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Yu Y, Chen R, Chen X, Wang J, Liu C. Regulating the bioactivity of non-glycosylated recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 to enhance bone regeneration. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:169-180. [PMID: 38711759 PMCID: PMC11070760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is the predominant growth factor that effectively induces osteogenic differentiation in orthopedic procedures. However, the bioactivity and stability of rhBMP-2 are intrinsically associated with its sequence, structure, and storage conditions. In this study, we successfully determined the amino acid sequence and protein secondary structure model of non-glycosylated rhBMP-2 expressed by an E. coli expression system through X-ray crystal structure analysis. Furthermore, we observed that acidic storage conditions enhanced the proliferative and osteoinductive activity of rhBMP-2. Although the osteogenic activity of non-glycosylated rhBMP-2 is relatively weaker compared to glycosylated rhBMP-2; however, this discrepancy can be mitigated by incorporating exogenous chaperone molecules. Overall, such information is crucial for rationalizing the design of stabilization methods and enhancing the bioactivity of rhBMP-2, which may also be applicable to other growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanman Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Xinye Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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2
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Nguyen TM, Wu PY, Chang CH, Huang LF. High-yield BMP2 expression in rice cells via CRISPR and endogenous αAmy3 promoter. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:206. [PMID: 38353738 PMCID: PMC10867061 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells serve as versatile platforms for the production of high-value recombinant proteins. This study explored the efficacy of utilizing an endogenous αAmy3 promoter for the expression of a bioactive pharmaceutical protein, specifically the mature region of human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (hBMP2m). Utilizing a refined CRISPR/Cas9-mediated intron-targeting insertion technique, which incorporates an artificial 3' splicing site upstream of the target gene, we achieved a transformation efficiency of 13.5% in rice calli that carried the rice-codon optimized mature region of hBMP2 cDNA (rhBMP2m) in the αAmy3 intron 1. Both homozygous and heterozygous rhBMP2m knock-in rice suspension cell lines were generated. These lines demonstrated the endogenous αAmy3 promoter regulated rhBMP2m mRNA and rhBMP2m recombinant protein expression, with strongly upregulation in respond to sugar depletion. The homozygous rhBMP2m knock-in cell line yielded an impressive 21.5 μg/mL of rhBMP2m recombinant protein, accounting for 1.03% of the total soluble protein. The high-yield expression was stably maintained across two generations, indicating the genetic stability of rhBMP2m gene knock-in at the αAmy3 intron 1 locus. Additionally, the rice cell-derived rhBMP2m proteins were found to be glycosylated, capable of dimer formation, and bioactive. Our results indicate that the endogenous rice αAmy3 promoter-signal peptide-based expression system is an effective strategy for producing bioactive pharmaceutical proteins. KEY POINTS: • The endogenous αAmy3 promoter-based expression system enhanced the yield of BMP2 • The increased yield of BMP2 accounted for 1.03% of the total rice-soluble proteins • The rice-produced BMP2 showed glycosylation modifications, dimer formation, and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yi Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hung Chang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Fen Huang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, 320, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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3
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Sundermann J, Sydow S, Burmeister L, Hoffmann A, Menzel H, Bunjes H. Spatially and Temporally Controllable BMP-2 and TGF-β 3 Double Release From Polycaprolactone Fiber Scaffolds via Chitosan-Based Polyelectrolyte Coatings. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:89-98. [PMID: 35622002 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Temporally and spatially controlled growth factor release from a polycaprolactone fiber mat, which also provides a matrix for directional cell colonization and infiltration, could be a promising regenerative approach for degenerated tendon-bone junctions. For this purpose, polycaprolactone fiber mats were coated with tailored chitosan-based nanogels to bind and release the growth factors bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3), respectively. In this work we provide meaningful in vitro data for the understanding of the drug delivery performance and sterilizability of novel implant prototypes in order to lay the foundation for in vivo testing. ELISA-based in vitro release studies were used to investigate the spatial and temporal control of release, as well as the influence of radiation sterilization on protein activity and release behavior. Layer-by-layer coatings based on BMP-2-containing chitosan tripolyphosphate nanogel particles and negatively charged alginate showed a good sustainment of BMP-2 release from chemically modified polycaprolactone fiber mats. Release control improved with increasing layer numbers. The approach of controlling the release via a barrier of cross-linked chitosan azide proved less promising. By using a simple, partial immersion-based dip-coating process, it was possible to apply opposing gradients of the growth factors BMP-2 and TGF-β3. Final radiation sterilization of the growth factor-loaded implant prototypes resulted in a radiation dose-correlated degradation of the growth factors, which could be prevented by lyophilization into protective matrices. For the manufacture of sterile implants, the growth factor loading step must probably be carried out under aseptic conditions. The layer-by-layer coated implant prototypes provided sustained release from opposing gradients of the growth factors BMP-2 and TGF-β3 and thus represent a promising approach for the restoration of tendon-bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Sundermann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraβe 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Sydow
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Technische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Burmeister
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graded Implants and Regenerative Strategies, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Niedersächsisches Zentrum für Biomedizintechnik, Implantatforschung und Entwicklung (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graded Implants and Regenerative Strategies, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Niedersächsisches Zentrum für Biomedizintechnik, Implantatforschung und Entwicklung (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Menzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Technische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straβe 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraβe 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straβe 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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On SW, Park SY, Yi SM, Park IY, Byun SH, Yang BE. Current Status of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in Maxillofacial Surgery: Should It Be Continued? Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1005. [PMID: 37760107 PMCID: PMC10525581 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) has shown potential in maxillofacial surgery owing to its osteoinductive properties. However, concerns about its safety and high cost have limited its widespread use. This review presents the status of rhBMP-2 use in maxillofacial surgery, focusing on its clinical application, efficacy, safety, and limitations. Studies have demonstrated rhBMP-2's potential to reduce donor site morbidity and increase bone height in sinus and ridge augmentation; however, it may not outperform autogenous bone grafts. In medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw treatment, rhBMP-2 has been applied adjunctively with promising results, although its long-term safety requires further investigation. However, in maxillofacial trauma, its application is limited to the restoration of large defects. Safety concerns include postoperative edema and the theoretical risk of carcinogenesis. Although postoperative edema is manageable, the link between rhBMP-2 and cancer remains unclear. The limitations include the lack of an ideal carrier, the high cost of rhBMP-2, and the absence of an optimal dosing regimen. In conclusion, rhBMP-2 is a promising graft material for maxillofacial surgery. However, it has not yet become the gold standard owing to safety and cost concerns. Further research is required to establish long-term safety, optimize dosing, and develop better carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woon On
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduated School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (I.-Y.P.); (S.-H.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Park
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduated School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (I.-Y.P.); (S.-H.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Yi
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduated School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (I.-Y.P.); (S.-H.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Park
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduated School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (I.-Y.P.); (S.-H.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthodontics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Byun
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduated School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (I.-Y.P.); (S.-H.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Eun Yang
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Dentistry, Graduated School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.P.); (S.-M.Y.); (I.-Y.P.); (S.-H.B.)
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Dental Artificial Intelligence and Robotics R&D Center, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
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5
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Kim J, Kim YM, Song SC. One-Step Preparation of an Injectable Hydrogel Scaffold System Capable of Sequential Dual-Growth Factor Release to Maximize Bone Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202401. [PMID: 36453668 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Numerous growth factors are involved in the natural bone healing process, which is precisely controlled in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Mimicking the secretion pattern of growth factors could be an effective means to maximize the bone regeneration effect. However, achieving the sequential delivery of various growth factors without the use of multiple materials or complex scaffold designs is challenging. Herein, an injectable poly(organophosphazene) hydrogel scaffold (IPS) encapsulating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and TGFβ-1 (IPS_BT) is studied to mimic the sequential secretion of growth factors involved in natural bone healing. The IPS_BT system is designed to release TGFβ-1 slowly while retaining BMP-2 for a longer period of time. When IPS_BT is injected in vivo, the hydrogel is replaced by bone tissue. In addition, angiogenic (CD31 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)) and stemness (Nanog and SOX2) markers are highly upregulated in the early stages of bone regeneration. The IPS system developed here has promising applications in tissue engineering because 1) various amounts of the growth factors can be loaded in one step, 2) the release pattern of each growth factor can be controlled via differences in their molecular interactions, and 3) the injected IPS can be degraded and replaced with regenerated bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Chang Song
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.,Nexgel Biotech, Co., Ltd., Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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6
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Manissorn J, Tonsomboon K, Wangkanont K, Thongnuek P. Effects of Chemical Additives in Refolding Buffer on Recombinant Human BMP-2 Dimerization and the Bioactivity on SaOS-2 Osteoblasts. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2065-2076. [PMID: 36687022 PMCID: PMC9850730 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is a promising osteogenic agent in tissue engineering. BMP-2 is usually expressed in Escherichia coli owing to the high yield and low cost, but the protein is expressed as inclusion bodies. Thus, the bottleneck for BMP-2 production in E. coli is the refolding process. Here, we explored the effects of the refolding buffer composition on BMP-2 refolding. The BMP-2 inclusion body was solubilized in urea and subjected to refolding by the dilution method. Various additives were investigated to improve the BMP-2 refolding yield. Nonreducing SDS-PAGE showed that BMP-2 dimers, the presumably biologically active form, were detected at approximately 25 kDa. The highest yield of the BMP-2 dimers was observed in the refolding buffer that contained ionic detergents (sarkosyl and cetylpyridinium chloride) followed by zwitterionic and nonionic detergents (NDSB-195, NP-40, and Tween 80). In addition, sugars (glucose, sorbitol, and sucrose) in combination with anionic detergents (sodium dodecyl sulfate and sarkosyl) reduced BMP-2 oligomers and increased the BMP-2 dimer yield. Subsequently, the refolded BMP-2s were tested for their bioactivity using the alkaline phosphatase assay in osteogenic cells (SaOS-2), as well as the luciferase reporter assay and the calcium assays. The refolded BMP-2 showed the activities in the calcium deposition assay and the luciferase reporter assay but not in the alkaline phosphatase activity assay or the intracellular calcium assay even though the dimers were clearly detected. Therefore, the detection of the disulfide-linked dimeric BMP-2 in nonreducing SDS-PAGE is an inadequate proxy for the bioactivity of BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthatip Manissorn
- Biomedical
Engineering Research Center (BMERC), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomaterial
Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit (BEMHRU), Faculty
of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Khaow Tonsomboon
- National
Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency
(NSTDA), Klong
Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center
of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, and Molecular
Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Thongnuek
- Biomedical
Engineering Research Center (BMERC), Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomaterial
Engineering for Medical and Health Research Unit (BEMHRU), Faculty
of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Biomedical
Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Robert C, Kerff F, Bouillenne F, Gavage M, Vandevenne M, Filée P, Matagne A. Structural analysis of the interaction between human cytokine BMP-2 and the antagonist Noggin reveals molecular details of cell chondrogenesis inhibition. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102892. [PMID: 36642181 PMCID: PMC9929448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted cytokines belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. New therapeutic approaches based on BMP activity, particularly for cartilage and bone repair, have sparked considerable interest; however, a lack of understanding of their interaction pathways and the side effects associated with their use as biopharmaceuticals have dampened initial enthusiasm. Here, we used BMP-2 as a model system to gain further insight into both the relationship between structure and function in BMPs and the principles that govern affinity for their cognate antagonist Noggin. We produced BMP-2 and Noggin as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and developed simple and efficient protocols for preparing pure and homogeneous (in terms of size distribution) solutions of the native dimeric forms of the two proteins. The identity and integrity of the proteins were confirmed using mass spectrometry. Additionally, several in vitro cell-based assays, including enzymatic measurements, RT-qPCR, and matrix staining, demonstrated their biological activity during cell chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation. Furthermore, we characterized the simple 1:1 noncovalent interaction between the two ligands (KDca. 0.4 nM) using bio-layer interferometry and solved the crystal structure of the complex using X-ray diffraction methods. We identified the residues and binding forces involved in the interaction between the two proteins. Finally, results obtained with the BMP-2 N102D mutant suggest that Noggin is remarkably flexible and able to accommodate major structural changes at the BMP-2 level. Altogether, our findings provide insights into BMP-2 activity and reveal the molecular details of its interaction with Noggin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charly Robert
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Kerff
- Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,Biological Macromolecule Crystallography, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bouillenne
- Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maxime Gavage
- Analytical Laboratory, CER Groupe, rue du Point du Jour, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Marylène Vandevenne
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium,Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrice Filée
- Laboratory of immuno-biology, CER Groupe, Novalis Science Park, Aye, Belgium
| | - André Matagne
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Protein Folding, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Centre for Protein Engineering, InBioS Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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8
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Arias-Betancur A, Badilla-Wenzel N, Astete-Sanhueza Á, Farfán-Beltrán N, Dias FJ. Carrier systems for bone morphogenetic proteins: An overview of biomaterials used for dentoalveolar and maxillofacial bone regeneration. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:316-327. [PMID: 36281233 PMCID: PMC9587372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of biomaterials have been used to fabricate carriers to deliver bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in both dentoalveolar and maxillofacial bone regeneration procedures. Despite that absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) is considered the gold standard for BMP delivery, there is still some concerns regarding its use mainly due to its poor mechanical properties. To overcome this, novel systems are being developed, however, due to the wide variety of biomaterial combination, the heterogeneous assessment of newly formed tissue, and the intended clinical applications, there is still no consensus regarding which is more efficient in a particular clinical scenario. The combination of two or more biomaterials in different topological configurations has allowed specific controlled-release patterns for BMPs, improving their biological and mechanical properties compared with classical single-material carriers. However, more basic research is needed. Since the BMPs can be used in multiple clinical scenarios having different biological and mechanical needs, novel carriers should be developed in a context-specific manner. Thus, the purpose of this review is to gather current knowledge about biomaterials used to fabricate delivery systems for BMPs in both dentoalveolar and maxillofacial contexts. Aspects related with the biological, physical and mechanical characteristics of each biomaterial are also presented and discussed. Strategies for bone formation and regeneration are a major concern in dentistry. Topical delivery of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) allows rapid bone formation. BMPs requires proper carrier system to allow controlled and sustained release. Carrier should also fulfill mechanical requirements of bone defect sites. By using complex composites, it would be possible to develop new carriers for BMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Arias-Betancur
- Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Nicolás Badilla-Wenzel
- Dental School-Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Álvaro Astete-Sanhueza
- Dental School-Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Nicole Farfán-Beltrán
- Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Research Centre for Dental Sciences (CICO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.,Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Fernando José Dias
- Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Centre (CIBO-UFRO), Dental School-Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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9
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BMP Signaling Pathway in Dentin Development and Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142216. [PMID: 35883659 PMCID: PMC9317121 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways. The interaction of BMPs with their receptors leads to the formation of complexes and the transduction of signals to the canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, BMP ligands, receptors, and Smads) and the non-canonical Smad signaling pathway (for example, MAPKs, p38, Erk, JNK, and PI3K/Akt) to regulate dental mesenchymal stem cell/progenitor proliferation and differentiation during dentin development and homeostasis. Both the canonical Smad and non-canonical Smad signaling pathways converge at transcription factors, such as Dlx3, Osx, Runx2, and others, to promote the differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal cells into odontoblasts and downregulated gene expressions, such as those of DSPP and DMP1. Dysregulated BMP signaling causes a number of tooth disorders in humans. Mutation or knockout of BMP signaling-associated genes in mice results in dentin defects which enable a better understanding of the BMP signaling networks underlying odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of BMP signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. It includes discussion of the expression of BMPs, their receptors, and the implicated downstream genes during dentinogenesis. In addition, the structures of BMPs, BMP receptors, antagonists, and dysregulation of BMP signaling pathways associated with dentin defects are described.
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10
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Tilkin RG, Mahy JG, Monteiro AP, Belet A, Feijóo J, Laird M, Carcel C, Régibeau N, Goderis B, Grandfils C, Wong Chi Man M, Lambert SD. Protein encapsulation in mesoporous silica: Influence of the mesostructured and pore wall properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Bordukalo-Nikšić T, Kufner V, Vukičević S. The Role Of BMPs in the Regulation of Osteoclasts Resorption and Bone Remodeling: From Experimental Models to Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:869422. [PMID: 35558080 PMCID: PMC9086899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.869422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to mechanical forces and the aging process, bone in the adult skeleton is continuously remodeled by a process in which old and damaged bone is removed by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and subsequently is replaced by new bone by bone-forming cells, osteoblasts. During this essential process of bone remodeling, osteoclastic resorption is tightly coupled to osteoblastic bone formation. Bone-resorbing cells, multinuclear giant osteoclasts, derive from the monocyte/macrophage hematopoietic lineage and their differentiation is driven by distinct signaling molecules and transcription factors. Critical factors for this process are Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) and Receptor Activator Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand (RANKL). Besides their resorption activity, osteoclasts secrete coupling factors which promote recruitment of osteoblast precursors to the bone surface, regulating thus the whole process of bone remodeling. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of multi-functional growth factors involved in numerous molecular and signaling pathways, have significant role in osteoblast-osteoclast communication and significantly impact bone remodeling. It is well known that BMPs help to maintain healthy bone by stimulating osteoblast mineralization, differentiation and survival. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that BMPs not only help in the anabolic part of bone remodeling process but also significantly influence bone catabolism. The deletion of the BMP receptor type 1A (BMPRIA) in osteoclasts increased osteoblastic bone formation, suggesting that BMPR1A signaling in osteoclasts regulates coupling to osteoblasts by reducing bone-formation activity during bone remodeling. The dual effect of BMPs on bone mineralization and resorption highlights the essential role of BMP signaling in bone homeostasis and they also appear to be involved in pathological processes in inflammatory disorders affecting bones and joints. Certain BMPs (BMP2 and -7) were approved for clinical use; however, increased bone resorption rather than formation were observed in clinical applications, suggesting the role BMPs have in osteoclast activation and subsequent osteolysis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of BMP signaling in osteoclasts, its role in osteoclast resorption, bone remodeling, and osteoblast–osteoclast coupling. Furthermore, discussion of clinical application of recombinant BMP therapy is based on recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Bordukalo-Nikšić
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Kufner
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slobodan Vukičević
- Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Gélébart P, Cuenot S, Sinquin C, Halgand B, Sourice S, Le Visage C, Guicheux J, Colliec-Jouault S, Zykwinska A. Microgels based on Infernan, a glycosaminoglycan-mimetic bacterial exopolysaccharide, as BMP-2 delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Yan Y, Wang Q. BMP Signaling: Lighting up the Way for Embryonic Dorsoventral Patterning. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:799772. [PMID: 35036406 PMCID: PMC8753366 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.799772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most significant events during early embryonic development is the establishment of a basic embryonic body plan, which is defined by anteroposterior, dorsoventral (DV), and left-right axes. It is well-known that the morphogen gradient created by BMP signaling activity is crucial for DV axis patterning across a diverse set of vertebrates. The regulation of BMP signaling during DV patterning has been strongly conserved across evolution. This is a remarkable regulatory and evolutionary feat, as the BMP gradient has been maintained despite the tremendous variation in embryonic size and shape across species. Interestingly, the embryonic DV axis exhibits robust stability, even in face of variations in BMP signaling. Multiple lines of genetic, molecular, and embryological evidence have suggested that numerous BMP signaling components and their attendant regulators act in concert to shape the developing DV axis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the function and regulation of BMP signaling in DV patterning. Throughout, we focus specifically on popular model animals, such as Xenopus and zebrafish, highlighting the similarities and differences of the regulatory networks between species. We also review recent advances regarding the molecular nature of DV patterning, including the initiation of the DV axis, the formation of the BMP gradient, and the regulatory molecular mechanisms behind BMP signaling during the establishment of the DV axis. Collectively, this review will help clarify our current understanding of the molecular nature of DV axis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Yan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Oliveira JE, Suzuki MF, Damiani R, Lima ER, Amaral KC, Santos AMS, Magalhães GS, Faverani LP, Pereira LAVD, Bartolini P. Synthesis of Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (hBMP-2) in E. coli Periplasmic Space: Its Characterization and Preclinical Testing. Cells 2021; 10:3525. [PMID: 34944033 PMCID: PMC8699916 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human BMP-2, a homodimeric protein that belongs to the TGF- β family, is a recognized osteoinductor due to its capacity of inducing bone regeneration and ectopic bone formation. The administration of its recombinant form is an alternative to autologous bone grafting. A variety of E. coli-derived hBMP-2 has been synthesized through refolding of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The present work reports the synthesis, purification, and characterization of periplasmic hBMP-2, obtained directly in its correctly folded and authentic form, i.e., without the initial methionine typical of the cytoplasmic product that can induce undesired immunoreactivity. A bacterial expression vector was constructed including the DsbA signal peptide and the cDNA of hBMP-2. The periplasmic fluid was extracted by osmotic shock and analyzed via SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The purification was carried out by heparin affinity chromatography, followed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). HPSEC was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the final product, which showed >95% purity. The classical in vitro bioassay based on the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in myoblastic murine C2C12 cells and the in vivo bioassay consisting of treating calvarial critical-size defects in rats confirmed its bioactivity, which matched the analogous literature data for hBMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- João E. Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN–CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (J.E.O.); (M.F.S.); (K.C.A.)
| | - Miriam F. Suzuki
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN–CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (J.E.O.); (M.F.S.); (K.C.A.)
| | - Renata Damiani
- Biosintesis P & D, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (R.D.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Eliana R. Lima
- Biosintesis P & D, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (R.D.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Kleicy C. Amaral
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN–CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (J.E.O.); (M.F.S.); (K.C.A.)
| | - Anderson M. S. Santos
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (A.M.S.S.); (L.P.F.)
| | - Geraldo S. Magalhães
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Leonardo P. Faverani
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba 16015-050, SP, Brazil; (A.M.S.S.); (L.P.F.)
| | - Luís A. V. D. Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN–CNEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (J.E.O.); (M.F.S.); (K.C.A.)
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15
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Rahimifard Hamedani P, Solouki M, Ehsani P, Emamjomeh A, Ofoghi H. Expression of BMP2-Hydrophobin fusion protein in the tobacco plant and molecular dynamic evaluation of its simulated model. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 15:309-316. [PMID: 34131449 PMCID: PMC8193172 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-021-00684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are one of the ideal models for therapeutic protein production, however the recombinant protein purification problems in them must be overcome. Bone Morphogenetic Protein2 (BMP2) is employed for the restoration and construction of bone tissues. Hydrophobin is a fungal based protein with high hydrophobic characteristics. Due to this specificity, it is suitable for the purification of chimer protein from complex solutions when is fused to a protein utilizing an aqueous two-phase (A2P) technique. The plant optimized mature human BMP2 gene was designed and evaluated by in silico method. This process involves simulating molecular dynamics using the RMSD, RMSF and Gyration radius indexes. The synthesized Hyd-BMP2 gene was cloned into a pTRAkc-ERH plasmid and Transferred into Agrobacterium (Gv3101). The Nicotiana benthamiana plant leaves were co-agroinfiltrated with HA-Hyd-BMP2 and P19-pCambia1304 containing silencing suppressor. After purification of plant extract utilizing the A2P method, the sample was subjected to SDS-PAGE and Western-blot. By in silico study, the simulated fusion protein profitably shows reasonable protein compactness and the effect of amino acid substitution on protein-protein interaction is not remarkable. Western-blotting using anti HA tag has shown that the A2P technique partially purified the two 22 kDa and 44 kDa forms of Hydrophobin-BMP2. These results confirmed the presence of monomer and dimer forms of Hydrophobin-BMP2 proteins. Moreover, the expression level of the protein using P19 silencing suppressor increased six times and to 0.018% as shown by ELISA. This study presents a fast and easy technique for the purification of transient expressed pharmaceutical proteins from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmood Solouki
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (PBB), University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Parastoo Ehsani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Emamjomeh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (PBB), University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ofoghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Heinks T, Hettwer A, Hiepen C, Weise C, Gorka M, Knaus P, Mueller TD, Loidl-Stahlhofen A. Optimized expression and purification of a soluble BMP2 variant based on in-silico design. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 186:105918. [PMID: 34044133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP21) is a highly interesting therapeutic growth factor due to its strong osteogenic/osteoinductive potential. However, its pronounced aggregation tendency renders recombinant and soluble production troublesome and complex. While prokaryotic expression systems can provide BMP2 in large amounts, the typically insoluble protein requires complex denaturation-renaturation procedures with medically hazardous reagents to obtain natively folded homodimeric BMP2. Based on a detailed aggregation analysis of wildtype BMP2, we designed a hydrophilic variant of BMP2 additionally containing an improved heparin binding site (BMP2-2Hep-7M). Consecutive optimization of BMP2-2Hep-7M expression and purification enabled production of soluble dimeric BMP2-2Hep-7M in high yield in E. coli. This was achieved by a) increasing protein hydrophilicity via introducing seven point mutations within aggregation hot spots of wildtype BMP2 and a longer N-terminus resulting in higher affinity for heparin, b) by employing E. coli strain SHuffle® T7, which enables the structurally essential disulfide-bond formation in BMP2 in the cytoplasm, c) by using BMP2 variant characteristic soluble expression conditions and application of l-arginine as solubility enhancer. The BMP2 variant BMP2-2Hep-7M shows strongly attenuated although not completely eliminated aggregation tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heinks
- Westfälische Hochschule Recklinghausen, 45665, Recklinghausen, Germany.
| | - Anette Hettwer
- Westfälische Hochschule Recklinghausen, 45665, Recklinghausen, Germany; Universität Würzburg, Department for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics - Botany I, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hiepen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Gorka
- Westfälische Hochschule Recklinghausen, 45665, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Universität Würzburg, Department for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics - Botany I, Julius-von-Sachs Institute, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Mesa Restrepo A, Fernando Alzate J, Patiño Gonzalez EB. Bone morphogenetic protein 2: heterologous expression and potential in bone regeneration. ACTUALIDADES BIOLÓGICAS 2021. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.acbi.v43n114a01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is one of the two osteoinductive growth factors used in medical devices to promote bone formation. Typically, this protein is bought from commercial houses at high rates and in small quantities that are not enough to cover clinical needs. Because of this, it has been proposed that research centers use their own heterologous expression systems to have a constant supply of BMP-2. The aim of this study was to standardize the heterologous expression of BMP-2 and evaluate its osteoinductive activity in vitro. Our procedure for expression and purification was based on recombinant DNA technology using the plasmid pET-28 and IPTG as inductor. After extracting the protein from inclusion bodies, folding it and modifying it via a redox system, we observed via electrophoresis a 26 kDa dimer. We evaluated its osteoinductive activity in myoblastic C2C12 by quantifying enzymatically the activity of alkaline phosphate (ALP) and staining mineralization nodules. ALP activity is proportional to BMP-2 concentration, increasing 90% at 3 µg/mL. These cells form calcium nodules, mineralizing 50% of the area.
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18
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Wang X, Gao B, Chan BP. Multiphoton microfabrication and micropatterning (MMM) - An all-in-one platform for engineering biomimetic soluble cell niches. Biomaterials 2021; 269:120644. [PMID: 33472153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered biomimetic cell niches represent a valuable in vitro tool for investigating physiological and pathological cellular activities, while developing an all-in-one technology to engineer cell niches, particularly soluble cell niche factors, with retained bioactivities, remains challenging. Here, we report a mask-free, non-contact and biocompatible multiphoton microfabrication and micropatterning (MMM) technology in engineering a spatially and quantitatively controllable bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) soluble niche, by immobilizing optimally biotinylated BMP-2 (bBMP-2) on micro-printed neutravidin (NA) micropatterns. Notably, the micropatterned NA bound-bBMP-2 niche elicited a more sustained and a higher level of the downstream Smad signaling than that by free BMP-2, in C2C12 cells, suggesting the advantages of immobilizing soluble niche factors on engineered micropatterns or scaffold materials. This work reports a universal all-in-one cell niche engineering platform and contributes to reconstituting heterogeneous native soluble cell niches for signal transduction modeling and drug screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Wang
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Barbara P Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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19
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Choi D, Heo J, Aviles Milan J, Oreffo ROC, Dawson JI, Hong J, Kim YH. Structured nanofilms comprising Laponite® and bone extracellular matrix for osteogenic differentiation of skeletal progenitor cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 118:111440. [PMID: 33255033 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized scaffolds hold promise for stem cell therapy by controlling stem cell fate and differentiation potential. Here, we have examined the potential of a 2-dimensional (2D) scaffold to stimulate bone regeneration. Solubilized extracellular matrix (ECM) from human bone tissue contains native extracellular cues for human skeletal cells that facilitate osteogenic differentiation. However, human bone ECM displays limited mechanical strength and degradation stability under physiological conditions, necessitating modification of the physical properties of ECM before it can be considered for tissue engineering applications. To increase the mechanical stability of ECM, we explored the potential of synthetic Laponite® (LAP) clay as a counter material to prepare a 2D scaffold using Layer-by-Layer (LbL) self-assembly. The LAP and ECM multilayer nanofilms (ECM/LAP film) were successfully generated through electrostatic and protein-clay interactions. Furthermore, to enhance the mechanical properties of the ECM/LAP film, application of a NaCl solution wash step, instead of deionized water following LAP deposition resulted in the generation of stable, multi-stacked LAP layers which displayed enhanced mechanical properties able to sustain human skeletal progenitor cell growth. The ECM/LAP films were not cytotoxic and, critically, showed enhanced osteogenic differentiation potential as a consequence of the synergistic effects of ECM and LAP. In summary, we demonstrate the fabrication of a novel ECM/LAP nanofilm layer material with potential application in hard tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daheui Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Heo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Aviles Milan
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan I Dawson
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yang-Hee Kim
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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20
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (BMP-2) Aggregates Can be Solubilized by Albumin-Investigation of BMP-2 Aggregation by Light Scattering and Electrophoresis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121143. [PMID: 33255722 PMCID: PMC7760923 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) has a high tendency to aggregate at physiological pH and physiological ionic strength, which can complicate the development of growth factor delivery systems. The aggregation behavior in differently concentrated BMP-2 solutions was investigated using dynamic and static light scattering. It was found that at higher concentrations larger aggregates are formed, whose size decreases again with increasing dilution. A solubilizing effect and therefore less aggregation was observed upon the addition of albumin. Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing and the simulation of the surface charges of BMP-2 were used to find a possible explanation for the unusually low solubility of BMP-2 at physiological pH. In addition to hydrophobic interactions, attractive electrostatic interactions might be decisive in the aggregation of BMP-2 due to the particular distribution of surface charges. These results help to better understand the solubility behavior of BMP-2 and thus support future pharmaceutical research and the development of new strategies for the augmentation of bone healing.
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21
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Eckhart KE, Schmidt SJ, Starvaggi FA, Wolf ME, Vickery WM, Sydlik SA. Peptide- and Protein-Graphene Oxide Conjugate Materials for Controlling Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fate. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-020-00182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Gipson GR, Goebel EJ, Hart KN, Kappes EC, Kattamuri C, McCoy JC, Thompson TB. Structural perspective of BMP ligands and signaling. Bone 2020; 140:115549. [PMID: 32730927 PMCID: PMC7502536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are the largest class signaling molecules within the greater Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGFβ) family, and are responsible for a wide array of biological functions, including dorsal-ventral patterning, skeletal development and maintenance, as well as cell homeostasis. As such, dysregulation of BMPs results in a number of diseases, including fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Therefore, understanding BMP signaling and regulation at the molecular level is essential for targeted therapeutic intervention. This review discusses the recent advances in the structural and biochemical characterization of BMPs, from canonical ligand-receptor interactions to co-receptors and antagonists. This work aims to highlight how BMPs differ from other members of the TGFβ family, and how that information can be used to further advance the field. Lastly, this review discusses several gaps in the current understanding of BMP structures, with the aim that discussion of these gaps will lead to advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Gipson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Emily C Kappes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Sciences Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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23
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Tran V, Karsai A, Fong MC, Cai W, Fraley JG, Yik JHN, Klineberg E, Haudenschild DR, Liu GY. Direct Visualization of the Binding of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 with Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein via High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9497-9504. [PMID: 33052673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the first direct observations of binding and complex formation between transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) using high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM). Each COMP molecule consists of pentamers whose five identical monomeric units bundle at N-termini. From this central point, the five monomers' flexible arms extend outward with C-terminal domains at the distal ends, forming a bouquet-like structure. In commonly used buffer solutions, TGF-β1 molecules typically form homodimers (majority), double dimers (minority), and aggregates (trace amount). Mixing TGF-β1 and COMP leads to rapid binding and complex formation. The TGF-β1/COMP complexes contain one to three COMP and multiple TGF-β1 molecules. For complexes with one COMP, the structure is more compact and less flexible than that of COMP alone. For complexes with two or more COMP molecules, the conformation varies to a large degree from one complex to another. This is attributed to the presence of double dimers or aggregates of TGF-β1 molecules, whose size and multiple binding sites enable binding to more than one COMP. The number and location of individual TGF-β1 dimers are also clearly visible in all complexes. This molecular-level information provides a new insight into the mechanism of chondrogenesis enhancement by TGF-β1/COMP complexes, i.e., simultaneous and multivalent presentation of growth factors. These presentations help explain the high efficacy in sustained activation of the signaling pathway to augment chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Arpad Karsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael C Fong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Weiliang Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - J Gabriel Fraley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Jasper H N Yik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Eric Klineberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Dominik R Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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24
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Halloran D, Durbano HW, Nohe A. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Development and Bone Homeostasis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:E19. [PMID: 32933207 PMCID: PMC7557435 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins are essential to many developmental processes, including cardiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis. Specifically, within the BMP family, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) was the first BMP to be characterized and has been well-studied. BMP-2 has important roles during embryonic development, as well as bone remodeling and homeostasis in adulthood. Some of its specific functions include digit formation and activating osteogenic genes, such as Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2). Because of its diverse functions and osteogenic potential, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved usage of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) during spinal fusion surgery, tibial shaft repair, and maxillary sinus reconstructive surgery. However, shortly after initial injections of rhBMP-2, several adverse complications were reported, and alternative therapeutics have been developed to limit these side-effects. As the clinical application of BMP-2 is largely implicated in bone, we focus primarily on its role in bone. However, we also describe briefly the role of BMP-2 in development. We then focus on the structure of BMP-2, its activation and regulation signaling pathways, BMP-2 clinical applications, and limitations of using BMP-2 as a therapeutic. Further, this review explores other potential treatments that may be useful in treating bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anja Nohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (D.H.); (H.W.D.)
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25
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Shanafelt M, Rabara T, MacArt D, Williams C, Hekman R, Joo H, Tsai J, Vierra C. Structural Characterization of Black Widow Spider Dragline Silk Proteins CRP1 and CRP4. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143212. [PMID: 32674428 PMCID: PMC7397007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider dragline silk represents a biomaterial with outstanding mechanical properties, possessing high-tensile strength and toughness. In black widows at least eight different proteins have been identified as constituents of dragline silk. These represent major ampullate spidroins MaSp1, MaSp2, MaSp’, and several low-molecular weight cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family members, including CRP1, CRP2, and CRP4. Molecular modeling predicts that CRPs contain a cystine slipknot motif, but experimental evidence to support this assertion remains to be reported. To advance scientific knowledge regarding CRP function, we recombinantly expressed and purified CRP1 and CRP4 from bacteria and investigated their secondary structure using circular dichroism (CD) under different chemical and physical conditions. We demonstrate by far-UV CD spectroscopy that these proteins contain similar secondary structure, having substantial amounts of random coil conformation, followed by lower levels of beta sheet, alpha helical and beta turn structures. CRPs are thermally and pH stable; however, treatment with reagents that disrupt disulfide bonds impact their structural conformations. Cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) data also support computational models of CRP1. Taken together, the chemical and thermal stability of CRPs, the cross-linking data, coupled with the structural sensitivity to reducing agents, are experimentally consistent with the supposition CRPs are cystine slipknot proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla Shanafelt
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (M.S.); (T.R.); (D.M.); (H.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Taylor Rabara
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (M.S.); (T.R.); (D.M.); (H.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Danielle MacArt
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (M.S.); (T.R.); (D.M.); (H.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Caroline Williams
- Institute for Biomedical Science Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Georgia State University, Decatur, GA 30302, USA;
| | - Ryan Hekman
- Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Hyun Joo
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (M.S.); (T.R.); (D.M.); (H.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Jerry Tsai
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (M.S.); (T.R.); (D.M.); (H.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Craig Vierra
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA; (M.S.); (T.R.); (D.M.); (H.J.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 209-946-3024
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26
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Fung SL, Wu X, Maceren JP, Mao Y, Kohn J. In Vitro Evaluation of Recombinant Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Bioactivity for Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2020; 25:553-559. [PMID: 31418333 PMCID: PMC6761583 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is a commonly used growth factor in bone regeneration due to its high potency and ability to induce osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoblast precursors. When designing delivery systems for rhBMP-2, the activity of the loaded and released protein is an important consideration. The variability in the experimental design parameters used to measure rhBMP-2 activity in vitro has precluded comparative analysis. Here, for the first time, we report a direct comparison of the assay parameters used in rhBMP-2 bioactivity assays in the literature and an evaluation of commercially available rhBMP-2 obtained from different vendors. Most published rhBMP-2 assays use W-20-17 (mouse stromal), MC3T3 (preosteoblast), or C2C12 (myoblast) cell lines. We found that each model cell line has an optimal concentration range over which it is most sensitive to rhBMP-2 induction. Therefore, it is difficult to find one single bioassay protocol that could be universally used. In addition, we established a correlation between protein concentration (as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and protein activity (as measured by alkaline phosphatase induction). We found that the expression system used to produce the rhBMP-2 had the greatest effect on its activity and stability in vitro. Establishing a standard method of measuring rhBMP-2 activity in vitro is the first step toward developing an in vitro–in vivo correlation between measured activity and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Fung
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Xiaohuan Wu
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Julian P Maceren
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Yong Mao
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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27
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Konar M, Sahoo H. Tyrosine mediated conformational change in bone morphogenetic protein – 2: Biophysical implications of protein – phytoestrogen interaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:727-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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Li X, Liu M, Chen F, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen X, Xiao Y, Zhang X. Design of hydroxyapatite bioceramics with micro-/nano-topographies to regulate the osteogenic activities of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and bone marrow stromal cells. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7284-7300. [PMID: 32196048 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomimicking the nanostructure of natural bone apatite to enhance the bioactivity of hydroxyapatite (HA) biomaterials is an eternal topic in the bone regeneration field. In the present study, we designed four kinds of HA bioceramics with micro- to nanosized grains and investigated the effects of bioceramic topographies on the structures of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and the effects on the responses of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Compared to the samples with submicron-scale crystalline particles, HA bioceramics with grain sizes of 104.6 ± 27.8 nm exhibited increased roughness, improved hydrophilicity and enhanced mechanical properties. The synergistic effects of these surface characteristics could well maintain the conformation of BMP-2, facilitate cell adhesion and spreading, and activate the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Furthermore, SBF immersion and in vivo canine intramuscular implantation confirmed that the HA bioceramics with nanotopography also processed excellent bone-like apatite forming ability and outstanding osteoinductivity. In summary, these findings suggest that the nanotopography of HA bioceramics is a critical factor to enhance their bioactivity and osteoinductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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29
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Suzuki MF, Oliveira JE, Damiani R, Lima ER, Amaral KC, Santos AMDS, Magalhães GS, Faverani LP, Pereira LAVD, Silva FM, Bartolini P. Human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (hBMP-2) characterization by physical-chemical, immunological and biological assays. AMB Express 2020; 10:34. [PMID: 32067115 PMCID: PMC7026339 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-0964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially available preparations of methionyl-human BMP-2 and CHO-derived hBMP-2, which belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, were used for a complete characterization. This protein is an extremely efficient osteoinductor that plays an important role during bone regeneration and embryonic development. Characterization was carried out via SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, followed by reversed-phase HPLC, size-exclusion HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. The classical in vitro bioassay, based on the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in C2C12 cells, confirmed that hBMP-2 biological activity is mostly related to the dimeric form, being ~ 4-fold higher for the CHO-derived glycosylated form when compared with the E. coli counterpart. The E. coli-derived met-hBMP-2 has shown, by MALDI-TOF-MS, a large presence of the bioactive dimer. A more complex molecular mass (MM) distribution was found for the CHO-derived product, whose exact MM has never been reported because of its variable glycosylation. A method based on RP-HPLC was set up, allowing a quantitative and qualitative hBMP-2 determination even directly on ongoing culture media. Considering that hBMP-2 is highly unstable, presenting moreover an extremely high aggregate value, we believe that these data pave the way to a necessary characterization of this important factor when synthesized by DNA recombinant techniques in different types of hosts.
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30
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Xi G, Esfandiary R, Sacramento CB, Jouihan H, Sharma A, Roth R, Linke T. Refolding and purification of cGMP-grade recombinant human neurturin from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 168:105552. [PMID: 31866372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurturin is a potent neurotrophic factor that has been investigated as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, and, more recently, for the treatment of type II diabetes. However, purification of neurturin for clinical applications has been hampered by its low solubility in aqueous solutions. Here we describe the development of a scalable manufacturing process for recombinant neurturin from E. coli. inclusion bodies. Neurturin was refolded from solubilized inclusion bodies by fed-batch dilution refolding with a titer of 90 mg per liter refold and a refold yield of 89%. A two-step purification process using cation exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, followed by formulation using tangential flow filtration resulted in an overall process yield of about 56 mg purified neurturin per liter refold. Solubility of neurturin during the purification process was maintained by the addition of 15% (w/v) glycerol to all buffers. For clinical applications and parenteral administration glycerol was replaced by 15% (w/v) sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin (i.e. Captisol) in the drug substance formulation buffer. The final purified product had low or undetectable levels of product-related impurities and concentrations of process-related contaminants such as host cell proteins, host cell DNA, endotoxins and Triton X-100 were reduced more than 10,000-fold or below the limit of detection. Bioactivity of purified recombinant neurturin was demonstrated in a cell-based assay by activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoling Xi
- Department of Purification Process Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Department of Dosage Form Design and Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Hani Jouihan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Arun Sharma
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Robert Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 43183, Sweden
| | - Thomas Linke
- Department of Purification Process Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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31
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Chen W, Zhang C, Wu Y, Su X. Soluble expression and purification of high-bioactivity recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 by codon optimisation in Escherichia coli. Protein Eng Des Sel 2019; 32:153-157. [PMID: 31603219 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple method of preparing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) with high biological activity. This rhBMP-2 was overproduced in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with thioredoxin 6xHis-tag at its amino terminus. The cDNA fragment of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (hBMP-2) fused to the secretion signal of alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) was expressed under T7 promoter in E. coli. After DNA sequence confirmation, the recombinant vector pETpho-bmp2 was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). rhBMP-2 was produced by the recombinant strain pETpho-bmp2/BL21 (DE3) in a soluble form with an yield of 6.2 mg/L culture. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results showed that the molecular weight of the product was approximately 28 kD. Moreover, rhBMP-2 was secreted as a dimer with a natural structure. rhBMP-2, purified by Ni Nitrilotriacetic acid Agarose (Ni-NTA) affinity chromatography, was used to examine osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and assay the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Results showed that rhBMP-2 induced MG-63 cell differentiation. When the final concentration was 500 ng/mL, the effect was more remarkable and ALP activity reached 525% compared with that of the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Shaoxing University Yuanpei College, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China.,College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Caiqian Zhang
- Shaoxing University Yuanpei College, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Yeqing Wu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Xiuping Su
- Shaoxing University Yuanpei College, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
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32
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Stability and Biological Activity of E. coli Derived Soluble and Precipitated Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2. Pharm Res 2019; 36:184. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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33
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J Hill M, Qi B, Bayaniahangar R, Araban V, Bakhtiary Z, Doschak M, Goh B, Shokouhimehr M, Vali H, Presley J, Zadpoor A, Harris M, Abadi P, Mahmoudi M. Nanomaterials for bone tissue regeneration: updates and future perspectives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2987-3006. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint replacement and bone reconstructive surgeries are on the rise globally. Current strategies for implants and bone regeneration are associated with poor integration and healing resulting in repeated surgeries. A multidisciplinary approach involving basic biological sciences, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and clinical research is required to overcome this problem. Considering the nanostructured nature of bone, expertise and resources available through recent advancements in nanobiotechnology enable researchers to design and fabricate devices and drug delivery systems at the nanoscale to be more compatible with the bone tissue environment. The focus of this review is to present the recent progress made in the rationale and design of nanomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery relevant to bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Baowen Qi
- Center for Nanomedicine & Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rasoul Bayaniahangar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Vida Araban
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Zahra Bakhtiary
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Michael R Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Brian C Goh
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology & Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - John F Presley
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology & Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mitchel B Harris
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Parisa PSS Abadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Precision Health Program & Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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34
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Ettelt V, Belitsky A, Lehnert M, Loidl-Stahlhofen A, Epple M, Veith M. Enhanced selective cellular proliferation by multi-biofunctionalization of medical implant surfaces with heterodimeric BMP-2/6, fibronectin, and FGF-2. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 106:2910-2922. [PMID: 30447103 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Increasing cell adhesion on implant surfaces is an issue of high biomedical importance. Early colonization with endogenous cells reduces the risk of bacterial contamination and enhances the integration of an implant into the diverse cellular tissues surrounding it. In vivo integration of implants is controlled by a complex spatial and temporal interplay of cytokines and adhesive molecules. The concept of a multi-biofunctionalized TiO2 surface for stimulating bone and soft tissue growth is presented here. All supramolecular architectures were built with a biotin-streptavidin coupling system. Biofunctionalization of TiO2 with immobilized FGF-2 and heparin could be shown to selectively increase the proliferation of fibroblasts while immobilized BMP-2 only stimulated the growth of osteoblasts. Furthermore, TiO2 surfaces biofunctionalized with either the BMP-2 or BMP-2/6 growth factor and the cell adhesion-enhancing protein fibronectin showed higher osteoblast adhesion than a TiO2 surface functionalized with only one of these proteins. In conclusion, the presented immobilization strategy is applicable in vivo for a selective surface coating of implants in both hard and connective tissue. The combined immobilization of different extracellular proteins on implants has the potential to further influence cell-specific reactions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2910-2922, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Ettelt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, D-45665, Recklinghausen, Germany.,Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Alice Belitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, D-45665, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehnert
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, D-45665, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Angelika Loidl-Stahlhofen
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, D-45665, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Veith
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences, D-45665, Recklinghausen, Germany
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35
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Goebel EJ, Hart KN, McCoy JC, Thompson TB. Structural biology of the TGFβ family. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1530-1546. [PMID: 31594405 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219880894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway orchestrates a wide breadth of biological processes, ranging from bone development to reproduction. Given this, there has been a surge of interest from the drug development industry to modulate the pathway – at several points. This review discusses and provides additional context for several layers of the TGFβ signaling pathway from a structural biology viewpoint. The combination of structural techniques coupled with biophysical studies has provided a foundational knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing this high impact, ubiquitous pathway, underlying many of the current therapeutic pursuits. This work seeks to consolidate TGFβ-related structural knowledge and educate other researchers of the apparent gaps that still prove elusive. We aim to highlight the importance of these structures and provide the contextual information to understand the contribution to the field, with the hope of advancing the discussion and exploration of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Impact statement The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is a multifacetted and highly regulated pathway, forming the underpinnings of a large range of biological processes. Here, we review and consolidate the key steps in TGFβ signaling using literature rooted in structural and biophysical techniques, with a focus on molecular mechanisms and gaps in knowledge. From extracellular regulation to ligand–receptor interactions and intracellular activation cascades, we hope to provide an introductory base for understanding the TGFβ pathway as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich J Goebel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Hart
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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36
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Advances in the molecular regulation of endothelial BMP9 signalling complexes and implications for cardiovascular disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:779-791. [PMID: 31127068 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, is a circulating vascular quiescence and endothelial protective factor, accounting for the majority of BMP activities in plasma. BMP9 and BMP10 bind preferentially to the high-affinity type I receptor activin receptor-like kinase 1 on vascular endothelial cells. Recently, many reports have highlighted the important roles of BMP9 in cardiovascular disease, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension. In vivo, BMP9 activity and specificity are determined by tightly regulated protein-protein recognition with cognate receptors and a co-receptor, and may also be influenced by other proteins present on the endothelial cell surface (such as low-affinity receptors) and in circulation (such as TGFβ family ligands competing for the same receptors). In this review, we summarise recent findings on the role and therapeutic potential of BMP9 in cardiovascular disease and review the current understanding of how the extracellular protein-protein interaction milieu could play a role in regulating endothelial BMP9 signalling specificity and activity.
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37
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Tran V, Karsai A, Fong MC, Cai W, Yik JHN, Klineberg E, Haudenschild DR, Liu GY. Label-Free and Direct Visualization of Multivalent Binding of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 with Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:39-46. [PMID: 30554512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the first direct evidence of multivalent binding between bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) using high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. AFM topographic images reveal the molecular morphology of COMP, a pentameric protein whose five identical monomer units bundle together at N-termini, extending out with flexible chains to C-termini. Upon addition of BMP-2, COMP molecules undergo conformational changes at the C-termini to enable binding with BMP-2 molecules. AFM enables local structural changes of COMP to be revealed upon binding various numbers, 1-5, of BMP-2 molecules. These BMP-2/COMP complexes exhibit very different morphologies from those of COMP: much more compact and thus less flexible. These molecular-level insights deepen current understanding of the mechanism of how the BMP-2/COMP complex enhances osteogenesis among osteoprogenitor cells, i.e., multivalent presentation of BMP-2 via the stable and relatively rigid BMP-2/COMP complex could form a lattice of interaction between multiple BMP-2 and BMP-2 receptors. These ligand-receptor clusters lead to fast initiation and sustained activation of the Smad signaling pathway, resulting in enhanced osteogenesis. This work is also of translational importance as the outcome may enable use of lower BMP-2 dosage for bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tran
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Arpad Karsai
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Michael C Fong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Weiliang Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , University of California-Davis Medical Center , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Jasper H N Yik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , University of California-Davis Medical Center , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Eric Klineberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , University of California-Davis Medical Center , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Dominik R Haudenschild
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , University of California-Davis Medical Center , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Rodrigues EM, Cornélio ALG, Godoi PH, da Costa PI, Rossa-Junior C, Faria G, Guerreiro Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M. Heparin is biocompatible and can induce differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2019; 52:829-837. [PMID: 30565254 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the biocompatibility, osteogenic bioactivity and mRNA expression of the osteo/odontogenic markers bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), induced by heparin in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). METHODOLOGY hDPCs were exposed to the heparin, and cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and cell death was evaluated by flow cytometry. Osteogenic bioactivity was evaluated by the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, and the detection of calcium deposits by alizarin red staining (ARS). The gene expression of BMP-2, OC and ALP was quantified with real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Bonferroni or Tukey post-test and t-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS Heparin had no cytotoxic effect and did not induce apoptosis. After 3 days, heparin had significantly higher ALP activity in comparison with the control (P < 0.05). Heparin had a significant (P < 0.05) stimulatory effect on the formation of mineralized nodules. BMP-2 and OC mRNA expressions were significantly higher in cells exposed to heparin than control group after 1 day (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Heparin was biocompatible in hDPCs, induced osteogenic bioactivity and enhanced mRNA expression of osteo/odontogenic markers BMP-2 and OC. These results suggest that heparin has potential to induce osteo/odontogenic cell differentiation of hDPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rodrigues
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A L G Cornélio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P H Godoi
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P I da Costa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy of São, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Rossa-Junior
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Dental School of São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J M Guerreiro Tanomaru
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Song W, Wang K, Wang W, Yang P, Dang X. Grafting, Stripping and Stapling of Helical Peptides from the Dimerization Interface of ONFH-Related Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2. Protein J 2019; 38:12-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-018-9807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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40
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Huang B, Lou Y, Li T, Lin Z, Sun S, Yuan Y, Liu C, Gu Y. Molecular dynamics simulations of adsorption and desorption of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on textured hydroxyapatite surfaces. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:121-130. [PMID: 30223095 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and biomaterial surfaces are of great significance in the fields of regenerative medicine and bone tissue engineering. In this work, the adsorption and desorption behaviors of BMP-2 on a series of nano-textured hydroxyapatite (HAP) surfaces were systematically investigated by combined molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and steered molecular dynamic (SMD) simulations. The textured HAP surfaces exhibited nanostructured topographies and played a critical role in the mediation of dynamic behaviors of BMP-2. Compared to the HAP-flat model, the HAP-1:1 group (means ridge vs groove = 1:1) showed the excellent ability to capture BMP-2, less conformation change of BMP-2 molecule, and high cysteine-knot stability during the adsorption and desorption processes. These findings suggest that nano-textured HAP surfaces are more capable of loading BMP-2 molecules, and most importantly, they can help maintain a higher biological activity of BMP-2 cargos. In the present study, for the first time, we have deeply clarified the adsorption and desorption dynamics of BMP-2 on various nano-textured HAP surfaces at the atomic level, which can provide significant guidelines for the future design of BMP-2-based tissue engineering implants/scaffolds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: By using combined molecular dynamic (MD) simulations and steered molecular dynamic (SMD) simulations, the adsorption and desorption dynamics of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) dimer on a series of nano-textured hydroxyapatite (HAP) surfaces at the atomic level were presented in details for the first time. We have proved that the HAP-1:1 model (means ridge vs groove = 1:1) possessed excellent ability to capture BMP-2, less conformation change, and high cysteine-knot stability. As a result, the nano-textured topography of HAP-1:1 could maintain a relatively high biological activity of BMP-2 cargos. This work could provide theoretical guidelines for the design of BMP-2-based implants/scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Eppell SJ, Tong W, McMasters J, Soenjaya Y, Barbu AM, Ko A, Baskin JZ. Minor Review: An Overview of a Synthetic Nanophase Bone Substitute. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091556. [PMID: 30158464 PMCID: PMC6165146 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Material is reviewed that consists of reconstituted collagen fibril gel mineralized in a manner that produces biomimetically sized nanoapatites intimately associated with the fibrils. This gel is formed into usable shapes with a modulus and strength that allow it to be surgically press fitted into bony defects. The design paradigm for the material is that the nanoapatites will dissolve into soluble Ca2+ as the collagen is degraded into RGD-containing peptide fragments due to osteoclastic action. This is intended to signal to the osteoclasts to continue removing the material in a biomimetic fashion similar to bony remodeling. Preliminary experiments in a subcutaneous rat model show that the material is biocompatible with respect to inflammatory and immunogenic responses, and that it supports cellular invasion. Preliminary experiments in a critical-sized mandibular defect in rats show that the material is resorbable and functions well as a bone morphogenetic 2 (BMP-2) carrier. We have produced a range of mechanical and biological responses by varying mechanical and chemical processing of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Eppell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Weidong Tong
- DePuy Synthes Joint Reconstruction, Warsaw, IN 46582, USA.
| | - James McMasters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | - Anca M Barbu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Hospital, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Alvin Ko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Jonathan Z Baskin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Billings PC, Yang E, Mundy C, Pacifici M. Domains with highest heparan sulfate-binding affinity reside at opposite ends in BMP2/4 versus BMP5/6/7: Implications for function. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14371-14383. [PMID: 30082319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling proteins, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), specifically interact with heparan sulfate (HS). These interactions regulate protein distribution and function and are largely mediated by domains rich in basic amino acids. The N-terminal region of BMP2 and BMP4 contains one such domain with a typical Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif, but it is unclear whether the same occurs in BMP5, BMP6, and BMP7 that constitute a separate evolutionary subgroup. Peptides spanning the N-terminal domain of BMP2/4 interacted with substrate-bound HS with nanomolar affinity, but peptides spanning BMP5/6/7 N-terminal domain did not. We re-examined the entire BMP5/6/7 sequences and identified a novel CW-like motif at their C terminus. Peptides spanning this domain displayed high-affinity HS binding, but corresponding BMP2/4 C-terminal peptides did not, likely because of acidic or noncharged residue substitutions. Peptides pre-assembled into NeutrAvidin tetramers displayed the same exact binding selectivity of respective monomers but bound HS with greater affinity. Tests of possible peptide biological activities showed that the HS-binding N-terminal BMP2/4 and C-terminal BMP5/6/7 peptides stimulated chondrogenesis in vitro, potentially by freeing endogenous BMPs. Thus, HS interactions appear largely ascribable to domains at opposite ends of BMP2/4 versus BMP5/6/7, reiterating the evolutionary distance of these BMP subgroups and possible functional diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Billings
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Evan Yang
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Christina Mundy
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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43
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Marquetti I, Desai S. Molecular modeling the adsorption behavior of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Grier WK, Tiffany AS, Ramsey MD, Harley BA. Incorporating β-cyclodextrin into collagen scaffolds to sequester growth factors and modulate mesenchymal stem cell activity. Acta Biomater 2018; 76:116-125. [PMID: 29944975 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of biomaterials for a range of tissue engineering applications increasingly requires control over the bioavailability of biomolecular cues such as growth factors in order to promote desired cell responses. While efforts have predominantly concentrated on covalently-bound or freely-diffusible incorporation of biomolecules in porous, three-dimensional biomaterials, opportunities exist to exploit transient interactions to concentrate growth factor activity over desired time frames. Here, we report the incorporation of β-cyclodextrin into a model collagen-GAG scaffold as a means to exploit the passive sequestration and release of growth factors via guest-host interactions to control mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Collagen-GAG scaffolds that incorporate β-cyclodextrin show improved sequestration as well as extended retention and release of TGF-β1. We further show extended retention and release of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 from β-cyclodextrin modified scaffolds was sufficient to influence the metabolic activity and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells as well as differential activation of Smad 2/3 and Smad 1/5/8 pathways associated with differential osteo-chondral differentiation. Further, gene expression analysis showed TGF-β1 release from β-cyclodextrin CG scaffolds promoted early chondrogenic-specific differentiation. Ultimately, this work establishes a novel method for the incorporation and display of growth factors within CG scaffolds via supramolecular interactions. Such a design framework offers opportunities to selectively alter the bioavailability of multiple biomolecules within a three-dimensional collagen-GAG scaffold to enhance cell activity for a range of musculoskeletal regenerative medicine applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We describe the incorporation of β-cyclodextrin into a model CG-scaffold under development for musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications. We show β-cyclodextrin modified scaffolds promote the sequestration of soluble TGF-β1 and BMP-2 via guest-host interactions, leading to extended retention and release. Further, β-cyclodextrin modified CG scaffolds promote TGF-β1 or BMP-2 specific Smad signaling pathway activation associated with divergent osseous versus chondrogenic differentiation pathways in mesenchymal stem cells.
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Hinck AP. Structure-guided engineering of TGF-βs for the development of novel inhibitors and probing mechanism. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5239-5246. [PMID: 30026042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing availability of detailed structural information on many biological systems provides an avenue for manipulation of these structures, either for probing mechanism or for developing novel therapeutic agents for treating disease. This has been accompanied by the advent of several powerful new methods, such as the ability to incorporate non-natural amino acids or perform fragment screening, increasing the capacity to leverage this new structural information to aid in these pursuits. The abundance of structural information also provides new opportunities for protein engineering, which may become more and more relevant as treatment of diseases using gene therapy approaches become increasingly common. This is illustrated by example with the TGF-β family of proteins, for which there is ample structural information, yet no approved inhibitors for treating diseases, such as cancer and fibrosis that are promoted by excessive TGF-β signaling. The results presented demonstrate that through several relatively simple modifications, primarily involving the removal of an α-helix and replacement of it with a flexible loop, it is possible to alter TGF-βs from being potent signaling proteins into inhibitors of TGF-β signaling. The engineered TGF-βs have improved specificity relative to kinase inhibitors and a much smaller size compared to monoclonal antibodies, and thus may prove successful as either as an injected therapeutic or as a gene therapy-based therapeutic, where other classes of inhibitors have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Cai L, Lin D, Chai Y, Yuan Y, Liu C. MBG scaffolds containing chitosan microspheres for binary delivery of IL-8 and BMP-2 for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:4453-4465. [PMID: 32254663 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00875b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic delivery of chemokines and growth factors based on stem cell recruitment and endochondral ossification, as the key steps in natural regenerative process, has been an area of intense research in recent years. An inflammatory chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8), was recently reported with high recruitment efficiency of bone marrow stem cells, chondrogenic inductivity and immune regulatory functions. In this study, the effect of IL-8 action duration on bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced bone regeneration was studied to achieve an optimal synergism of these two proteins. Herein, a mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG)-based scaffold with BMP-2 entrapment and IL-8-loaded chitosan microspheres (CMs) was developed. The MBG scaffold with size-matched mesopores was adopted for the long-term sustained delivery of BMP-2; and CMs with different sizes, prepared using a modified ionotropic gelation method, were customized to match the optimal action time of IL-8. The results indicated that CMs of 100 μm diameter and medium crosslinking density exhibited an 85% release of IL-8 in 7 days and the MBG substrate exhibited a long-term sustained release of BMP-2. Furthermore, the binary delivery system exhibited excellent biocompatibility and synergistically enhanced osteoinductivity. In an in situ bone regeneration model of a rabbit radius large segmental defect, the system efficiently accelerated the whole regenerative process, with the highest bone formation amount from an early stage and the highest degree of regenerative completion. Since delivery systems for multiple cytokines have been in great demand due to the requirement of complicated biological processes, we believe that this new binary delivery system could be customized to design other dual delivery systems for improving bone-repairing biomaterials with higher regenerative efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Cai
- Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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Quaas B, Burmeister L, Li Z, Nimtz M, Hoffmann A, Rinas U. Properties of dimeric, disulfide-linked rhBMP-2 recovered from E. coli derived inclusion bodies by mild extraction or chaotropic solubilization and subsequent refolding. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zeng D, Zhang X, Wang X, Cao L, Zheng A, Du J, Li Y, Huang Q, Jiang X. Fabrication of large-pore mesoporous Ca-Si-based bioceramics for bone regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8277-8287. [PMID: 29180865 PMCID: PMC5695511 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that mesoporous Ca-Si-based materials exhibited excellent osteoconduction because dissolved ions could form a layer of hydroxycarbonate apatite on the surface of the materials. However, the biological mechanisms underlying bone regeneration were largely unknown. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the osteogenic ability of large-pore mesoporous Ca-Si-based bioceramics (LPMSCs) by alkaline phosphatase assay, real-time PCR analysis, von Kossa, and alizarin red assay. Compared with large-pore mesoporous silica (LPMS), LPMSCs had a better effect on the osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp cells. LPMSC-2 and LPMSC-3 with higher calcium possessed better osteogenic abilities than LPMSC-1, which may be related to the calcium-sensing receptor pathway. Furthermore, the loading capacity for recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB was satisfactory in LPMSCs. In vivo, the areas of new bone formation in the calvarial defect repair were increased in the LPMSC-2 and LPMSC-3 groups compared with the LPMSC-1 and LPMS groups. We concluded that LPMSC-2 and LPMSC-3 possessed both excellent osteogenic abilities and satisfactory loading capacities, which may be attributed to their moderate Ca/Si molar ratio. Therefore, LPMSCs with moderate Ca/Si molar ratio might be potential alterative grafts for craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Zeng
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingdi Zhang
- Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Cao
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ao Zheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Du
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Huang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Oral Bioengineering Laboratory, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Schwarz E. Cystine knot growth factors and their functionally versatile proregions. Biol Chem 2017; 398:1295-1308. [PMID: 28771427 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cystine knot disulfide pattern has been found to be widespread in nature, since it has been detected in proteins from plants, marine snails, spiders and mammals. Cystine knot proteins are secreted proteins. Their functions range from defense mechanisms as toxins, e.g. ion channel or enzyme inhibitors, to hormones, blood factors and growth factors. Cystine knot proteins can be divided into two superordinate groups. (i) The cystine knot peptides, also referred to - with other non-cystine knot proteins - as knottins, with linear and cyclic polypeptide chains. (ii) The cystine knot growth factor family, which is in the focus of this article. The disulfide ring structure of the cystine knot peptides is made up by the half-cystines 1-4 and 2-5, and the threading disulfide bond is formed by the half-cystines, 3-6. In the growth factor group, the disulfides of half-cystines 1 and 4 pass the ring structure formed by the half-cystines 2-5 and 3-6. In this review, special emphasis will be devoted to the growth factor cystine knot proteins and their proregions. The latter have shifted into the focus of scientific interest as their important biological roles are just to be unravelled.
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Zavan B, Ferroni L, Gardin C, Sivolella S, Piattelli A, Mijiritsky E. Release of VEGF from Dental Implant Improves Osteogenetic Process: Preliminary In Vitro Tests. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10091052. [PMID: 28885574 PMCID: PMC5615707 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: During osseointegration process, the presence of an inflammatory event could negatively influence the proper osteogenetic ability of the implant surface. In order to reduce this possibility, an implementation of angiogenetic event through the release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) can be a tool as co-factor for osteoblastic differentiation. In this paper, novel dental implant surfaces enriched with VEGF have been tested. Material and methods: The ability of VEGF-enriched titanium implants to improve the osteogenetic properties of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), also in the presence of an inflammatory environment, have been in vitro tested. Molecular biology, morphological analyses, and biochemical tests have been performed in order to confirm biological properties of these surfaces. Results: Our results confirm that the presence of VEGF onto the implant surface is able not only to protect the cells from in vitro aging and from Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) damage, but it also improves their osteogenic and endothelial differentiation, even in the presence of inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: This study establishes a biologically powerful novel tool that could enhance bone repair in dental implant integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zavan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy.
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Ferroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Sivolella
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 5, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Eitan Mijiritsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, 6 Weitzman Street, 64239 Tel Aviv, Israel.
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