1
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Zhou Z, Hilder EF, Eeltink S. A protocol for fabrication of polymer monolithic capillary columns and tuning the morphology targeting high-resolution bioanalysis in gradient-elution liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300439. [PMID: 37515368 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Polymer monolithic stationary phases are designed as a continuous interconnected globular material perfused by macropores. Like packed column, where separation efficiency is related to particle diameter, the efficiency of monoliths can be enhanced by tuning the size of both the microglobules and macropores. This protocol described the synthesis of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) monolithic stationary phases in capillary column formats. Moreover, guidelines are provided to tune the macropore structure targeting high-throughput and high-resolution monolith chromatography. The versatility of these columns is exemplified by their ability to separate tryptic digests, intact proteins, and oligonucleotides under a variety of chromatographic conditions. The repeatability of the presented column fabrication process is demonstrated by the successful creation of 12 columns in three different column batches, as evidenced by the consistency of retention times (coefficients of variance [c.v.] = 0.9%), peak widths (c.v. = 4.7%), and column pressures (c.v. = 3.1%) across the batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emily F Hilder
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Ahmed I, Ali M, Elsherif M, Butt H. UV polymerization fabrication method for polymer composite based optical fiber sensors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10823. [PMID: 37402807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical fiber (OF) sensors are critical optical devices with excellent sensing capabilities and the capacity to operate in remote and hostile environments. However, integrating functional materials and micro/nanostructures into the optical fiber systems for specific sensing applications has limitations of compatibility, readiness, poor control, robustness, and cost-effectiveness. Herein, we have demonstrated the fabrication and integration of stimuli-responsive optical fiber probe sensors using a novel, low-cost, and facile 3D printing process. Thermal stimulus-response of thermochromic pigment micro-powders was integrated with optical fibers by incorporating them into ultraviolet-sensitive transparent polymer resins and then printed via a single droplet 3D printing process. Hence, the thermally active polymer composite fibers were grown (additively manufactured) on top of the commercial optical fiber tips. Then, the thermal response was studied within the temperature range of (25-35 °C) and (25-31 °C) for unicolor and dual color pigment powders-based fiber-tip sensors, respectively. The unicolor (with color to colorless transition) and dual color (with color to color transition) powders-based sensors exhibited substantial variations in transmission and reflection spectra by reversibly increasing and decreasing temperatures. The sensitivities were calculated from the transmission spectra where average change in transmission spectra was recorded as 3.5% with every 1 °C for blue, 3% for red and 1% for orange-yellow thermochromic powders based optical fiber tip sensors. Our fabricated sensors are cost-effective, reusable, and flexible in terms of materials and process parameters. Thus, the fabrication process can potentially develop transparent and tunable thermochromic sensors for remote sensing with a much simpler manufacturing process compared to conventional and other 3D printing processes for optical fiber sensors. Moreover, this process can integrate micro/nanostructures as patterns on the optical fiber tips to increase sensitivity. The developed sensors may be employed as remote temperature sensors in biomedical and healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE
| | - Murad Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE.
| | | | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, 127788, UAE.
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3
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Huynh CM, Arribas Díez I, Thi HKL, Jensen ON, Sellergren B, Irgum K. Terminally Phosphorylated Triblock Polyethers Acting Both as Templates and Pore-Forming Agents for Surface Molecular Imprinting of Monoliths Targeting Phosphopeptides. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8791-8803. [PMID: 36910939 PMCID: PMC9996590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The novel process reported here described the manufacture of monolithic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using a terminally functionalized block copolymer as the imprinting template and pore-forming agent. The MIPs were prepared through a step-growth polymerization process using a melamine-formaldehyde precondensate in a biphasic solvent system. Despite having a relatively low imprinting factor, the use of MIP monolith in liquid chromatography demonstrated the ability to selectively target desired analytes. An MIP capillary column was able to separate monophosphorylated peptides from a tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin. Multivariate data analysis and modeling of the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated peptide retention times revealed that the number of phosphorylations was the strongest retention contributor for peptide retention on the monolithic MIP capillary column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Minh Huynh
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ignacio Arribas Díez
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical
Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hien Kim Le Thi
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ole N. Jensen
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical
Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Faculty
of Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Science, Malmö University, S-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Knut Irgum
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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4
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de Paula Lima I, Polycarpo Valle S, de Oliveira MAL, de Carvalho Marques FF, Antonio Simas Vaz F. Monolithic stationary phases preparation for use in chromatographic and electromigration techniques: the state-of-the-art. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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5
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Mazuryk J, Klepacka K, Piechowska J, Kalecki J, Derzsi L, Piotrowski P, Paszke P, Pawlak DA, Berneschi S, Kutner W, Sharma PS. In-Capillary Photodeposition of Glyphosate-Containing Polyacrylamide Nanometer-Thick Films. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:223-235. [PMID: 36660253 PMCID: PMC9841503 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present research reports on in-water, site-specific photodeposition of glyphosate (GLP)-containing polyacrylamide (PAA-GLP) nanometer-thick films (nanofilms) on an inner surface of fused silica (fused quartz) microcapillaries presilanized with trimethoxy(octen-7-yl)silane (TMOS). TMOS was chosen because of the vinyl group presence in its structure, enabling its participation in the (UV light)-activated free-radical polymerization (UV-FRP) after its immobilization on a fused silica surface. The photodeposition was conducted in an aqueous (H2O/ACN; 3:1, v/v) solution, using UV-FRP (λ = 365 nm) of the acrylamide (AA) functional monomer, the N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BAA) cross-linking monomer, GLP, and the azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) UV-FRP initiator. Acetonitrile (ACN) was used as the porogen and the solvent to dissolve monomers and GLP. Because of the micrometric diameters of microcapillaries, the silanization and photodeposition procedures were first optimized on fused silica slides. The introduction of TMOS, as well as the formation of PAA and PAA-GLP nanofilms, was determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy, and confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy. Particularly, AFM and SEM-EDX measurements determined nanofilms' thickness and GLP content, respectively, whereas in-depth confocal (micro-Raman spectroscopy)-assisted imaging of PAA- and PAA-GLP-coated microcapillary inner surfaces confirmed the successful photodeposition. Moreover, we examined the GLP impact on polymer gelation by monitoring hydration in a hydrogel and a dried powder PAA-GLP. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of the in-capillary micro-Raman spectroscopy imaging and in-depth profiling of GLP-encapsulated PAA nanofilms. In the future, our simple and inexpensive procedure will enable the fabrication of polymer-based microfluidic chemosensors or adsorptive-separating devices for GLP detection, determination, and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Mazuryk
- Electrode
Processes Research Team, Institute of Physical
Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Bio
& Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Klepacka
- Functional
Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- ENSEMBLE3
sp. z o. o., Wólczyńska
133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Piechowska
- Functional
Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Kalecki
- Functional
Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ladislav Derzsi
- Microfluidics
and Complex Fluids Research Team, Institute
of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Piotrowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- ENSEMBLE3
sp. z o. o., Wólczyńska
133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Paszke
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- ENSEMBLE3
sp. z o. o., Wólczyńska
133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota A. Pawlak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- ENSEMBLE3
sp. z o. o., Wólczyńska
133, 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Simone Berneschi
- Institute
of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”—National Research
Council (IFAC-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Wlodzimierz Kutner
- Electrode
Processes Research Team, Institute of Physical
Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piyush Sindhu Sharma
- Functional
Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Capillary monolithic columns based on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene-methacrylic acid) copolymer for liquid chromatography and electrochromatography. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2-Main Protease Capillary Columns for Affinity Chromatography: Testimony of the Binding of Dexamethasone and its Carbon Nanotube Nanovector. Chromatographia 2022; 85:773-781. [PMID: 35855682 PMCID: PMC9275543 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, each of the two following proteins, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the Main protease (Main pro) of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) were grafted for the first time on homemade neutravidin poly(GMA-co-EDMA) capillary columns for the research of their ligands. The effect of the column diameter on the quantity of immobilized biotinylated protein was studied. For a capillary length of 40 mm, when its internal diameter varied from 75 to 25 μm, the grafted quantity of ACE2 decreased by 85% (from 1.50 to 0.24 μg). Among all the studied ligands, a particular vigilance has been given for dexamethasone, a widely used molecule today for adult patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2. Competition experiments were performed with SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain used as reference molecule with the ACE2 affinity column to assess the orthosteric binding site of dexamethasone (Dex) on ACE2. This ligand was then immobilized on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (Dex/MWCNT). By comparison of the normalized breakthrough curves measured for Dex and Dex/MWCNT on both the ACE2 and Main pro affinity columns, it was showed for the first time that nanovectorisation of Dex with MWCNT enhanced and stabilized its binding to both ACE2 and Main pro. This last result reinforced the use of Dex and the interest of MWCNT for boosting immune health against COVID 19.
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8
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Vogelsang D, Adriaensens P, Wyns K, Michielsen B, Gys N, Mullens S. Silanization of 3D-Printed Silica Fibers and Monoliths. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29345-29356. [PMID: 35714361 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization of complex three-dimensional (3D) porous architectures has not been widely investigated despite their potential in different application domains. In this work, silanization was performed in silica 3D-printed porous structures, and the homogeneity of functional groups within the architecture was investigated by comparing the extent of the functionalization in the walls and core of the monolith. A silica ink was used for direct ink writing (DIW) to shape fibers and monoliths with different architectures and stacking designs. The surfaces of the fibers and monoliths were functionalized with 3-aminopropyl(triethoxysilane) (APTES) using different reaction conditions. The nature of the functional groups on the surface and the presence of RSiO1.5 bonds were identified by solid-state 13C-NMR, 29Si-NMR, and by ξ-potential measurements. Elemental analysis was used to quantify the concentration of bonded APTES in the core and walls of the monolith. The availability and hydrolytic stability of the introduced amine group on fibers were evaluated using the adsorption of PdCl42- ions within the pH range of 2-5. The study found that geometries with interfiber distances above 250 μm are homogeneously functionalized with amine groups. As the interfiber distance of the monolith decreases, a significantly lower density of amine groups is detected in the core of the monolith. The determination of the homogeneity of 3D-printed monoliths makes this work relevant as it provides the limits of functionalization carried out in stirred batch reactors for geometrically defined structures produced from a 3D-printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vogelsang
- VITO, Unit Sustainable Materials, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Agoralaan 1 Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kenny Wyns
- VITO, Unit Sustainable Materials, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Bart Michielsen
- VITO, Unit Sustainable Materials, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nick Gys
- VITO, Unit Sustainable Materials, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Laboratory of Adsorption and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Mullens
- VITO, Unit Sustainable Materials, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
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9
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Zhong Z, Zhu M, Chu Z, Ren X, Tu B, Zhang W, Zhang L. Preparation and evaluation of ultra-long open-tubular capillary columns modified with Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 incorporated polymeric porous layer for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1668:462880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Abdulhussain N, Nawada S, Currivan S, Schoenmakers P. Fabrication of monolithic frits and columns for chip‐based multidimensional separation devices. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1400-1410. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdulhussain
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA) University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Suhas Nawada
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA) University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Sinéad Currivan
- Department of Applied Science Technological University Dublin Tallaght D24 FKT9 Ireland
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technological University Dublin Tallaght D24 FKT9 Ireland
- Centre of Applied Science for Health (CASH) Technological University Dublin Tallaght D24 FKT9 Ireland
| | - Peter Schoenmakers
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA) University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam the Netherlands
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11
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Passamonti M, de Roos C, Schoenmakers PJ, Gargano AFG. Poly(acrylamide- co- N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide) Monoliths for High-Peak-Capacity Hydrophilic-Interaction Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Intact Proteins at Low Trifluoroacetic Acid Content. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16000-16007. [PMID: 34807576 PMCID: PMC8655738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In this study, we
optimized a polymerization mixture to synthesize
poly(acrylamide-co-N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide) monolithic stationary phases for
hydrophilic-interaction chromatography (HILIC) of intact proteins.
Thermal polymerization was performed, and the effects of varying the
amount of cross-linker and the porogen composition on the separation
performance of the resulting columns were studied. The homogeneity
of the structure and the different porosities were examined through
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further characterization of the
monolithic structure revealed a permeable (Kf between 2.5 × 10–15 and 1.40 ×
10–13 m2) and polar stationary phase
suitable for HILIC. The HILIC separation performance of the different
columns was assessed using gradient separation of a sample containing
four intact proteins, with the best performing stationary phase exhibiting
a peak capacity of 51 in a gradient of 25 min. Polyacrylamide-based
materials were compared with a silica-based particulate amide phase
(2.7 μm core–shell particles). The monolith has no residual
silanol sites and, therefore, fewer sites for ion-exchange interactions
with proteins. Thus, it required lower concentrations of ion-pair
reagent in HILIC of intact proteins. When using 0.1% of trifluoroacetic
acid (TFA), the peak capacities of the two columns were similar (30
and 34 for the monolithic and packed column, respectively). However,
when decreasing the concentration of TFA to 0.005%, the monolithic
column maintained similar separation performance and selectivity (peak
capacity 23), whereas the packed column showed greatly reduced performance
(peak capacity 12), lower selectivity, and inability to elute all
four reference proteins. Finally, using a mobile phase containing
0.1% formic acid and 0.005% TFA, the HILIC separation on the monolithic
column was successfully hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Detection sensitivity for protein and glycoproteins was increased
and the amount of adducts formed was decreased in comparison with
separations performed at 0.1% TFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Passamonti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Chiem de Roos
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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André C, Guillaume YC. Development of nano affinity columns for the study of ligand (including SARS-CoV-2 related proteins) binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3050-3058. [PMID: 34132262 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00506e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on the cell surface with target proteins lead to cell signaling and they are considered as viral receptors. The analysis of the recognition mechanism between HSPG and its potential ligands and high-throughput screening in drug discovery thus remain important challenges. Glycidyl methacrylate-based monoliths were thus prepared in situ in miniaturized capillary columns (internal diameter 75 μm) and HSPG was grafted onto them by the use of the Schiff base method. The quantity of grafted HSPG was in the nanogram range (11 nanograms per cm of capillary length). This is of significant importance when working with less available or expensive biological material. Other advantages of our miniaturized capillary column are as follows: (i) the immobilization process of HSPG onto the organic monolithic support was reliable and reproducible. (ii) The resultant affinity capillary column showed a strong resistance to changes in temperature and pH and a negligible non-specific interaction. So as to confirm the proper functioning of our miniaturized capillary column, the molecular recognition by HSPG of five selected compounds including three ligands of interest related to SARS-CoV-2 was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire André
- Univ Franche - Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France. and EA481 Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques/Pôle Chimie Analytique Bioanalytique et Physique (PCABP), F-25000 Besançon, France and CHRU Besançon, Pôle Pharmaceutique, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Yves Claude Guillaume
- Univ Franche - Comté, F-25000 Besançon, France. and EA481 Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques/Pôle Chimie Analytique Bioanalytique et Physique (PCABP), F-25000 Besançon, France and CHRU Besançon, Pôle Pharmaceutique, F-25000 Besançon, France
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13
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Dores-Sousa JL, Terryn H, Eeltink S. Morphology optimization and assessment of the performance limits of high-porosity nanostructured polymer monolithic capillary columns for proteomics analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Abdulhussain N, Nawada S, Currivan S, Passamonti M, Schoenmakers P. Fabrication of polymer monoliths within the confines of non-transparent 3D-printed polymer housings. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461159. [PMID: 32505275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, 3D-printing has emerged as a promising enabling technology in the field of analytical chemistry. Fused-deposition modelling (FDM) is a popular, low-cost and widely accessible technique. In this study, RPLC separations are achieved by in-situ fabrication of porous polymer monoliths, directly within the 3D-printed channels. Thermal polymerization was employed for the fabrication of monolithic columns in optically non-transparent column housings, 3D-printed using two different polypropylene materials. Both acrylate-based and polystyrene-based monoliths were created. Two approaches were used for monolith fabrication, viz. (i) in standard polypropylene (PP) a two-step process was developed, with a radical initiated wall-modification step 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN) as the initiator, followed by a polymerization step to generate the monolith; (ii) for glass-reinforced PP (GPP) a silanization step or wall modification preceded the polymerization reaction. The success of wall attachment and the morphology of the monoliths were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the permeability of the columns was studied in flow experiments. In both types of housings polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) monoliths were successfully fabricated with good wall attachment. Within the glass-reinforced polypropylene (GPP) printed housing, SEM pictures showed a radially homogenous monolithic structure. The feasibility of performing liquid-chromatographic separations in 3D-printed channels was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdulhussain
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Suhas Nawada
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sinéad Currivan
- Centre for Research in Engineering Surface Technology (CREST), Technological University Dublin, FOCAS Research Institute, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Marta Passamonti
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park, University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands; The Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Passamonti M, Bremer IL, Nawada SH, Currivan SA, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Confinement of Monolithic Stationary Phases in Targeted Regions of 3D-Printed Titanium Devices Using Thermal Polymerization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2589-2596. [PMID: 31876153 PMCID: PMC7003155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have prepared thermally initiated polymeric monolithic stationary phases within discrete regions of 3D-printed titanium devices. The devices were created with controllable hot and cold regions. The monolithic stationary phases were first locally created in capillaries inserted into the channels of the titanium devices. The homogeneity of the monolith structure and the interface length were studied by scanning a capacitively coupled conductivity contactless detector (C4D) along the length of the capillary. Homogeneous monolithic structures could be obtained within a titanium device equipped with a hot and cold jacket connected to two water baths. The confinement method was optimized in capillaries. The sharpest interfaces (between monolith and empty channel) were obtained with the hot region maintained at 70 °C and the cold region at 4 or 10 °C, with the latter temperature yielding better repeatability. The optimized conditions were used to create monoliths bound directly to the walls of the titanium channels. The fabricated monoliths were successfully used to separate a mixture of four intact proteins using reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Further chromatographic characterization showed a permeability (Kf) of ∼4 × 10-15 m2 and a total porosity of 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Passamonti
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ischa L. Bremer
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suhas H. Nawada
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sinéad A. Currivan
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Research in Engineering Surface Technology, Technological University Dublin, FOCAS Institute, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Andrea F. G. Gargano
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, 1090GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Fernández-Pumarega A, Dores-Sousa JL, Eeltink S. A comprehensive investigation of the peak capacity for the reversed-phase gradient liquid-chromatographic analysis of intact proteins using a polymer-monolithic capillary column. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Liu S, Fu X, Löffler R, Lämmerhofer M. In-situ photopolymerized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-derived monolithic capillary columns with quinidine functionality for enantioseparation by nano-liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:3132-3139. [PMID: 31591731 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful fabrication of monolithic capillary columns for enantiomer separations was achieved within vinylized fused silica capillaries via fast "one-pot" photo-initiated free radical polymerization reaction. A mixture consisting of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, O-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylcarbamoyl]-10,11-dihydroquinidine was copolymerized in the presence of n-butanol, ethylene glycol and photo-initiator 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. The morphology of the resultant polymeric hybrid inorganic-organic material and its permeability as well as porosity can be controlled by adjusting the composition of the monomers and binary porogenic solvent. The chromatographic characteristics of the columns have been investigated. Separation factors of N-acetyl-phenylalanine (Ac-Phe) and dichlorprop dropped with decrease of chiral functional monomer. Permeability was better when the macroporogen ethyleneglycol was present at higher concentrations during the polymerization. In general, the chiral compounds were well separated (dichlorprop: α = 1.53, Rs up to 4.14; Ac-Phe: α = 1.36, Rs up to 2.69) by nano-HPLC with an optimized enantioselective monolithic capillary column which can be prepared within a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xinyue Fu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronny Löffler
- Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Seitanidou M, Blomgran R, Pushpamithran G, Berggren M, Simon DT. Modulating Inflammation in Monocytes Using Capillary Fiber Organic Electronic Ion Pumps. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900813. [PMID: 31502760 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) delivers ions and drugs from a source, through a charge selective membrane, to a target upon an electric bias. Miniaturization of this technology is crucial and will provide several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. To miniaturize OEIPs, new configurations have been developed based on glass capillary fibers filled with an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Fiber capillary OEIPs can be easily implanted in proximity to targeted cells and tissues. Herein, the efficacy of such a fiber capillary OEIP for modulation of inflammation in human monocytes is demonstrated. The devices are located on inflammatory monocytes and local delivery of salicylic acid (SA) is initiated. Highly localized SA delivery results in a significant decrease in cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6) levels after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The findings-the first use of such capillary OEIPs in mammalian cells or systems-demonstrate the utility of the technology for optimizing transport and delivery of different therapeutic substances at low concentrations, with the benefit of local and controlled administration that limits the adverse effect of oral/systemic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Giggil Pushpamithran
- Division of Medical MicrobiologyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping University 581 85 Linköping Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Daniel T. Simon
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping University 60174 Norrköping Sweden
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19
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One-step photolytic synthesis of hydrophobic porous polymer materials by the copolymerization of the dimethacrylate—alkyl methacrylate system in the presence of methanol. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Seitanidou M, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Simon DT. Overcoming transport limitations in miniaturized electrophoretic delivery devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1427-1435. [PMID: 30875418 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00038k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronic ion pumps (OEIPs) have been used for delivery of biological signaling compounds, at high spatiotemporal resolution, to a variety of biological targets. The miniaturization of this technology provides several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. One route to miniaturization is to develop OEIPs based on glass capillary fibers that are filled with a polyelectrolyte (cation exchange membrane, CEM). These devices can be easily inserted and brought into close proximity to targeted cells and tissues and could be considered as a starting point for other fiber-based OEIP and "iontronic" technologies enabling favorable implantable device geometries. While characterizing capillary OEIPs we observed deviations from the typical linear current-voltage behavior. Here we report a systematic investigation of these irregularities by performing experimental characterizations in combination with computational modelling. The cause of the observed irregularities is due to concentration polarization established at the OEIP inlet, which in turn causes electric field-enhanced water dissociation at the inlet. Water dissociation generates protons and is typically problematic for many applications. By adding an ion-selective cap that separates the inlet from the source reservoir this effect is then, to a large extent, suppressed. By increasing the surface area of the inlet with the addition of the cap, the concentration polarization is reduced which thereby allows for significantly higher delivery rates. These results demonstrate a useful approach to optimize transport and delivery of therapeutic substances at low concentrations via miniaturized electrophoretic delivery devices, thus considerably broadening the opportunities for implantable OEIP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seitanidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
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21
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Zajickova Z, Špánik I. Applications of monolithic columns in gas chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:999-1011. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Physical Sciences; Barry University; Miami Shores FL USA
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovakia
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22
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Gama MR, Lee ML, Bottoli CBG. Preparation of an organic monolithic column based on carboxyethyl acrylate for capillary liquid chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R. Gama
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture; University of São Paulo; Piracicaba SP Brazil
| | - Milton L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Carla B. G. Bottoli
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas (Unicamp); Campinas SP Brazil
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23
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Supercritical water-treated fused silica capillaries in analytical separations: Status review. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1539:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Skjærvø Ø, Halvorsen TG, Reubsaet L. Smart blood spots for whole blood protein analysis. Analyst 2018; 143:3184-3190. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A reactor for whole blood sampling integrated with instant protein digestion in a “lab-on-paper” format is introduced here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Skjærvø
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
| | | | - Léon Reubsaet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Oslo
- NO-0316 Oslo
- Norway
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25
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LI RN, WANG YN, PENG MH, WANG XY, GUO GS. Preparation and Application of Porous Layer Open Tubular Capillary Columns with Narrow Bore in Liquid Chromatography. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Gama MR, Aggarwal P, Lee ML, Bottoli CBG. Controlled crosslinking of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate for preparation of organic monolithic columns for capillary liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:3029-3035. [PMID: 28834582 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic monolithic columns based on single crosslinking of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) monomer were prepared in a single step by living/controlled free-radical polymerization. Full optimization of the preparation, such as using different percentages of TRIM and different amounts of radical promoter as well as various porogen solvents were explored. The resulting monolithic columns were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy and nitrogen sorption for structure morphology studies and surface area measurements, respectively. Using capillary liquid chromatography, 150 μm i.d. columns were applied to separate a mixture of small hydrophobic molecules. The results indicated that column performance is highly sensitive to the type and the amount of porogen solvents used in the polymerization mixture composition. Good resolution factors and methylene selectivity were obtained, indicating the promising potential of this material for capillary liquid chromatography separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Gama
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pankaj Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Carla B G Bottoli
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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27
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Capillary methacrylate-based monoliths by grafting from/to γ-ray polymerization on a tentacle-type reactive surface for the liquid chromatographic separations of small molecules and intact proteins. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Gama MR, Aggarwal P, Liu K, Lee ML, Bottoli CBG. Improvement in Liquid Chromatographic Performance of Organic Polymer Monolithic Capillary Columns with Controlled Free-Radical Polymerization. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:398-404. [PMID: 27993839 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Capillary columns containing butyl or lauryl methacrylate monoliths were prepared using two different free-radical polymerization methods: conventional free-radical polymerization and controlled/living free-radical polymerization, both initiated thermally, and these methods were compared for the first time. Both monolith morphology and chromatographic efficiency were compared for the synthesized stationary phases using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and capillary liquid chromatography, respectively. Columns prepared using controlled method gave better chromatographic performance for both monomers tested. The lauryl-based monolith showed 7-fold improvement in chromatographic efficiency with a plate count of 42,000 plates/m (corrected for dead volume) for a non-retained compound. Columns fabricated using controlled polymerization appeared more homogenous radially with fused small globular morphologies, evaluated by SEM, and lower column permeability. The columns were compared with respect to resolving power of a series of alkylbenzenes under isocratic and gradient elution conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana R Gama
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), POB 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pankaj Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Carla B G Bottoli
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (Unicamp), POB 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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29
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Eeltink S, Wouters S, Dores-Sousa JL, Svec F. Advances in organic polymer-based monolithic column technology for high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of antibodies, intact proteins, oligonucleotides, and peptides. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:8-21. [PMID: 28069168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the preparation of organic polymer-based monolithic stationary phases and their application in the separation of biomolecules, including antibodies, intact proteins and protein isoforms, oligonucleotides, and protein digests. Column and material properties, and the optimization of the macropore structure towards kinetic performance are also discussed. State-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry biomolecule separations are reviewed and practical aspects such as ion-pairing agent selection and carryover are presented. Finally, advances in comprehensive two-dimensional LC separations using monolithic columns, in particular ion-exchange×reversed-phase and reversed-phase×reversed-phase LC separations conducted at high and low pH, are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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30
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Wierzbicka C, Liu M, Bauer D, Irgum K, Sellergren B. Cationic pTyr/pSer imprinted polymers based on a bis-imidazolium host monomer: phosphopeptide recognition in aqueous buffers demonstrated by μ-liquid chromatography and monolithic columns. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:953-960. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02864k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary monoliths featuring grafted molecularly imprinted polymer films incorporating on a bis-imidazolium host monomer, displayed a remarkable crossreactivity with phosphorylated peptides in buffered media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Wierzbicka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Mingquan Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Umeå University
- 901 87 Umeå
- Sweden
| | - David Bauer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Knut Irgum
- Department of Chemistry
- Umeå University
- 901 87 Umeå
- Sweden
| | - Börje Sellergren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- Malmö
- Sweden
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31
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Hypercrosslinked cholesterol-based polystyrene monolithic capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1477:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Wouters S, Hauffman T, Mittelmeijer-Hazeleger MC, Rothenberg G, Desmet G, Baron GV, Eeltink S. Comprehensive study of the macropore and mesopore size distributions in polymer monoliths using complementary physical characterization techniques and liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4492-4501. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Materials and Chemistry; Research group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Gadi Rothenberg
- University of Amsterdam; Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Gino V. Baron
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Department of Chemical Engineering; Brussels Belgium
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33
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Astefanei A, Dapic I, Camenzuli M. Different Stationary Phase Selectivities and Morphologies for Intact Protein Separations. Chromatographia 2016; 80:665-687. [PMID: 28529348 PMCID: PMC5413533 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of biology proposed that one gene encodes for one protein. We now know that this does not reflect reality. The human body has approximately 20,000 protein-encoding genes; each of these genes can encode more than one protein. Proteins expressed from a single gene can vary in terms of their post-translational modifications, which often regulate their function within the body. Understanding the proteins within our bodies is a key step in understanding the cause, and perhaps the solution, to disease. This is one of the application areas of proteomics, which is defined as the study of all proteins expressed within an organism at a given point in time. The human proteome is incredibly complex. The complexity of biological samples requires a combination of technologies to achieve high resolution and high sensitivity analysis. Despite the significant advances in mass spectrometry, separation techniques are still essential in this field. Liquid chromatography is an indispensable tool by which low-abundant proteins in complex samples can be enriched and separated. However, advances in chromatography are not as readily adapted in proteomics compared to advances in mass spectrometry. Biologists in this field still favour reversed-phase chromatography with fully porous particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight alternative selectivities and stationary phase morphologies that show potential for application in top-down proteomics; the study of intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Astefanei
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I. Dapic
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Camenzuli
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Fabrication of a GMA-co-EDMA Monolith in a 2.0 mm i.d. Polypropylene Housing. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040263. [PMID: 28773385 PMCID: PMC5502927 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymers are interesting housing materials for the fabrication of inexpensive monolithic chromatography and solid phase extraction (SPE) devices. Challenges arise when polymeric monoliths are formed in non-conical, cylindrical tubes of larger diameter due to potential monolith detachment from the housing wall resulting in loss of separation performance and mechanical stability. Here, a two-step protocol is applied to ensure formation of robust homogeneous methacrylate monolith in polypropylene (PP) tubing with a diameter of 2.0 mm. Detailed Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging confirm the successful pre-modification of the tubing wall with an anchoring layer of cross-linked ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA). Subsequent formation of an EDMA-glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monolith in the PP tube resulted in a homogeneous monolithic polymer with enhanced mechanical stability as compared to non-anchored monoliths.
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35
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Fu Y, Gibson GT, McGregor C, Oleschuk RD. Fabrication of a polymer nozzle array in a microstructured fibre as a nanoelectrospray emitter for mass spectrometry. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a modified silica microstructured fibre (MSF) as a multiple electrospray (MES) emitter, with dimensional compatibility with conventional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry equipment, to generate stable electrospray from a wide range of applied potentials and flow rates. An array of polymer nozzles is fabricated in the MSF by a procedure involving templated polymerization of microtubes and wet chemical etching of the silica at the tip. The structure of the emitting end of the MSF was optimized with respect to the etching process, and the morphology of the polymer nozzles was optimized with respect to polymerization conditions. The mechanisms of the etching and of the templated polymerization of the microtubes were explored. Optimization experiments were performed using commercially available MSF having 126 tubular air channels arranged in a hexagonal pattern with channel diameter of ∼5.6 μm. However, the flexibility and versatility in the pattern, shape, and size of channels in MSFs allowed a custom-designed MSF to be fabricated and tested for MES. In the new design, six channels were evenly spaced in a radial pattern, and when polymer nozzles were made, six stable electrosprays were observed over a wide range of electrospray conditions. Using these MES emitters, the spray current is enhanced by a factor related to the number of nozzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Graham T.T. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christine McGregor
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard D. Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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36
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Vonk RJ, Wouters S, Barcaru A, Vivó-Truyols G, Eeltink S, de Koning LJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Post-polymerization photografting on methacrylate-based monoliths for separation of intact proteins and protein digests with comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3817-29. [PMID: 25801383 PMCID: PMC4412387 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Post-polymerization photografting is a versatile tool to alter the surface chemistry of organic-based monoliths so as to obtain desired stationary phase properties. In this study, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid was grafted to a hydrophobic poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith to create a strong cation exchange stationary phase. Both single-step and two-step photografting were addressed, and the effects of grafting conditions were assessed. An experimental design has been applied in an attempt to optimize three of the key parameters of the two-step photografting chemistry, i.e. the grafting time of the initiator, the monomer concentration and the monomer irradiation time. The photografted columns were implemented in a comprehensive two-dimensional column liquid chromatography (tLC × tLC) workflow and applied for the separation of intact proteins and peptides. A baseline separation of 11 intact proteins was obtained within 20 min by implementing a gradient across a limited RP composition window in the second dimension. tLC × tLC with UV detection was used for the separation of cytochrome c digest, bovine serum insulin digest and a digest of a complex protein mixture. A semi-quantitative estimation of the occupation of separation space, the orthogonality, of the tLC × tLC system yielded 75 %. The tLC × tLC setup was hyphenated to a high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer instrument to identify the bovine serum insulin tryptic peptides and to demonstrate the compatibility with MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J Vonk
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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37
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Liu K, Aggarwal P, Tolley HD, Lawson JS, Lee ML. Fabrication of highly cross-linked reversed-phase monolithic columns via living radical polymerization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1367:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Szumski M, Grzywiński D, Prus W, Buszewski B. Monolithic molecularly imprinted polymeric capillary columns for isolation of aflatoxins. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Vonk RJ, Vaast A, Eeltink S, Schoenmakers PJ. Titanium-scaffolded organic-monolithic stationary phases for ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Sproß J, Sinz A. Preparation of monolithic affinity media for nano-liquid chromatography applications. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1129:351-364. [PMID: 24648087 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-977-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this protocol, a strategy is described for preparing affinity media with monolithic materials as stationary phase, which is exemplified for the biotin-avidin interaction pair. The capillary columns prepared in this manner are compatible with nano-liquid chromatographic conditions. Our protocol is easily adapted to the preparation of specific affinity media with different functionalities and as such provides a platform for a multitude of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Sproß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany,
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41
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Photopolymerization of acrylamide as a new functionalization way of silica monoliths for hydrophilic interaction chromatography and coated silica capillaries for capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1326:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Highly crosslinked polymeric monoliths with various C6 functional groups for reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1321:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Rogeberg M, Vehus T, Grutle L, Greibrokk T, Wilson SR, Lundanes E. Separation optimization of long porous-layer open-tubular columns for nano-LC-MS of limited proteomic samples. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2838-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rogeberg
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Tore Vehus
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Lene Grutle
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | - Tyge Greibrokk
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
| | | | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; Blindern Oslo Norway
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44
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El-Debs R, Dugas V, Demesmay C. Photografting as a versatile, localizable, and single-step surface functionalization of silica-based monoliths dedicated to microscale separation techniques. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:993-1001. [PMID: 23495113 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a surface functionalization way of silica monoliths with a rapid, simple, versatile, and localizable photografting step. The elaboration of a photoreactive layer at the surface of monoliths was first optimized. The functionalization with [γ-(methacryloyloxy)propyl]trimethoxysilane at 80°C in a hydro-organic solution containing triethylamine as catalyst allows reachng the highest density of methacrylate photoactive moieties on silica surfaces. These methacrylate reactive surfaces were subsequently photografted within few minutes with acrylate monomers bearing alkyl chains (C12 and C18). The photografting efficiency was determined by monitoring the retentive properties of monoliths in the RP mode. The retention factors are of the same order of magnitude as highly retentive columns obtained by modification of silica surface with long-alkyl chain silanes or by thermal polymerization of long-alkyl chain monomers. It was also verified that such grafting neither impaired the efficiency of the monolithic stationary phase (Hmin = 6-8 μm in nano-LC) nor its permeability (about 6 × 10(-14) m(2)). Further, it was also demonstrated that photografting is localizable in nonmasked defined areas. Results obtained in anion-exchange chromatography after photopolymerization of [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride are presented as well to demonstrate the versatility of the developed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha El-Debs
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Equipe TechSep, Université de Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.
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45
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Vaast A, Nováková L, Desmet G, de Haan B, Swart R, Eeltink S. High-speed gradient separations of peptides and proteins using polymer-monolithic poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) capillary columns at ultra-high pressure. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1304:177-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Laaniste A, Kruve A, Leito I. Ensuring repeatability and robustness of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) HPLC monolithic columns of 3 mm id through covalent bonding to the column wall. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2458-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asko Laaniste
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
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47
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Karásek P, Planeta J, Roth M. Near- and Supercritical Water as a Diameter Manipulation and Surface Roughening Agent in Fused Silica Capillaries. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302849q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Karásek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v. v. i., Veveří
97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Planeta
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v. v. i., Veveří
97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Roth
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, v. v. i., Veveří
97, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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48
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Weed AMK, Dvornik J, Stefancin JJ, Gyapong AA, Svec F, Zajickova Z. Photopolymerized organo-silica hybrid monolithic columns: Characterization of their performance in capillary liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:270-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill Dvornik
- Department of Physical Sciences; Barry University; Miami Shores; FL; USA
| | | | | | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry; E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley; CA; USA
| | - Zuzana Zajickova
- Department of Physical Sciences; Barry University; Miami Shores; FL; USA
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49
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Comparison of the gradient kinetic performance of silica monolithic capillary columns with columns packed with 3?m porous and 2.7?m fused-core silica particles. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:270-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Fu Y, Gibson GTT, Oleschuk RD. Polymer microstructures with high aspect ratio and low polydispersity using photonic fibres as templates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16752b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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