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Shimizu K, Inoue KI, Oishi T, Takada M, Fukada Y, Imai H. Diurnal variation in declarative memory and the involvement of SCOP in cognitive functions in nonhuman primates. Mol Brain 2023; 16:31. [PMID: 36966302 PMCID: PMC10039603 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive functions depend on the time of day in various organisms. Previously, we found that 24-h recognition memory performance of nocturnal mice changes diurnally through SCOP protein-dependent regulation. It remains unknown whether diurnal change and SCOP-dependent regulation of memory performance are conserved across species with diurnal/nocturnal habits. We tested whether the memory performance of diurnal Japanese macaques depends on the time of day. The memory association between bitter taste of drinking water and the nozzle color of the water bottle was established during the light period of the day to evaluate of memory performance for macaques. Here we found diurnal variation of declarative memory in Japanese macaques. The middle of the daytime is the most effective time for memory performance during the light period. To assess whether SCOP is involved in declarative memory performance, we interfered with SCOP expression by using lentiviral vector expressing shRNA against Scop in the hippocampus of Japanese macaques. Scop knockdown in the hippocampus abrogated the memory performance in the middle of the daytime. Our results implicate that SCOP in the hippocampus is necessary for the diurnal rhythm of the memory system and that the SCOP-dependent memory regulation system may be conserved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Shimizu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takao Oishi
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroo Imai
- Molecular Biology Section, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
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Cohen SJ, Cinalli DA, Ásgeirsdóttir HN, Hindman B, Barenholtz E, Stackman RW. Mice recognize 3D objects from recalled 2D pictures, support for picture-object equivalence. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4184. [PMID: 35264621 PMCID: PMC8907285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Picture-object equivalence or recognizing a three-dimensional (3D) object after viewing a two-dimensional (2D) photograph of that object, is a higher-order form of visual cognition that may be beyond the perceptual ability of rodents. Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms supporting picture-object equivalence are not well understood. We used a modified visual recognition memory task, reminiscent of those used for primates, to test whether picture-object equivalence extends to mice. Mice explored photographs of an object during a sample session, and 24 h later were presented with the actual 3D object from the photograph and a novel 3D object, or the stimuli were once again presented in 2D form. Mice preferentially explored the novel stimulus, indicating recognition of the “familiar” stimulus, regardless of whether the sample photographs depicted radially symmetric or asymmetric, similar, rotated, or abstract objects. Discrimination did not appear to be guided by individual object features or low-level visual stimuli. Inhibition of CA1 neuronal activity in dorsal hippocampus impaired discrimination, reflecting impaired memory of the 2D sample object. Collectively, results from a series of experiments provide strong evidence that picture-object equivalence extends to mice and is hippocampus-dependent, offering important support for the appropriateness of mice for investigating mechanisms of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cohen
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.,Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, John D. MacArthur Campus, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - David A Cinalli
- Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Herborg N Ásgeirsdóttir
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, John D. MacArthur Campus, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.,FAU and Max Planck Florida Institute Joint Integrative Biology - Neuroscience Graduate Program, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Brandon Hindman
- Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Elan Barenholtz
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.,Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Robert W Stackman
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA. .,Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, John D. MacArthur Campus, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA. .,FAU and Max Planck Florida Institute Joint Integrative Biology - Neuroscience Graduate Program, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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Pusceddu MM, Hernandez-Baixauli J, Puiggrós F, Arola L, Caimari A, Del Bas JM, Baselga L. Mediterranean natural extracts improved cognitive behavior in zebrafish and healthy rats and ameliorated lps-induced cognitive impairment in a sex dependent manner. Behav Brain Funct 2022; 18:5. [PMID: 35216588 PMCID: PMC8876132 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-022-00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several findings suggest neuroinflammation as a contributing factor for the onset of psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and anxiety. There is increasing evidence pointing out that the Mediterranean diet influences brain and behavior. Mediterranean herbs and spices have been shown to be within those components of the Mediterranean diet involved in cognitive enhancement. Thus, we investigated the influence of Mediterranean natural extracts (MNE), Rosemary extract (RE) and Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract (GGRE), on cognitive behavior. RESULTS Adult zebrafish were exposed to RE or GGRE (100 and 250 mg/L) treatments. Both MNE improved memory retention during the T-maze test, although no improvements were observed during the novel object preference. Similarly, chronic administration of RE (150 mg/Kg) and GGRE (150 mg/Kg) improved, respectively, spatial and retention memory, as assessed by the Morris Water Maze (MWM), and the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) in healthy male rats. However, no improvements were observed during the novel object recognition. Finally, male, and female rats were chronically treated with lipopolysaccharide [(LPS) 300 ug/kg] and orally administered with RE. Interestingly, RE reversed LPS-induced cognitive deficit during the MWM and EPM in female rats. CONCLUSIONS We found that MNE improved cognition in both zebrafish and rats. Moreover, MNE rescued LPS-induced cognitive impairment in a gender-specific manner. Therefore, our study supports the view that zebrafish represent a valuable preclinical model for drug discovery in neuroscience. These findings contribute to an exciting and growing body of research suggesting that MNE may play an important role in the prevention of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo M Pusceddu
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició I Salut, Reus, Spain.
| | | | - Francesc Puiggrós
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició I Salut, Reus, Spain
| | - Lluis Arola
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició I Salut, Reus, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica I Biotecnologia, Grup de Recerca en Nutrigenòmica, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició I Salut, Reus, Spain.
| | - Josep M Del Bas
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició I Salut, Reus, Spain.
| | - Laura Baselga
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Nutrició I Salut, Reus, Spain
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Hales JB, Reitz NT, Vincze JL, Ocampo AC, Leutgeb S, Clark RE. A role for medial entorhinal cortex in spatial and nonspatial forms of memory in rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 407:113259. [PMID: 33775779 PMCID: PMC8143915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have focused on the role of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) in spatial memory and spatial processing. However, more recently, studies have suggested that the functions of the MEC may extend beyond the spatial domain and into the temporal aspects of memory processing. The current study examined the effect of MEC lesions on spatial and nonspatial tasks that require rats to learn and remember information about location or stimulus-stimulus associations across short temporal gaps. MEC- and sham-lesioned male rats were tested on a watermaze delayed match to position (DMP) task and trace fear conditioning (TFC). Rats with MEC lesions were impaired at remembering the platform location after both the shortest (1 min) and the longest (6 h) delays on the DMP task, never performing as precisely as sham rats under the easiest condition and performing poorly at the longest delay. On the TFC task, although MEC-lesioned rats were not impaired at remembering the conditioning context, they showed reduced freezing in response to the previously associated tone. These findings suggest that the MEC plays a role in bridging temporal delays during learning and memory that extend beyond its established role in spatial memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena B Hales
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92110, USA.
| | - Nicole T Reitz
- Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Jonathan L Vincze
- Marian College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Amber C Ocampo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Stefan Leutgeb
- Neurobiology Section and Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert E Clark
- Department of Psychiatry 0603, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Zhang S, Gao GP, Shi WQ, Li B, Lin Q, Shu HY, Shao Y. Abnormal interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with strabismic amblyopia: a resting-state fMRI study using voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:255. [PMID: 34107904 PMCID: PMC8188699 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that strabismus amblyopia can result in markedly brain function alterations. However, the differences in spontaneous brain activities of strabismus amblyopia (SA) patients still remain unclear. Therefore, the current study intended to employthe voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method to investigate the intrinsic brain activity changes in SA patients. Purpose To investigate the changes in cerebral hemispheric functional connections in patients with SA and their relationship with clinical manifestations using the VMHC method. Material and methods In the present study, a total of 17 patients with SA (eight males and nine females) and 17 age- and weight-matched healthy control (HC) groups were enrolled. Based on the VMHC method, all subjects were examined by functional magnetic resonance imaging. The functional interaction between cerebral hemispheres was directly evaluated. The Pearson’s correlation test was used to analyze the clinical features of patients with SA. In addition, their mean VMHC signal values and the receiver operating characteristic curve were used to distinguish patients with SA and HC groups. Results Compared with HC group, patients with SA had higher VMHC values in bilateral cingulum ant, caudate, hippocampus, and cerebellum crus 1. Moreover, the VMHC values of some regions were positively correlated with some clinical manifestations. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curves presented higher diagnostic value in these areas. Conclusion SA subjects showed abnormal brain interhemispheric functional connectivity in visual pathways, which might give some instructive information for understanding the neurological mechanisms of SA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gui-Ping Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Qing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui-Ye Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Keogh CE, Kim DHJ, Pusceddu MM, Knotts TA, Rabasa G, Sladek JA, Hsieh MT, Honeycutt M, Brust-Mascher I, Barboza M, Gareau MG. Myelin as a regulator of development of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:437-450. [PMID: 33157256 PMCID: PMC7749851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelination in the peripheral and central nervous systems is critical in regulating motor, sensory, and cognitive functions. As myelination occurs rapidly during early life, neonatal gut dysbiosis during early colonization can potentially alter proper myelination by dysregulating immune responses and neuronal differentiation. Despite common usage of antibiotics (Abx) in children, the impact of neonatal Abx-induced dysbiosis on the development of microbiota, gut, brain (MGB) axis, including myelination and behavior, is unknown. We hypothesized that neonatal Abx-induced dysbiosis dysregulates host-microbe interactions, impairing myelination in the brain, and altering the MGB axis. Neonatal C57BL/6 mice were orally gavaged daily with an Abx cocktail (neomycin, vancomycin, ampicillin) or water (vehicle) from postnatal day 7 (P7) until weaning (P23) to induce gut dysbiosis. Behavior (cognition; anxiety-like behavior), microbiota sequencing, and qPCR (ileum, colon, hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex [PFC]) were performed in adult mice (6-8 weeks). Neonatal Abx administration led to intestinal dysbiosis in adulthood, impaired intestinal physiology, coupled with perturbations of bacterial metabolites and behavioral alterations (cognitive deficits and anxiolytic behavior). Expression of myelin-related genes (Mag, Mog, Mbp, Mobp, Plp) and transcription factors (Sox10, Myrf) important for oligodendrocytes were significantly increased in the PFC region of Abx-treated mice. Increased myelination was confirmed by immunofluorescence imaging and western blot analysis, demonstrating increased expression of MBP, SOX10 and MYRF in neonatally Abx-treated mice compared to sham controls in adulthood. Finally, administration of the short chain fatty acid butyrate following completion of the Abx treatment restored intestinal physiology, behavior, and myelination impairments, suggesting a critical role for the gut microbiota in mediating these effects. Taken together, we identified a long-lasting impact of neonatal Abx administration on the MGB axis, specifically on myelin regulation in the PFC region, potentially contributing to impaired cognitive function and bacterial metabolites are effective in reversing this altered phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Danielle H J Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matteo M Pusceddu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Trina A Knotts
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Rabasa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Sladek
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mackenzie Honeycutt
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Barboza
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Huang GD, Jiang LX, Su F, Wang HL, Zhang C, Yu X. A novel paradigm for assessing olfactory working memory capacity in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:431. [PMID: 33319773 PMCID: PMC7738675 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in working memory (WM) capacity is suggested to be one of the earliest symptoms observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although WM capacity is widely studied in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients, few tasks are developed to measure this variation in rodents. The present study describes a novel olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) task, which assesses the ability of mice to remember multiple odours. The task was divided into five phases: context adaptation, digging training, rule-learning for non-matching to a single-sample odour (NMSS), rule-learning for non-matching to multiple sample odours (NMMS) and capacity testing. During the capacity-testing phase, the WM capacity (number of odours that the mice could remember) remained stable (average capacity ranged from 6.11 to 7.00) across different testing sessions in C57 mice. As the memory load increased, the average errors of each capacity level increased and the percent correct gradually declined to chance level, which suggested a limited OWMC in C57 mice. Then, we assessed the OWMC of 5 × FAD transgenic mice, an animal model of AD. We found that the performance displayed no significant differences between young adult (3-month-old) 5 × FAD mice and wild-type (WT) mice during the NMSS phase and NMMS phase; however, during the capacity test with increasing load, we found that the OWMC of young adult 5 × FAD mice was significantly decreased compared with WT mice, and the average error was significantly increased while the percent correct was significantly reduced, which indicated an impairment of WM capacity at the early stage of AD in the 5 × FAD mice model. Finally, we found that FOS protein levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and entorhinal cortex after the capacity test were significantly lower in 5 × FAD than WT mice. In conclusion, we developed a novel paradigm to assess the capacity of olfactory WM in mice, and we found that OWMC was impaired in the early stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Di Huang
- grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615Peking University Sixth Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Institute of Mental Health, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Li-Xin Jiang
- grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615Peking University Sixth Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Institute of Mental Health, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Feng Su
- grid.452723.50000 0004 7887 9190Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XSchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Li Wang
- grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615Peking University Sixth Hospital, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Institute of Mental Health, 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 100191 Beijing, China ,grid.459847.30000 0004 1798 0615National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191 Beijing, China ,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, 100191, Beijing, China. .,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, 100191, Beijing, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), 100191, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), 100191, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory for Translational Research on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 100191, Beijing, China.
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Miranda M, Morici JF, Gallo F, Piromalli Girado D, Weisstaub NV, Bekinschtein P. Molecular mechanisms within the dentate gyrus and the perirhinal cortex interact during discrimination of similar nonspatial memories. Hippocampus 2020; 31:140-155. [PMID: 33064924 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Differentiating between similar memories is a crucial cognitive function that enables correct episodic memory formation. The ability to separate the components of memories into distinct representations is thought to rely on a computational process known as pattern separation, by which differences are amplified to disambiguate similar events. Although pattern separation has been localized to the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and shown to occur in a spatial domain, this cognitive function takes place also during processing of other types of information. In particular, there is some debate on whether the DG participates in pattern separation of nonspatial representations. Considering the classic role of the Prh in the acquisition and storage of object memories in general and tasks with similar features in particular, this cognitive function could rely more heavily on perirhinal regions when object-related information is processed. Here we show that two plasticity-related proteins, BDNF, and Arc, are required in the DG for nonspatial mnemonic differentiation. Moreover, we found that the crucial role of the DG is transient since activity of AMPAR is only required in the Prh but not the DG during differentiated object memory retrieval. Additionally, this memory is not modifiable by postacquisition rhBDNF infusions in the DG that are known to improve memory when given in the Prh. This highlights a differential role of Prh and DG during differentiated object memory consolidation. Additionally, we found that these molecular mechanisms actively interact in the DG and Prh for the formation of distinguishable memories, with infusions of rhBDNF in the Prh being able to rescue mnemonic deficits caused by reduced Arc expression in the DG. These results reveal a complex interaction between plasticity mechanisms in the Prh and DG for nonspatial pattern separation and posit the Prh as the key structure where unique object representations are stored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miranda
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Solís 453, Buenos Aires, 1071, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Morici
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Solís 453, Buenos Aires, 1071, Argentina
| | - Francisco Gallo
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Solís 453, Buenos Aires, 1071, Argentina
| | - Dinka Piromalli Girado
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Solís 453, Buenos Aires, 1071, Argentina
| | - Noelia V Weisstaub
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Solís 453, Buenos Aires, 1071, Argentina
| | - Pedro Bekinschtein
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, CONICET-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Solís 453, Buenos Aires, 1071, Argentina
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Prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine impairs cognitive performance in young adult rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108008. [PMID: 32402939 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns have been raised about the use of opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) during pregnancy and negative effects for the offspring. While neonatal outcomes and short-term effects are relatively well described, studies examining long-term effects in adolescents and adults are absent. The aim of the present study was to examine effects on learning and memory in young adult rats prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine. METHODS Female rats were implanted with a 28-day osmotic minipump delivering methadone (10 mg/kg/day), buprenorphine (1 mg/kg/day) or vehicle 5 days prior to mating. To examine possible effects on cognitive functioning, young adult offspring were included in three different behavioral tests that examine recognition memory, nonspatial, and spatial learning and memory. In addition, offspring growth and maternal behavior after birh were investigated. RESULTS Prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine caused impaired recognition memory and nonspatial reference learning and memory in young adult rats compared with the vehicle-treated group. Methadone-exposed offspring, but not the buprenorphine-exposed, also showed reduced long-term spatial memory. We did not observe any changes in maternal behavior or offspring growth after prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine, suggesting that the impaired cognitive functioning is due to the opioid exposure rather than reduced maternal caregiving. CONCLUSION The present findings of long-term cognitive impairments in methadone- and buprenorphine-exposed offspring points to a negative impact of OMT on neurobiological development.
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10
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Basile BM, Templer VL, Gazes RP, Hampton RR. Preserved visual memory and relational cognition performance in monkeys with selective hippocampal lesions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0484. [PMID: 32832615 PMCID: PMC7439495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The theory that the hippocampus is critical for visual memory and relational cognition has been challenged by discovery of more spared hippocampal tissue than previously reported in H.M., previously unreported extra-hippocampal damage in developmental amnesiacs, and findings that the hippocampus is unnecessary for object-in-context memory in monkeys. These challenges highlight the need for causal tests of hippocampal function in nonhuman primate models. Here, we tested rhesus monkeys on a battery of cognitive tasks including transitive inference, temporal order memory, shape recall, source memory, and image recognition. Contrary to predictions, we observed no robust impairments in memory or relational cognition either within- or between-groups following hippocampal damage. These results caution against over-generalizing from human correlational studies or rodent experimental studies, compel a new generation of nonhuman primate studies, and indicate that we should reassess the relative contributions of the hippocampus proper compared to other regions in visual memory and relational cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Basile
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Section on the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria L. Templer
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Regina Paxton Gazes
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology and Program in Animal Behavior, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Robert R. Hampton
- Department of Psychology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Assessing object-recognition memory in rats: Pitfalls of the existent tasks and the advantages of a new test. Learn Behav 2020; 47:141-155. [PMID: 30132280 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-018-0347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies of object-recognition memory in lab rats began in the late 1980s, using variants of the trial-unique delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) task. By the end of the 20th century, most investigators who wanted to study object-recognition in rodents had abandoned the DNMS task in favor of the novel-object-preference (NOP) test, mainly because the latter test is relatively easy to employ, whereas conventional DNMS tasks are not. Some concerns have been raised, however, about the internal validity of the NOP test as a method of measuring object-recognition abilities. We describe two experiments using a new DNMS procedure which requires considerably less training than the DNMS tasks of the 1980s and 1990s, and which cannot be subject to the same criticisms that have been leveled at the NOP test. In Experiment 1, rats were trained on the new modified-DNMS (mDNMS) task using short delays. Rats successfully learned the nonmatching rule in fewer than 25 trials, and they made accurate choices with retention intervals of up to 10 min. Experiment 2 examined a different group of rats' performance on the mDNMS task following long retention intervals (72 h, 3 weeks, and ~45 weeks). Rats made accurate choices on all retention intervals, even the longest retention interval of ~45 weeks. Overall, the findings demonstrate some benefits of an alternative approach to assess object-recognition memory in rats.
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12
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Effects of perirhinal cortex and hippocampal lesions on rats' performance on two object-recognition tasks. Behav Brain Res 2019; 381:112450. [PMID: 31877339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hippocampal (HPC) damage on rats' novel object preference (NOP) performance have been rather consistent, in that HPC lesions do not disrupt novelty preferences on the test. Conversely, there have been inconsistent findings regarding the effects of perirhinal cortex (PRh) lesions on rats' novel-object preferences. Given the concerns that have been raised regarding the internal validity of the NOP test, viz. that the magnitude of the novel-object preference does not necessarily reflect the strength in memory for an object, it could explain the discrepant findings. The goal of the present experiment was to examine the effects of PRh and HPC lesions on rats' object-recognition memory using a new modified delayed nonmatching-to-sample (mDNMS) task, as it circumvents the interpretational problems associated with the NOP test. Rats received PRh, HPC, or Sham lesions and were trained on the mDNMS task using a short delay (∼30 s). Both PRh and HPC rats acquired the task at the same rate as Sham rats, and reached a similar level of accuracy, indicating intact object-recognition. Thereafter, rats were tested on the NOP test using a 180-s delay. Rats with HPC lesions exhibited significant novel-object preferences, however, both the PRh and Sham rats failed to show a novelty preference. The discrepancy in both the PRh and Sham rats' performance on the mDNMS task and NOP test raises concerns regarding the internal validity of the NOP test, in that the magnitude of a rat's novel-object preference does not accurately reflect the persistence or accuracy of a rat's memory for the sample object.
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13
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Cowell RA, Barense MD, Sadil PS. A Roadmap for Understanding Memory: Decomposing Cognitive Processes into Operations and Representations. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0122-19.2019. [PMID: 31189554 PMCID: PMC6620388 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0122-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to patients Phineas Gage and Henry Molaison, we have long known that behavioral control depends on the frontal lobes, whereas declarative memory depends on the medial temporal lobes (MTL). For decades, cognitive functions-behavioral control, declarative memory-have served as labels for characterizing the division of labor in cortex. This approach has made enormous contributions to understanding how the brain enables the mind, providing a systems-level explanation of brain function that constrains lower-level investigations of neural mechanism. Today, the approach has evolved such that functional labels are often applied to brain networks rather than focal brain regions. Furthermore, the labels have diversified to include both broadly-defined cognitive functions (declarative memory, visual perception) and more circumscribed mental processes (recollection, familiarity, priming). We ask whether a process-a high-level mental phenomenon corresponding to an introspectively-identifiable cognitive event-is the most productive label for dissecting memory. For example, recollection conflates a neurocomputational operation (pattern completion-based retrieval) with a class of representational content (associative, high-dimensional memories). Because a full theory of memory must identify operations and representations separately, and specify how they interact, we argue that processes like recollection constitute inadequate labels for characterizing neural mechanisms. Instead, we advocate considering the component operations and representations of processes like recollection in isolation. For the organization of memory, the evidence suggests that pattern completion is recapitulated widely across the ventral visual stream and MTL, but the division of labor between sites within this pathway can be explained by representational content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Cowell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Patrick S Sadil
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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14
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Hu X, Urhie O, Chang K, Hostetler R, Agmon A. A Novel Method for Training Mice in Visuo-Tactile 3-D Object Discrimination and Recognition. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:274. [PMID: 30555307 PMCID: PMC6282041 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceiving, recognizing and remembering 3-dimensional (3-D) objects encountered in the environment has a very high survival value; unsurprisingly, this ability is shared among many animal species, including humans. The psychological, psychophysical and neural basis for object perception, discrimination, recognition and memory has been extensively studied in humans, monkeys, pigeons and rodents, but is still far from understood. Nearly all 3-D object recognition studies in the rodent used the "novel object recognition" paradigm, which relies on innate rather than learned behavior; however, this procedure has several important limitations. Recently, investigators have begun to recognize the power of behavioral tasks learned through reinforcement training (operant conditioning) to reveal the sensorimotor and cognitive abilities of mice and to elucidate their underlying neural mechanisms. Here, we describe a novel method for training and testing mice in visual and tactile object discrimination, recognition and memory, and use it to begin to examine the underlying sensory basis for these cognitive capacities. A custom-designed Y maze was used to train mice to associate one of two 3-D objects with a food reward. Out of nine mice trained in two cohorts, seven reached performance criterion in about 20-35 daily sessions of 20 trials each. The learned association was retained, or rapidly re-acquired, after a 6 weeks hiatus in training. When tested under low light conditions, individual animals differed in the degree to which they used tactile or visual cues to identify the objects. Switching to total darkness resulted only in a transient dip in performance, as did subsequent trimming of all large whiskers (macrovibrissae). Additional removal of the small whiskers (microvibrissae) did not degrade performance, but transiently increased the time spent inspecting the object. This novel method can be combined in future studies with the large arsenal of genetic tools available in the mouse, to elucidate the neural basis of object perception, recognition and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ogaga Urhie
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Rachel Hostetler
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ariel Agmon
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
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15
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Marrone DF, Satvat E, Patel A. Age-related Deficits in Recognition Memory are Protocol-Dependent. Aging Dis 2018; 9:798-807. [PMID: 30271657 PMCID: PMC6147594 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PRh) is a critical mediator of recognition memory, and a wealth of evidence points to impairment in PRh function with age. Despite this evidence, age-related deficits in recognition memory are not consistently observed. This may be partially due to the fact that older animals also have well-established deficits in hippocampal function, and many protocols that assess perirhinal function are also sensitive to hippocampal damage. When using one of these protocols, spontaneous object recognition in an open field, we are able to replicate published age-related deficits using pairs of complex objects. However, when using zero-delay object recognition, a task that is more resistant to the influence of changes in hippocampal function, we find no significant age-related differences in recognition memory in the same animals. These data highlight the importance of the protocol used for testing recognition memory, and may place constraints on the role of the PRh in age-related recognition memory impairment as it is typically tested in much of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diano F Marrone
- 1Dept. of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,2McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Elham Satvat
- 3School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anuj Patel
- 1Dept. of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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16
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Rothschild G. The transformation of multi-sensory experiences into memories during sleep. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 160:58-66. [PMID: 29588222 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Our everyday lives present us with a continuous stream of multi-modal sensory inputs. While most of this information is soon forgotten, sensory information associated with salient experiences can leave long-lasting memories in our minds. Extensive human and animal research has established that the hippocampus is critically involved in this process of memory formation and consolidation. However, the underlying mechanistic details are still only partially understood. Specifically, the hippocampus has often been suggested to encode information during experience, temporarily store it, and gradually transfer this information to the cortex during sleep. In rodents, ample evidence has supported this notion in the context of spatial memory, yet whether this process adequately describes the consolidation of multi-sensory experiences into memories is unclear. Here, focusing on rodent studies, I examine how multi-sensory experiences are consolidated into long term memories by hippocampal and cortical circuits during sleep. I propose that in contrast to the classical model of memory consolidation, the cortex is a "fast learner" that has a rapid and instructive role in shaping hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation. The proposed model may offer mechanistic insight into memory biasing using sensory cues during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Psychology and Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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17
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Clark RE. Current Topics Regarding the Function of the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29302902 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The first clear insight that the medial temporal lobe of the human brain was in fact a system of anatomically connected structures that were organized into a memory system came in 1957 from the observations by Brenda Milner of the noted amnesic patient H.M. Subsequent work in humans, monkeys, and rodents has identified all of the components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that formed the memory system. Currently, work is ongoing to identify the specific contributions each structure in the medial temporal lobe makes towards the formation and storage of long-term declarative memory. The historical background of this work is described including what insights the study of noted neurologic patients H.M. and E.P. provided for understanding the function of the medial temporal lobe. The development of an animal model of medial temporal lobe function is described. Additionally, the insights that lead to the understanding that the brain contains multiple, anatomically discrete, memory systems are described. Finally, three current topics of debate are addressed: First, does the perirhinal cortex exclusively support memory, or does it support both memory and higher order visual perception? Second, is there an anatomical separation between recollection and familiarity ? Third, is the organization of spatial memory different between humans and rats, or perhaps the difference is between the working memory capacities of the two species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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18
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Clark RE. Current Topics Regarding the Function of the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 37:13-42. [PMID: 29589322 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The first clear insight that the medial temporal lobe of the human brain was in fact a system of anatomically connected structures that were organized into a memory system came in 1957 from the observations by Brenda Milner of the noted amnesic patient H.M. Subsequent work in humans, monkeys, and rodents has identified all of the components of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) that formed the memory system. Currently, work is ongoing to identify the specific contributions each structure in the medial temporal lobe makes towards the formation and storage of long-term declarative memory. The historical background of this work is described including what insights the study of noted neurologic patients H.M. and E.P. provided for understanding the function of the medial temporal lobe. The development of an animal model of medial temporal lobe function is described. Additionally, the insights that lead to the understanding that the brain contains multiple, anatomically discrete, memory systems are described. Finally, three current topics of debate are addressed: First, does the perirhinal cortex exclusively support memory, or does it support both memory and higher order visual perception? Second, is there an anatomical separation between recollection and familiarity? Third, is the organization of spatial memory different between humans and rats, or perhaps the difference is between the working memory capacities of the two species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Clark
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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19
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Buhusi M, Etheredge C, Granholm AC, Buhusi CV. Increased Hippocampal ProBDNF Contributes to Memory Impairments in Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:284. [PMID: 28912711 PMCID: PMC5583170 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory decline during aging or accompanying neurodegenerative diseases, represents a major health problem. Neurotrophins have long been considered relevant to the mechanisms of aging-associated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Mature Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and its precursor (proBDNF) can both be secreted in response to neuronal activity and exert opposing effects on neuronal physiology and plasticity. In this study, biochemical analyses revealed that increased levels of proBDNF are present in the aged mouse hippocampus relative to young and that the level of hippocampal proBDNF inversely correlates with the ability to perform in a spatial memory task, the water radial arm maze (WRAM). To ascertain the role of increased proBDNF levels on hippocampal function and memory we performed infusions of proBDNF into the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus in male mice trained in the WRAM paradigm: In well-performing aged mice, intra-hippocampal proBDNF infusions resulted in a progressive and significant impairment of memory performance. This impairment was associated with increased p-cofilin levels, an important regulator of dendritic spines and synapse physiology. On the other hand, in poor performers, intra-hippocampal infusions of TAT-Pep5, a peptide which blocks the interaction between the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor (p75NTR) and RhoGDI, significantly improved learning and memory, while saline infusions had no effect. Our results support a role for proBDNF and its receptor p75NTR in aging-related memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State UniversityLogan, UT, United States
| | - Chris Etheredge
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
| | - Catalin V Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State UniversityLogan, UT, United States
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20
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Young pigs exhibit differential exploratory behavior during novelty preference tasks in response to age, sex, and delay. Behav Brain Res 2016; 321:50-60. [PMID: 28042005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novelty preference paradigms have been widely used to study recognition memory and its neural substrates. The piglet model continues to advance the study of neurodevelopment, and as such, tasks that use novelty preference will serve especially useful due to their translatable nature to humans. However, there has been little use of this behavioral paradigm in the pig, and previous studies using the novel object recognition paradigm in piglets have yielded inconsistent results. The current study was conducted to determine if piglets were capable of displaying a novelty preference. Herein a series of experiments were conducted using novel object recognition or location in 3- and 4-week-old piglets. In the novel object recognition task, piglets were able to discriminate between novel and sample objects after delays of 2min, 1h, 1 day, and 2 days (all P<0.039) at both ages. Performance was sex-dependent, as females could perform both 1- and 2-day delays (P<0.036) and males could perform the 2-day delay (P=0.008) but not the 1-day delay (P=0.347). Furthermore, 4-week-old piglets and females tended to exhibit greater exploratory behavior compared with males. Such performance did not extend to novel location recognition tasks, as piglets were only able to discriminate between novel and sample locations after a short delay (P>0.046). In conclusion, this study determined that piglets are able to perform the novel object and location recognition tasks at 3-to-4 weeks of age, however performance was dependent on sex, age, and delay.
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21
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Sapiurka M, Squire LR, Clark RE. Distinct roles of hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in spatial and nonspatial memory. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1515-1524. [PMID: 27576311 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In earlier work, patients with hippocampal damage successfully path integrated, apparently by maintaining spatial information in working memory. In contrast, rats with hippocampal damage were unable to path integrate, even when the paths were simple and working memory might have been expected to support performance. We considered possible ways to understand these findings. We tested rats with either hippocampal lesions or lesions of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on three tasks of spatial or nonspatial memory: path integration, spatial alternation, and a nonspatial alternation task. Rats with mPFC lesions were impaired on both spatial and nonspatial alternation but performed normally on path integration. By contrast, rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired on path integration and spatial alternation but performed normally on nonspatial alternation. We propose that rodent neocortex is limited in its ability to construct a coherent spatial working memory of complex environments. Accordingly, in tasks such as path integration and spatial alternation, working memory cannot depend on neocortex alone. Rats may accomplish many spatial memory tasks by relying on long-term memory. Alternatively, they may accomplish these tasks within working memory through sustained coordination between hippocampus and other cortical brain regions such as mPFC, in the case of spatial alternation, or parietal cortex in the case of path integration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sapiurka
- VA Medical Center, San Diego, California.,Departments of Psychiatry.,Neurosciences
| | - Larry R Squire
- VA Medical Center, San Diego, California.,Departments of Psychiatry.,Neurosciences.,Psychology, UCSD, San Diego, California
| | - Robert E Clark
- VA Medical Center, San Diego, California.,Departments of Psychiatry
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22
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Philippi N, Noblet V, Duron E, Cretin B, Boully C, Wisniewski I, Seux ML, Martin-Hunyadi C, Chaussade E, Demuynck C, Kremer S, Lehéricy S, Gounot D, Armspach JP, Hanon O, Blanc F. Exploring anterograde memory: a volumetric MRI study in patients with mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:26. [PMID: 27473839 PMCID: PMC4967326 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this volumetric study was to explore the neuroanatomical correlates of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) and the Delayed Matching-to-Sample-48 items (DMS-48), two tests widely used in France to assess verbal and visual anterograde memory. We wanted to determine to what extent the two tests rely on the medial temporal lobe, and could therefore be predictive of Alzheimer's disease, in which pathological changes typically start in this region. METHODS We analysed data from a cohort of 138 patients with mild cognitive impairment participating in a longitudinal multicentre clinical research study. Verbal memory was assessed using the FCSRT and visual recognition memory was evaluated using the DMS-48. Performances on these two tests were correlated to local grey matter atrophy via structural MRI using voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS Our results confirm the existence of a positive correlation between the volume of the medial temporal lobe and the performance on the FCSRT, prominently on the left, and the performance on the DMS-48, on the right, for the whole group of patients (family-wise error, P < 0.05). Interestingly, this region remained implicated only in the subgroup of patients who had deficient scores on the cued recall of the FCSRT, whereas the free recall was associated with prefrontal aspects. For the DMS-48, it was only implicated for the group of patients whose performances declined between the immediate and delayed trial. Conversely, temporo-parietal cortices were implicated when no decline was observed. Within the medial temporal lobe, the parahippocampal gyrus was prominently involved for the FCSRT and the immediate trial of the DMS-48, whereas the hippocampus was solely involved for the delayed trial of the DMS-48. CONCLUSIONS The two tests are able to detect an amnestic profile of the medial temporal type, under the condition that the scores remain deficient after the cued recall of the FCSRT or decline on the delayed recognition trial of the DMS-48. Strategic retrieval as well as perceptual/attentional processes, supported by prefrontal and temporo-parietal cortices, were also found to have an impact on the performances. Finally, the implication of the hippocampus appears time dependent, triggered by a longer delay than the parahippocampus, rather than determined by the sense of recollection or the encoding strength associated with the memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Philippi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Neuropsychology Unit, Strasbourg, France. .,University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France. .,University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France. .,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - V Noblet
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Duron
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - B Cretin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Neuropsychology Unit, Strasbourg, France.,University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Boully
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - I Wisniewski
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - M L Seux
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Martin-Hunyadi
- University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Chaussade
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Demuynck
- University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Kremer
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Lehéricy
- Department of Neuroradiology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,UPMC Paris 6-Inserm U1127, CNRS 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM), Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Paris, France
| | - D Gounot
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - J P Armspach
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - O Hanon
- Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA4468, Paris, France
| | - F Blanc
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Neuropsychology Unit, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube laboratory, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,University Hospital of Strasbourg, Centre Mémoire Ressources et Recherche, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Geriatrics, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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What Versus Where: Non-spatial Aspects of Memory Representation by the Hippocampus. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 37:101-117. [PMID: 27677779 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of place cells and other findings indicating strong involvement of the hippocampus in spatial information processing, there has been continued controversy about the extent to which the hippocampus also processes non-spatial aspects of experience. In recent years, many experiments studying the effects of hippocampal damage and characterizing hippocampal neural activity in animals and humans have revealed a clear and specific role of the hippocampus in the processing of non-spatial information. Here this evidence is reviewed in support of the notion that the hippocampus organizes the contents of memory in space, in time, and in networks of related memories.
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24
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Warburton EC, Brown MW. Neural circuitry for rat recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2015; 285:131-9. [PMID: 25315129 PMCID: PMC4383363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Information concerning the roles of different brain regions in recognition memory processes is reviewed. The review concentrates on findings from spontaneous recognition memory tasks performed by rats, including memory for single objects, locations, object-location associations and temporal order. Particular emphasis is given to the potential roles of different regions in the circuit of interacting structures involving the perirhinal cortex, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and medial dorsal thalamus in recognition memory for the association of objects and places. It is concluded that while all structures in this circuit play roles critical to such memory, these roles can potentially be differentiated and differences in the underlying synaptic and biochemical processes involved in each region are beginning to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Warburton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| | - M W Brown
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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25
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Hales JB, Broadbent NJ, Velu PD, Squire LR, Clark RE. Hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and complex visual discriminations in rats and humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:83-91. [PMID: 25593294 PMCID: PMC4341362 DOI: 10.1101/lm.035840.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Structures in the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex, are known to be essential for the formation of long-term memory. Recent animal and human studies have investigated whether perirhinal cortex might also be important for visual perception. In our study, using a simultaneous oddity discrimination task, rats with perirhinal lesions were impaired and did not exhibit the normal preference for exploring the odd object. Notably, rats with hippocampal lesions exhibited the same impairment. Thus, the deficit is unlikely to illuminate functions attributed specifically to perirhinal cortex. Both lesion groups were able to acquire visual discriminations involving the same objects used in the oddity task. Patients with hippocampal damage or larger medial temporal lobe lesions were intact in a similar oddity task that allowed participants to explore objects quickly using eye movements. We suggest that humans were able to rely on an intact working memory capacity to perform this task, whereas rats (who moved slowly among the objects) needed to rely on long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena B Hales
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicola J Broadbent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Priya D Velu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Larry R Squire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Robert E Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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26
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An associative analysis of object memory. Behav Brain Res 2014; 285:1-9. [PMID: 25446743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different aspects of recognition memory in rodents are commonly assessed using variants of the spontaneous object recognition procedure in which animals explore objects that differ in terms of their novelty, recency, or where they have previously been presented. The present article describes three standard variants of this procedure, and outlines a theory of associative learning, SOP which can offer an explanation of performance on all three types of task. The implications of this for theoretical interpretations of recognition memory and the procedures used to explore it are discussed.
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27
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In search of a recognition memory engram. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 50:12-28. [PMID: 25280908 PMCID: PMC4382520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the perirhinal cortex in familiarity discrimination is reviewed. Behavioural, pharmacological and electrophysiological evidence is considered. The cortex is found to be essential for memory acquisition, retrieval and storage. The evidence indicates that perirhinal synaptic weakening is critically involved.
A large body of data from human and animal studies using psychological, recording, imaging, and lesion techniques indicates that recognition memory involves at least two separable processes: familiarity discrimination and recollection. Familiarity discrimination for individual visual stimuli seems to be effected by a system centred on the perirhinal cortex of the temporal lobe. The fundamental change that encodes prior occurrence within the perirhinal cortex is a reduction in the responses of neurones when a stimulus is repeated. Neuronal network modelling indicates that a system based on such a change in responsiveness is potentially highly efficient in information theoretic terms. A review is given of findings indicating that perirhinal cortex acts as a storage site for recognition memory of objects and that such storage depends upon processes producing synaptic weakening.
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28
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Dumont JR, Aggleton JP. Dissociation of recognition and recency memory judgments after anterior thalamic nuclei lesions in rats. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:415-31. [PMID: 23731076 PMCID: PMC3670620 DOI: 10.1037/a0032750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The anterior thalamic nuclei form part of a network for episodic memory in humans. The importance of these nuclei for recognition and recency judgments remains, however, unclear. Rats with anterior thalamic nuclei lesions and their controls were tested on object recognition, along with two types of recency judgment. The spontaneous discrimination of a novel object or a novel odor from a familiar counterpart (recognition memory) was not affected by anterior thalamic lesions when tested after retention delays of 1 and 60 min. To measure recency memory, rats were shown two familiar objects, one of which had been explored more recently. In one condition, rats were presented with two lists (List A, List B) of objects separated by a delay, thereby creating two distinct blocks of stimuli. After an additional delay, rats were presented with pairs of objects, one from List A and one from List B (between-block recency). No lesion-induced deficit was apparent for recency discriminations between objects from different lists, despite using three different levels of task difficulty. In contrast, rats with anterior thalamic lesions were significantly impaired when presented with a continuous list of objects and then tested on their ability to distinguish between those items early and late in the same list (within-block recency). The contrasting effects on recognition and recency support the notion that interlinked hippocampal-anterior thalamic interconnections support aspects of both spatial and nonspatial learning, although the role of the anterior thalamic nuclei may be restricted to a subclass of recency judgments (within-block).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Dumont
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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29
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Kim JI, Lee JW, Lee YA, Lee DH, Han NS, Choi YK, Hwang BR, Kim HJ, Han JS. Sexual activity counteracts the suppressive effects of chronic stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and recognition memory. Brain Res 2013; 1538:26-40. [PMID: 24041775 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis can be influenced by a variety of factors. Stress is one of the most potent inhibitors of hippocampal neurogenesis. Stress effects on adult hippocampal neurogenesis are affected differently by environmental factors, including social interaction. Sexual behavior between males and females in a social context has been suggested to influence neurogenesis and enhance hippocampal cell proliferation. However, the mechanisms of action of sexual interaction, the possible changes relative to stress state, and its effects on learning and memory remain uncertain. The current study examined the influence of sexual interaction on neurological responses in adult male mice and the function of sexual interaction relative to recognition memory in stress states. Changes in the expression of neurotrophic and transcription factors were assessed in reference to stress and/or sexual behaviors. The survival of newly generated cells and their rate of differentiation into neurons were determined in the hippocampus of chronically stressed and/or sexually experienced mice. Finally, to evaluate whether sexual experience alters adult hippocampal function, we tested learning and memory in a recognition memory task. The results demonstrated that sexual activity increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase B, and cAMP response element-binding factor. Furthermore, the results supported the view that sexual interaction could be helpful for buffering adult hippocampal neurogenesis and recognition memory function against the suppressive actions of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-In Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine & Institute for the 3Rs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
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30
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Gervais NJ, Jacob S, Brake WG, Mumby DG. Systemic and intra-rhinal-cortical 17-β estradiol administration modulate object-recognition memory in ovariectomized female rats. Horm Behav 2013; 64:642-52. [PMID: 24012943 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using the novel-object-preference (NOP) test suggest that estrogen (E) replacement in ovariectomized rodents can lead to enhanced novelty preference. The present study aimed to determine: 1) whether the effect of E on NOP performance is the result of enhanced preference for novelty, per se, or facilitated object-recognition memory, and 2) whether E affects NOP performance through actions it has within the perirhinal cortex/entorhinal cortex region (PRh/EC). Ovariectomized rats received either systemic chronic low 17-β estradiol (E2; ~20 pg/ml serum) replacement alone or in combination with systemic acute high administration of estradiol benzoate (EB; 10 μg), or in combination with intracranial infusions of E2 (244.8 pg/μl) or vehicle into the PRh/EC. For one of the intracranial experiments, E2 was infused either immediately before, immediately after, or 2 h following the familiarization (i.e., learning) phase of the NOP test. In light of recent evidence that raises questions about the internal validity of the NOP test as a method of indexing object-recognition memory, we also tested rats on a delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task of object recognition following systemic and intra-PRh/EC infusions of E2. Both systemic acute and intra-PRh/EC infusions of E enhanced novelty preference, but only when administered either before or immediately following familiarization. In contrast, high E (both systemic acute and intra-PRh/EC) impaired performance on the DNMS task. The findings suggest that while E2 in the PRh/EC can enhance novelty preference, this effect is probably not due to an improvement in object-recognition abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Gervais
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology (CSBN), Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West (SP-244), Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
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31
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Cohen SJ, Munchow AH, Rios LM, Zhang G, Asgeirsdóttir HN, Stackman RW. The rodent hippocampus is essential for nonspatial object memory. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1685-90. [PMID: 23954431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the role of the rodent hippocampus in object recognition memory is critical for establishing the appropriateness of rodents as models of human memory and for their use in the development of memory disorder treatments. In mammals, spatial memory and nonspatial memory depend upon the hippocampus and associated medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. Although well established in humans, the role of the rodent hippocampus in object memory remains highly debated due to conflicting findings across temporary and permanent hippocampal lesion studies and evidence that the perirhinal cortex may support object memory. In the current studies, we used intrahippocampal muscimol microinfusions to transiently inactivate the male C57BL/6J mouse hippocampus at distinct stages during the novel object recognition (NOR) task: during object memory encoding and consolidation, just consolidation, and/or retrieval. We also assessed the effect of temporary hippocampal inactivation when objects were presented in different contexts, thus eliminating the spatial or contextual components of the task. Lastly, we assessed extracellular dorsal hippocampal glutamate efflux and firing properties of hippocampal neurons while mice performed the NOR task. Our results reveal a clear and compelling role of the rodent hippocampus in nonspatial object memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cohen
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA
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32
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Banks PJ, Bashir ZI, Brown MW. Recognition memory and synaptic plasticity in the perirhinal and prefrontal cortices. Hippocampus 2013; 22:2012-31. [PMID: 22987679 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Work is reviewed that relates recognition memory to studies of synaptic plasticity mechanisms in perirhinal and prefrontal cortices. The aim is to consider evidence that perirhinal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex store rather than merely transmit information necessary for recognition memory and, if so, to consider what mechanisms are potentially available within these cortices for producing such storage through synaptic change. Interventions with known actions on plasticity mechanisms are reviewed in relation to their effects on recognition memory processes. These interventions importantly include those involving antagonism of glutamatergic and cholinergic receptors but also inhibition of plasticity consolidation and expression mechanisms. It is concluded that there is strong evidence that perirhinal cortex is involved in information storage necessary for object recognition memory and, moreover, that such storage involves synaptic weakening mechanisms including the removal of AMPA glutamate receptors from synapses. There is good evidence that medial prefrontal cortex is necessary for associative and temporal order recognition memory and that this cortex expresses plasticity mechanisms that potentially allow the storage of information. However, the case for medial prefrontal cortex acting as a store requires further support.
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33
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Ismail N, Blaustein JD. Pubertal immune challenge blocks the ability of estradiol to enhance performance on cognitive tasks in adult female mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1170-7. [PMID: 23218519 PMCID: PMC3604046 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a period characterized by brain reorganization that contributes to the development of neural and behavioral responses to gonadal steroids. Previously, we have shown that a single injection of the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1.5mg/kg IP), during the pubertal period (around 6weeks old) in mice decreases sexual receptivity in response to estradiol and progesterone in adulthood. These findings suggest that pubertal immune challenge has an enduring effect of decreasing the behavioral responsiveness to gonadal steroid hormones. Since estradiol improves cognitive function in certain tasks in mice, we investigated the effect of pubertal immune challenge on the ability of estradiol to enhance cognitive function. We hypothesized that estradiol would be less effective at enhancing performance on particular cognitive tasks in female mice treated with LPS during puberty. Six-week old (pubertal) and 10-week old (adult) female CD1 mice were injected with either saline or LPS. Five weeks later, they were ovariectomized and implanted subcutaneously with either an estradiol- or oil-filled Silastic(©) capsule followed 1week later with testing for cognitive function. The duration of juvenile investigation during social discrimination and recognition tests was used as a measure of social memory, and the duration of object investigation during object recognition and placement tests was used as a measure of object memory. Chronic estradiol treatment enhanced social and object memory in saline-treated females and in females treated with LPS in adulthood. In contrast, in females treated with LPS at 6weeks old, estradiol failed to improve social and object memories. These results support the hypothesis that exposure to an immune challenge during puberty reduces at least some of the cognitive effects of estradiol. Moreover, these results support the idea that pubertal immune challenge compromises a wide variety of behavioral influences of ovarian hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafissa Ismail
- Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey D. Blaustein
- Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5 Canada,Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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34
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Similarity in form and function of the hippocampus in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110 Suppl 2:10365-70. [PMID: 23754372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301225110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We begin by describing an historical scientific debate in which the fundamental idea that species are related by evolutionary descent was challenged. The challenge was based on supposed neuroanatomical differences between humans and other primates with respect to a structure known then as the hippocampus minor. The debate took place in the early 1860 s, just after the publication of Darwin's famous book. We then recount the difficult road that was traveled to develop an animal model of human memory impairment, a matter that also turned on questions about similarities and differences between humans and other primates. We then describe how the insight that there are multiple memory systems helped to secure the animal model and how the animal model was ultimately used to identify the neuroanatomy of long-term declarative memory (sometimes termed explicit memory). Finally, we describe a challenge to the animal model and to cross-species comparisons by considering the case of the concurrent discrimination task, drawing on findings from humans and monkeys. We suggest that analysis of such cases, based on the understanding that there are multiple memory systems with different properties, has served to emphasize the similarities in memory function across mammalian species.
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35
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Phosphodiesterase inhibition rescues chronic cognitive deficits induced by traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci 2013; 33:5216-26. [PMID: 23516287 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5133-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) modulates several cell signaling pathways in the hippocampus critical for memory formation. Previous studies have found that the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway is downregulated after TBI and that treatment with a phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor rolipram rescues the decrease in cAMP. In the present study, we examined the effect of rolipram on TBI-induced cognitive impairments. At 2 weeks after moderate fluid-percussion brain injury or sham surgery, adult male Sprague Dawley rats received vehicle or rolipram (0.03 mg/kg) 30 min before water maze acquisition or cue and contextual fear conditioning. TBI animals treated with rolipram showed a significant improvement in water maze acquisition and retention of both cue and contextual fear conditioning compared with vehicle-treated TBI animals. Cue and contextual fear conditioning significantly increased phosphorylated CREB levels in the hippocampus of sham animals, but not in TBI animals. This deficit in CREB activation during learning was rescued in TBI animals treated with rolipram. Hippocampal long-term potentiation was reduced in TBI animals, and this was also rescued with rolipram treatment. These results indicate that the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram rescues cognitive impairments after TBI, and this may be mediated through increased CREB activation during learning.
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36
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Warburton EC, Barker GRI, Brown MW. Investigations into the involvement of NMDA mechanisms in recognition memory. Neuropharmacology 2013; 74:41-7. [PMID: 23665343 PMCID: PMC3895175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on evidence showing that NMDA receptor neurotransmission is critical for synaptic plasticity processes within brain regions known to be necessary for the formation of object recognition memories. The aim will be to provide evidence concerning NMDA mechanisms related to recognition memory processes and show that recognition memory for objects, places or associations between objects and places depends on NMDA neurotransmission within the perirhinal cortex, temporal association cortex medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Administration of the NMDA antagonist AP5, selectively into each of these brain regions has revealed that the extent of the involvement NMDA receptors appears dependent on the type of information required to solve the recognition memory task; thus NMDA receptors in the perirhinal cortex are crucial for the encoding of long-term recognition memory for objects, and object-in-place associations, but not for short-term recognition memory or for retrieval. In contrast the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex are required for both long-term and short-term recognition memory for places or associations between objects and places, or for recognition memory tasks that have a temporal component. Such studies have therefore confirmed that the multiple brain regions make distinct contributions to recognition memory but in addition that more than one synaptic plasticity process must be involved. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity’. NMDAR blockade in PRH, mPFC and HPC produces different patterns of memory deficits. NMDARs within these brain regions make distinct contributions to recognition memory. NMDARs are also critical for synaptic plasticity in the same brain regions. More than one synaptic plasticity process must be involved in recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Clea Warburton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Synapric Plasticity, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
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37
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Contrasting effects on path integration after hippocampal damage in humans and rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4732-7. [PMID: 23404706 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300869110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus and other medial temporal lobe structures have been linked to both memory and spatial cognition, but it has been unclear how these ideas are connected. We carried out parallel studies of path integration in patients with medial temporal lobe lesions and rats with hippocampal lesions. Subjects entered a circular arena without vision, searched for a target, and then attempted to return to the start location. Patients performed accurately, and as well as controls, so long as the outward path was relatively direct and the target was found within 20 s. In sharp contrast, rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired, even when the outward path was shorter than 1 m, involved no turns, and the target was found within 3 s. We suggest that patients succeeded because performance could be supported by working memory and that patients and rats differ after hippocampal lesions in their ability to construct a coherent working memory of spatial environments.
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38
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Bachevalier J, Wright AA, Katz JS. Serial position functions following selective hippocampal lesions in monkeys: effects of delays and interference. Behav Processes 2013; 93:155-66. [PMID: 23246643 PMCID: PMC3684055 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of the hippocampus in list-memory processing. Three rhesus monkeys that had extensive experience in this task and had demonstrated full abstract-concept learning and excellent list memory performance (Katz et al., 2002; Wright et al., 2003) received bilateral neurotoxic hippocampal lesions and were re-tested in the serial list memory task. Effects of delays on memory performance were measured in all monkeys, whereas the effects of proactive interference were assessed in only one. Despite a slight change in performance of one of the three animals during re-learning of the same/different task, selective hippocampal damage had little or no effects on list memory accuracy. In addition, the hippocampal damage did not impact serial list position functions (SPFs) but slightly altered the dynamic of the SPF curves. Finally, even more remarkable was that accurate memory performance of one animal remained intact despite the use of small set size of 8 items that created high proactive interference across lists thereby eliminating any use of familiarity judgments to support performance. Together the findings indicate that, with short list items and extensive training in the task (i.e., reference memory), monkeys with selective hippocampal lesions may be able to use alternative memory processes (i.e., working memory) that are mediated by structures other than the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Bachevalier
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Texas, Health Science Center-Houston, TX, USA.
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39
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Albasser MM, Olarte-Sánchez CM, Amin E, Horne MR, Newton MJ, Warburton EC, Aggleton JP. The neural basis of nonvisual object recognition memory in the rat. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:70-85. [PMID: 23244291 PMCID: PMC3569044 DOI: 10.1037/a0031216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research into the neural basis of recognition memory has traditionally focused on the remembrance of visual stimuli. The present study examined the neural basis of object recognition memory in the dark, with a view to determining the extent to which it shares common pathways with visual-based object recognition. Experiment 1 assessed the expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in rats that discriminated novel from familiar objects in the dark (Group Novel). Comparisons made with a control group that explored only familiar objects (Group Familiar) showed that Group Novel had higher c-fos activity in the rostral perirhinal cortex and the lateral entorhinal cortex. Outside the temporal region, Group Novel showed relatively increased c-fos activity in the anterior medial thalamic nucleus and the anterior cingulate cortex. Both the hippocampal CA fields and the granular retrosplenial cortex showed borderline increases in c-fos activity with object novelty. The hippocampal findings prompted Experiment 2. Here, rats with hippocampal lesions were tested in the dark for object recognition memory at different retention delays. Across two replications, no evidence was found that hippocampal lesions impair nonvisual object recognition. The results indicate that in the dark, as in the light, interrelated parahippocampal sites are activated when rats explore novel stimuli. These findings reveal a network of linked c-fos activations that share superficial features with those associated with visual recognition but differ in the fine details; for example, in the locus of the perirhinal cortex activation. While there may also be a relative increase in c-fos activation in the extended-hippocampal system to object recognition in the dark, there was no evidence that this recognition memory problem required an intact hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eman Amin
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University
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Johnson TB, Stanton ME, Goodlett CR, Cudd TA. T-maze learning in weanling lambs. Dev Psychobiol 2012; 54:785-97. [PMID: 22213425 PMCID: PMC4609194 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A major advantage of sheep models in experimental studies of neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., with prenatal neurotoxicant exposure) is that the equivalent of all three trimesters of human brain development occurs in sheep entirely in utero. However, studies of learning and memory in sheep are limited. The goal of this study was to extend the analysis of spatial learning and memory in adolescent sheep using several traditional T-maze tasks. Both 9- and 14-week-old lambs acquired a delayed nonmatching-to-place task, but the older lambs learned the task significantly faster. In contrast, acquisition of a matching-to-place task was significantly more difficult. Lambs, like rodents, appear to have a predisposition toward learning "win-shift" spatial problems in a T-maze under appetitive motivation. Lambs also rapidly acquired a position habit and showed typical reversal learning curves. These findings support the use of T-maze tasks to assess behavioral outcomes in various sheep models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Mark E. Stanton
- Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Charles R. Goodlett
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
| | - Timothy A. Cudd
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology and Michael E. DeBakey Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Scott GA, Mtetwa M, Lehmann H. Novel odour recognition memory is independent of the hippocampus in rats. Exp Brain Res 2012; 224:199-209. [PMID: 23099551 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of hippocampal (HPC) damage on odour recognition memory, using a novel odour recognition task that was adapted from the more common novel object recognition task. Three separate experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, we tested rats in novel odour recognition across different retention intervals (i.e. 15 min, 24 h, 1 week, 5 weeks). Given a single acquisition session, rats' performance deteriorated after 24 h, but given multiple acquisition sessions (i.e. four sessions over 2 days), rats were able to perform well after retention intervals up to 5 weeks. In Experiment 2, we examined the possible anterograde amnesic effects of HPC damage on novel odour recognition, finding that pre-training damage to the entire HPC failed to cause amnesia for retention delays extending up to 5 weeks. In Experiment 3, we examined whether post-training HPC damage would cause retrograde amnesia, but failed to find any evidence of an impairment. The combined results suggest that the neural network supporting odour recognition is independent of the HPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin A Scott
- Psychology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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42
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Albasser MM, Amin E, Lin TCE, Iordanova MD, Aggleton JP. Evidence that the rat hippocampus has contrasting roles in object recognition memory and object recency memory. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126:659-69. [PMID: 23025831 PMCID: PMC3462035 DOI: 10.1037/a0029754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adult rats with extensive, bilateral neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus showed normal forgetting curves for object recognition memory, yet were impaired on closely related tests of object recency memory. The present findings point to specific mechanisms for temporal order information (recency) that are dependent on the hippocampus and do not involve object recognition memory. The object recognition tests measured rats exploring simultaneously presented objects, one novel and the other familiar. Task difficulty was varied by altering the retention delays after presentation of the familiar object, so creating a forgetting curve. Hippocampal lesions had no apparent effect, despite using an apparatus (bow-tie maze) where it was possible to give lists of objects that might be expected to increase stimulus interference. In contrast, the same hippocampal lesions impaired the normal preference for an older (less recent) familiar object over a more recent, familiar object. A correlation was found between the loss of septal hippocampal tissue and this impairment in recency memory. The dissociation in the present study between recognition memory (spared) and recency memory (impaired) was unusually compelling, because it was possible to test the same objects for both forms of memory within the same session and within the same apparatus. The object recency deficit is of additional interest as it provides an example of a nonspatial memory deficit following hippocampal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu M Albasser
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
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43
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Burke SN, Ryan L, Barnes CA. Characterizing cognitive aging of recognition memory and related processes in animal models and in humans. Front Aging Neurosci 2012; 4:15. [PMID: 22988437 PMCID: PMC3439640 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2012.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of complex behaviors across the lifespan of animals can reveal the brain regions that are impacted by the normal aging process, thereby, elucidating potential therapeutic targets. Recent data from rats, monkeys, and humans converge, all indicating that recognition memory and complex visual perception are impaired in advanced age. These cognitive processes are also disrupted in animals with lesions of the perirhinal cortex, indicating that the the functional integrity of this structure is disrupted in old age. This current review summarizes these data, and highlights current methodologies for assessing perirhinal cortex-dependent behaviors across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Burke
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA ; Memory and Aging, ARL Division of Neural Systems, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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44
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Reid JM, Jacklin DL, Winters BD. Crossmodal object recognition in rats with and without multimodal object pre-exposure: no effect of hippocampal lesions. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98:311-9. [PMID: 22975081 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms and brain circuitry involved in the formation, storage, and utilization of multisensory object representations are poorly understood. We have recently introduced a crossmodal object recognition (CMOR) task that enables the study of such questions in rats. Our previous research has indicated that the perirhinal and posterior parietal cortices functionally interact to mediate spontaneous (tactile-to-visual) CMOR performance in rats; however, it remains to be seen whether other brain regions, particularly those receiving polymodal sensory inputs, contribute to this cognitive function. In the current study, we assessed the potential contribution of one such polymodal region, the hippocampus (HPC), to crossmodal object recognition memory. Rats with bilateral excitotoxic HPC lesions were tested in two versions of crossmodal object recognition: (1) the original CMOR task, which requires rats to compare between a stored tactile object representation and visually-presented objects to discriminate the novel and familiar stimuli; and (2) a novel 'multimodal pre-exposure' version of the CMOR task (PE/CMOR), in which simultaneous exploration of the tactile and visual sensory features of an object 24 h prior to the sample phase enhances CMOR performance across longer retention delays. Hippocampus-lesioned rats performed normally on both crossmodal object recognition tasks, but were impaired on a radial arm maze test of spatial memory, demonstrating the functional effectiveness of the lesions. These results strongly suggest that the HPC, despite its polymodal anatomical connections, is not critically involved in tactile-to-visual crossmodal object recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Reid
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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45
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What pharmacological interventions indicate concerning the role of the perirhinal cortex in recognition memory. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3122-40. [PMID: 22841990 PMCID: PMC3500694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Findings of pharmacological studies that have investigated the involvement of specific regions of the brain in recognition memory are reviewed. The particular emphasis of the review concerns what such studies indicate concerning the role of the perirhinal cortex in recognition memory. Most of the studies involve rats and most have investigated recognition memory for objects. Pharmacological studies provide a large body of evidence supporting the essential role of the perirhinal cortex in the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of object recognition memory. Such studies provide increasingly detailed evidence concerning both the neurotransmitter systems and the underlying intracellular mechanisms involved in recognition memory processes. They have provided evidence in support of synaptic weakening as a major synaptic plastic process within perirhinal cortex underlying object recognition memory. They have also supplied confirmatory evidence that that there is more than one synaptic plastic process involved. The demonstrated necessity to long-term recognition memory of intracellular signalling mechanisms related to synaptic modification within perirhinal cortex establishes a central role for the region in the information storage underlying such memory. Perirhinal cortex is thereby established as an information storage site rather than solely a processing station. Pharmacological studies have also supplied new evidence concerning the detailed roles of other regions, including the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex in different types of recognition memory tasks that include a spatial or temporal component. In so doing, they have also further defined the contribution of perirhinal cortex to such tasks. To date it appears that the contribution of perirhinal cortex to associative and temporal order memory reflects that in simple object recognition memory, namely that perirhinal cortex provides information concerning objects and their prior occurrence (novelty/familiarity).
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46
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Win-Shwe TT, Fujimaki H, Fujitani Y, Hirano S. Novel object recognition ability in female mice following exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:355-62. [PMID: 22659509 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, our laboratory reported that exposure to nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NRDE) for 3 months impaired hippocampus-dependent spatial learning ability and up-regulated the expressions of memory function-related genes in the hippocampus of female mice. However, whether NRDE affects the hippocampus-dependent non-spatial learning ability and the mechanism of NRDE-induced neurotoxicity was unknown. Female BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air, middle-dose NRDE (M-NRDE, 47 μg/m(3)), high-dose NRDE (H-NRDE, 129 μg/m(3)), or filtered H-NRDE (F-DE) for 3 months. We then investigated the effect of NRDE exposure on non-spatial learning ability and the expression of genes related to glutamate neurotransmission using a novel object recognition test and a real-time RT-PCR analysis, respectively. We also examined microglia marker Iba1 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus using immunohistochemical analyses. Mice exposed to H-NRDE or F-DE could not discriminate between familiar and novel objects. The control and M-NRDE-exposed groups showed a significantly increased discrimination index, compared to the H-NRDE-exposed group. Although no significant changes in the expression levels of the NMDA receptor subunits were observed, the expression of glutamate transporter EAAT4 was decreased and that of glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65 was increased in the hippocampus of H-NRDE-exposed mice, compared with the expression levels in control mice. We also found that microglia activation was prominent in the hippocampal area of the H-NRDE-exposed mice, compared with the other groups. These results indicated that exposure to NRDE for 3 months impaired the novel object recognition ability. The present study suggests that genes related to glutamate metabolism may be involved in the NRDE-induced neurotoxicity observed in the present mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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47
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Aggleton JP, Brown MW, Albasser MM. Contrasting brain activity patterns for item recognition memory and associative recognition memory: insights from immediate-early gene functional imaging. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:3141-55. [PMID: 22634248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory, the discrimination of a novel from a familiar event, can be classified into item recognition and associative recognition. Item recognition concerns the identification of novel individual stimuli, while associative recognition concerns the detection of novelty that arises when familiar items are reconfigured in a novel manner. Experiments in rodents that have mapped the expression of immediate-early genes, e.g., c-fos, highlight key differences between these two forms of recognition memory. Visual item novelty is consistently linked to increased c-fos activity in just two brain sites, the perirhinal cortex and the adjacent visual association area Te2. Typically there are no hippocampal c-fos changes. In contrast, visual associative recognition is consistently linked to c-fos activity changes in the hippocampus, but not the perirhinal cortex. The lack of a c-fos perirhinal change with associative recognition presumably reflects the fact that the individual items in an array remain familiar, even though their combinations are unique. Those exceptions, when item recognition is associated with hippocampal c-fos changes, occur when rats actively explore novel objects. The increased engagement with objects will involve multisensory stimulus processing and potentially create conditions in which rats can readily learn stimulus attributes such as object location or object order, i.e., attributes involved in associative recognition. Correlations based on levels of immediate-early gene expression in the temporal lobe indicate that actively exploring novel stimuli switches patterns of entorhinal-hippocampal functional connectivity to emphasise direct entorhinal-dentate gyrus processing. These gene activity findings help to distinguish models of medial temporal lobe function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, UK.
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48
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Biscaro B, Lindvall O, Tesco G, Ekdahl CT, Nitsch RM. Inhibition of microglial activation protects hippocampal neurogenesis and improves cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 9:187-98. [PMID: 22584394 DOI: 10.1159/000330363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated microglia with macrophage-like functions invade and surround β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), possibly contributing to the turnover of Aβ, but they can also secrete proinflammatory factors that may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Microglia are known to modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis. OBJECTIVES/METHODS To determine the role of microglia on neurogenesis in brains with Aβ pathology, we inhibited microglial activation with the tetracycline derivative minocycline in doubly transgenic mice expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and mutant human presenilin-1 (PS1). RESULTS Minocycline increased the survival of new dentate granule cells in APP/PS1 mice indicated by more BrdU+/NeuN+ cells as compared to vehicle-treated transgenic littermates, accompanied by improved behavioral performance in a hippocampus-dependent learning task. Both brain levels of Aβ and Aβ-related morphological deficits in the new neurons labeled with GFP-expressing retrovirus were unaffected in minocycline-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a role for microglia in Aβ-related functional deficits and in suppressing the survival of new neurons, and show that modulation of microglial function with minocycline can protect hippocampal neurogenesis in the presence of Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Biscaro
- Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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49
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Melichercik AM, Elliott KS, Bianchi C, Ernst SM, Winters BD. Nicotinic receptor activation in perirhinal cortex and hippocampus enhances object memory in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:2096-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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50
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Jeneson A, Squire LR. Working memory, long-term memory, and medial temporal lobe function. Learn Mem 2012; 19:15-25. [PMID: 22180053 PMCID: PMC3246590 DOI: 10.1101/lm.024018.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early studies of memory-impaired patients with medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage led to the view that the hippocampus and related MTL structures are involved in the formation of long-term memory and that immediate memory and working memory are independent of these structures. This traditional idea has recently been revisited. Impaired performance in patients with MTL lesions on tasks with short retention intervals, or no retention interval, and neuroimaging findings with similar tasks have been interpreted to mean that the MTL is sometimes needed for working memory and possibly even for visual perception itself. We present a reappraisal of this interpretation. Our main conclusion is that, if the material to be learned exceeds working memory capacity, if the material is difficult to rehearse, or if attention is diverted, performance depends on long-term memory even when the retention interval is brief. This fundamental notion is better captured by the terms subspan memory and supraspan memory than by the terms short-term memory and long-term memory. We propose methods for determining when performance on short-delay tasks must depend on long-term (supraspan) memory and suggest that MTL lesions impair performance only when immediate memory and working memory are insufficient to support performance. In neuroimaging studies, MTL activity during encoding is influenced by the memory load and correlates positively with long-term retention of the material that was presented. The most parsimonious and consistent interpretation of all the data is that subspan memoranda are supported by immediate memory and working memory and are independent of the MTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Jeneson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
| | - Larry R. Squire
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California 92093
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161
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