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Mao R, Zhou F, Hong Y, Li Y, Zhu C, Jin L, Li S. CRH upregulates supervillin through ERK and AKT pathways to promote bladder cancer cell migration. Cell Biol Int 2024. [PMID: 39090812 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been well documented playing a role in the regulation of cellular processes, immune responses, and inflammatory processes that can influence the occurrence and development of tumors. Supervillin (SVIL) is a membrane-associated and actin-binding protein, which is actively involved in the proliferation, spread, and migration of cancer cells. This work investigated CRH's influence on bladder cancer cells' migration and relevant mechanisms. By using human bladder cancer cells T24 and RT4 in wound healing experiments and transwell assay, we found that the migration ability of the T24 cells was significantly increased after CRH treatment. In vivo experiments showed that CRH significantly promoted the metastases of T24 cells in cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) mouse model. Interestingly, downregulation of SVIL by SVIL-specifc small hairpin RNAs significantly reduced the promoting effect of CRH on bladder cancer cell migration. Furthermore, CRH significantly increased SVIL messenger RNA and protein expression in T24 cells, accompanied with AKT and ERK phosphorylation in T24 cells. Pretreatment with AKT inhibitor (MK2206) blocked the CRH-induced SVIL expression and ERK phosphorylation. Also, inhibition of ERK signaling pathway by U0126 significantly reduced the CRH-induced SVIL expression and AKT phosphorylation. It suggested that cross-talking between AKT and ERK pathways was involved in the effect of CRH on SVIL. Taken together, we demonstrated that CRH induced migration of bladder cancer cells, in which AKT and ERK pathways -SVIL played a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feier Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lai Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Cardoso JCR, Mc Shane JC, Li Z, Peng M, Power DM. Revisiting the evolution of Family B1 GPCRs and ligands: Insights from mollusca. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112192. [PMID: 38408601 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Family B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most well studied neuropeptide receptor families since they play a central role in many biological processes including endocrine, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and reproduction in animals. The genes for these receptors emerged from a common ancestral gene in bilaterian genomes and evolved via gene/genome duplications and deletions in vertebrate and invertebrate genomes. Their existence and function have mostly been characterized in vertebrates and few studies exist in invertebrate species. Recently, an increased interest in molluscs, means a series of genomes have become available, and since they are less modified than insect and nematode genomes, they are ideal to explore the origin and evolution of neuropeptide gene families. This review provides an overview of Family B1 GPCRs and their peptide ligands and incorporates new data obtained from Mollusca genomes and taking a comparative approach challenges existing models on their origin and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Jennifer C Mc Shane
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Zhi Li
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maoxiao Peng
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Cordero-Molina S, Fetter-Pruneda I, Contreras-Garduño J. Neural mechanisms involved in female mate choice in invertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1291635. [PMID: 38269245 PMCID: PMC10807292 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1291635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mate choice is a critical decision with direct implications for fitness. Although it has been recognized for over 150 years, our understanding of its underlying mechanisms is still limited. Most studies on mate choice focus on the evolutionary causes of behavior, with less attention given to the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved. This is especially true for invertebrates, where research on mate choice has largely focused on male behavior. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the neural, molecular and neurohormonal mechanisms of female choice in invertebrates, including behaviors before, during, and after copulation. We identify areas of research that have not been extensively explored in invertebrates, suggesting potential directions for future investigation. We hope that this review will stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagrario Cordero-Molina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Fetter-Pruneda
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva. Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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4
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Li X, Zhou H, Ge C, Li K, Chen A, Lu W. Dynamic changes of urotensin II and its receptor during ovarian development of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 263:110782. [PMID: 35905813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UII) is a kind of fish somatostatins cyclic peptide, which was originally extracted from the caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS). The system of UII and UII receptor (UIIR) has been reported to have multiple physiological regulatory functions, such as cardiovascular control, osmoregulation, and lipid metabolism. However, the effect of UII and UIIR on the ovarian development has not been covered. This study investigated the expression pattern of UII and UIIR in the ovarian follicles and explored their impact on ovarian development in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The results showed that the highest UII and UIIR mRNA levels were observed at stage II and stage III follicles during ovarian development, respectively. In situ hybridization revealed that a strong signal of UII was expressed in the oocyte nuclei of stage II follicles, however, UIIR was found in the follicle cells and oocyte cytoplasm of stage II and stage III follicles. Similarly, immunohistochemistry found positive signal of UII was detected in the oocyte nuclei of stage II follicles. The results from in vitro culture of olive flounder follicles suggested the expression of UII and UIIR mRNA levels significantly increased by 10 IU/ml human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for 9 h. Furthermore, the transcriptional expression of UII and UIIR was not statistically significantly changed by 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP). These results firstly suggested that UII and UII receptor may play vital roles in regulating ovarian growth in olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chunmei Ge
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kunyu Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Aqin Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Hogg DW, Casatti CC, Belsham DD, Baršytė-Lovejoy D, Lovejoy DA. Distal extracellular teneurin region (teneurin C-terminal associated peptide; TCAP) possesses independent intracellular calcium regulating actions, in vitro: A potential antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Nogueira TAC, Kaefer IL, Sartim MA, Pucca MB, Sachett J, Barros AL, Júnior MBA, Baía-da-Silva DC, Bernarde PS, Koolen HHF, Monteiro WM. The Amazonian kambô frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Amphibia: Phyllomedusidae): Current knowledge on biology, phylogeography, toxinology, ethnopharmacology and medical aspects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997318. [PMID: 36278168 PMCID: PMC9582840 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllomedusa bicolor (Phyllomedusidae), popularly known as the kambô in Brazil, is a tree frog that is widely distributed in South American countries and is known for producing a skin secretion that is rich in bioactive peptides, which are often used in indigenous rituals. The biological effects of the skin secretion were observed in the first studies with indigenous communities. Over the last six decades, researchers have been studying the chemical composition in detail, as well as the potential pharmacological applications of its constituents. For this reason, indigenous communities and health agents fear the misuse of the kambô, or the inappropriate use of the species, which can result in health complications or even death of users. This article seeks to provide a transdisciplinary review that integrates knowledge regarding the biology of P. bicolor, ethnoknowledge about the ritual of the kambô, and the chemistry and pharmacology of the skin secretion of this species, in addition to medical aspects of the indiscriminate use of the kambô. Furthermore, this review seeks to shed light on perspectives on the future of research related to the kambô.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A. C. Nogueira
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Igor Luis Kaefer
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Igor Luis Kaefer, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - André L. Barros
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Moysés B. A. Júnior
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Djane C. Baía-da-Silva
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Hector H. F. Koolen
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Igor Luis Kaefer, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
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Maugars G, Mauvois X, Martin P, Aroua S, Rousseau K, Dufour S. New Insights Into the Evolution of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Family With a Special Focus on Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:937218. [PMID: 35937826 PMCID: PMC9353778 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was discovered for its role as a brain neurohormone controlling the corticotropic axis in vertebrates. An additional crh gene, crh2, paralog of crh (crh1), and likely resulting from the second round (2R) of vertebrate whole genome duplication (WGD), was identified in a holocephalan chondrichthyan, in basal mammals, various sauropsids and a non-teleost actinopterygian holostean. It was suggested that crh2 has been recurrently lost in some vertebrate groups including teleosts. We further investigated the fate of crh1 and crh2 in vertebrates with a special focus on teleosts. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses showed the presence of duplicated crh1 paralogs, crh1a and crh1b, in most teleosts, resulting from the teleost-specific WGD (3R). Crh1b is conserved in all teleosts studied, while crh1a has been lost independently in some species. Additional crh1 paralogs are present in carps and salmonids, resulting from specific WGD in these lineages. We identified crh2 gene in additional vertebrate groups such as chondrichthyan elasmobranchs, sarcopterygians including dipnoans and amphibians, and basal actinoperygians, Polypteridae and Chondrostei. We also revealed the presence of crh2 in teleosts, including elopomorphs, osteoglossomorphs, clupeiforms, and ostariophysians, while it would have been lost in Euteleostei along with some other groups. To get some insights on the functional evolution of the crh paralogs, we compared their primary and 3D structure, and by qPCR their tissue distribution, in two representative species, the European eel, which possesses three crh paralogs (crh1a, crh1b, crh2), and the Atlantic salmon, which possesses four crh paralogs of the crh1-type. All peptides conserved the structural characteristics of human CRH. Eel crh1b and both salmon crh1b genes were mainly expressed in the brain, supporting the major role of crh1b paralogs in controlling the corticotropic axis in teleosts. In contrast, crh1a paralogs were mainly expressed in peripheral tissues such as muscle and heart, in eel and salmon, reflecting a striking subfunctionalization between crh1a and b paralogs. Eel crh2 was weakly expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues. These results revisit the repertoire of crh in teleosts and highlight functional divergences that may have contributed to the differential conservation of various crh paralogs in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gersende Maugars
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Le Havre Normandie - Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques UMR-I 02SEBIO -FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Le Havre, France
- *Correspondence: Gersende Maugars,
| | - Xavier Mauvois
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage (CNSS), Chanteuges, France
| | - Salima Aroua
- Université Le Havre Normandie - Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques UMR-I 02SEBIO -FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, Le Havre, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Aruna A, Wang TP, Cao JC, Lan DS, Nagarajan G, Chang CF. Differential Expression of Hypothalamic and Gill- crh System With Osmotic Stress in the Euryhaline Black Porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Front Physiol 2021; 12:768122. [PMID: 34858213 PMCID: PMC8632050 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.768122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The local gill production of corticotropin releasing hormone (crh) and crh-receptor (crhr) is hypothesized to play important roles during seawater (SW) and freshwater (FW) acclimation in euryhaline black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). The mRNA expression of crh, crhr, and Na +/K + -ATPase (a-nka) was examined in SW and FW diencephalon (Dien) and in the gills at different exposure time by Q-PCR analysis. The in situ hybridization results indicate that crh mRNA hybridization signals were more abundant in FW fish in the gigantocellular (PMgc) and parvocellular (PMpc) part of the magnocellular preoptic nucleus versus SW fish. The crh and crhr-expressing cells were located in basal cells of gill filament. Furthermore, in vitro dexamethasone (DEX) treatment could increase the crh-system in the gill. Increased transcripts of the crh-system in the gill via in vitro and in vivo CRH treatments suggest that CRH may regulate the system in a local manner. The a-Nka cells were localized in the filament and secondary lamellae mitochondria rich cells (MRCs) of FW fish at 8 h and 1 day. a-Nka cells were seen in both filament and lamellae in the FW but much less in SW fish indicating that gills play key roles in black porgy osmoregulation. Gill crh and crhr play important roles in the response to salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Ping Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Cing Cao
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Dan-Suei Lan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Basic Sciences, PYD, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Lai F, Royan MR, Gomes AS, Espe M, Aksnes A, Norberg B, Gelebart V, Rønnestad I. The stress response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): identification and functional characterization of the corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) paralogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 313:113894. [PMID: 34478716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) is one of the main mediators of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal (HPI) axis to stress response. In Atlantic salmon, a comparative understanding of the crf1 paralogs role in the stress response is still incomplete. Our database searches have identified four crf1 genes in Atlantic salmon, named crf1a1, crf1a2, crf1b1 and crf1b2. Brain distribution analysis revealed that the four crf1 paralogs were widely distributed, and particularly abundant in the telencephalon, midbrain, and hypothalamus of Atlantic salmon post-smolts. To increase the knowledge on crf1-mediated response to stress, Atlantic salmon post-smolts were exposed to either repeated chasing, hypoxia or a combination of chasing and hypoxia for eight days, followed by a novel-acute stressor, confinement. Cortisol, glucose, lactate, and creatinine levels were used as markers for the stress response. The crf1 paralogs mRNA abundance showed to be dependent on the stress exposure regime. Both crf1 mRNA levels in the telencephalon and crf1a1 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus showed similar response profiles to the serum cortisol levels, i.e., increasing levels during the first 24 h after stress exposure followed by a decline during the eight-day exposure. The similar trend between crf1 and cortisol disappeared once exposed to the novel-acute stressor. There was a minor response to stress for both crf1b1 and crf1b2 in the hypothalamus, while no changes at mRNA level were observed in the hypothalamic crf1a2 under the different stress conditions. No or weak relationship was found between the crf1 paralogs mRNA expression and the other serum stress-indicators analysed. In summary, our data provide novel insights on the dynamic of the HPI axis activation in Atlantic salmon, and thus underline the involvement of the crf1 paralogs as additional factors in the regulation of the stress response in this species. Likewise, the data highlight the importance of analysing all crf1 paralogues response to a stress-condition, in particular in this premature knowledge stage of their functionality. Further analysis and a more detailed time-point series will help to elucidate the response of the HPI axis and the link of crf1 paralogs in the stress response mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Muhammad R Royan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marit Espe
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | - Virginie Gelebart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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10
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Rousseau K, Dufour S, Sachs LM. Interdependence of Thyroid and Corticosteroid Signaling in Vertebrate Developmental Transitions. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.735487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-embryonic acute developmental processes mainly allow the transition from one life stage in a specific ecological niche to the next life stage in a different ecological niche. Metamorphosis, an emblematic type of these post-embryonic developmental processes, has occurred repeatedly and independently in various phylogenetic groups throughout metazoan evolution, such as in cnidarian, insects, molluscs, tunicates, or vertebrates. This review will focus on metamorphoses and developmental transitions in vertebrates, including typical larval metamorphosis in anuran amphibians, larval and secondary metamorphoses in teleost fishes, egg hatching in sauropsids and birth in mammals. Two neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axes, are central players in the regulation of these life transitions. The review will address the molecular and functional evolution of these axes and their interactions. Mechanisms of integration of internal and environmental cues, and activation of these neuroendocrine axes represent key questions in an “eco-evo-devo” perspective of metamorphosis. The roles played by developmental transitions in the innovation, adaptation, and plasticity of life cycles throughout vertebrates will be discussed. In the current context of global climate change and habitat destruction, the review will also address the impact of environmental factors, such as global warming and endocrine disruptors on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axes, and regulation of developmental transitions.
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11
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Ancient fishes and the functional evolution of the corticosteroid stress response in vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 260:111024. [PMID: 34237466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying stress responses in vertebrates is hypothesized to be highly conserved and evolutionarily ancient. Indeed, elements of this mechanism, from the brain to steroidogenic tissue, are present in all vertebrate groups; yet, evidence of the function and even identity of some elements of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis is equivocal among the most basal vertebrates. The purpose of this review is to discuss the functional evolution of the HPA/I axis in vertebrates with a focus on our understanding of this neuroendocrine mechanism in the most ancient vertebrates: the agnathan (i.e., hagfish and lamprey) and chondrichthyan fishes (i.e., sharks, rays, and chimeras). A review of the current literature presents evidence of a conserved HPA/I axis in jawed vertebrates (i.e., gnathostomes); yet, available data in jawless (i.e., agnathan) and chondrichthyan fishes are limited. Neuroendocrine regulation of corticosteroidogenesis in agnathans and chondrichthyans appears to function through similar pathways as in bony fishes and tetrapods; however, key elements have yet to be identified and the involvement of melanotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the stress axis in these ancient fishes warrants further investigation. Further, the identities of physiological glucocorticoids are uncertain in hagfishes, chondrichthyans, and even coelacanths. Resolving these and other knowledge gaps in the stress response of ancient fishes will be significant for advancing knowledge of the evolutionary origins of the vertebrate stress response.
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12
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Denver RJ. Stress hormones mediate developmental plasticity in vertebrates with complex life cycles. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100301. [PMID: 33614863 PMCID: PMC7879041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment experienced by developing organisms can shape the timing and character of developmental processes, generating different phenotypes from the same genotype, each with different probabilities of survival and performance as adults. Chordates have two basic modes of development, indirect and direct. Species with indirect development, which includes most fishes and amphibians, have a complex life cycle with a free-swimming larva that is typically a growth stage, followed by a metamorphosis into the adult form. Species with direct development, which is an evolutionarily derived developmental mode, develop directly from embryo to the juvenile without an intervening larval stage. Among the best studied species with complex life cycles are the amphibians, especially the anurans (frogs and toads). Amphibian tadpoles are exposed to diverse biotic and abiotic factors in their developmental habitat. They have extensive capacity for developmental plasticity, which can lead to the expression of different, adaptive morphologies as tadpoles (polyphenism), variation in the timing of and size at metamorphosis, and carry-over effects on the phenotype of the juvenile/adult. The neuroendocrine stress axis plays a pivotal role in mediating environmental effects on amphibian development. Before initiating metamorphosis, if tadpoles are exposed to predators they upregulate production of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT), which acts directly on the tail to cause it to grow, thereby increasing escape performance. When tadpoles reach a minimum body size to initiate metamorphosis they can vary the timing of transformation in relation to growth opportunity or mortality risk in the larval habitat. They do this by modulating the production of thyroid hormone (TH), the primary inducer of metamorphosis, and CORT, which synergizes with TH to promote tissue transformation. Hypophysiotropic neurons that release the stress neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) are activated in response to environmental stress (e.g., pond drying, food restriction, etc.), and CRF accelerates metamorphosis by directly inducing secretion of pituitary thyrotropin and corticotropin, thereby increasing secretion of TH and CORT. Although activation of the neuroendocrine stress axis promotes immediate survival in a deteriorating larval habitat, costs may be incurred such as reduced tadpole growth and size at metamorphosis. Small size at transformation can impair performance of the adult, reducing probability of survival in the terrestrial habitat, or fecundity. Furthermore, elevations in CORT in the tadpole caused by environmental stressors cause long term, stable changes in neuroendocrine function, behavior and physiology of the adult, which can affect fitness. Comparative studies show that the roles of stress hormones in developmental plasticity are conserved across vertebrate taxa including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Denver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
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13
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Lazcano I, Rodríguez Rodríguez A, Uribe RM, Orozco A, Joseph-Bravo P, Charli JL. Evolution of thyrotropin-releasing factor extracellular communication units. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113642. [PMID: 33039406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are ancient signaling molecules that contribute to the regulation of metabolism, energy homeostasis and growth. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis links the corresponding organs through hormonal signals, including thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that ultimately activates the synthesis and secretion of THs from the thyroid gland. Although this axis is conserved among most vertebrates, the identity of the hypothalamic TRF that positively regulates TSH synthesis and secretion varies. We review the evolution of the hypothalamic factors that induce TSH secretion, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), urotensin-1-3, and sauvagine, and non-mammalian glucagon-like peptide in metazoans. Each of these peptides is part of an extracellular communication unit likely composed of at least 3 elements: the peptide, G-protein coupled receptor and bioavailability regulator, set up on the central neuroendocrine articulation. The bioavailability regulators include a TRH-specific ecto-peptidase, pyroglutamyl peptidase II, and a CRH-binding protein, that together with peptide secretion/transport rate and transduction coupling and efficiency at receptor level shape TRF signal intensity and duration. These vertebrate TRF communication units were coopted from bilaterian ancestors. The bona fide elements appeared early in chordates, and are either used alternatively, in parallel, or sequentially, in different vertebrate classes to control centrally the activity of the HPT axis. Available data also suggest coincidence between apparition of ligand and bioavailability regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Lazcano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Adair Rodríguez Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Uribe
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Aurea Orozco
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico.
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14
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Rousseau K, Prunet P, Dufour S. Special features of neuroendocrine interactions between stress and reproduction in teleosts. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113634. [PMID: 33045232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress and reproduction are both essential functions for vertebrate survival, ensuring on one side adaptative responses to environmental changes and potential life threats, and on the other side production of progeny. With more than 25,000 species, teleosts constitute the largest group of extant vertebrates, and exhibit a large diversity of life cycles, environmental conditions and regulatory processes. Interactions between stress and reproduction are a growing concern both for conservation of fish biodiversity in the frame of global changes and for the development of sustainability of aquaculture including fish welfare. In teleosts, as in other vertebrates, adverse effects of stress on reproduction have been largely documented and will be shortly overviewed. Unexpectedly, stress notably via cortisol, may also facilitate reproductive function in some teleost species in relation to their peculiar life cyles and this review will provide some examples. Our review will then mainly address the neuroendocrine axes involved in the control of stress and reproduction, namely the corticotropic and gonadotropic axes, as well as their interactions. After reporting some anatomo-functional specificities of the neuroendocrine systems in teleosts, we will describe the major actors of the corticotropic and gonadotropic axes at the brain-pituitary-peripheral glands (interrenals and gonads) levels, with a special focus on the impact of teleost-specific whole genome duplication (3R) on the number of paralogs and their potential differential functions. We will finally review the current knowledge on the neuroendocrine mechanisms of the various interactions between stress and reproduction at different levels of the two axes in teleosts in a comparative and evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Prunet
- INRAE, UR1037, Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Génomique des Poissons (LPGP), Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France.
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15
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Fleming MS, Maugars G, Martin P, Dufour S, Rousseau K. Differential Regulation of the Expression of the Two Thyrotropin Beta Subunit Paralogs by Salmon Pituitary Cells In Vitro. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:603538. [PMID: 33329404 PMCID: PMC7729069 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.603538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently characterized two paralogs of the thyrotropin (TSH) beta subunit in Atlantic salmon, tshβa and tshβb, issued from teleost-specific whole genome duplication. The transcript expression of tshβb, but not of tshβa, peaks at the time of smoltification, which revealed a specific involvement of tshβb paralog in this metamorphic event. Tshβa and tshβb are expressed by distinct pituitary cells in salmon, likely related to TSH cells from the pars distalis and pars tuberalis, respectively, in mammals and birds. The present study aimed at investigating the neuroendocrine and endocrine factors potentially involved in the differential regulation of tshβa and tshβb paralogs, using primary cultures of Atlantic salmon pituitary cells. The effects of various neurohormones and endocrine factors potentially involved in the control of development, growth, and metabolism were tested. Transcript levels of tshβa and tshβb were measured by qPCR, as well as those of growth hormone (gh), for comparison and validation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulated tshβa transcript levels in agreement with its potential role in the thyrotropic axis in teleosts, but had no effect on tshβb paralog, while it also stimulated gh transcript levels. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) had no effect on neither tshβ paralogs nor gh. Somatostatin (SRIH) had no effects on both tshβ paralogs, while it exerted a canonical inhibitory effect on gh transcript levels. Thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] inhibited transcript levels of both tshβ paralogs, as well as gh, but with a much stronger effect on tshβa than on tshβb and gh. Conversely, cortisol had a stronger inhibitory effect on tshβb than tshβa, while no effect on gh. Remarkably, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) dose-dependently stimulated tshβb transcript levels, while it had no effect on tshβa, and a classical inhibitory effect on gh. This study provides the first data on the neuroendocrine factors involved in the differential regulation of the expression of the two tshβ paralogs. It suggests that IGF1 may be involved in triggering the expression peak of the tshβb paralog at smoltification, thus representing a potential internal signal in the link between body growth and smoltification metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Stewart Fleming
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage (CNSS), Chanteuges, France
| | - Gersende Maugars
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Martin
- Conservatoire National du Saumon Sauvage (CNSS), Chanteuges, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit BOREA, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, SU, UCN, UA, Paris, France
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16
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Lovejoy DA, Hogg DW. Information Processing in Affective Disorders: Did an Ancient Peptide Regulating Intercellular Metabolism Become Co‐Opted for Noxious Stress Sensing? Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000039. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3H4 Canada
| | - David W. Hogg
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3H4 Canada
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17
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Cardoso JCR, Bergqvist CA, Larhammar D. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Gene Family Duplications in Lampreys Correlate With Two Early Vertebrate Genome Doublings. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:672. [PMID: 32848532 PMCID: PMC7406891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ancestor of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) is generally considered to have undergone two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD). The timing of these WGD events relative to the divergence of the closest relatives of the gnathostomes, the cyclostomes, has remained contentious. Lampreys and hagfishes are extant cyclostomes whose gene families can shed light on the relationship between the WGDs and the cyclostome-gnathostome divergence. Previously, we have characterized in detail the evolution of the gnathostome corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family and found that its five members arose from two ancestral genes that existed before the WGDs. The two WGDs resulted, after secondary losses, in one triplet consisting of CRH1, CRH2, and UCN1, and one pair consisting of UCN2 and UCN3. All five genes exist in representatives for cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes. Differential losses have occurred in some lineages. We present here analyses of CRH-family members in lamprey and hagfish by comparing sequences and gene synteny with gnathostomes. We found five CRH-family genes in each of two lamprey species (Petromyzon marinus and Lethenteron camtschaticum) and two genes in a hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). Synteny analyses show that all five lamprey CRH-family genes have similar chromosomal neighbors as the gnathostome genes. The most parsimonious explanation is that the lamprey CRH-family genes are orthologs of the five gnathostome genes and thus arose in the same chromosome duplications. This suggests that lampreys and gnathostomes share the same two WGD events and that these took place before the lamprey-gnathostome divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Christina A Bergqvist
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Abstract
Resilience - a key topic in clinical science and practice - still lacks a clear conceptualization that integrates its evolutionary and human-specific features, refrains from exclusive focus on fear physiology, incorporates a developmental approach, and, most importantly, is not based on the negation (i.e., absence of symptoms following trauma). Building on the initial condition of mammals, whose brain matures in the context of the mother's body and caregiving behavior, we argue that systems and processes that participate in tuning the brain to the social ecology and adapting to its hardships mark the construct of resilience. These include the oxytocin system, the affiliative brain, and biobehavioral synchrony, all characterized by great flexibility across phylogenesis and ontogenesis. Three core features of resilience are outlined: plasticity, sociality and meaning. Mechanisms of sociality by which coordinated action supports diversity, endurance and adaptation are described across animal evolution. Humans' biobehavioral synchrony matures from maternal attuned behavior in the postpartum to adult-adult relationships of empathy, perspective-taking and intimacy, and extends from the mother-child relationship to other affiliative bonds throughout life, charting a fundamental trajectory in the development of resilience. Findings from three high-risk cohorts, each tapping a distinct disruption to maternal-infant bonding (prematurity, maternal depression, and early life stress/trauma), and followed from birth to adolescence/young adulthood, demonstrate how components of the neurobiology of affiliation confer resilience and uniquely shape the social brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Feldman
- Interdisciplinary CenterHerzliyaIsrael,Yale Child Study CenterUniversity of YaleNew HavenCTUSA
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19
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Human attachment triggers different social buffering mechanisms under high and low early life stress rearing. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 152:72-80. [PMID: 32272126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social buffering - the attenuation of stress by maternal safety signals - is a core mammalian-general stress management mechanism implicating two ancient systems: the oxytocinergic and HPA systems. Yet, because human attachments are representation-based, understanding social buffering mechanisms in humans requires the assessment of relationship history and consideration of early life stress (ELS), which alters stress responsivity. We followed a unique trauma-exposed cohort across childhood, versus a low-stress control group, and repeatedly observed maternal sensitive, safety-promoting style. In adolescence, we used an attachment induction paradigm that exposed children to both live and reminders of attachment safety signals and measured oxytocin and cortisol baseline and response, to test how maternal safety signals impact hormonal reactivity in children reared under high- versus low-stress conditions. Only safety-promoting mothers exhibited a stress-buffering function, but their effect was system-specific and depended on the rearing context. For oxytocin, safety-promoting mothers normalized the deficient baseline oxytocin levels observed in ELS youth by implicating a plasticity-by-affiliation mechanism. For cortisol, safety-promoting mothering reduced the initial stress response only among youth reared in low-stress contexts via the typical buffering-by-safety mechanism. Results suggest that human attachments require internalized security evolving over time to trigger a stress buffering function. Under conditions of chronic early stress, the stressful rearing context overrides the maternal safety signals, normative stress buffering mechanisms fail, and safety-promoting mothers switch to an immature, affiliation-based mechanism that relies on maternal presence.
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20
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Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: A Stress Hormone-Receptor System's Emerging Role in Mediating Sex-Specific Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040839. [PMID: 32244319 PMCID: PMC7226788 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No organ in the body is impervious to the effects of stress, and a coordinated response from all organs is essential to deal with stressors. A dysregulated stress response that fails to bring systems back to homeostasis leads to compromised function and ultimately a diseased state. The components of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family, an ancient and evolutionarily conserved stress hormone-receptor system, helps both initiate stress responses and bring systems back to homeostasis once the stressors are removed. The mammalian CRF family comprises of four known agonists, CRF and urocortins (UCN1–3), and two known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), CRF1 and CRF2. Evolutionarily, precursors of CRF- and urocortin-like peptides and their receptors were involved in osmoregulation/diuretic functions, in addition to nutrient sensing. Both CRF and UCN1 peptide hormones as well as their receptors appeared after a duplication event nearly 400 million years ago. All four agonists and both CRF receptors show sex-specific changes in expression and/or function, and single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with a plethora of human diseases. CRF receptors harbor N-terminal cleavable peptide sequences, conferring biased ligand properties. CRF receptors have the ability to heteromerize with each other as well as with other GPCRs. Taken together, CRF receptors and their agonists due to their versatile functional adaptability mediate nuanced responses and are uniquely positioned to orchestrate sex-specific signaling and function in several tissues.
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21
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Blanco AM. Hypothalamic- and pituitary-derived growth and reproductive hormones and the control of energy balance in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 287:113322. [PMID: 31738909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most endocrine systems in the body are influenced by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Within this axis, the hypothalamus delivers precise signals to the pituitary gland, which in turn releases hormones that directly affect target tissues including the liver, thyroid gland, adrenal glands and gonads. This action modulates the release of additional hormones from the sites of action, regulating key physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, stress and reproduction. Pituitary hormones are released by five distinct hormone-producing cell types: somatotropes (which produce growth hormone), thyrotropes (thyrotropin), corticotropes (adrenocorticotropin), lactotropes (prolactin) and gonadotropes (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone), each modulated by specific hypothalamic signals. This careful and distinct organization of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis has been classically associated with the existence of many lineal axes (e.g., the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis) in charge of the control of the different physiological processes. While this traditional concept is valid, it is becoming apparent that hormones produced by the hypothalamo-pituitary axis have diverse effects. For instance, gonadotropin-releasing hormone II has been associated with a suppressive effect on food intake in fish. Likewise, growth hormone has been shown to influence appetite, swimming activity and aggressive behavior in fish. This review will focus on the hypothalamic and pituitary hormones classically involved in regulating growth and reproduction, and will attempt to provide a general overview of the current knowledge on their actions on energy balance and appetite in fish. It will also give a brief perspective of the role of some of these peptides in integrating feeding, metabolism, growth and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén M Blanco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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22
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Yuan M, Li X, Long T, Chen Y, Lu W. Dynamic Responses of the Caudal Neurosecretory System (CNSS) Under Thermal Stress in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus). Front Physiol 2020; 10:1560. [PMID: 31992988 PMCID: PMC6962309 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a critical environmental factor that affect most biological and physiological processes in fish. The caudal neurosecretory system (CNSS) is unique to fish and is proved to maintain homeostasis during seasonal alterations. However, the dynamic expression and secretion pattern of its major hormones, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), urotensin I (UI), and urotensin II (UII), and their response to thermal stress has not been studied. CRH, UII and cortisol in plasma, gene expression levels of CRH, UI, and UII in the CNSS of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were therefore characterized. UI- and UII-positive Dahlgren cells, as well as cell proliferation in the CNSS, were also quantified. The results showed that plasma cortisol and CRH were increased in both low temperature (LT) and high temperature (HT) groups. However, there was no difference in plasma UI and UII during thermal stress. In CNSS, CRH, UI, and UII mRNA levels were all significantly elevated in response to acute hypothermal stress and recovered back to the control (normal) level after 8 days of adaptation. During hyperthermal challenge, gene expression of CRH and UI only significantly increased after 8-days of transfer but no change in UII was observed. We also demonstrated an increasing percent of UI-positive Dahlgren cells in the CNSS of 8-days hyperthermal stressed fish. However, no BrdU-labeled Dahlgren cells were found among the three treatment groups. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the CNSS is subjected to dynamic responses under thermal stress and expands upon the role of the CNSS in thermoregulation. The dynamic responses of hormone levels and the gene expression of CRH, UI and UII in CNSS are all involved in the process of hyper- or hypo-thermal stress and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Yuan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Long
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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23
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Michalec OM, Chang BSW, Lovejoy NR, Lovejoy DA. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor: An Ancient Peptide Family Related to the Secretin Peptide Superfamily. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:529. [PMID: 32973673 PMCID: PMC7481443 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the hypothalamic releasing peptide that regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/inter-renal (HPA/I) axis in vertebrates. Over the last 25 years, there has been considerable discussion on its paralogs genes, urotensin-I/urocortin-1, and urocortins-2 and-3 and their subsequent role in the vertebrate stress response. Phylogenetically, the CRF family of peptides also belong to the diverse assemblage of Secretin- and Calcitonin-based peptides as evidenced by comparative-based studies of both their ligand and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures. Despite this, the common origin of this large assemblage of peptides has not been ascertained. An unusual peptide, teneurin-C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP), reported in 2004, comprises the distal extracellular tip of the teneurin transmembrane proteins. Further studies indicated that this teneurin region binds to the latrophilin family of GPCRs. Initially thought to be a member of the Secretin GPCR family, evidence indicates that the latrophilins are a member of the Adhesion family of GPCRs and are related to the common ancestor of both Adhesion and Secretin GPCR families. In this study, we posit that TCAP may be a distantly related ancestor of the CRF-Calcitonin-Secretin peptide family and evolved near the base of metazoan phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola M Michalec
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto - St. George Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Belinda S W Chang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto - St. George Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan R Lovejoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto - St. George Campus, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Vélez EJ, Unniappan S. A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:614981. [PMID: 33708174 PMCID: PMC7940767 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.614981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in vertebrates. The dysregulation of the pituitary GH and hepatic insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) affects many cellular processes associated with growth promotion, including protein synthesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, leading to growth disorders. The metabolic and growth effects of GH have interesting applications in different fields, including the livestock industry and aquaculture. The latest discoveries on new regulators of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion deserve our attention. These novel regulators include the stimulators adropin, klotho, and the fibroblast growth factors, as well as the inhibitors, nucleobindin-encoded peptides (nesfatin-1 and nesfatin-1-like peptide) and irisin. This review aims for a comparative analysis of our current understanding of the endocrine regulation of GH from the pituitary of vertebrates. In addition, we will consider useful pharmacological molecules (i.e. stimulators and inhibitors of the GH signaling pathways) that are important in studying GH and somatotroph biology. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview and update on GH regulators in 2020. While an extensive review of each of the GH regulators and an in-depth analysis of specifics are beyond its scope, we have compiled information on the main endogenous and pharmacological regulators to facilitate an easy access. Overall, this review aims to serve as a resource on GH endocrinology for a beginner to intermediate level knowledge seeker on this topic.
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Zhou H, Ge C, Chen A, Lu W. Dynamic Expression and Regulation of Urotensin I and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors in Ovary of Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1045. [PMID: 31456701 PMCID: PMC6700326 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urotensin I (UI), a fish corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) like peptide, has been found throughout vertebrate species that has great effects on adaptive physiology comprising stress-related responses, and osmotic regulation by binding with CRH type I receptor (CRHR1) and CRH type II receptor (CRHR2) in fish. Dynamic expression and regulation of UI and CRH receptors in the olive flounder ovarian follicle were studied so as to make further efforts to understand the role of UI in the development of teleost ovary. The results showed that stage-specific change in UI mRNA levels in ovarian follicles of olive flounder. UI and CRHR1 mRNA levels were higher in stage III follicles (300∼500 μm diameter) compared to stage II (90∼300 μm diameter) and IV (500∼800 μm diameter) follicles, however, the levels of CRHR2 mRNA were decreased in line with the ovarian development from stage II to stage IV. A strong signal of UI protein was observed in the follicular cells and oocyte in stage III and IV follicles by immunohistochemistry. In vitro treatment of olive flounder ovarian follicles with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) showed that the mRNA expression of UI increased significantly at low concentration and decreased at high concentration at 6 h, but the CRHR1 and CRHR2 mRNA did not change obviously. In addition, the results of incubation with 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-oregnen-3-one (DHP) show that UI and CRHR1 mRNA expression were elevated with increasing concentrations at 9 h. All above results indicated that UI and CRH receptors may have a vital effect on olive flounder ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Ge
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aqin Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqun Lu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Nitric Oxide and the Neuroendocrine Control of the Osmotic Stress Response in Teleosts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030489. [PMID: 30678131 PMCID: PMC6386840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of teleost osmoresponsive circuits is suggested by the facts that NO synthase enzymes are expressed in the neurosecretory systems and may be regulated by osmotic stimuli. The present paper is an overview on the research suggesting a role for NO in the central modulation of hormone release in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial and the caudal neurosecretory systems of teleosts during the osmotic stress response. Active NOS enzymes are constitutively expressed by the magnocellular and parvocellular hypophysiotropic neurons and the caudal neurosecretory neurons of teleosts. Moreover, their expression may be regulated in response to the osmotic challenge. Available data suggests that the regulatory role of NO appeared early during vertebrate phylogeny and the neuroendocrine modulation by NO is conservative. Nonetheless, NO seems to have opposite effects in fish compared to mammals. Indeed, NO exerts excitatory effects on the electrical activity of the caudal neurosecretory neurons, influencing the amount of peptides released from the urophysis, while it inhibits hormone release from the magnocellular neurons in mammals.
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Do urocortins have a role in treating cardiovascular disease? Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:279-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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28
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Wilson LC, Goodson JL, Kingsbury MA. Neural responses to familiar conspecifics are modulated by a nonapeptide receptor in a winter flocking sparrow. Physiol Behav 2018; 196:165-175. [PMID: 30196086 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The social behavior network, a collection of reciprocally connected areas within the basal forebrain and midbrain, plays a conserved role in the regulation of vertebrate social behavior. Specific behaviors are associated with patterns of activity across the network, and these activity profiles vary with species and context. We investigated how the social behavior network responds to familiar social stimuli in a seasonally flocking songbird. Further, we explored how socially-induced neural responses are modulated by endogenous nonapeptide receptor blockade. Winter flocking dark-eyed juncos were exposed to either familiar conspecifics or a familiar empty aviary following a peripheral injection of either saline or [desGly-NH2,d(CH2)5, Tyr(Me)2,Thr4]-ornithine vasotocin, an VT3 receptor antagonist. Socially-exposed animals exhibited greater Fos induction across the social behavior network. Sex and drug effects were site-specific, with females tending to exhibit greater Fos responses to social stimuli and a greater sensitivity to VT3 antagonism. We suggest that in flocking animals, VT3 activation during social interaction may shift the pattern of neural activity towards the dorsocaudal lateral septum and rostral arcopallium and away from the extended amygdala, anterior and ventromedial hypothalamus, and the caudal ventral/ventrolateral lateral septum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Wilson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - James L Goodson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Marcy A Kingsbury
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Lovejoy DA, Michalec OM, Hogg DW, Wosnick DI. Role of elasmobranchs and holocephalans in understanding peptide evolution in the vertebrates: Lessons learned from gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) phylogenies. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 264:78-83. [PMID: 28935583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cartilaginous fishes (Class Chondrichthyes) comprise two morphologically distinct subclasses; Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. Evidence indicates early divergence of these subclasses, suggesting monophyly of their lineage. However, such a phylogenetic understanding is not yet developed within two highly conserved peptide lineages, GnRH and CRF. Various GnRH forms exist across the Chondrichthyes. Although 4-7 immunoreactive forms have been described in Elasmobranchii, only one has been elucidated in Holocephali. In contrast, Chondrichthyan CRF phylogeny follows a pattern more consistent with vertebrate evolution. For example, three forms are expressed within the lamprey, with similar peptides present within the genome of the Callorhinchus milii, a holocephalan. Although these findings are consistent with recent evidence regarding the phylogenetic age of Chondrichthyan lineages, CRF evolution in vertebrates remains elusive. Assuming that the Elasmobranchii and Holocephali are part of a monocladistic clade within the Chondrichthyes, we interpret the findings of GnRH and CRF to be products of their respective lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ola M Michalec
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W Hogg
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David I Wosnick
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Yaribeygi H, Sahraei H. Physiological/Neurophysiological Mechanisms Involved in the Formation of Stress Responses. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Williams TA, Bergstrome JC, Scott J, Bernier NJ. CRF and urocortin 3 protect the heart from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in zebrafish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R91-R100. [PMID: 28539353 PMCID: PMC5582954 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00045.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish routinely experience environmental hypoxia and have evolved various strategies to tolerate this challenge. Given the key role of the CRF system in coordinating the response to stressors and its cardioprotective actions against ischemia in mammals, we sought to characterize the cardiac CRF system in zebrafish and its role in hypoxia tolerance. We established that all genes of the CRF system, the ligands CRFa, CRFb, urotensin 1 (UTS1), and urocortin 3 (UCN3); the two receptor subtypes (CRFR1 and CRFR2); and the binding protein (CRFBP) are expressed in the heart of zebrafish: crfr1 > crfr2 = crfbp > crfa > ucn3 > crfb > uts1 In vivo, exposure to 5% O2 saturation for 15 min and 90 min of recovery resulted in four- to five-fold increases in whole heart crfb and ucn3 mRNA levels but did not affect the gene expression of other CRF system components. In vitro, as assessed by monitoring caspase 3 activity and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells, pretreatment of excised whole hearts with CRF or UCN3 for 30 min prevented the increase in apoptosis associated with exposure to 1% O2 saturation for 30 min with a 24-h recovery. Lastly, the addition of the nonselective CRF receptor antagonist αh-CRF(9-41) prevented the cytoprotective effects of CRF. We show that the CRF system is expressed in fish heart, is upregulated by hypoxia, and is cytoprotective. These findings identify a novel role for the CRF system in fish and a new strategy to tolerate hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan A Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jillian C Bergstrome
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juliana Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Lawrence KM, Jones RC, Jackson TR, Baylie RL, Abbott B, Bruhn-Olszewska B, Board TN, Locke IC, Richardson SM, Townsend PA. Chondroprotection by urocortin involves blockade of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5147. [PMID: 28698554 PMCID: PMC5505992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterised by progressive destruction of articular cartilage and chondrocyte cell death. Here, we show the expression of the endogenous peptide urocortin1 (Ucn1) and two receptor subtypes, CRF-R1 and CRF-R2, in primary human articular chondrocytes (AC) and demonstrate its role as an autocrine/paracrine pro-survival factor. This effect could only be removed using the CRF-R1 selective antagonist CP-154526, suggesting Ucn1 acts through CRF-R1 when promoting chondrocyte survival. This cell death was characterised by an increase in p53 expression, and cleavage of caspase 9 and 3. Antagonism of CRF-R1 with CP-154526 caused an accumulation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) over time and cell death. These effects could be prevented with the non-selective cation channel blocker Gadolinium (Gd3+). Therefore, opening of a non-selective cation channel causes cell death and Ucn1 maintains this channel in a closed conformation. This channel was identified to be the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1. We go on to determine that this channel inhibition by Ucn1 is mediated initially by an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and a subsequent inactivation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), whose metabolites are known to modulate ion channels. Knowledge of these novel pathways may present opportunities for interventions that could abrogate the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Lawrence
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - R C Jones
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - T R Jackson
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - R L Baylie
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
| | - B Abbott
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - B Bruhn-Olszewska
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
| | - T N Board
- The Center for Hip Surgery, Wrightington Hospital, Wigan, WN6 9EP, UK
| | - I C Locke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - S M Richardson
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Tissue Injury and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - P A Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK
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Sotiriou I, Chalkiadaki K, Nikolaidis C, Sidiropoulou K, Chatzaki E. Pharmacotherapy in smoking cessation: Corticotropin Releasing Factor receptors as emerging intervention targets. Neuropeptides 2017; 63:49-57. [PMID: 28222901 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smoking represents perhaps the single most important health risk factor and a global contributor to mortality that can unquestionably be prevented. Smoking is responsible for many diseases, including various types of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and peptic ulcer, while it adversely affects fetal formation and development. Since smoking habit duration is a critical factor for mortality, the goal of treatment should be its timely cessation and relapse prevention. Drug intervention therapy is an important ally in smoking cessation. Significant positive steps have been achieved in the last few years in the development of supportive compounds. In the present review, we analyze reports studying the role of Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF), the principle neuroendocrine mediator of the stress response and its two receptors (CRF1 and CRF2) in the withdrawal phase as well as in the abstinence from nicotine use. Although still in pre-clinical evaluation, therapeutic implications of these data were investigated in order to highlight potential pharmaceutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sotiriou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | | | - Christos Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | | | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece.
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D'Aquila AL, Hsieh AHR, Hsieh AHM, De Almeida R, Lovejoy SR, Lovejoy DA. Expression and actions of corticotropin-releasing factor/diuretic hormone-like peptide (CDLP) and teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP) in the vase tunicate, Ciona intestinalis: Antagonism of the feeding response. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:105-115. [PMID: 27292788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP) is a neuropeptide that bears some structural similarity to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides. TCAP and CRF are both implicated in the regulation of stress-related behaviors, as established in rodent models. However, in vertebrates, both TCAP and CRF possess three additional paralogous forms making vertebrate models difficult to assess with respect to TCAP-CRF interaction. As a urochordate, this species possesses single homologs of TCAP and of a CRF/Diuretic-like peptide (CDLP) in the genome, thereby establishing Ciona intestinalis as an excellent model organism to examine the interaction of these peptide systems. However, the lack of C. intestinalis synthetic peptides and specific antisera has complicated experimentation. We, therefore, prepared synthetic versions of CDLP and TCAP to prepare specific antisera and to investigate their bioactivity in this species. To analyze stress-related behaviors, a novel behavioral assay was used to characterize different types of contraction-based behaviors, using buccal opening contractions, cloacal opening contractions, lateral contractions, longitudinal contractions and expulsions. Protein and mRNA expression data indicate that the mature versions of both peptides are present in a number of tissues. With respect to behavioral activity, both TCAP- and CDLP-treated animals had distinct contraction profiles under ambient conditions. Moreover, food stimulation tests revealed that whereas CDLP-treated animals displayed a strong expulsion behavior in response to feeding, TCAP-treated animals did not show this effect. These actions are consistent with previous studies done in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L D'Aquila
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Hwa-Ruey Hsieh
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Hwa-Ming Hsieh
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reuben De Almeida
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabine R Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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35
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Semmens DC, Mirabeau O, Moghul I, Pancholi MR, Wurm Y, Elphick MR. Transcriptomic identification of starfish neuropeptide precursors yields new insights into neuropeptide evolution. Open Biol 2016; 6:150224. [PMID: 26865025 PMCID: PMC4772807 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are evolutionarily ancient mediators of neuronal signalling in nervous systems. With recent advances in genomics/transcriptomics, an increasingly wide range of species has become accessible for molecular analysis. The deuterostomian invertebrates are of particular interest in this regard because they occupy an ‘intermediate' position in animal phylogeny, bridging the gap between the well-studied model protostomian invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans) and the vertebrates. Here we have identified 40 neuropeptide precursors in the starfish Asterias rubens, a deuterostomian invertebrate from the phylum Echinodermata. Importantly, these include kisspeptin-type and melanin-concentrating hormone-type precursors, which are the first to be discovered in a non-chordate species. Starfish tachykinin-type, somatostatin-type, pigment-dispersing factor-type and corticotropin-releasing hormone-type precursors are the first to be discovered in the echinoderm/ambulacrarian clade of the animal kingdom. Other precursors identified include vasopressin/oxytocin-type, gonadotropin-releasing hormone-type, thyrotropin-releasing hormone-type, calcitonin-type, cholecystokinin/gastrin-type, orexin-type, luqin-type, pedal peptide/orcokinin-type, glycoprotein hormone-type, bursicon-type, relaxin-type and insulin-like growth factor-type precursors. This is the most comprehensive identification of neuropeptide precursor proteins in an echinoderm to date, yielding new insights into the evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems. Furthermore, these data provide a basis for experimental analysis of neuropeptide function in the unique context of the decentralized, pentaradial echinoderm bauplan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Semmens
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Institut Curie, Genetics and Biology of Cancers Unit, INSERM U830, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ismail Moghul
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Mahesh R Pancholi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Yannick Wurm
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maurice R Elphick
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
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36
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Wilson LC, Goodson JL, Kingsbury MA. Seasonal Variation in Group Size Is Related to Seasonal Variation in Neuropeptide Receptor Density. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2016; 88:111-126. [PMID: 27788503 DOI: 10.1159/000448372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In many species, seasonal variation in grouping behavior is widespread, with shifts towards territoriality in the breeding season and grouping in the winter. Compared to the hormonal and neural mechanisms of seasonal territorial aggression, the mechanisms that promote seasonal grouping have received little attention. We collected brains in spring and winter from wild-caught males of two species of emberizid sparrows that seasonally flock (the field sparrow, Spizella pusilla, and the dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis) and two species that do not seasonally flock (the song sparrow, Melospiza melodia, and the eastern towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus). We used receptor autoradiography to quantify seasonal plasticity in available binding sites for three neuropeptides known to influence social behavior. We examined binding sites for 125I-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), 125I-sauvagine (SG, a ligand for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors) and 125I-ornithine vasotocin analog (OVTA, a ligand for the VT3 nonapeptide). For all species and ligands, brain areas that exhibited a seasonal pattern in binding density were characterized by a winter increase. Compared to nonflocking species, seasonally flocking species showed different binding patterns in multiple brain areas. Furthermore, we found that winter flocking was associated with elevated winter 125I-VIP binding density in the medial amygdala, as well as 125I-VIP and 125I-OVTA binding density in the rostral arcopallium. While the functional significance of the avian rostral arcopallium is unclear, it may incorporate parts of the pallial amygdala. Our results point to this previously undescribed area as a likely hot spot of social modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Wilson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., USA
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Cardoso JCR, Bergqvist CA, Félix RC, Larhammar D. Corticotropin-releasing hormone family evolution: five ancestral genes remain in some lineages. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:73-86. [PMID: 27220618 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the peptide family consisting of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the three urocortins (UCN1-3) has been puzzling due to uneven evolutionary rates. Distinct gene duplication scenarios have been proposed in relation to the two basal rounds of vertebrate genome doubling (2R) and the teleost fish-specific genome doubling (3R). By analyses of sequences and chromosomal regions, including many neighboring gene families, we show here that the vertebrate progenitor had two peptide genes that served as the founders of separate subfamilies. Then, 2R resulted in a total of five members: one subfamily consists of CRH1, CRH2, and UCN1. The other subfamily contains UCN2 and UCN3. All five peptide genes are present in the slowly evolving genomes of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae (a lobe-finned fish), the spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus (a basal ray-finned fish), and the elephant shark Callorhinchus milii (a cartilaginous fish). The CRH2 gene has been lost independently in placental mammals and in teleost fish, but is present in birds (except chicken), anole lizard, and the nonplacental mammals platypus and opossum. Teleost 3R resulted in an additional surviving duplicate only for crh1 in some teleosts including zebrafish (crh1a and crh1b). We have previously reported that the two vertebrate CRH/UCN receptors arose in 2R and that CRHR1 was duplicated in 3R. Thus, we can now conclude that this peptide-receptor system was quite complex in the ancestor of the jawed vertebrates with five CRH/UCN peptides and two receptors, and that crh and crhr1 were duplicated in the teleost fish tetraploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative BiologyCentre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Christina A Bergqvist
- Department of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rute C Félix
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative BiologyCentre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Dan Larhammar
- Department of NeuroscienceScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Strand MR, Brown MR, Vogel KJ. Mosquito Peptide Hormones: Diversity, Production, and Function. ADVANCES IN INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 51:145-188. [PMID: 30662099 PMCID: PMC6338476 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiip.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes, like other insects, produce a diversity of peptide hormones that are processed from different precursor proteins and have a range of activities. Early studies relied on purification of bioactive peptides for hormone identification, but more recently genomic data have provided the information needed to more comprehensively identify peptide hormone genes and associated receptors. The first part of this chapter summarizes the known or predicted peptide hormones that are produced by mosquitoes. The second part of this chapter discusses the sources of these molecules and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Strand
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - M R Brown
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - K J Vogel
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Huang HY, Chiu TL, Chang HF, Hsu HR, Pang CY, Liew HK, Wang MJ. Epigenetic regulation contributes to urocortin-enhanced midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1601-17. [PMID: 25641682 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons requires precise extrinsic inductive signals and intrinsic transcriptional cascade at a specific time point in development. Urocortin (UCN) is a peptide of the corticotropin-releasing hormone family that mediates various responses to stress. UCN was first cloned from adult rat midbrain. However, the contribution of UCN to the development of mDA neurons is poorly understood. Here, we show that UCN is endogenously expressed in the developing ventral midbrain (VM) and its receptors are exhibited in Nurr1(+) postmitotic mDA precursors and TH(+) neurons, suggesting possible roles in regulating their terminal differentiation. UCN treatment increased DA cell numbers in rat VM precursor cultures by promoting the conversion of Nurr1(+) precursors into DA neurons. Furthermore, neutralization of secreted UCN with anti-UCN antibody resulted in a reduction in the number of DA neurons. UCN induced an abundance of acetylated histone H3 and enhanced late DA regulator Nurr1, Foxa2, and Pitx3 expressions. Using pharmacological and RNA interference approaches, we further demonstrated that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and late transcriptional factors upregulation contribute to UCN-mediated DA neuron differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that UCN promoted histone acetylation of chromatin surrounding the TH promoter by directly inhibiting HDAC and releasing of methyl CpG binding protein 2-CoREST-HDAC1 repressor complex from the promoter, ultimately leading to an increase in Nurr1/coactivators-mediated transcription of TH gene. Moreover, UCN treatment in vivo also resulted in increased DA neuron differentiation. These findings suggest that UCN might contribute to regulate late mDA neuron differentiation during VM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Woelfle R, D’Aquila AL, Lovejoy DA. Teneurins, TCAP, and latrophilins: roles in the etiology of mood disorders. Transl Neurosci 2016; 7:17-23. [PMID: 28123817 PMCID: PMC5017594 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2016-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders, including anxiety and depression, are thought to be characterized by disrupted neuronal synapses and altered brain plasticity. The etiology is complex, involving numerous regions of the brain, comprising a multitude of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems. Recently, new studies on the teneurins, an evolutionary ancient family of type II transmembrane proteins have been shown to interact with latrophilins (LPHN), a similarly phylogenetically old family of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) forming a transsynaptic adhesion and ligand-receptor pair. Each of the four teneurin proteins contains bioactive sequences termed the teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP-1-4), which possess a number of neuromodulatory effects. The primary structures of the TCAP are most closely similar to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides. CRF has been implicated in a number of diverse mood disorders. Via an association with dystroglycans, synthetic TCAP-1 administration to both embryonic and primary hippocampal cultures induces long-term changes in neuronal structure, specifically increased neurite outgrowth, dendritic branching, and axon growth. Rodent models treated with TCAP-1 show reduced anxiety responses in the elevated plus-maze, openfield test, and acoustic startle test and inhibited CRF-mediated cocaine-seeking behaviour. Thus the teneurin/TCAP-latrophilin interaction may play a major role in the origin, development and treatment of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Woelfle
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea L. D’Aquila
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David A. Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Chouridou E, Lambropoulou M, Koureta M, Zarouchlioti C, Balgouranidou I, Nena E, Papadopoulos N, Chatzaki E. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system localization in human fetal heart. Hormones (Athens) 2016; 15:54-64. [PMID: 30091054 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family consists of the neuropeptides CRF, Ucn I, II and III and the binding sites CRFR1, CRFR2 and CRF-BP. It regulates stress response and the homeostasis of an organism. In this study, we examined the presence of the CRF system in the human hearts of normal and pathological fetuses. DESIGN Heart tissues from 40 archival human fetuses were divided into Group A (without pathology, 'normal'), Group B (with chromosomal abnormalities) and Group C (with congenital disorders). Immunohistochemistry was used to localize the CRF system. Results correlated to gestational trimester and pathology. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for all antigens was found in cardiac myocytes of all groups, in almost all samples, except Ucn III which was present in almost half of the fetuses of Groups B and C and was not detected at all in Group A. Ucn III was more often present during the earlier stage of development (<21 weeks) and in fetuses with congenital disorders. In a fetus diagnosed with heart pathology, all but Ucn III antigens were also present. CONCLUSIONS We localized a complete CRF system in the human fetal heart and correlated the presence of Ucn III to development and pathology. More studies are needed to verify and clarify the exact role of the CRF system in the human fetal heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efterpi Chouridou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, P.C. 68100, Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Koureta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, P.C. 68100, Greece
| | - Christina Zarouchlioti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, P.C. 68100, Greece
| | - Ioanna Balgouranidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, P.C. 68100, Greece
| | - Evangelia Nena
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, P.C. 68100, Greece.
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Antón Palma B, Leff Gelman P, Medecigo Ríos M, Calva Nieves JC, Acevedo Ortuño R, Matus Ortega ME, Hernández Calderón JA, Hernández Miramontes R, Flores Zamora A, Salazar Juárez A. Generation of a novel monoclonal antibody that recognizes the alpha (α)-amidated isoform of a valine residue. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:65. [PMID: 26463686 PMCID: PMC4603347 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha (α)-amidation of peptides is a mechanism required for the conversion of prohormones into functional peptide sequences that display biological activities, receptor recognition and signal transduction on target cells. Alpha (α)-amidation occurs in almost all species and amino acids identified in nature. C-terminal valine amide neuropeptides constitute the smallest group of functional peptide compounds identified in neurosecretory structures in vertebrate and invertebrate species. Methods The α-amidated isoform of valine residue (Val-CONH2) was conjugated to KLH-protein carrier and used to immunize mice. Hyperimmune animals displaying high titers of valine amide antisera were used to generate stable hybridoma-secreting mAbs. Three productive hybridoma (P15A4, P17C11, and P18C5) were tested against peptides antigens containing both the C-terminal α-amidated (–CONH2) and free α-carboxylic acid (−COO−) isovariant of the valine residue. Results P18C5 mAb displayed the highest specificity and selectivity against C-terminal valine amidated peptide antigens in different immunoassays. P18C5 mAb-immunoreactivity exhibited a wide distribution along the neuroaxis of the rat brain, particularly in brain areas that did not cross-match with the neuronal distribution of known valine amide neuropeptides (α-MSH, adrenorphin, secretin, UCN1-2). These brain regions varied in the relative amount of putative novel valine amide peptide immunoreactive material (nmol/μg protein) estimated through a fmol-sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) raised for P18C5 mAb. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the versatility of a single mAb able to differentiate between two structural subdomains of a single amino acid. This mAb offers a wide spectrum of potential applications in research and medicine, whose uses may extend from a biological reagent (used to detect valine amidated peptide substances in fluids and tissues) to a detoxifying reagent (used to neutralize exogenous toxic amide peptide compounds) or as a specific immunoreagent in immunotherapy settings (used to reduce tumor growth and tumorigenesis) among many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Antón Palma
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Philippe Leff Gelman
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico. .,Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Perinatology, Montes Urales # 800, 11000, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Mayra Medecigo Ríos
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Calva Nieves
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Rodolfo Acevedo Ortuño
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Maura Epifanía Matus Ortega
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Jorge Alberto Hernández Calderón
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Ricardo Hernández Miramontes
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Anabel Flores Zamora
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alberto Salazar Juárez
- Molecular Neurobiology and Addictive Neurochemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada México-Xochimilco #101, 14370, México D.F., Mexico.
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Makarewich CA, Troupes CD, Schumacher SM, Gross P, Koch WJ, Crandall DL, Houser SR. Comparative effects of urocortins and stresscopin on cardiac myocyte contractility. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 86:179-86. [PMID: 26231084 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is a current need for the development of new therapies for patients with heart failure. OBJECTIVE We test the effects of members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides on myocyte contractility to validate them as potential heart failure therapeutics. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult feline left ventricular myocytes (AFMs) were isolated and contractility was assessed in the presence and absence of CRF peptides Urocortin 2 (UCN2), Urocortin 3 (UCN3), Stresscopin (SCP), and the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (Iso). An increase in fractional shortening and peak Ca(2+) transient amplitude was seen in the presence of all CRF peptides. A decrease in Ca(2+) decay rate (Tau) was also observed at all concentrations tested. cAMP generation was measured by ELISA in isolated AFMs in response to the CRF peptides and Iso and significant production was seen at all concentrations and time points tested. CONCLUSIONS The CRF family of peptides effectively increases cardiac contractility and should be evaluated as potential novel therapeutics for heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Makarewich
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Constantine D Troupes
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sarah M Schumacher
- Center for Translational Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Polina Gross
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - David L Crandall
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19044, USA
| | - Steven R Houser
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Dores RM, Garcia Y. Views on the co-evolution of the melanocortin-2 receptor, MRAPs, and the hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal-interrenal axis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 408:12-22. [PMID: 25573240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A critical regulatory component of the hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis (HPA) in mammals, reptiles and birds, and in the hypothalamus/pituitary/interrenal (HPI) axis of amphibians and teleosts (modern bony fishes) is the strict ligand selectivity of the melanocortin-2 receptor (MC2R). Tetrapod and teleost MC2R orthologs can only be activated by the anterior pituitary hormone, ACTH, but not by any of the MSH-sized ligands coded in POMC. In addition, both tetrapod and teleost MC2R orthologs require co-expression with the accessory protein, MRAP. However, the MC2R ortholog of the elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish, can be activated by either ACTH or the MSH-sized ligands, and the elephant shark MC2R ortholog does not require co-expression with an MRAP for activation. Given these observations, this review will provide a scenario for the co-evolution of MC2R and MRAP, based on the assumption that the obligate interaction between MC2R and MRAP evolved during the early radiation of the ancestral bony fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Dores
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA.
| | - Yesenia Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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Gorissen M, Manuel R, Pelgrim TNM, Mes W, de Wolf MJS, Zethof J, Flik G, van den Bos R. Differences in inhibitory avoidance, cortisol and brain gene expression in TL and AB zebrafish. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:428-38. [PMID: 25906812 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we established an inhibitory avoidance paradigm in Tupfel Long-Fin (TL) zebrafish. Here, we compared task performance of TL fish and fish from the AB strain; another widely used strain and shown to differ genetically and behaviourally from TL fish. Whole-body cortisol and telencephalic gene expression related to stress, anxiety and fear were measured before and 2 h post-task. Inhibitory avoidance was assessed in a 3-day paradigm: fish learn to avoid swimming from a white to a black compartment where a 3V-shock is given: day 1 (first shock), day 2 (second shock) and day 3 (no shock, sampling). Tupfel Long-Fin fish rapidly learned to avoid the black compartment and showed an increase in avoidance-related spatial behaviour in the white compartment across days. In contrast, AB fish showed no inhibitory avoidance learning. AB fish had higher basal cortisol levels and expression levels of stress-axis related genes than TL fish. Tupfel Long-Fin fish showed post-task learning-related changes in cortisol and gene expression levels, but these responses were not seen in AB fish. We conclude that AB fish show higher cortisol levels and no inhibitory avoidance than TL fish. The differential learning responses of these Danio strains may unmask genetically defined risks for stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gorissen
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R Manuel
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - T N M Pelgrim
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - W Mes
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M J S de Wolf
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Zethof
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - G Flik
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R van den Bos
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Gelman PL, Flores-Ramos M, López-Martínez M, Fuentes CC, Grajeda JPR. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function during perinatal depression. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:338-50. [PMID: 25732527 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an important pathological finding in pregnant women exhibiting major depressive disorder. They show high levels of cortisol pro-inflammatory cytokines, hypothalamic-pituitary peptide hormones and catecholamines, along with low dehydroepiandrosterone levels in plasma. During pregnancy, the TH2 balance together with the immune system and placental factors play crucial roles in the development of the fetal allograft to full term. These factors, when altered, may generate a persistent dysfunction of the HPA axis that may lead to an overt transfer of cortisol and toxicity to the fetus at the expense of reduced activity of placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Epigenetic modifications also may contribute to the dysregulation of the HPA axis. Affective disorders in pregnant women should be taken seriously, and therapies focused on preventing the deleterious effects of stressors should be implemented to promote the welfare of both mother and baby.
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Lawrence K, Jackson T, Jamieson D, Stevens A, Owens G, Sayan B, Locke I, Townsend P. Urocortin – From Parkinson's disease to the skeleton. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 60:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Rai S, Szeitz A, Roberts BW, Christie Q, Didier W, Eom J, Yun SS, Close DA. A putative corticosteroid hormone in Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 212:178-84. [PMID: 24971804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts have been put forth to elucidate the mechanisms of the stress response in vertebrates and demonstrate the conserved response across different vertebrate groups, ranging from similarities in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to the release and role of corticosteroids. There is however, still very little known about stress physiology in the Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus), descendants of the earliest vertebrate lineage, the agnathans. In this paper we demonstrate that 11-deoxycortisol, a steroid precursor to cortisol in the steroidogenic pathway, may be a functional corticosteroid in Pacific lamprey. We identified the putative hormone in Pacific lamprey plasma by employing an array of methods such as RIA, HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis. We demonstrated that plasma levels of 11-deoxycortisol significantly increased in Pacific lamprey 0.5 and 1 h after stress exposure and that lamprey corticotropin releasing hormone injections increased circulating levels of 11-deoxycortisol, suggesting that the stress response is under the control of the HPA/I axis as it is in higher vertebrates. A comprehensive understanding of vertebrate stress physiology may help shed light on the evolution of the corticosteroid signaling system within the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Rai
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - András Szeitz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brent W Roberts
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Quill Christie
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wesley Didier
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Junho Eom
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sang-Seon Yun
- Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - David A Close
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Kash TL, Pleil KE, Marcinkiewcz CA, Lowery-Gionta EG, Crowley N, Mazzone C, Sugam J, Hardaway JA, McElligott ZA. Neuropeptide regulation of signaling and behavior in the BNST. Mol Cells 2015; 38:1-13. [PMID: 25475545 PMCID: PMC4314126 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technical developments have transformed how neuroscientists can probe brain function. What was once thought to be difficult and perhaps impossible, stimulating a single set of long range inputs among many, is now relatively straight-forward using optogenetic approaches. This has provided an avalanche of data demonstrating causal roles for circuits in a variety of behaviors. However, despite the critical role that neuropeptide signaling plays in the regulation of behavior and physiology of the brain, there have been remarkably few studies demonstrating how peptide release is causally linked to behaviors. This is likely due to both the different time scale by which peptides act on and the modulatory nature of their actions. For example, while glutamate release can effectively transmit information between synapses in milliseconds, peptide release is potentially slower [See the excellent review by Van Den Pol on the time scales and mechanisms of release (van den Pol, 2012)] and it can only tune the existing signals via modulation. And while there have been some studies exploring mechanisms of release, it is still not as clearly known what is required for efficient peptide release. Furthermore, this analysis could be complicated by the fact that there are multiple peptides released, some of which may act in contrast. Despite these limitations, there are a number of groups making progress in this area. The goal of this review is to explore the role of peptide signaling in one specific structure, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, that has proven to be a fertile ground for peptide action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Kash
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Kristen E. Pleil
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Catherine A. Marcinkiewcz
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Emily G. Lowery-Gionta
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Nicole Crowley
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Christopher Mazzone
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Jonathan Sugam
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - J. Andrew Hardaway
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
| | - Zoe A. McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,
USA
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