Among the various inflammatory mediators involved, interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines are important for the recruitment and activation of neutrophils and Th17 cells in psoriatic skin. In particular, IL-36s induce chemokines and cytokines interfere with differentiation/cornification programs in the epidermis, as well as promote pathological angiogenesis and endothelial cell activation. IL-36 cytokines belong to the IL-1 family, and comprise IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ agonists as well as IL-36 receptor antagonist and IL-38 antagonists. IL-36 cytokines are up-regulated in psoriatic epidermis, and their expression is strongly induced by TNF-α and IL-17. Contrarily, IL-38 antagonist is downregulated, and its impaired expression may be relevant to the dysregulated inflammatory processes induced by IL-36. Here, we discuss on the pathogenic mechanisms leading to the altered balance of IL-36 agonists/antagonists and the significance of this dysregulation in psoriasis. Collection of the information will provide a theoretical basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies based on IL-36 agonist/antagonist manipulation in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Madonna
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, P.zza Stefani, 1, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver 80045, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cristina Albanesi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, IDI-IRCCS, via Monti di Creta, 104, 00167 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Respiratory fungal infection is a severe clinical problem, especially in patients with compromised immune functions. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and endemic fungi are major pulmonary fungal pathogens that are able to result in life-threatening invasive diseases. Growing data being reported have indicated that multiple cells and molecules orchestrate the host's response to a fungal infection in the lung. Upon fungal challenge, innate myeloid cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and recruited neutrophils establish the first line of defense through the phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines. Natural killer cells control the fungal expansion in the lung via the direct and indirect killing of invading organisms. Adaptive immune cells including Th1 and Th17 cells confer anti-fungal activity by producing their signature cytokines, interferon-γ, and IL-17. In addition, lung epithelial cells (LEC) also participate in the resistance against fungal infection by internalization, inflammatory cytokine production, or antimicrobial peptide secretion. In the host cells mentioned above, various molecules with distinct functions modulate the immune defense signaling: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as dectin-1 expressed on the cell surface are involved in fungal recognition; adaptor proteins such as MyD88 and TRAF6 are required for transduction of signals to the nucleus for transcriptional regulation; inflammasomes also play crucial roles in the host's defense against a fungal infection in the lung. Furthermore, transcriptional factors modulate the transcriptions of a series of genes, especially those encoding cytokines and chemokines, which are predominant regulators in the infectious microenvironment, mediating the cellular and molecular immune responses against a fungal infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Lu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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38
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Buhl AL, Wenzel J. Interleukin-36 in Infectious and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1162. [PMID: 31191535 PMCID: PMC6545975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-36 (IL-36) comprises to a cytokine family consisting of four isoforms IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36 receptor antagonist (IL-36 Ra). These IL-36 cytokines, in turn, belong to the IL-1 superfamily. The IL-36 receptor (IL-1R6) is functional as a heterodimer formed of IL-1R6 and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are regarded as pro-inflammatory ligands and IL-36 Ra as well as IL-38 as anti-inflammatory ligands of IL-1R6. IL-36 cytokines are mainly expressed on the barrier sites of the body e.g., bronchial, intestinal, and dermal epithelium. One of their most important biological functions is the bridging of innate and adaptive immune responses. A disturbed balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory branches easily leads to inflammation of the corresponding tissue. The most prominent example for an altered IL-36 expression is the spectrum of psoriasis. In addition to inflammatory dermatoses, IL-36 also seems to play a role in infectious dermatoses. Microbial triggers, especially Staphylococcus aureus infection, increase the production of pro-inflammatory IL-36 cytokines and initiate/promote the inflammation of skin lesions. Due to the discovery of IL-36 as an important immune mediator, it has already been possible to develop important diagnostic tools for dermatitis. Not only in the field of inflammatory skin diseases, but also in pulmonary and intestinal inflammation, there is evidence that IL-36 cytokines might have diagnostic and/or therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Buhl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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39
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IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 Cytokines in Skin and Joint Inflammation: A Comprehensive Review of Their Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061257. [PMID: 30871134 PMCID: PMC6470667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines is composed of 11 members, including the most recently discovered IL-36α, β, γ, IL-37, and IL-38. Similar to IL-1, IL-36 cytokines are initiators and amplifiers of inflammation, whereas both IL-37 and IL-38 display anti-inflammatory activities. A few studies have outlined the role played by these cytokines in several inflammatory diseases. For instance, IL-36 agonists seem to be relevant for the pathogenesis of skin psoriasis whereas, despite being expressed within the synovial tissue, their silencing or overexpression do not critically influence the course of arthritis in mice. In this review, we will focus on the state of the art of the molecular features and biological roles of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in representative skin- and joint-related inflammatory diseases, namely psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. We will then offer an overview of the therapeutic potential of targeting the IL-36 axis in these diseases, either by blocking the proinflammatory agonists or enhancing the physiologic inhibitory feedback on the inflammation mediated by the antagonists IL-37 and IL-38.
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40
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Ge Y, Huang M, Yao YM. Recent advances in the biology of IL-1 family cytokines and their potential roles in development of sepsis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 45:24-34. [PMID: 30587411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The IL-1 family comprises two anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-37, IL-38), two receptor antagonists (IL-1ra, IL-36ra), and seven ligand agonists (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ). The members of this family exert pleiotropic effects on intercellular signaling, leading to pro- or anti-inflammatory responses. They initiate potent inflammatory and immune responses by binding to specific receptors in the IL-1 receptor family, and their activities are repressed by naturally occurring inhibitors. Various immune cells produce and are regulated by these crucial molecules, which appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases including cancer as well as inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Recent decades have seen substantial progress in understanding how the IL-1 family contributes to the development of sepsis. In this review, we will briefly introduce the IL-1 family and discuss its critical role in inflammatory and immune responses. The potential significance of IL-1 members in sepsis will also be explored, together with the clinical implications for treating this dangerous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ge
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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41
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Liu H, Archer NK, Dillen CA, Wang Y, Ashbaugh AG, Ortines RV, Kao T, Lee SK, Cai SS, Miller RJ, Marchitto MC, Zhang E, Riggins DP, Plaut RD, Stibitz S, Geha RS, Miller LS. Staphylococcus aureus Epicutaneous Exposure Drives Skin Inflammation via IL-36-Mediated T Cell Responses. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:653-666.e5. [PMID: 29120743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonization contributes to skin inflammation in diseases such as atopic dermatitis, but the signaling pathways involved are unclear. Herein, epicutaneous S. aureus exposure to mouse skin promoted MyD88-dependent skin inflammation initiated by IL-36, but not IL-1α/β, IL-18, or IL-33. By contrast, an intradermal S. aureus challenge promoted MyD88-dependent host defense initiated by IL-1β rather than IL-36, suggesting that different IL-1 cytokines trigger MyD88 signaling depending on the anatomical depth of S. aureus cutaneous exposure. The bacterial virulence factor PSMα, but not α-toxin or δ-toxin, contributed to the skin inflammation, which was driven by IL-17-producing γδ and CD4+ T cells via direct IL-36R signaling in the T cells. Finally, adoptive transfer of IL-36R-expressing T cells to IL-36R-deficient mice was sufficient for mediating S. aureus-induced skin inflammation. Together, this study defines a previously unknown pathway by which S. aureus epicutaneous exposure promotes skin inflammation involving IL-36R/MyD88-dependent IL-17 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Carly A Dillen
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Alyssa G Ashbaugh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tracy Kao
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Steven K Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Shuting S Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Mark C Marchitto
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Emily Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Daniel P Riggins
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Roger D Plaut
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Scott Stibitz
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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42
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Bassoy EY, Towne JE, Gabay C. Regulation and function of interleukin-36 cytokines. Immunol Rev 2018; 281:169-178. [PMID: 29247994 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines include 3 agonists, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ that bind to a common receptor composed of IL-36R and IL-1RAcP to stimulate inflammatory responses. IL-36Ra is a natural antagonist that binds to IL-36R, but does not recruit the co-receptor IL-1RAcP and does not stimulate any intracellular responses. The IL-36 cytokines are expressed predominantly by epithelial cells and act on a number of cells including immune cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Processing of the N-terminus is required for full agonist or antagonist activity for all IL-36 members. The role of IL-36 has been extensively demonstrated in the skin where it can act on keratinocytes and immune cells to induce a robust inflammatory response that has been implicated in psoriatic disorders. Emerging data also suggest a role for this cytokine family in pulmonary and intestinal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Yonca Bassoy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties & Department of Pathology-Immunology, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer E Towne
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cem Gabay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties & Department of Pathology-Immunology, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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43
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Moorlag SJCFM, Röring RJ, Joosten LAB, Netea MG. The role of the interleukin-1 family in trained immunity. Immunol Rev 2018; 281:28-39. [PMID: 29248003 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory was long considered a trait exclusive to cells of the adaptive immune system. However, recent studies have shown that after activation of the innate immune system, innate immune cells may undergo long-term functional reprogramming characterized by the ability to mount either a stronger or attenuated inflammatory response upon reactivation. This phenomenon, which has been termed trained immunity and is a de facto innate immune memory, is regulated by a network of integrated metabolic and epigenetic rewiring. The endogenous mediators that modulate trained immunity in the host are only partially understood, but increasing evidence supports the concept that the interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines plays an important role. In this review, we will highlight key findings from studies that provide insight into the multifaceted roles of members of the IL-1 family for trained immunity. Finally, we will discuss how the recent advances of our understanding on the role of IL-1 cytokines in this field may lead to new therapeutic strategies for treatment of common conditions, such as IL-1-driven autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J C F M Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Jan Röring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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44
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Verma AH, Zafar H, Ponde NO, Hepworth OW, Sihra D, Aggor FEY, Ainscough JS, Ho J, Richardson JP, Coleman BM, Hube B, Stacey M, McGeachy MJ, Naglik JR, Gaffen SL, Moyes DL. IL-36 and IL-1/IL-17 Drive Immunity to Oral Candidiasis via Parallel Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:627-634. [PMID: 29891557 PMCID: PMC6039262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protection against microbial infection by the induction of inflammation is a key function of the IL-1 superfamily, including both classical IL-1 and the new IL-36 cytokine families. Candida albicans is a frequent human fungal pathogen causing mucosal infections. Although the initiators and effectors important in protective host responses to C. albicans are well described, the key players in driving these responses remain poorly defined. Recent work has identified a central role played by IL-1 in inducing innate Type-17 immune responses to clear C. albicans infections. Despite this, lack of IL-1 signaling does not result in complete loss of immunity, indicating that there are other factors involved in mediating protection to this fungus. In this study, we identify IL-36 cytokines as a new player in these responses. We show that C. albicans infection of the oral mucosa induces the production of IL-36. As with IL-1α/β, induction of epithelial IL-36 depends on the hypha-associated peptide toxin Candidalysin. Epithelial IL-36 gene expression requires p38-MAPK/c-Fos, NF-κB, and PI3K signaling and is regulated by the MAPK phosphatase MKP1. Oral candidiasis in IL-36R-/- mice shows increased fungal burdens and reduced IL-23 gene expression, indicating a key role played by IL-36 and IL-23 in innate protective responses to this fungus. Strikingly, we observed no impact on gene expression of IL-17 or IL-17-dependent genes, indicating that this protection occurs via an alternative pathway to IL-1-driven immunity. Thus, IL-1 and IL-36 represent parallel epithelial cell-driven protective pathways in immunity to oral C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash H Verma
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Hanna Zafar
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole O Ponde
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia W Hepworth
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Diksha Sihra
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Felix E Y Aggor
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Joseph S Ainscough
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima Ho
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Richardson
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca M Coleman
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, D-07737 Jena, Germany; and
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Stacey
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
| | - David L Moyes
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom;
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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45
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Heldt S, Prattes J, Eigl S, Spiess B, Flick H, Rabensteiner J, Johnson G, Prüller F, Wölfler A, Niedrist T, Boch T, Neumeister P, Strohmaier H, Krause R, Buchheidt D, Hoenigl M. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in hematological malignancy patients: Performance of cytokines, Asp LFD, and Aspergillus PCR in same day blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples. J Infect 2018; 77:235-241. [PMID: 29972764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspergillus spp. induce elevated levels of several cytokines. It remains unknown whether these cytokines hold value for clinical routine and enhance diagnostic performances of established and novel biomarkers/tests for invasive aspergillosis (IA). METHODS This cohort study included 106 prospectively enrolled (2014-2017) adult cases with underlying hematological malignancies and suspected pulmonary infection undergoing bronchoscopy. Serum samples were collected within 24 hours of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) sampling. Both, serum and BALF samples were used to evaluate diagnostic performances of the Aspergillus-specific lateral-flow device test (LFD), Aspergillus PCR, β-D-glucan, and cytokines that have shown significant associations with IA before. RESULTS Among 106 cases, 11 had probable IA, and 32 possible IA; 80% received mold-active antifungals at the time of sampling. Diagnostic tests and biomarkers showed better performance in BALF versus blood, with the exception of serum interleukin (IL)-8 which was the most reliable blood biomarker. Combinations of serum IL-8 with either BALF LFD (sensitivity 100%, specificity 94%) or BALF PCR (sensitivity 91%, specificity 97%) showed promise for differentiating probable IA from no IA. CONCLUSIONS High serum IL-8 levels were highly specific, and when combined with either the BALF Aspergillus-specific LFD, or BALF Aspergillus PCR also highly sensitive for diagnosis of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Heldt
- Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Juergen Prattes
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; CBmed - Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Eigl
- Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Spiess
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Holger Flick
- Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Rabensteiner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gemma Johnson
- OLM Diagnostics, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Prüller
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albert Wölfler
- CBmed - Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria; Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Niedrist
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Boch
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Neumeister
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Strohmaier
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Krause
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; CBmed - Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Dieter Buchheidt
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; CBmed - Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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46
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Mahil SK, Catapano M, Di Meglio P, Dand N, Ahlfors H, Carr IM, Smith CH, Trembath RC, Peakman M, Wright J, Ciccarelli FD, Barker JN, Capon F. An analysis of IL-36 signature genes and individuals with IL1RL2 knockout mutations validates IL-36 as a psoriasis therapeutic target. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/411/eaan2514. [PMID: 29021166 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ are innate mediators of acute epithelial inflammation. We sought to demonstrate that these cytokines are also required for the pathogenesis of plaque psoriasis, a common and chronic skin disorder, caused by abnormal T helper 17 (TH17) cell activation. To investigate this possibility, we first defined the genes that are induced by IL-36 cytokines in primary human keratinocytes. This enabled us to demonstrate a significant IL-36 signature among the transcripts that are up-regulated in plaque psoriasis and the susceptibility loci associated with the disease in genome-wide studies. Next, we investigated the impact of in vivo and ex vivo IL-36 receptor blockade using a neutralizing antibody or a recombinant antagonist. Both inhibitors had marked anti-inflammatory effects on psoriatic skin, demonstrated by statistically significant reductions in IL-17 expression, keratinocyte activation, and leukocyte infiltration. Finally, we explored the potential safety profile associated with IL-36 blockade by phenotyping 12 individuals carrying knockout mutations of the IL-36 receptor gene. We found that normal immune function was broadly preserved in these individuals, suggesting that IL-36 signaling inhibition would not substantially compromise host defenses. These observations, which integrate the results of transcriptomics and model system analysis, pave the way for early-stage clinical trials of IL-36 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satveer K Mahil
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Marika Catapano
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.,AhRimmunity Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nick Dand
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Catherine H Smith
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Richard C Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Francesca D Ciccarelli
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan N Barker
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Francesca Capon
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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47
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Hashiguchi Y, Yabe R, Chung SH, Murayama MA, Yoshida K, Matsuo K, Kubo S, Saijo S, Nakamura Y, Matsue H, Iwakura Y. IL-36α from Skin-Resident Cells Plays an Important Role in the Pathogenesis of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasiform Dermatitis by Forming a Local Autoamplification Loop. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:167-182. [PMID: 29794016 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IL-36α (gene symbol Il1f6), a member of the IL-36 family, is closely associated with inflammatory diseases, including colitis and psoriasis. In this study, we found that Il1f6-/- mice developed milder psoriasiform dermatitis upon treatment with imiquimod, a ligand for TLR ligand 7 (TLR7) and TLR8, whereas Il1f6-/- mice showed similar susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis to wild-type mice. These effects were observed in both cohoused and separately housed conditions, and antibiotic treatment did not cancel the resistance of Il1f6-/- mice to imiquimod-induced dermatitis. Bone marrow (BM) cell transfer revealed that IL-36α expression in skin-resident cells is important for the pathogenesis of dermatitis in these mice. Following stimulation with IL-36α, the expression of Il1f6 and Il1f9 (IL-36γ), but not Il1f8 (IL-36β), was enhanced in murine BM-derived Langerhans cells (BMLCs) and murine primary keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts from mice. Upon stimulation with agonistic ligands of TLRs and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), Il1f6 expression was induced in BMLCs and BM-derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, IL-36α stimulation resulted in significantly increased gene expression of psoriasis-associated Th17-related cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-23, CXCL1, and CXCL2 in BMLCs and fibroblasts, and IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-17C, and CXCL2 in keratinocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that TLR/CLR signaling-induced IL-36α plays an important role for the development of psoriasiform dermatitis by enhancing Th17-related cytokine/chemokine production in skin-resident cells via a local autoamplification loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Hashiguchi
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Rikio Yabe
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8673, Japan; and
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Masanori A Murayama
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kaori Yoshida
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kenzo Matsuo
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8673, Japan; and
| | - Yuumi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsue
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8673, Japan; and.,Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; .,Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8673, Japan; and
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48
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Impact of Fungi on Immune Responses. Clin Ther 2018; 40:885-888. [PMID: 29752039 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spores and fungal fragments found in indoor and outdoor environments originate from opportunistic fungi and they can contribute to inflammatory responses, causing a broad range of symptoms. Papers were selected and reviewed with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms involved in the effect of fungi on immune cells, especially mast cells (MCs). Fungi can bind to antibodies and complement them, allowing them to be recognized by cells of the innate immune system, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and MCs, which are then stimulated via Toll-like receptor signaling. Fungi can cause diseases mediated by MCs and aggravate allergic inflammation. Immunosuppressed subjects can be particularly susceptible to developing diseases caused by opportunistic fungi. Mold also liberates mycotoxins that could be on volatile spores and stimulate MCs to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, but this mechanism is not known. Fungi can activate the immune system directly or through mycotoxins, leading to stimulation of immune cells and chronic neuroinflammatory symptoms. Some of these processes may be inhibited by the new anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 37.
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49
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Bae CH, Choi YS, Na HG, Song SY, Kim YD. Interleukin (IL) 36 gamma induces mucin 5AC, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming expression via IL-36 receptor-extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2, and p38-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018; 32:87-93. [PMID: 29644902 DOI: 10.1177/1945892418762844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucin 5AC, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming (MUC5AC) expression is significantly increased in allergic and inflammatory airway diseases. Interleukin (IL) 36 gamma is predominantly expressed in airway epithelial cells and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. IL-36 gamma is induced by many inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and bacterial and viral infections. However, the association between IL-36 gamma and mucin secretion in human airway epithelial cells has not yet been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether IL-36 gamma might play a role in the regulation of mucin secretion in airway epithelial cells. We investigated the effect and brief signaling pathway of IL-36 gamma on MUC5AC expression in human airway epithelial cells. METHODS Enzyme immunoassay, immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR were performed in mucin-producing human airway epithelial NCI-H292 cells and in human nasal epithelial cells after pretreatment with IL-36 gamma, several specific inhibitors, or small interfering RNAs (siRNA). RESULTS IL-36 gamma induced MUC5AC expression and activated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, p38, and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B). IL-36 receptor antagonist significantly attenuated these effects. The specific inhibitor and siRNA of ERK1, ERK2, p38, and NF-kappa B significantly attenuated IL-36 gamma induced MUC5AC expression. CONCLUSION These results indicated that IL-36 gamma induced MUC5AC expression via the IL-36 receptor-mediated ERK1/2 and p38/NF-kappa B pathway in human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Bae
- From the 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- From the 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Hyung Gyun Na
- From the 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Si-Youn Song
- From the 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, and
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- From the 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, and.,2 Regional Center for Respiratory Diseases, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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50
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Stoffel E, Maier H, Riedl E, Brüggen MC, Reininger B, Schaschinger M, Bangert C, Guenova E, Stingl G, Brunner PM. Analysis of anti-tumour necrosis factor-induced skin lesions reveals strong T helper 1 activation with some distinct immunological characteristics. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1151-1162. [PMID: 29143979 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasiform and eczematous eruptions are the most common dermatological adverse reactions linked to anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α therapy. Yet, a detailed characterization of their immune phenotype is lacking. OBJECTIVES To characterize anti-TNF-α-induced inflammatory skin lesions at a histopathological, cellular and molecular level, compared with psoriasis, eczema (atopic dermatitis) and healthy control skin. METHODS Histopathological evaluation, gene expression (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction) and computer-assisted immunohistological studies (TissueFAXS) were performed on 19 skin biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (n = 17) and rheumatoid arthritis (n = 2) with new-onset inflammatory skin lesions during anti-TNF-α-therapy. RESULTS Although most biopsies showed a psoriasiform and/or spongiotic (eczematous) histopathological architecture, these lesions were inconsistent with either psoriasis or eczema on a molecular level using an established chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 27/inducible nitric oxide synthase classifier. Despite some differences in immune skewing depending on the specific histopathological reaction pattern, all anti-TNF-α-induced lesions showed strong interferon (IFN)-γ activation, at higher levels than in psoriasis or eczema. IFN-γ was most likely produced by CD3/CD4/Tbet-positive T helper 1 lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS New-onset anti-TNF-α-induced eruptions previously classified as psoriasis or spongiotic dermatitis (eczema) exhibit a molecular profile that is different from either of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stoffel
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Maier
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Riedl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of General Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M-C Brüggen
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Reininger
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Schaschinger
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Bangert
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Guenova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P M Brunner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, U.S.A
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