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Larionov A, Hammer CM, Fiedler K, Filgueira L. Dynamics of Endothelial Cell Diversity and Plasticity in Health and Disease. Cells 2024; 13:1276. [PMID: 39120307 PMCID: PMC11312403 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are vital structural units of the cardiovascular system possessing two principal distinctive properties: heterogeneity and plasticity. Endothelial heterogeneity is defined by differences in tissue-specific endothelial phenotypes and their high predisposition to modification along the length of the vascular bed. This aspect of heterogeneity is closely associated with plasticity, the ability of ECs to adapt to environmental cues through the mobilization of genetic, molecular, and structural alterations. The specific endothelial cytoarchitectonics facilitate a quick structural cell reorganization and, furthermore, easy adaptation to the extrinsic and intrinsic environmental stimuli, known as the epigenetic landscape. ECs, as universally distributed and ubiquitous cells of the human body, play a role that extends far beyond their structural function in the cardiovascular system. They play a crucial role in terms of barrier function, cell-to-cell communication, and a myriad of physiological and pathologic processes. These include development, ontogenesis, disease initiation, and progression, as well as growth, regeneration, and repair. Despite substantial progress in the understanding of endothelial cell biology, the role of ECs in healthy conditions and pathologies remains a fascinating area of exploration. This review aims to summarize knowledge and concepts in endothelial biology. It focuses on the development and functional characteristics of endothelial cells in health and pathological conditions, with a particular emphasis on endothelial phenotypic and functional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Larionov
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (C.M.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Christian Manfred Hammer
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (C.M.H.); (L.F.)
| | - Klaus Fiedler
- Independent Researcher, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Anatomy, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (C.M.H.); (L.F.)
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2
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Zhang W, Kaser-Eichberger A, Fan W, Platzl C, Schrödl F, Heindl LM. The structure and function of the human choroid. Ann Anat 2024; 254:152239. [PMID: 38432349 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In this manuscript, the structure of the human choroid is reviewed with emphasis of the macro- and microscopic anatomy including Bruch's membrane, choriocapillaris, Sattler's and Haller's layer, and the suprachoroid. We here discuss the development of the choroid, as well as the question of choroidal lymphatics, and further the neuronal control of this tissue, as well as the pathologic angiogenesis. Wherever possible, functional aspects of the various structures are included and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology -Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wanlin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Platzl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology -Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schrödl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology -Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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3
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Clahsen T, Hadrian K, Notara M, Schlereth SL, Howaldt A, Prokosch V, Volatier T, Hos D, Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Heindl LM, Steven P, Bosch JJ, Steinkasserer A, Rokohl AC, Liu H, Mestanoglu M, Kashkar H, Schumacher B, Kiefer F, Schulte-Merker S, Matthaei M, Hou Y, Fassbender S, Jantsch J, Zhang W, Enders P, Bachmann B, Bock F, Cursiefen C. The novel role of lymphatic vessels in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101157. [PMID: 36759312 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Historically, the eye has been considered as an organ free of lymphatic vessels. In recent years, however, it became evident, that lymphatic vessels or lymphatic-like vessels contribute to several ocular pathologies at various peri- and intraocular locations. The aim of this review is to outline the pathogenetic role of ocular lymphatics, the respective molecular mechanisms and to discuss current and future therapeutic options based thereon. We will give an overview on the vascular anatomy of the healthy ocular surface and the molecular mechanisms contributing to corneal (lymph)angiogenic privilege. In addition, we present (i) current insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms occurring during pathological neovascularization of the cornea triggered e.g. by inflammation or trauma, (ii) the role of lymphatic vessels in different ocular surface pathologies such as dry eye disease, corneal graft rejection, ocular graft versus host disease, allergy, and pterygium, (iii) the involvement of lymphatic vessels in ocular tumors and metastasis, and (iv) the novel role of the lymphatic-like structure of Schlemm's canal in glaucoma. Identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms and of novel modulators of lymphangiogenesis will contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ocular diseases associated with pathological lymphangiogenesis in the future. The preclinical data presented here outline novel therapeutic concepts for promoting transplant survival, inhibiting metastasis of ocular tumors, reducing inflammation of the ocular surface, and treating glaucoma. Initial data from clinical trials suggest first success of novel treatment strategies to promote transplant survival based on pretransplant corneal lymphangioregression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Clahsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karina Hadrian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Notara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Simona L Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Antonia Howaldt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Volatier
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Deniz Hos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Steven
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jacobus J Bosch
- Centre for Human Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanhan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mert Mestanoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mario Matthaei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yanhong Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 83 Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Sonja Fassbender
- IUF‒Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany; Immunology and Environment, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philip Enders
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Bachmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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4
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Ocular Lymphatic and Glymphatic Systems: Implications for Retinal Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710139. [PMID: 36077535 PMCID: PMC9456449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of ocular fluid and metabolic waste is a critical function of the eye in health and disease. The eye has distinct fluid outflow pathways in both the anterior and posterior segments. Although the anterior outflow pathway is well characterized, little is known about posterior outflow routes. Recent studies suggest that lymphatic and glymphatic systems play an important role in the clearance of fluid and waste products from the posterior segment of the eye. The lymphatic system is a vascular network that runs parallel to the blood circulatory system. It plays an essential role in maintenance of fluid homeostasis and immune surveillance in the body. Recent studies have reported lymphatics in the cornea (under pathological conditions), ciliary body, choroid, and optic nerve meninges. The evidence of lymphatics in optic nerve meninges is, however, limited. An alternative lymphatic system termed the glymphatic system was recently discovered in the rodent eye and brain. This system is a glial cell-based perivascular network responsible for the clearance of interstitial fluid and metabolic waste. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of ocular lymphatic and glymphatic systems and their role in retinal degenerative diseases.
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5
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Zhang W, Li J, Liang J, Qi X, Tian J, Liu J. Coagulation in Lymphatic System. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:762648. [PMID: 34901222 PMCID: PMC8652051 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.762648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system maintains homeostasis of the internal environment between the cells in tissues and the blood circulation. The coagulation state of lymph is determined by conditions of coagulation factors and lymphatic vessels. Internal obliteration, external compression or abnormally increased lymphatic pressure may predispose to localized lymphatic coagulation. In physiological conditions, an imbalance of antithrombin and thrombokinase reduces lymphatic thrombosis. However, the release of factor X by lymphatic endothelium injury may trigger coagulation casacade, causing blockage of lymphatic vessels and lymphedema. Heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels in various tissues may lead to distinct levels and patterns of coagulation in specific lymphatic vessels. The quantitative and qualitative measurement of clotting characteristic reveals longer time for clotting to occur in the lymph than in the blood. Cancer, infections, amyloidosis and lymph node dissection may trigger thrombosis in the lymphatic vessels. In contrast to venous or arterial thrombosis, lymphatic thrombosis has rarely been reported, and its actual prevalence is likely underestimated. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of coagulation in lymphatic system, and discuss the lymphatic thrombosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Medical Research Center, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Institute of Microvascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Graduate School, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Qeeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangjiu Liang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiumei Qi
- Department of Education, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated With Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinghui Tian
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Medical Research Center, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Institute of Microvascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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6
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Wiśniewska K, Rybak Z, Szymonowicz M, Kuropka P, Dobrzyński M. Review on the Lymphatic Vessels in the Dental Pulp. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121257. [PMID: 34943171 PMCID: PMC8698795 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is debatable whether lymphatic vessels exist in the dental pulp. Most researchers confirm their presence; however, the lymphatic system in the dental pulp is much less developed compared to other tissues of the body. Lymphangiogenesis occurs in the dental pulp with inflammatory changes as a response to inflammatory stimuli acting on the tooth. If lymphangiogenesis is defined as the development of lymphatic vessels from already existing ones, such a mechanism is possible only when lymphatic vessels are present in healthy teeth. Research papers have not conclusively proved whether lymphatic vessels can form in the dental pulp. The use of an immunohistochemical examination can very likely prove the presence of a lymphatic system in dental tissues. However, the evaluation of the lymphatic system of the teeth is problematic because it is quite difficult to clearly distinguish lymphatic vessels from small blood vessels. Abstract Despite many studies, opinions on the lymphatic system of the teeth are still incompatible. Studies using light and electron microscopy and directly using methods such as a radioisotope (radionuclide) scan and interstitial fluid pressure measurement reported incomplete results. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays the main role in investigating presence of the lymphatic system in dental tissues. This method uses labeled antibodies against antigens typical of lymphatic vessels. The use of appropriate staining enables the detection of antigen-antibody reaction products using a light (optical), electron or fluorescence microscope. However, these studies do not show the system of vessels, their histologic structure under physiological conditions and inflammation as well as the lymphangiogenesis process in the dental pulp. Unfortunately, there is a lack of studies associating the presence of lymphatic vessels in the dental pulp with local lymphatic nodes or large vessels outside the tooth. In the scientific and research environment, the evaluation of the lymphatic system of the teeth is problematic because it is quite difficult to clearly distinguish lymphatic vessels from small blood vessels. Despite many indications of the presence of lymphatic vessels in the pulp chamber, this problem remains open and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wiśniewska
- Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-500211130
| | - Zbigniew Rybak
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Szymonowicz
- Pre-Clinical Research Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, Bujwida 44, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (Z.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Piotr Kuropka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Preclinical Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
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7
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Chutipongpisit K, Parachuru VP, Friedlander LT, Hussaini HM, Rich AM. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence expression profile of lymphatic endothelial cell markers in oral cancer. Int J Exp Pathol 2021; 102:268-278. [PMID: 34791715 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis makes an important contribution to the tumour microenvironment (TME), but little is known about this in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens (28 OSCC, 10 inflamed and 6 normal oral mucosa controls) were processed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antibodies against lymphatic markers D2-40 (podoplanin), LYVE-1, VEGFR3 and Prox1. After the endothelial cells had been highlighted by the various markers for lymphatic endothelium, the positive stained cells and vessels were identified and counted in a systematic manner to determine microvessel density. Double-labelling immunofluorescence (DLIF) was used to investigate the specificity of D2-40 and LYVE-1 to lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) as opposed to blood ECs. There was higher D2-40 and Prox1 lymphatic vessel density (P = .001) in the OSCC group when compared with both control groups. Some malignant keratinocytes expressed lymphatic markers, as did a much smaller number of epithelial cells in the control groups. DLIF showed that no vessels co-expressed D2-40/CD34 or LYVE/CD34. Some D2/40+ LVs were LYVE- . D2-40 was the most specific LEC marker in OSCC tissues. These results establish that the OSCC TME contains significantly more lymphatic vessels expressing D2-40 and Prox1 than the control groups, which may play a role in facilitating lymphatic invasion and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kullasit Chutipongpisit
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - V Praveen Parachuru
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lara T Friedlander
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Haizal M Hussaini
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alison M Rich
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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8
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Aqueous outflow channels and its lymphatic association: A review. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:659-674. [PMID: 34656556 PMCID: PMC9008077 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human eye has a unique immune architecture and behavior. While the conjunctiva is known to have a well-defined lymphatic drainage system, the cornea, sclera, and uveal tissues were historically considered "alymphatic" and thought to be immune privileged. The very fact that the aqueous outflow channels carry a clear fluid (aqueous humor) along the outflow pathway makes it hard to ignore its lymphatic-like characteristics. The development of novel lymphatic lineage markers and expression of these markers in aqueous outflow channels and improved imaging capabilities has sparked a renewed interest in the study of ocular lymphatics. Ophthalmic lymphatic research has had a directional shift over the last decade, offering an exciting new physiological platform that needs further in-depth understanding. The evidence of a presence of distinct lymphatic channels in the human ciliary body is gaining significant traction. The uveolymphatic pathway is an alternative new route for aqueous outflow and adds a new dimension to pathophysiology and management of glaucoma. Developing novel animal models, markers, and non-invasive imaging tools to delineate the core anatomical structure and physiological functions may help pave some crucial pathways to understand disease pathophysiology and help develop novel targeted therapeutic approaches for glaucoma.
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9
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Maldonado-Zimbron VE, Hong J, Russell P, Trevaskis NL, Windsor JA, Phillips ARJ. Methods for studying pulmonary lymphatics. Eur Respir J 2021; 57:13993003.04106-2020. [PMID: 33863740 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04106-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Maldonado-Zimbron
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand .,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Russell
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Albert Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Ronald John Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Endothelial Cells as Tools to Model Tissue Microenvironment in Hypoxia-Dependent Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020520. [PMID: 33430201 PMCID: PMC7825710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the blood vessels are important players in many biological phenomena but are crucial in hypoxia-dependent diseases where their deregulation contributes to pathology. On the other hand, processes mediated by ECs, such as angiogenesis, vessel permeability, interactions with cells and factors circulating in the blood, maintain homeostasis of the organism. Understanding the diversity and heterogeneity of ECs in different tissues and during various biological processes is crucial in biomedical research to properly develop our knowledge on many diseases, including cancer. Here, we review the most important aspects related to ECs’ heterogeneity and list the available in vitro tools to study different angiogenesis-related pathologies. We focus on the relationship between functions of ECs and their organo-specificity but also point to how the microenvironment, mainly hypoxia, shapes their activity. We believe that taking into account the specific features of ECs that are relevant to the object of the study (organ or disease state), especially in a simplified in vitro setting, is important to truly depict the biology of endothelium and its consequences. This is possible in many instances with the use of proper in vitro tools as alternative methods to animal testing.
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11
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Siggel R, Schroedl F, Dietlein T, Koch KR, Platzl C, Kaser-Eichberger A, Cursiefen C, Heindl LM. Absence of lymphatic vessels in non-functioning bleb capsules of glaucoma drainage devices. Histol Histopathol 2021; 35:1521-1531. [PMID: 33382078 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the presence and appearance of blood and lymphatic vessels in non-functioning bleb capsules of glaucoma drainage devices (GDD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-functioning (n=14) GDD-bleb capsules of 12 patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for blood vessels (CD31, vascular endothelium), lymphatic vessels (lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 [LYVE-1] and podoplanin) and macrophages (CD68). RESULTS CD31+++ blood vessels and CD68+ macrophages were detected in the outer layer of all specimens. LYVE-1 immunoreactivity was registered in single non-endothelial cells in 8 out of 14 (57%) bleb capsule specimens. Podoplanin-immunoreactivity was detected in all cases, located in cells and profiles of the collagen tissue network of the outer and/or the inner capsule layer. However, a colocalization of LYVE-1 and podoplanin as evidence for lymphatic vessels was not detected. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the presence of blood-vessels but absence of lymphatic vessels in non-functioning bleb capsules after GDD-implantation. While the absence of lymphatic vessels might indicate a possible reason for drainage device failure, this needs to be confirmed in upcoming studies, including animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Siggel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany.
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Dietlein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konrad R Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Platzl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMK), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Hayashi M, Watanabe-Asaka T, Nagashio S, Kaidoh M, Yokoyama Y, Maejima D, Kajihara R, Amari K, Arai N, Kawai Y, Ohhashi T. Water intake accelerates ATP release from myofibroblast cells in rats: ATP-mediated podoplanin-dependent control for physiological function and immunity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G54-G65. [PMID: 33146549 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00303.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that water intake increased mesenteric lymph flow and the total flux of IL-22 in rat jejunum. The drained water and the higher permeability of albumin in the jejunal microcirculation contributed to increase the lymph flow and IL-22 transport via the activation of great bulk flow in the jejunal villi. To address the effects of water intake-mediated great bulk flow-dependent mechanical force on jejunal physiological function and immunological regulation of innate lymphoid cells (ILC)-3, we examined the effects of shear stress stimulation on cultured rat myofibroblast cells. Next, we investigated the effects of water intake on podoplanin and IL-22 expressions in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and rat in vivo jejunal preparations, respectively. Shear stress stimulation of the myofibroblast cells induced ATP release via an activation of cell surface F1/F0 ATP synthase. ATP produced podoplanin expression in the intestinal epithelial cells. Water intake accelerated immunohistochemical expressions of podoplanin and IL-22 in the interepithelial layers and lamina propria of the jejunum. ATP dose-dependently increased IL-22 mRNA expression in ILC-3, which are housed in the lamina propria. Water intake also increased immunohistochemical and mRNA expressions of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases 2 and 5 in jejunal villi. In conclusion, water intake-mediated shear stress stimulation-dependent ATP release from myofibroblast cells maintains higher tissue colloid osmotic pressure in the jejunal microcirculation through podoplanin upregulation in the interepithelial layers. ATP induces IL-22 mRNA expression in ILC-3 in jejunal villi, which may contribute to regulation of mucosal immunity in small intestine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated effects of shear stress stimulation on cultured myofibroblast cells and water intake on podoplanin and IL-22 expressions in rat jejunal villi. The stimulation induced ATP release from the cells. Water intake accelerated podoplanin and IL-22 expression levels. ATP increased IL-22 mRNA expression in innate lymphoid cells (ILC)-3. Hence, water intake maintains higher osmotic pressure in the jejunal villi through ATP release and podoplanin upregulation. Water intake may regulate the mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyuru Hayashi
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Division of Physiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Division of Physiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sachiho Nagashio
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Maki Kaidoh
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yokoyama
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Maejima
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Kajihara
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kei Amari
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Nariaki Arai
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kawai
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Division of Physiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohhashi
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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13
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Grant D, Wanner N, Frimel M, Erzurum S, Asosingh K. Comprehensive phenotyping of endothelial cells using flow cytometry 2: Human. Cytometry A 2020; 99:257-264. [PMID: 33369145 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In vascular research, clinical samples and samples from animal models are often used together to foster translation of preclinical findings to humans. General concepts of endothelia and murine-specific endothelial phenotypes were discussed in part 1 of this two part series. Here, in part 2, we present a comprehensive overview of human-specific endothelial phenotypes. Pan-endothelial cell markers, organ specific endothelial antigens, and flow cytometric immunophenotyping of blood-borne endothelial cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Grant
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas Wanner
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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14
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Abstract
The skeleton is highly vascularized due to the various roles blood vessels play in the homeostasis of bone and marrow. For example, blood vessels provide nutrients, remove metabolic by-products, deliver systemic hormones, and circulate precursor cells to bone and marrow. In addition to these roles, bone blood vessels participate in a variety of other functions. This article provides an overview of the afferent, exchange and efferent vessels in bone and marrow and presents the morphological layout of these blood vessels regarding blood flow dynamics. In addition, this article discusses how bone blood vessels participate in bone development, maintenance, and repair. Further, mechanical loading-induced bone adaptation is presented regarding interstitial fluid flow and pressure, as regulated by the vascular system. The role of the sympathetic nervous system is discussed in relation to blood vessels and bone. Finally, vascular participation in bone accrual with intermittent parathyroid hormone administration, a medication prescribed to combat age-related bone loss, is described and age- and disease-related impairments in blood vessels are discussed in relation to bone and marrow dysfunction. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1009-1046, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda D Prisby
- Bone Vascular and Microcirculation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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15
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The cell-cell junctions of mammalian testes. III. Absence of an endothelial cell layer covering the peritubular wall of the seminiferous tubules-an immunocytochemical correction of a 50-year-old error in the literature. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:75-92. [PMID: 31713729 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the molecular biological and ultrastructural studies of the peritubular wall cells encasing the seminiferous tubules of mammalian testes, we found it necessary to characterize the outermost cell layer bordering on the interstitial space in detail. For half a century, the extremely thin cells of this monolayer have in the literature been regarded as part of a lymphatic endothelium, in particular in rodents. However, our double-label immunofluorescence microscopical results have shown that in all six mammalian species examined, including three rodent ones (rat, mouse, guinea pig), this classification is not correct: the very attenuated cells of this monolayer are not of lymphatic endothelial nature as they do not contain established endothelial marker molecules. In particular, they do not contain claudin-5-positive tight junctions, VE-cadherin-positive adherens junctions, "lymph vessel endothelium hyaluronan receptor 1" (LYVE-1), podoplanin, protein myozap and "von Willebrand Factor" (vWF). By contrast and as controls, all these established marker molecules for the lymphatic endothelial cell type are found in the endothelia of the lymph and-partly also-blood vessels located nearby in the interstitial space. Thus, our results provide evidence that the monolayer cells covering the peritubular wall do not contain endothelial marker molecules and hence are not endothelial cells. We discuss possible methodological reasons for the maintenance of this incorrect cell type classification in the literature and emphasize the value of molecular analyses using multiple cell type-specific markers, also with respect to physiology and medical sciences.
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16
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Petrea CE, Rusu MC, Mănoiu VS, Vrapciu AD. Telocyte-like cells containing Weibel-Palade bodies in rat lamina fusca. Ann Anat 2018; 218:88-94. [PMID: 29655846 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are cells with long, thin and moniliform processes called telopodes. These cells have been found in numerous tissues, including the eye choroid and sclera. Lamina fusca (LF), an anatomical structure located at the sclera-choroid junction, has outer fibroblastic lamellae containing cells with long telopodes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, via transmission electron microscopy, the LF for the presence of endothelial-specific ultrastructural features, such as Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), in the residing TCs. We found that the outer fibroblastic layer of LF lacked pigmented cells but contained numerous cells with telopodes. These cells had incomplete or absent basal laminae, were united by focal adhesions and close contacts, and displayed scarce caveolae and shedding vesicles. Within the stromal cells of LF, numerous WPBs in various stages of maturation and vesicular structures, as secretory pods that ensure the exocytosis of WPBs content, were observed. The WPBs content of the cells with telopodes in the LF could indicate either their involvement in vasculogenesis and/or lymphangiogenesis or that they are the P-selectin- and CD63-containing pools that play roles in scleral or choroidal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Petrea
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; MEDCENTER - Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - V S Mănoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Staszyk C, Duesterdieck KF, Gasse H, Bienert A. Immunohistochemical Identification of Lymphatic Vessels in the Periodontium of Equine Cheek Teeth. J Vet Dent 2016; 22:227-32. [PMID: 16494270 DOI: 10.1177/089875640502200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical detection of lymphatic capillaries was performed in the periodontium of maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth from 6 horses (aged 3–23 years). Tissue sections of the periodontium were taken at 4 different horizontal levels along the long axis of the tooth. The specimens were processed for immunoreaction with anti-Proxl, in order to distinguish lymphatic endothelium from blood vascular endothelium. Lymphatic vessels were detected in all periodontal tissues except for the dental cementum. Lymphatic capillaries were most densely distributed in the gingiva compared to other tissues of the periodontium. Lymphatic capillaries were found most consistently in samples taken from the gingival and subgingival regions in all horses examined. Within these levels, the gingiva as well as the spongiosa of the maxillary and mandibular bone had the greatest incidence of lymphatic vessels. Considering the distinct distribution of the lymphatic capillaries in the periodontium of the maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth, two complementary lymphatic drainage pathways are proposed: (1) superficial lymph drainage via the gingiva, emptying into the mandibular lymph nodes; (2) deep lymph drainage via the mandibular and maxillary spongiosa, emptying into the mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Staszyk
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Yoshimatsu Y, Miyazaki H, Watabe T. Roles of signaling and transcriptional networks in pathological lymphangiogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:161-171. [PMID: 26850127 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis, the generation of new lymphatic vessels, plays important roles in cancer metastasis. Outstanding progress during the past decade has dramatically increased the novel knowledge and insights of the mechanisms underlying the generation of new lymphatic vessels, the roles of transcription factors and lymphangiogenic growth factors during physiological development and pathological processes such as cancer and inflammation. Furthermore, an understanding of the molecular consequences during tumor lymphangiogenesis has provided chances to develop better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that aim to limit the progression of cancer. In this article, we will explain the current knowledge of how lymphatic function is altered in various pathological conditions including cancer progression.
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19
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Kaser-Eichberger A, Schroedl F, Bieler L, Trost A, Bogner B, Runge C, Tempfer H, Zaunmair P, Kreutzer C, Traweger A, Reitsamer HA, Couillard-Despres S. Expression of Lymphatic Markers in the Adult Rat Spinal Cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:23. [PMID: 26903808 PMCID: PMC4746237 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, lymphatic vessels are thought to be absent from the central nervous system (CNS), although they are widely distributed within the rest of the body. Recent work in the eye, i.e., another organ regarded as alymphatic, revealed numerous cells expressing lymphatic markers. As the latter can be involved in the response to pathological conditions, we addressed the presence of cells expressing lymphatic markers within the spinal cord by immunohistochemistry. Spinal cord of young adult Fisher rats was scrutinized for the co-expression of the lymphatic markers PROX1 and LYVE-1 with the cell type markers Iba1, CD68, PGP9.5, OLIG2. Rat skin served as positive control for the lymphatic markers. PROX1-immunoreactivity was detected in many nuclei throughout the spinal cord white and gray matter. These nuclei showed no association with LYVE-1. Expression of LYVE-1 could only be detected in cells at the spinal cord surface and in cells closely associated with blood vessels. These cells were found to co-express Iba1, a macrophage and microglia marker. Further, double labeling experiments using CD68, another marker found in microglia and macrophages, also displayed co-localization in the Iba1+ cells located at the spinal cord surface and those apposed to blood vessels. On the other hand, PROX1-expressing cells found in the parenchyma were lacking Iba1 or PGP9.5, but a significant fraction of those cells showed co-expression of the oligodendrocyte lineage marker OLIG2. Intriguingly, following spinal cord injury, LYVE-1-expressing cells assembled and reorganized into putative pre-vessel structures. As expected, the rat skin used as positive controls revealed classical lymphatic vessels, displaying PROX1+ nuclei surrounded by LYVE-1-immunoreactivity. Classical lymphatics were not detected in adult rat spinal cord. Nevertheless, numerous cells expressing either LYVE-1 or PROX1 were identified. Based on their localization and overlapping expression with Iba1, the LYVE-1+ cell population likely represents a macrophage subpopulation, while a significant fraction of PROX1+ cells belong to the oligodendrocytic lineage based on their distribution and the expression of OLIG2. The response of these LYVE-1+ and PROX1+ cell subpopulations to pathological conditions, especially in spinal cord inflammatory conditions, needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Lara Bieler
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationVienna, Austria
| | - Pia Zaunmair
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Kreutzer
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue RegenerationVienna, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
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20
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Yang JF, Walia A, Huang YH, Han KY, Rosenblatt MI, Azar DT, Chang JH. Understanding lymphangiogenesis in knockout models, the cornea, and ocular diseases for the development of therapeutic interventions. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 61:272-96. [PMID: 26706194 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A major focus of cancer research for several decades has been understand the ability of tumors to induce new blood vessel formation, a process known as angiogenesis. Unfortunately, only limited success has been achieved in the clinical application of angiogenesis inhibitors. We now know that lymphangiogenesis, the growth of lymphatic vessels, likely also plays a major role in tumor progression. Thus, therapeutic strategies targeting lymphangiogenesis or both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis may represent promising approaches for treating cancer and other diseases. Importantly, research progress toward understanding lymphangiogenesis is significantly behind that related to angiogenesis. A PubMed search of "angiogenesis" returns nearly 80,000 articles, whereas a search of "lymphangiogenesis" returns 2,635 articles. This stark contrast can be explained by the lack of molecular markers for identifying the invisible lymphatic vasculature that persisted until less than 2 decades ago, combined with the intensity of research interest in angiogenesis during the past half century. Still, significant strides have been made in developing strategies to modulate lymphangiogenesis, largely using ocular disease models. Here we review the current knowledge of lymphangiogenesis in the context of knockout models, ocular diseases, the biology of activators and inhibitors, and the potential for therapeutic interventions targeting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amit Walia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu-hui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyu-yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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21
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de Vicente JC, Santamarta TR, Rodrigo JP, García-Pedrero JM, Allonca E, Blanco-Lorenzo V. Expression of podoplanin in the invasion front of oral squamous cell carcinoma is not prognostic for survival. Virchows Arch 2015; 466:549-58. [PMID: 25726183 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Podoplanin is involved in actin remodeling of the cytoskeleton of tumor cells and may promote tumor cell invasion by increasing cell motility and formation of filopodia-like membrane protrusions. Podoplanin is expressed in a variety of tumors, but its role in head and neck cancer, particularly in oral squamous cell carcinoma, remains unclear. We studied podoplanin expression by immunohistochemistry in 92 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) using a monoclonal antibody against an epitope of podoplanin (D2-40). In terms of the number of stained cells, 34 OSCC (38 %) had low podoplanin expression (less than 33 % of cells), 33 (36 %) showed moderate expression (between 34 and 66 % of cells), and 21 (22 %) showed high expression. The intensity of immunostaining was strong in 26 (28 %) cases, moderate in 36 (40 %), and weak or negative in the remaining 30 tumors (32 %). Immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin was associated with a tumor histological grade. A diffuse pattern of podoplanin expression significantly decreased in moderately differentiated (37 %) and poorly differentiated (20 %) carcinomas compared to well-differentiated (43 %) carcinomas. In addition, the focal expression of podoplanin in the invasion front of the tumor, without expression in the tumor center, was observed in 72 % of well-differentiated tumors, 27 % of moderate tumors, and 0 % of poorly differentiated tumors. Moreover, a trend was found toward an association of diffuse podoplanin staining with the development of second primary carcinomas (13 %), in contrast to its expression in the invasion front (3 %). No association was observed between podoplanin expression and nodal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos de Vicente
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), C/Carretera de Rubín, s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain,
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22
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Abstract
Tendons lack sufficient blood supply and represent a bradytroph tissue with prolonged healing time under pathological conditions. While the role of lymphatics in wound/defect healing in tissues with regular blood supply is well investigated, its involvement in tendon defects is not clear. We here try to identify the role of the lymphatic system in a tendon lesion model with morphological methods. A rat Achilles tendon lesion model (n = 5) was created via surgical intervention. Two weeks after surgery, animals were killed and lesioned site removed and prepared for polarization microscopy (picrosirius red) and immunohistochemistry using the lymphatic markers PROX1, VEGFR3, CCL21, LYVE-1, PDPN, and the vascular marker CD31. Additionally, DAPI was applied. Untreated tendons served as controls, confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. At the lesion site, polarization microscopy revealed a structural reintegration while immunohistochemistry detected band-like profiles immunoreactive for PDPN, VEGFR3, CCL21, LYVE1, and CD31, surrounding DAPI-positive nuclei. PROX1-positive nuclei were detected within the lesion forming lines and opposed to each other. These PROX1-positive nuclei were surrounded by LYVE-1- or VEGFR3-positive surfaces. Few CD31-positive profiles contained PROX1-positive nuclei, while the majority of CD31-positive profiles lacked PROX1-positive nuclei. VEGFR3-, PDPN-, and LYVE-1-positive profiles were numerous within the lesion site, but absent in control tissue. Within 2 weeks, a structural rearrangement takes place in this lesion model, with dense lymphatic supply. The role of lymphatics in tendon wound healing is unclear, and proposed model represents a good possibility to study healing dynamics and lymphangiogenesis in a tissue almost completely lacking lymphatics in physiological conditions.
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23
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Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Schlereth SL, Bock F, Regenfuss B, Reitsamer HA, Lutty GA, Maruyama K, Chen L, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Dana R, Kerjaschki D, Alitalo K, De Stefano ME, Junghans BM, Heindl LM, Cursiefen C. Consensus statement on the immunohistochemical detection of ocular lymphatic vessels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:6440-2. [PMID: 25315233 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently considerable controversy about existence and classification of "lymphatic vessels" in the eye. Some of the confusion is certainly caused by inappropriate use (or nonuse) of the correct immunohistochemical markers. Many experts in the field expressed the need for a consensus statement, and, in this perspective, authors offer arguments and solutions to reliably continue with immunohistochemical ocular lymphatic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schroedl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Birgit Regenfuss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lu Chen
- Center for Eye Disease & Development, Program in Vision Science and School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | | | - Reza Dana
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Kari Alitalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Egle De Stefano
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Barbara M Junghans
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Abstract
The main function of the lymphatic system is to control and maintain fluid homeostasis, lipid transport, and immune cell trafficking. In recent years, the pathological roles of lymphangiogenesis, the generation of new lymphatic vessels from preexisting ones, in inflammatory diseases and cancer progression are beginning to be elucidated. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid, mediates multiple cellular events, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and trafficking, and is now known as an important mediator of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we will discuss recent findings showing the emerging role of S1P in lymphangiogenesis, in inflammation, and in cancer.
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Sasaki T, Kawabata Y, Suzuki N, Tanaka H, Sano M, Kato S, Takemura A, Unno N, Kojima T, Sato K. Decreased D2-40 immunoreactivity in stored paraffin sections and methods for preserving it. Biotech Histochem 2014; 89:412-8. [PMID: 24939609 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.821166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
D2-40, a monoclonal antibody against podoplanin, is a selective marker of lymphatic endothelium and is widely used for research on and diagnosis of pathology of lymphatic vessels. We examined the relation between the duration of tissue section storage and changes in immunostaining by D2-40 antibody; we evaluated also the effects of preservation methods on changes in immunostaining during storage. Staining by D2-40 was attenuated by long-term preservation of scalp skin and lymph node sections at room temperature. The attenuation of D2-40 staining in stored sections was improved by preservation at low temperature, i.e., 4° or - 30° C. We investigated also the immunostaining of preserved tissue sections using NZ-1 and Lyve-1, which are antibodies against lymphatic endothelium markers. Staining by NZ-1 or Lyve-1 antibody was detected clearly in sections that had been stored for 16 weeks. Our study suggests that either long-term storage of D2-40 immunostained tissue sections should be avoided or the section should be preserved at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , 1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka , Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Light and electron microscopy have not identified a distinct anatomical structure associated with either skin wrinkles or creases, and a histological difference between wrinkled and adjacent skin has not been identified. OBJECTIVES The authors investigate whether facial wrinkles are related to underlying lymphatic vessels and perilymphatic fat. METHODS Lymphatic vessels with a specialized tube of perilymphatic fat were identified beneath palmar creases. Sections of skin, adipose tissue, and muscle were harvested from each of 13 cadavers. Three sites were investigated: the transverse forehead crease, lateral orbicularis oculi wrinkle (crow's feet), and the nasojugal crease. The tissue was paraffin embedded and processed. Two-step indirect immunohistochemistry was performed, and images were examined using laser confocal microscopy. Measurements were taken with software. RESULTS Every wrinkle examined was found above and within ±1 mm of a major lymphatic vessel and its surrounding tube of adipose tissue. The results satisfied our null hypothesis and were statistically significant. Lymphatic vessels were identified by positive immunofluorescence as well as histological criteria. These findings have been further validated by fluorochrome tracer studies. CONCLUSIONS An anatomical basis for wrinkles was identified among the specimens studied. Lymphatic vessels, along with the surrounding distinct perilymphatic fat, traveled directly beneath wrinkles and creases. Lymphatic dysregulation leads to inflammation, scarring, and fibrosis, but inadvertent injection of these vessels can be avoided with anatomical knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Pessa
- Dr Pessa is a plastic surgeon in private practice in Abilene, Texas
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Chaitanya GV, Omura S, Sato F, Martinez NE, Minagar A, Ramanathan M, Guttman BW, Zivadinov R, Tsunoda I, Alexander JS. Inflammation induces neuro-lymphatic protein expression in multiple sclerosis brain neurovasculature. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:125. [PMID: 24124909 PMCID: PMC3854084 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with ectopic lymphoid follicle formation. Podoplanin+ (lymphatic marker) T helper17 (Th17) cells and B cell aggregates have been implicated in the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Since podoplanin expressed by Th17 cells in MS brains is also expressed by lymphatic endothelium, we investigated whether the pathophysiology of MS involves inductions of lymphatic proteins in the inflamed neurovasculature. Methods We assessed the protein levels of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor and podoplanin, which are specific to the lymphatic system and prospero-homeobox protein-1, angiopoietin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor-D, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3, which are expressed by both lymphatic endothelium and neurons. Levels of these proteins were measured in postmortem brains and sera from MS patients, in the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)-induced EAE and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) mouse models and in cell culture models of inflamed neurovasculature. Results and conclusions Intense staining for LYVE-1 was found in neurons of a subset of MS patients using immunohistochemical approaches. The lymphatic protein, podoplanin, was highly expressed in perivascular inflammatory lesions indicating signaling cross-talks between inflamed brain vasculature and lymphatic proteins in MS. The profiles of these proteins in MS patient sera discriminated between relapsing remitting MS from secondary progressive MS and normal patients. The in vivo findings were confirmed in the in vitro cell culture models of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganta Vijay Chaitanya
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
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Bhawan J, Silva C, Taungjaruwinai WM. Inconsistent immunohistochemical expression of lymphatic and blood endothelial cell markers in cutaneous lymphangiomas. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 40:801-6. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jag Bhawan
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston; MA; USA
| | - Claudine Silva
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston; MA; USA
| | - Wirach Matt Taungjaruwinai
- Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston; MA; USA
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Kretschmer S, Dethlefsen I, Hagner-Benes S, Marsh LM, Garn H, König P. Visualization of intrapulmonary lymph vessels in healthy and inflamed murine lung using CD90/Thy-1 as a marker. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55201. [PMID: 23408960 PMCID: PMC3568125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic vessels play a pivotal role in fluid drainage and egress of immune cells from the lung. However, examining murine lung lymphatics is hampered by the expression of classical lymph endothelial markers on other cell types, which hinders the unambiguous identification of lymphatics. The expression of CD90/Thy-1 on lymph endothelium was recently described and we therefore examined its suitability to identify murine pulmonary lymph vessels under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against CD90.2/Thy-1.2 on 200 µm thick precision cut lung slices labeled a vascular network that was distinct from blood vessels. Preembedding immunostaining and electron microscopy verified that the anti-CD90.2/Thy-1.2 antibody labeled lymphatic endothelium. Absence of staining in CD90.1/Thy-1.1 expressing FVB mice indicated that CD90/Thy-1 was expressed on lymph endothelium and labeling was not due to antibody cross reactivity. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry for CD90/Thy-1 and α-smooth muscle actin identified two routes for lymph vessel exit from the murine lung. One started in the parenchyma or around veins and left via venous blood vessels. The other began in the space around airways or in the space between airways and pulmonary arteries and left via the main bronchi. As expected from the pulmonary distribution of lymph vessels, intranasal application of house dust mite led to accumulation of T cells around veins and in the connective tissue between airways and pulmonary arteries. Surprisingly, increased numbers of T cells were also detected around intraacinar arteries that lack lymph vessels. This arterial T cell sheath extended to the pulmonary arteries where lymph vessels were located. Conclusions/Significance These results indicate that CD90/Thy-1 is expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells and represents a suitable marker for murine lung lymph vessels. Combining CD90/Thy-1 labeling with precision cut lung slices allows visualizing the anatomy of the lymphatic system in normal and inflamed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kretschmer
- Institut für Anatomie, Zentrum für medizinische Struktur- und Zellbiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ina Dethlefsen
- Institut für Anatomie, Zentrum für medizinische Struktur- und Zellbiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hagner-Benes
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin und Pathobiochemie, Molekulare Diagnostik, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Leigh M. Marsh
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin und Pathobiochemie, Molekulare Diagnostik, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Holger Garn
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin und Pathobiochemie, Molekulare Diagnostik, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter König
- Institut für Anatomie, Zentrum für medizinische Struktur- und Zellbiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zhao YC, Ni XJ, Li Y, Dai M, Yuan ZX, Zhu YY, Luo CY. Peritumoral lymphangiogenesis induced by vascular endothelial growth factor C and D promotes lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:165. [PMID: 22906075 PMCID: PMC3499230 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting clinical and experimental data suggest that the migration of tumor cells into lymph nodes is greatly facilitated by lymphangiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and D have been identified as lymphangiogenic growth factors and play an important role in tumor lymphangiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the location of lymphangiogenesis driven by tumor-derived VEGF-C/D in breast cancer, and to determine the role of intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer. METHODS The expression levels of VEGF-C/D were determined by immunohistochemistry, and intratumoral LVD and peritumoral LVD were assessed using immunohistochemistry and the D2-40 antibody in 73 patients with primary breast cancer. The associations of intratumoral LVD and peritumoral LVD with VEGF-C/D expression, clinicopathological features and prognosis were assessed. RESULTS VEGF-C and D expression were significantly higher in breast cancer than benign disease (P < 0.01). VEGF-C (P < 0.001) and VEGF-D (P = 0.005) expression were significantly associated with peritumoral LVD, but not intratumoral LVD. Intratumoral LVD was associated with tumor size (P = 0.01). Peritumoral LVD was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM; P = 0.005), lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI; P = 0.017) and late tumor,node, metastasis (TNM) stage (P = 0.011). Moreover, peritumoral LVD was an independent risk factor for axillary lymph node metastasis, overall survival and disease-free survival in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that tumor-derived VEGF-C/D induce peritumoral lymphangiogenesis, which may be one mechanism that leads to lymphatic invasion and metastatic spread. Peritumoral LVD has potential as an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu Affiliated with Wannan Medical College, 231 Jiuhuashan Road, Wuhu 241000, China
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High Lymph Vessel Density and Expression of Lymphatic Growth Factors in Peritoneal Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:876-82. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719112438440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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32
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Clinical Implication of Serosal Change in Pathologic Subserosa-Limited Gastric Cancer. World J Surg 2011; 36:355-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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de Saint-Maur PP, Audouin J, Cazier A, Le Tourneau A, Molina T, Diebold J. Nodal intralymphatic papillary endothelial tumour with Dabska-like features: report of a case in two mesenteric lymph nodes. Histopathology 2011; 59:1027-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
CD73 is involved in the extracellular ATP metabolism by dephosphorylating extracellular AMP to adenosine and thus regulating permeability of the blood vessels and leukocyte traffic into the tissues. It is also present on lymphatic vessels where its distribution and function have not been characterized. We found that CD73 is expressed on a subpopulation of afferent lymph vessels but is absent on efferent lymphatics, unlike LYVE-1 and podoplanin, which are expressed on both types of lymphatics. The extracellular nucleotide metabolism on lymphatic endothelium differs from that on blood vessel endothelium as lymphatic endothelium has lower NTPDase and higher ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 activity than blood vascular endothelium. In knockout mice, the lack of CD73 on lymphocytes decreases migration of lymphocytes to the draining lymph nodes more than 50% while CD73-deficient lymph vessels mediate lymphocyte trafficking as efficiently as the wild-type lymphatics. Thus, although endothelial CD73 is important for permeability and leukocyte extravasation in blood vessels, it does not have a role in these functions on lymphatics. Instead, lymphocyte CD73 is intimately involved in lymphocyte migration via afferent lymphatic vessels.
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Martin A, Gasse H, Staszyk C. Absence of lymphatic vessels in the dog dental pulp: an immunohistochemical study. J Anat 2010; 217:609-15. [PMID: 20854283 PMCID: PMC3035865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of numerous investigations it has not been precisely determined whether lymphatic vessels are present in the dental pulp of dogs. Therefore, this study attempted a specific immunohistochemical detection of lymphatic endothelium. The canine teeth of 19 healthy beagle dogs were dissected into three segments (apical, intermediate and occlusal). After decalcification, specimens were embedded in paraffin wax and histologic cross-sections were stained immunohistochemically using a reliable antibody (anti-Prox-1) against the homeobox transcription factor Prox-1, which is located within the nucleus of lymphatic endothelium. Anti-Prox-1 reacted positively with canine control tissues (lymph nodes, gingiva, nasal mucosa), but showed no staining in tissue sections of the dental pulp. The dog dental pulp contained no vascular structures lined with lymphatic endothelium. This suggests that drainage of interstitial fluid makes use of other routes, i.e. extravascular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martin
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
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Lymphatic vessel density as a prognostic marker in clinical stage I endocervical adenocarcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2010; 29:386-93. [PMID: 20567154 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e3181c3cd47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There are limited data evaluating the significance of lymphatic vessel density (LVD) as a prognostic marker in cervical adenocarcinoma. In this study, we investigated intratumoral and peritumoral LVD, using the lymphatic marker D2-40, as a prognostic marker in endocervical adenocarcinoma. Surgical specimens from 50 consecutive patients with endocervical adenocarcinoma treated with complete staging surgical procedures were reviewed. Selected tumor blocks were immunostained for D2-40 and CD31. Positively stained microvessels (MVs) were counted in densely vascular/lymphatic foci (hot spots) at 400x field in each specimen (0.17 mm). Results were expressed as the highest MV count identified within any single field. Both intratumoral CD31 MV and peritumoral D2-40 LVD showed significant correlation with depth of invasion (r=0.39, 0.37, respectively), percentage of circumferential involvement (r=0.36, 0.48, respectively), and lymphovascular invasion detected by D2-40 (r=0.45, 0.51, respectively; P<0.01). Only peritumoral D2-40 LVD showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastases (r=0.40; P<0.01), disease-free and overall survivals. Using univariate analysis, peritumoral D2-40 LVD showed significant correlation with lymphovascular invasion detected by D20-40 and lymph node metastases (P<0.05), which was maintained on multivariate analysis. D2-40 detected lymphovascular invasion in 16 of 50 (32%) cases, and showed a significant correlation with depth of invasion, lymph node metastases, involvement of parametrium (r=0.41, 0.38, 0.32, respectively; P<0.01), and disease-free survival. Our study showed that both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis play an important role in the progression of endocervical adenocarcinoma, and that peritumoral D2-40 LVD is an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis.
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Zimmer JK, Dahdal S, Mühlfeld C, Bergmann IP, Gugger M, Huynh-Do U. Lymphangiogenesis Is Upregulated in Kidneys of Patients With Multiple Myeloma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1497-505. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Lung cancer represents one of the most frequent causes of death due to neoplastic disease in Poland and around the world. The high mortality which accompany neoplastic diseases used to be ascribed mainly to dissemination of cancerous cells. Studies on animal models suggest that tumour lymphangiogenesis represents the principal factor in the process of metastases formation. Lymphangiogenesis involves a process of formation of new lymphatic vessels from already existing lymphatic capillaries. Lymphangiogenesis is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and other, recently reported factors, such as, e.g., cyclooxygenase 2, fibroblast growth factor 2, angiopoetin-1 and the insulin-resembling growth factor. In lymphangiogenesis a key role is played by neutropilin 2 or podoplanin and this promoted development of studies on lymphangiogenesis. Activation of VEGF-C/VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 axis increases motility and invasiveness of neoplastic cells, promotes development of metastases in several types of tumours such as, e.g., lung cancer, mammary carcinoma, cancers of the neck, prostate and large intestine. In recent years lymphangiogenesis provided topic of many studies. A positive correlation was detected between expressions of VEGF-C/D and VEGFR-3 in non-small cell lung cancer. In patients with lung cancer with high expression of VEGF-C a markedly abbreviated survival was noted. Positive correlation was detected between expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D on one hand and expression of LYVE-1 on the other in sentinel lymph nodes with metastases of neoplastic cells in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Also, high density of lymphatic vessels and high density of intraneoplastic microvessels proved to be independent poor prognostic indices in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Extensive hope is linked to studies on inhibitors of lymphangiogenesis, which may improve results of treatment also in tumour patients.
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Gastrointestinal cancer metastasis and lymphatic advancement. Surg Today 2010; 40:301-6. [PMID: 20339983 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-009-4142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of angiogenesis in the growth of solid tumors is well established, but the role of lymphatic vessels and the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and tumor spread are less clear. Recently, the molecular pathway that signals lymphangiogenesis and specific markers for lymphatic endothelium have been discovered; however, the lymphatic pathway of cancer metastasis is only partly clarified. Several investigators from the mid 20th century indicated the existence of lymphatico-venous communications, and some observed the retrograde filling of lymph flow and lymphatico-venous communication in obstructive lymphopathy. In the 1960s Burn reported the importance of lymphovenous communication in his clinical and animal experimental data. Thus, the role of potential peripheral lymphatico-venous communication must be considered in the mechanism of cancer metastasis. We observed the lymphatico-venous (portal) communication, as well as lymph retention and reflux, in a rat model of mesenteric lymph vessel obstruction. Based on the phenomenon of lymphatico-venous communication and lymph flow reflux by lymphatic obstruction, we speculate that tumor cell obstruction in the lymph system will lead to the establishment of liver and/or peritoneal metastasis. Clinically, we observed extranodal cancer invasion in a model of lymphatic obstruction, and noted a strong relationship between extranodal invasion and liver or peritoneal metastasis. Thus, the existence of peritoneal and liver metastasis via a lymphatic pathway should be considered.
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Kliskey K, Williams K, Yu J, Jackson D, Urban J, Athanasou N. The presence and absence of lymphatic vessels in the adult human intervertebral disc: relation to disc pathology. Skeletal Radiol 2009; 38:1169-73. [PMID: 19727710 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-009-0770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the normal adult human intervertebral disc is considered to be avascular, vascularised cellular fibrous tissue can be found in pathological conditions involving the disc such as disc herniation. Whether lymphatics vessels form a component of this reparative tissue is not known as the presence or absence of lymphatics in herniated and normal disc tissue is not known. We examined spinal tissues and discectomy specimens for the presence of lymphatics. METHODS The examination used immunohistochemistry to identify the specific lymphatic endothelial cell markers,podoplanin and LYVE1. RESULTS Lymphatic vessels were not found in the nucleus pulposus or annulus fibrosus of intact, non-herniated lumbar and thoracic discs but were present in the surrounding ligaments. Ingrowth of fibrous tissue was seen in 73% of herniated disc specimens of which 36% contained LYVE1+/podoplanin + lymphatic vessels. Lymphatic vessels were not seen in the sacrum and coccyx or biopsies of four sacrococcygeal chordomas, but they were noted in surrounding extra-osseous fat and fibrous tissue at the edge of the infiltrating tumour. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that lymphatic vessels are not present in the normal adult intervertebral disc but that, when there is extrusion of disc material into surrounding soft tissue, there is ingrowth of reparative fibrous tissue containing lymphatic vessels. Our findings also indicate that chordoma, a tumour of notochordal origin, spreads to regional lymph nodes via lymphatics in para-spinal soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kliskey
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedic, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37LD, England
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Miteva M, Galimberti ML, Ricotti C, Breza T, Kirsner R, Romanelli P. D2-40 highlights lymphatic vessel proliferation of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:1316-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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El-Gohary YM, Metwally G, Saad RS, Robinson MJ, Mesko T, Poppiti RJ. Significance of periductal lymphatic and blood vascular densities in intraductal carcinoma of the breast. Breast J 2009; 15:261-7. [PMID: 19645781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the significance of periductal lymphatic and blood vascular densities in intraductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast. Thirty five cases of pure IDC treated by partial or total mastectomy were reviewed. Seven cases with normal breast tissue and 48 cases of invasive breast carcinoma were included as controls. All cases were immunostained with D2-40 and CD31. Positively stained microvessels were counted in densely vascular/lymphatic foci (hot spots) at 400x (=0.17 mm(2)) in the periductal areas. IDC without comedonecrosis showed a mean periductal D2-40 lymphatic microvessel density (LMD) of 5.8 +/- 5 (range 0-18), and a CD31 microvessel density (MD) of 14 +/- 8.9 (range 1-40). IDC with comedonecrosis showed periductal D2-40 LMD of 8.4 +/- 3.8 (range 4-18), and a CD31 MD of 24.3 +/- 7.6 (range 14-40). There was a significant difference between periductal D2-40 LMD and CD31 MD counts in IDC with and without comedonecrosis. There was a positive correlation of periductal D2-40 LMD and CD31 MD counts with high nuclear grade (r = 0.39 and 0.56) of IDC as well as with the presence of comedonecrosis (r = 0.49 and 0.59). Both D2-40 LMD and CD31 MD did not correlate significantly with tumor size, estrogen status, or progesterone status. As IDC with comedonecrosis and/or high nuclear grade has a worse prognosis than IDC without comedonecrosis and/or with low nuclear grade, it appears that lymphatic and blood vascular density evaluated by D2-40 and CD31, respectively, are independent prognostic indicators for patients with IDC of the breast and may be an indicator of early or unrecognized invasion or "regression."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser M El-Gohary
- The Arkadi M Rywlin Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33410, USA
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Quatresooz P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. Vulnerability of reactive skin to electric current perception - a pilot study implicating mast cells and the lymphatic microvasculature. J Cosmet Dermatol 2009; 8:186-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2009.00445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Voss M, Steidler A, Grobholz R, Weiss C, Alken P, Michel MS, Trojan L. The lymphatic system and its specific growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor C in kidney tissue and in renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2009; 104:94-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.08305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
In this article we survey more than three centuries of observation and research into tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, and their role in the metastatic spread of cancer. This historical overview documents how questions regarding tumor lymphatics have been central to concepts about the process of metastasis, and how this has subsequently influenced the clinical treatment of cancer. In turn, we show how analysis of the efficacy of these treatments has challenged long-standing notions regarding the tumor lymphatics. Starting with the discovery of VEGFR-3 and its ligands VEGF-C and VEGF-D, we also review how the rapid developments over the last 15 years in the molecular analysis of the lymphatic system and in particular lymphangiogenesis have contributed to this debate. Finally we speculate on how apparently paradoxical bodies of evidence regarding the role of tumor lymphatics in determining patterns of metastatic spread might be reconciled.
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Abstract
This chapter describes detailed methods for the isolation of primary human lymphatic endothelial cells from neonatal foreskin. We also provide protocols and information for their characterization and propagation. Isolation of primary human lymphatic endothelial cells requires a two-step process: mechanical and enzymatic digestion of human foreskins and cell sorting by fluorescence-activated cell sorting of CD31+/podoplanin+/CD45- cells. Characterization of these cells requires an assessment of the expression of several markers specific for lymphatic endothelium. This is determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, immunocytochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction. All procedures are based on simple laboratory techniques and, with the exception of a cell sorter and the skills to use it, do not require specialized equipment.
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Tissue-Specific Targeting Based on Markers Expressed Outside Endothelial Cells. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2009; 67:61-102. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(09)67003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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