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Seidizadeh O, Eikenboom JCJ, Denis CV, Flood VH, James P, Lenting PJ, Baronciani L, O'Donnell JS, Lillicrap D, Peyvandi F. von Willebrand disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:51. [PMID: 39054329 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. The disorder is characterized by excessive mucocutaneous bleeding. The most common bleeding manifestations of this condition include nosebleeds, bruising, bleeding from minor wounds, menorrhagia or postpartum bleeding in women as well as bleeding after surgery. Other less frequent symptoms include gastrointestinal bleeding, haematomas or haemarthroses. VWD pathophysiology is complex and results from defects in von Willebrand factor (VWF) glycoprotein. Quantitative deficiencies are responsible for type 1 VWD with a partial decrease of VWF and type 3 with the complete absence of VWF. Qualitative abnormalities cause type 2 VWD, being further divided into types 2A, 2B, 2M and 2N. Although common, VWD is at risk of misdiagnosis, overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis owing to several factors, including complex diagnosis, variability of bleeding symptoms, presence of external variables (blood groups and other physiological modifiers such as exercise, thyroid hormones, oestrogens, and ageing), and lack of disease awareness among non-specialist health-care providers. Establishing the correct VWD diagnosis requires an array of specialized phenotypic assays and/or molecular genetic testing of the VWF gene. The management of bleeding includes increasing endogenous VWF levels with desmopressin or infusion of exogenous VWF concentrates (plasma-derived or recombinant). Fibrinolytic inhibitors, topical haemostatic agents and hormonal therapies are used as effective adjunctive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Seidizadeh
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeroen C J Eikenboom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile V Denis
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1176, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Veronica H Flood
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Paula James
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter J Lenting
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1176, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Luciano Baronciani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
| | - James S O'Donnell
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Lillicrap
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Hu H, Hu Q, Weng Q, Wang J. Hemocytin, the special aggregation factor connecting insect hemolymph immunity, a potential target of insecticidal immunosuppresant. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105704. [PMID: 38225099 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Insects possess an effective innate immunity that enables them to adapt to their intricate living environment and fend off various pathogens (or parasites). This innate immunity comprises both humoral and cellular immunity, which synergistically orchestrate immune responses. Hemocytin, a lectin with a distinctive structure, plays a crucial role in insect hemolymph immunity. Hemocytin is involved in the early immune response, facilitating processes such as coagulation, nodulation, and encapsulation in the hemolymph. It prevents hemolymph overflow and microbial pathogens invasion resulting from epidermal damage, and also aids in the recognition and elimination of invaders. However, the research on hemocytin is still limited. Our previous findings demonstrated that destruxin A effectively inhibits insect hemolymph immunity by interacting with hemocytin, suggesting that hemocytin could be a potential target for insecticides development. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of hemocytin. This review integrates recent advancements in the study of the structure and function of insect hemocytin and also explores the potential of hemocytin as a target for insecticides. This review aims to enhance our comprehension of insect innate immunity and provide innovative ideas for the development of environmentally friendly pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Qunfang Weng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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3
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Summers KM, Bush SJ, Davis MR, Hume DA, Keshvari S, West JA. Fibrillin-1 and asprosin, novel players in metabolic syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 138:106979. [PMID: 36630758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.106979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibrillin-1 is a major component of the extracellular microfibrils, where it interacts with other extracellular matrix proteins to provide elasticity to connective tissues, and regulates the bioavailability of TGFβ family members. A peptide consisting of the C-terminal 140 amino acids of fibrillin-1 has recently been identified as a glucogenic hormone, secreted from adipose tissue during fasting and targeting the liver to release glucose. This fragment, called asprosin, also signals in the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite. Asprosin levels are correlated with many of the pathologies indicative of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance and obesity. Previous studies and reviews have addressed the therapeutic potential of asprosin as a target in obesity, diabetes and related conditions without considering mechanisms underlying the relationship between generation of asprosin and expression of the much larger fibrillin-1 protein. Profibrillin-1 undergoes obligatory cleavage at the cell surface as part of its assembly into microfibrils, producing the asprosin peptide as well as mature fibrillin-1. Patterns of FBN1 mRNA expression are inconsistent with the necessity for regulated release of asprosin. The asprosin peptide may be protected from degradation in adipose tissue. We present evidence for an alternative possibility, that asprosin mRNA is generated independently from an internal promoter within the 3' end of the FBN1 gene, which would allow for regulation independent of fibrillin-synthesis and is more economical of cellular resources. The discovery of asprosin opened exciting possibilities for treatment of metabolic syndrome related conditions, but there is much to be understood before such therapies could be introduced into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Bush
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret R Davis
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Jennifer A West
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Mayne Medical Building, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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4
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Zhang Y, Gao X, Bai X, Yao S, Chang YZ, Gao G. The emerging role of furin in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:39. [PMID: 35996194 PMCID: PMC9395820 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Furin is an important mammalian proprotein convertase that catalyzes the proteolytic maturation of a variety of prohormones and proproteins in the secretory pathway. In the brain, the substrates of furin include the proproteins of growth factors, receptors and enzymes. Emerging evidence, such as reduced FURIN mRNA expression in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients or schizophrenia patients, has implicated a crucial role of furin in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Currently, compared to cancer and infectious diseases, the aberrant expression of furin and its pharmaceutical potentials in neurological diseases remain poorly understood. In this article, we provide an overview on the physiological roles of furin and its substrates in the brain, summarize the deregulation of furin expression and its effects in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, and discuss the implications and current approaches that target furin for therapeutic interventions. This review may expedite future studies to clarify the molecular mechanisms of furin deregulation and involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, and to develop new diagnosis and treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xiaoqin Gao
- Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050027, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Shanshan Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Guofen Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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5
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Abstract
Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence revealed a multibasic furin cleavage site at the S1/S2 boundary of the spike protein distinguishing this virus from SARS-CoV. Furin, the best-characterized member of the mammalian proprotein convertases, is an ubiquitously expressed single pass type 1 transmembrane protein. Cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by furin promotes viral entry into lung cells. While furin knockout is embryonically lethal, its knockout in differentiated somatic cells is not, thus furin provides an exciting therapeutic target for viral pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial infections. Several peptide-based and small-molecule inhibitors of furin have been recently reported, and select cocrystal structures have been solved, paving the way for further optimization and selection of clinical candidates. This perspective highlights furin structure, substrates, recent inhibitors, and crystal structures with emphasis on furin's role in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where the current data strongly suggest its inhibition as a promising therapeutic intervention for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam
Eldin A. Osman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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6
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Xu YM, Inacio MC, Liu MX, Gunatilaka AAL. Discovery of diminazene as a dual inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 human host proteases TMPRSS2 and furin using cell-based assays. CURRENT RESEARCH IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 2:100023. [PMID: 35815069 PMCID: PMC8920474 DOI: 10.1016/j.crchbi.2022.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proteases TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine 2) and furin are known to play important roles in viral infectivity including systematic COVID-19 infection through priming of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. To discover small-molecules capable of inhibiting these host proteases, we established convenient and cost-effective cell-based assays employing Vero cells overexpressing TMPRSS2 and furin. A cell-based proteolytic assay for broad-spectrum protease inhibitors was also established using human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Evaluation of camostat, nafamostat, and gabexate in these cell-based assays confirmed their known TMPRSS2 inhibitory activities. Diminazene, a veterinary medicinal agent and a known furin inhibitor was found to inhibit both TMPRSS2 and furin with IC50s of 1.35 and 13.2 μM, respectively. Establishment and the use of cell-based assays for evaluation TMPRSS2 and furin inhibitory activity and implications of dual activity of diminazene vs TMPRSS2 and furin are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Xu
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA
| | - Marielle Cascaes Inacio
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA
| | - Manping X Liu
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706, USA
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7
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Seidah NG. The PCSK9 discovery, an inactive protease with varied functions in hypercholesterolemia, viral infections, and cancer. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100130. [PMID: 34606887 PMCID: PMC8551645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2003, the sequences of mammalian proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) were reported. Radiolabeling pulse-chase analyses demonstrated that PCSK9 was synthesized as a precursor (proPCSK9) that undergoes autocatalytic cleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum into PCSK9, which is then secreted as an inactive enzyme in complex with its inhibitory prodomain. Its high mRNA expression in liver hepatocytes and its gene localization on chromosome 1p32, a third locus associated with familial hypercholesterolemia, other than LDLR or APOB, led us to identify three patient families expressing the PCSK9 variants S127R or F216L. Although Pcsk9 and Ldlr were downregulated in mice that were fed a cholesterol-rich diet, PCSK9 overexpression led to the degradation of the LDLR. This led to the demonstration that gain-of-function and loss-of-function variations in PCSK9 modulate its bioactivity, whereby PCSK9 binds the LDLR in a nonenzymatic fashion to induce its degradation in endosomes/lysosomes. PCSK9 was also shown to play major roles in targeting other receptors for degradation, thereby regulating various processes, including hypercholesterolemia and associated atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation, viral infections, and immune checkpoint regulation in cancer. Injectable PCSK9 monoclonal antibody or siRNA is currently used in clinics worldwide to treat hypercholesterolemia and could be combined with current therapies in cancer/metastasis. In this review, we present the critical information that led to the discovery of PCSK9 and its implication in LDL-C metabolism. We further analyze the underlying functional mechanism(s) in the regulation of LDL-C, as well as the evolving novel roles of PCSK9 in both health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM, affiliated to the University of Montreal), 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
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8
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Naqvi AR, Schwartz J, Brandini DA, Schaller S, Hussein H, Valverde A, Naqvi RA, Shukla D. COVID-19 and oral diseases: Assessing manifestations of a new pathogen in oral infections. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:423-437. [PMID: 34525891 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1967949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently identified virus responsible for life-threatening coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects can be asymptomatic or symptomatic; the later may present a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. However, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on oral diseases remain poorly studied. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva indicates existence of virus in the oral cavity. Recent studies demonstrating the expression of ACE-2, a SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, in oral tissues further strengthens this observation. Cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients and copious secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) in multiple symptomatic oral pathologies including periodontitis and periapical periodontitis suggests that inflammatory microenvironment is a hallmark of both COVID-19 and oral diseases. Hyperinflammation may provide conducive microenvironment for the growth of local oral pathogens or opportunistic microbes and exert detrimental impact on the oral tissue integrity. Multiple case reports have indicated uncharacterized oral lesions, symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, higher plaque index, necrotizing/desquamative gingivitis in COVID-19 patients suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may worsen the manifestations of oral infections. However, the underlying factors and pathways remain elusive. Here we summarize current literature and suggest mechanisms for viral pathogenesis of oral dental pathology derived from oral microbiome and oral mucosa-dental tissue interactions. Longitudinal studies will reveal how the virus impairs disease progression and resolution post-therapy. Some relationships we suggest provide the basis for novel monitoring and treatment of oral viral disease in the era of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, promoting evidence-based dentistry guidelines to diagnose virus-infected patients to improve oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar R Naqvi
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Molecular Pathology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniela Atili Brandini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha Schaller
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Heba Hussein
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis, and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Araceli Valverde
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raza Ali Naqvi
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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9
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Mojzisch A, Brehm MA. The Manifold Cellular Functions of von Willebrand Factor. Cells 2021; 10:2351. [PMID: 34572000 PMCID: PMC8466076 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma glycoprotein von Willebrand factor (VWF) is exclusively synthesized in endothelial cells (ECs) and megakaryocytes, the precursor cells of platelets. Its primary function lies in hemostasis. However, VWF is much more than just a "fishing hook" for platelets and a transporter for coagulation factor VIII. VWF is a true multitasker when it comes to its many roles in cellular processes. In ECs, VWF coordinates the formation of Weibel-Palade bodies and guides several cargo proteins to these storage organelles, which control the release of hemostatic, inflammatory and angiogenic factors. Leukocytes employ VWF to assist their rolling on, adhesion to and passage through the endothelium. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation is supported by VWF, and it regulates angiogenesis. The life cycle of platelets is accompanied by VWF from their budding from megakaryocytes to adhesion, activation and aggregation until the end in apoptosis. Some tumor cells acquire the ability to produce VWF to promote metastasis and hide in a shell of VWF and platelets, and even the maturation of osteoclasts is regulated by VWF. This review summarizes the current knowledge on VWF's versatile cellular functions and the resulting pathophysiological consequences of their dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Mojzisch
- Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Maria A. Brehm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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10
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Savant S, Srinivasan S, Kruthiventi AK. Potential Nutraceuticals for COVID-19. NUTRITION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.2147/nds.s294231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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11
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Bai L, Chang HM, Zhang L, Zhu YM, Leung PCK. BMP2 increases the production of BDNF through the upregulation of proBDNF and furin expression in human granulosa-lutein cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:16129-16143. [PMID: 33047388 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000940r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Locally produced in human granulosa cells of the developing follicle, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) plays a crucial role in the regulation of ovarian folliculogenesis and luteal formation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an intraovarian neurotrophic factor that has been shown to promote oocyte maturation and subsequent fertilization competency. At present, little is known regarding the intracellular regulation, assembly and secretion of endogenous BDNF in human granulosa cells. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of BMP2 on the expression and production of BDNF in human granulosa cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect. An immortalized human granulosa cell line (SVOG) and primary human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells were utilized as in vitro study models. Our results showed that BMP2 significantly increased the mRNA and secreted levels of BDNF. Additionally, BMP2 upregulated the expression of furin at the transcriptional and translational levels. Knockdown of endogenous furin partially attenuated the BMP2-induced increase in BDNF production, indicating that furin is involved in the maturation process of BDNF. Using pharmacological (kinase receptor inhibitors) and siRNA-mediated inhibition approaches, we demonstrated that BMP2-induced upregulation of BDNF and furin expression is most likely mediated by the activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)2/ALK3-SMAD4 signaling pathway. Notably, analysis using clinical samples revealed that there was a positive correlation between follicular fluid concentrations of BMP2 and those of BDNF. These results indicate that BMP2 increases the production of mature BDNF by upregulating the precursor BDNF and promoting the proteolytic processing of mature BDNF. Finally, we also investigated the effects of BMP2 on ovarian steroidogenesis and the results showed that BMP2 treatment significantly increased the accumulated level of estradiol (by upregulating the expression of FSH receptor and cytochrome P450 aromatase), whereas it decreased the accumulated level of progesterone (by downregulating the expression of LH receptors and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) in primary hGL cells. Our findings provide a novel paracrine mechanism underlying the regulation of an intraovarian growth factor in human granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Bai
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agriculture Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Zhu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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de Jong A, Dirven RJ, Boender J, Atiq F, Anvar SY, Leebeek FWG, van Vlijmen BJM, Eikenboom J. Ex vivo Improvement of a von Willebrand Disease Type 2A Phenotype Using an Allele-Specific Small-Interfering RNA. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1569-1579. [PMID: 32803740 PMCID: PMC7649061 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder and is mainly caused by dominant-negative mutations in the multimeric protein von Willebrand factor (VWF). These mutations may either result in quantitative or qualitative defects in VWF. VWF is an endothelial protein that is secreted to the circulation upon endothelial activation. Once secreted, VWF multimers bind platelets and chaperone coagulation factor VIII in the circulation. Treatment of VWD focuses on increasing VWF plasma levels, but production and secretion of mutant VWF remain uninterrupted. Presence of circulating mutant VWF might, however, still affect normal hemostasis or functionalities of VWF beyond hemostasis. We hypothesized that inhibition of the production of mutant VWF improves the function of VWF overall and ameliorates VWD phenotypes. We previously proposed the use of allele-specific small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that target frequent
VWF
single nucleotide polymorphisms to inhibit mutant
VWF
. The aim of this study is to prove the functionality of these allele-specific siRNAs in endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). We isolated ECFCs from a VWD type 2A patient with an intracellular multimerization defect, reduced VWF collagen binding, and a defective processing of proVWF to VWF. After transfection of an allele-specific siRNA that specifically inhibited expression of mutant VWF, we showed amelioration of the laboratory phenotype, with normalization of the VWF collagen binding, improvement in VWF multimers, and enhanced VWF processing. Altogether, we prove that allele-specific inhibition of the production of mutant VWF by siRNAs is a promising therapeutic strategy to improve VWD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J Dirven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Boender
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdows Atiq
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seyed Yahya Anvar
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank W G Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J M van Vlijmen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Eikenboom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Nemunaitis J, Stanbery L, Senzer N. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: let the virus be its own demise. Future Virol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7249572 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been a collaborative global effort to construct novel therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 management. Although vaccine development is crucial, acute management of newly infected patients, especially those with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, is a priority. Herein we describe the rationale and potential of repurposing a dual plasmid, Vigil (pbi-shRNAfurin-GM-CSF), now in Phase III cancer trials, for the treatment of and, in certain circumstances, enhancement of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
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14
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Farhat D, Ghayad SE, Icard P, Le Romancer M, Hussein N, Lincet H. Lipoic acid-induced oxidative stress abrogates IGF-1R maturation by inhibiting the CREB/furin axis in breast cancer cell lines. Oncogene 2020; 39:3604-3610. [PMID: 32060422 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of lipoic acid (LA) in cancer treatment have been well documented in the last decade. Indeed, LA exerts crucial antiproliferative effects by reducing breast cancer cell viability, cell cycle progression and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the mechanisms of action (MOA) underlying these antiproliferative effects remain to be elucidated. Recently, we demonstrated that LA decreases breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting IGF-1R maturation via the downregulation of the proprotein convertase furin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the MOA by which LA inhibits furin expression in estrogen receptor α (ERα) (+) and (-) breast cancer cell lines. We unveil that LA exerts a pro-oxidant effect on these cell lines, the resulting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated being responsible for the reduction in the expression of the major (CREB) protein. This transcription factor is overexpressed in many types of cancers and regulates the expression of furin in breast cancer cells independently of ERα, as evidenced herein by the inhibition of furin expression following CREB silencing. Consequently, our findings expose for the first time the complete MOA of LA via the CREB/furin axis leading to inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Farhat
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Cancer biology Stem Cells and Molecular Immunology, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra E Ghayad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science II, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Philippe Icard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Unité de recherche BioTICLA INSERM U 119, 14000, Caen, France.,Service de chirurgie thoracique, Hôpital Cochin, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Nader Hussein
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Cancer biology Stem Cells and Molecular Immunology, Hadath-Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hubert Lincet
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France. .,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France. .,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France. .,ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, Lyon, France.
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15
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Khoury E, Brisson D, Gaudet D. Preclinical discovery and development of evolocumab for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:403-414. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1704728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Khoury
- Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Community Genomic Medicine Center, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Diane Brisson
- Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Community Genomic Medicine Center, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Community Genomic Medicine Center, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
- Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
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16
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Yin J, Chang HM, Yi Y, Yao Y, Leung PC. TGF-β1 Increases GDNF Production by Upregulating the Expression of GDNF and Furin in Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010185. [PMID: 31936902 PMCID: PMC7016865 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is expressed at a high level in the human ovary and GDNF signaling is involved in the direct control of follicular activation and oocyte maturation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the regulation of various ovarian functions. Furin is an intracellular serine endopeptidase of the subtilisin family that is closely associated with the activation of multiple protein precursors. Despite the important roles of GDNF and TGF-β1 in the regulation of follicular development, whether TGF-β is able to regulate the expression and production of GDNF in human granulosa cells remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TGF-β1 on the production of GDNF and its underlying mechanisms in human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells. We used two types of hGL cells (primary hGL cells and an established immortalized hGL cell line, SVOG cells) as study models. Our results show that TGF-β1 significantly induced the expression of GDNF and furin, which, in turn, increased the production of mature GDNF. Using a dual inhibition approach combining RNA interference and kinase inhibitors against cell signaling components, we showed that the TβRII type II receptor and ALK5 type I receptor are the principal receptors that mediated TGF-β1-induced cellular activity in hGL cells. Additionally, Sma- and Mad-related protein (SMAD)3 and SMAD4 are the downstream signaling transducers that mediate the biological response induced by TGF-β1. Furthermore, furin is the main proprotein convertase that induces the production of GDNF. These findings provide additional regulatory mechanisms by which an intrafollicular factor influences the production of another growth factor through a paracrine or autocrine interaction in hGL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (H.-M.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (H.-M.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuyin Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (H.-M.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (P.C.K.L.)
| | - Peter C.K. Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (H.-M.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (P.C.K.L.)
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17
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Corbière A, Vaudry H, Chan P, Walet-Balieu ML, Lecroq T, Lefebvre A, Pineau C, Vaudry D. Strategies for the Identification of Bioactive Neuropeptides in Vertebrates. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:948. [PMID: 31619945 PMCID: PMC6759750 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides exert essential functions in animal physiology by controlling e.g., reproduction, development, growth, energy homeostasis, cardiovascular activity and stress response. Thus, identification of neuropeptides has been a very active field of research over the last decades. This review article presents the various methods used to discover novel bioactive peptides in vertebrates. Initially identified on the basis of their biological activity, some neuropeptides have also been discovered for their ability to bind/activate a specific receptor or based on their biochemical characteristics such as C-terminal amidation which concerns half of the known neuropeptides. More recently, sequencing of the genome of many representative species has facilitated peptidomic approaches using mass spectrometry and in silico screening of genomic libraries. Through these different approaches, more than a hundred of bioactive neuropeptides have already been identified in vertebrates. Nevertheless, researchers continue to find new neuropeptides or to identify novel functions of neuropeptides that had not been detected previously, as it was recently the case for nociceptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriane Corbière
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Rouen, France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Rouen, France.,Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Chan
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen Proteomic Platform (PISSARO), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Walet-Balieu
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen Proteomic Platform (PISSARO), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Lecroq
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, LITIS EA 4108, Information Processing in Biology & Health, Rouen, France
| | - Arnaud Lefebvre
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, LITIS EA 4108, Information Processing in Biology & Health, Rouen, France
| | | | - David Vaudry
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Rouen, France.,Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Regional Cell Imaging Platform of Normandy (PRIMACEN), Rouen, France.,Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen Proteomic Platform (PISSARO), Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen, France
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18
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Braun E, Sauter D. Furin-mediated protein processing in infectious diseases and cancer. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1073. [PMID: 31406574 PMCID: PMC6682551 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage regulates numerous processes in health and disease. One key player is the ubiquitously expressed serine protease furin, which cleaves a plethora of proteins at polybasic recognition motifs. Mammalian substrates of furin include cytokines, hormones, growth factors and receptors. Thus, it is not surprising that aberrant furin activity is associated with a variety of disorders including cancer. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of furin is exploited by numerous viral and bacterial pathogens, thereby enhancing their virulence and spread. In this review, we describe the physiological and pathophysiological substrates of furin and discuss how dysregulation of a simple proteolytic cleavage event may promote infectious diseases and cancer. One major focus is the role of furin in viral glycoprotein maturation and pathogenicity. We also outline cellular mechanisms regulating the expression and activation of furin and summarise current approaches that target this protease for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Braun
- Institute of Molecular VirologyUlm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular VirologyUlm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
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19
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Pearce KH, Overton LK, Gampe RT, Barrett GB, Taylor JD, McKee DD, Campobasso N, Nolte RT, Reid RA. BacMam production and crystal structure of nonglycosylated apo human furin at 1.89 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:239-245. [PMID: 30950824 PMCID: PMC6450522 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x19001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Furin, also called proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 3 (PCSK3), is a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease that processes a wide variety of proproteins involved in cell function and homeostasis. Dysregulation of furin has been implicated in numerous disease states, including cancer and fibrosis. Mammalian cell expression of the furin ectodomain typically produces a highly glycosylated, heterogeneous protein, which can make crystallographic studies difficult. Here, the expression and purification of nonglycosylated human furin using the BacMam technology and site-directed mutagenesis of the glycosylation sites is reported. Nonglycosylated furin produced using this system retains full proteolytic activity indistinguishable from that of the glycosylated protein. Importantly, the nonglycosylated furin protein reliably forms extremely durable apo crystals that diffract to high resolution. These crystals can be soaked with a wide variety of inhibitors to enable a structure-guided drug-discovery campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Pearce
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laurie K. Overton
- Platform Technology and Science, Department of Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Robert T. Gampe
- Platform Technology and Science, Department of Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - George B. Barrett
- Platform Technology and Science, Department of Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - J. David Taylor
- Platform Technology and Science, Department of Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - David D. McKee
- Platform Technology and Science, Department of Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Nino Campobasso
- Platform Technology and Science, Department of Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Robert T. Nolte
- Platform Technology and Science, Department of Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Robert A. Reid
- Platform Technology and Science, Department of Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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20
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. Characterization of Proprotein Convertases and Their Involvement in Virus Propagation. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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21
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Klein T, Eckhard U, Dufour A, Solis N, Overall CM. Proteolytic Cleavage-Mechanisms, Function, and "Omic" Approaches for a Near-Ubiquitous Posttranslational Modification. Chem Rev 2017; 118:1137-1168. [PMID: 29265812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases enzymatically hydrolyze peptide bonds in substrate proteins, resulting in a widespread, irreversible posttranslational modification of the protein's structure and biological function. Often regarded as a mere degradative mechanism in destruction of proteins or turnover in maintaining physiological homeostasis, recent research in the field of degradomics has led to the recognition of two main yet unexpected concepts. First, that targeted, limited proteolytic cleavage events by a wide repertoire of proteases are pivotal regulators of most, if not all, physiological and pathological processes. Second, an unexpected in vivo abundance of stable cleaved proteins revealed pervasive, functionally relevant protein processing in normal and diseased tissue-from 40 to 70% of proteins also occur in vivo as distinct stable proteoforms with undocumented N- or C-termini, meaning these proteoforms are stable functional cleavage products, most with unknown functional implications. In this Review, we discuss the structural biology aspects and mechanisms of catalysis by different protease classes. We also provide an overview of biological pathways that utilize specific proteolytic cleavage as a precision control mechanism in protein quality control, stability, localization, and maturation, as well as proteolytic cleavage as a mediator in signaling pathways. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive overview of analytical methods and approaches to study activity and substrates of proteolytic enzymes in relevant biological models, both historical and focusing on state of the art proteomics techniques in the field of degradomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Klein
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nestor Solis
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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22
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as Investigational and Therapeutic Tools in Unrestrained Tissue Remodeling and Pathological Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:355-420. [PMID: 28662828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs may also regulate the activity of membrane receptors and postreceptor signaling mechanisms and thereby affect cell function. The MMP family includes collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and other MMPs. Inactive proMMPs are cleaved by other MMPs or proteases into active MMPs, which interact with various protein substrates in ECM and cell surface. MMPs regulate important biological processes such as vascular remodeling and angiogenesis and may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm. The role of MMPs is often assessed by measuring their mRNA expression, protein levels, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. MMP inhibitors are also used to assess the role of MMPs in different biological processes and pathological conditions. MMP activity is regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP balance could determine the net MMP activity, ECM turnover, and tissue remodeling. Also, several synthetic MMP inhibitors have been developed. Synthetic MMP inhibitors include a large number of zinc-binding globulins (ZBGs), in addition to non-ZBGs and mechanism-based inhibitors. MMP inhibitors have been proposed as potential tools in the management of osteoarthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. However, most MMP inhibitors have broad-spectrum actions on multiple MMPs and could cause undesirable musculoskeletal side effects. Currently, doxycycline is the only MMP inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration. New generation biological and synthetic MMP inhibitors may show greater MMP specificity and fewer side effects and could be useful in targeting specific MMPs, reducing unrestrained tissue remodeling, and the management of MMP-related pathological disorders.
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23
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Seidah NG. The PCSK9 revolution and the potential of PCSK9-based therapies to reduce LDL-cholesterol. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2017; 2017:e201702. [PMID: 28971102 PMCID: PMC5621713 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, IRCM; Affiliated to the University of Montreal, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7Canada
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24
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Chng J, Wang T, Nian R, Lau A, Hoi KM, Ho SCL, Gagnon P, Bi X, Yang Y. Cleavage efficient 2A peptides for high level monoclonal antibody expression in CHO cells. MAbs 2015; 7:403-12. [PMID: 25621616 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1008351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking the heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) genes required for monoclonal antibodies (mAb) production on a single cassette using 2A peptides allows control of LC and HC ratio and reduces non-expressing cells. Four 2A peptides derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (F2A), equine rhinitis A virus (E2A), porcine teschovirus-1 (P2A) and Thosea asigna virus (T2A), respectively, were compared for expression of 3 biosimilar IgG1 mAbs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. HC and LC were linked by different 2A peptides both in the absence and presence of GSG linkers. Insertion of a furin recognition site upstream of 2A allowed removal of 2A residues that would otherwise be attached to the HC. Different 2A peptides exhibited different cleavage efficiencies that correlated to the mAb expression level. The relative cleavage efficiency of each 2A peptide remains similar for expression of different IgG1 mAbs in different CHO cells. While complete cleavage was not observed for any of the 2A peptides, GSG linkers did enhance the cleavage efficiency and thus the mAb expression level. T2A with the GSG linker (GT2A) exhibited the highest cleavage efficiency and mAb expression level. Stably amplified CHO DG44 pools generated using GT2A had titers 357, 416 and 600 mg/L for the 3 mAbs in shake flask batch cultures. Incomplete cleavage likely resulted in incorrectly processed mAb species and aggregates, which were removed with a chromatin-directed clarification method and protein A purification. The vector and methods presented provide an easy process beneficial for both mAb development and manufacturing.
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Key Words
- 2A peptide
- CHO
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- E2A, 2A peptide derived from the equine rhinitis virus
- F2A, 2A peptide derived from the foot-and-mouth disease virus
- G, glycine
- GE2A, E2A with the GSG linker
- GF2A, F2A with the GSG linker
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GP2A, P2A with the GSG linker
- GSG linker
- GT2A, T2A with the GSG linker
- HC, heavy chain
- HT, hypoxanthine and thymine
- IRES, internal ribosome entry site
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- K, lysine
- LC, light chain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTX, methotrexate
- P, proline
- P2A, 2A peptide derived from the porcine teschovirus-1
- PFM, protein-free medium
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- T2A, 2A peptide derived from the Thosea asigna virus
- cleavage efficiency
- furin
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Chng
- a Bioprocessing Technology Institute; Agency for Science , Technology and Research (A*STAR) ; Singapore
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25
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Fittler H, Depp A, Avrutina O, Dahms SO, Than ME, Empting M, Kolmar H. Engineering a Constrained Peptidic Scaffold towards Potent and Selective Furin Inhibitors. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2441-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Fittler
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für organische und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alexander Depp
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für organische und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für organische und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Sven O. Dahms
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI); Beutenbergstrasse 11 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Manuel E. Than
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI); Beutenbergstrasse 11 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Campus C2.3 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für organische und Biochemie; Technische Universität Darmstadt; Alarich-Weiss Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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26
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Seidah NG. The PCSK9 revolution and the potential of PCSK9-based therapies to reduce LDL-cholesterol. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2015. [DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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27
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Bryckaert M, Rosa JP, Denis CV, Lenting PJ. Of von Willebrand factor and platelets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:307-26. [PMID: 25297919 PMCID: PMC4284388 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis and pathological thrombus formation are dynamic processes that require multiple adhesive receptor-ligand interactions, with blood platelets at the heart of such events. Many studies have contributed to shed light on the importance of von Willebrand factor (VWF) interaction with its platelet receptors, glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V and αIIbβ3 integrin, in promoting primary platelet adhesion and aggregation following vessel injury. This review will recapitulate our current knowledge on the subject from the rheological aspect to the spatio-temporal development of thrombus formation. We will also discuss the signaling events generated by VWF/GPIb-IX-V interaction, leading to platelet activation. Additionally, we will review the growing body of evidence gathered from the recent development of pathological mouse models suggesting that VWF binding to GPIb-IX-V is a promising target in arterial and venous pathological thrombosis. Finally, the pathological aspects of VWF and its impact on platelets will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Bryckaert
- INSERM U770, Hôpital Bicêtre, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre Cedex, France,
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Freitag J, Heink S, Roth E, Wittmann J, Jäck HM, Kamradt T. Towards the generation of B-cell receptor retrogenic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109199. [PMID: 25296340 PMCID: PMC4189916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic expression of B- and T-cell receptors (BCRs and TCRs, respectively) has been a standard tool to study lymphocyte development and function in vivo. The generation of transgenic mice is time-consuming and, therefore, a faster method to study the biology of defined lymphocyte receptors in vivo would be highly welcome. Using 2A peptide-linked multicistronic retroviral vectors to transduce stem cells, TCRs can be expressed rapidly in mice of any background. We aimed at adopting this retrogenic technology to the in vivo expression of BCRs. Using a well characterised BCR specific for hen egg lysozyme (HEL), we achieved surface expression of the retrogenically encoded BCR in a Rag-deficient pro B-cell line in vitro. In vivo, retrogenic BCRs were detectable only intracellularly but not on the surface of B cells from wild type or Rag2-deficient mice. This data, together with the fact that no BCR retrogenic mouse model has been published in the 7 years since the method was originally published for TCRs, strongly suggests that achieving BCR-expression in vivo with retrogenic technology is highly challenging if not impossible.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muramidase/genetics
- Muramidase/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Freitag
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sylvia Heink
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Edith Roth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wittmann
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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ZHU JINGJING, VAN DE VEN WIM, VERMORKEN ALPHONS. Polyphenols with indirect proprotein convertase inhibitory activity. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:947-55. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Boulaftali Y, François D, Venisse L, Jandrot-Perrus M, Arocas V, Bouton MC. Endothelial protease nexin-1 is a novel regulator of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 maturation and endothelial protein C receptor shedding via furin inhibition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1647-54. [PMID: 23661674 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human protein C is a plasma serine protease that plays a key role in hemostasis, and activated protein C (aPC) is known to elicit protective responses in vascular endothelial cells. This cytoprotective activity requires the interaction of the protease with its cell membrane receptor, endothelial protein C receptor. However, the mechanisms regulating the beneficial cellular effects of aPC are not well known. We aimed to determine whether a serine protease inhibitor called protease nexin-1 (PN-1) or serpinE2, expressed by vascular cells, can modulate the effect of aPC on endothelial cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that vascular barrier protective and antiapoptotic activities of aPC were reduced both in endothelial cells underexpressing PN-1 and in endothelial cells whose PN-1 function was blocked by a neutralizing antibody. Our in vitro data were further confirmed in vivo. Indeed, we found that vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated hyperpermeability in the skin of mice was markedly reduced by local intradermal injection of aPC in wild-type mice but not in PN-1-deficient mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated a previously unknown protective role of endothelial PN-1 on endothelial protein C receptor shedding. We provided evidence that PN-1 inhibits furin, a serine protease that activates a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 involved in the shedding of endothelial protein C receptor. We indeed evidenced a direct interaction between PN-1 and furin in endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results thus demonstrate an original role of PN-1 as a furin convertase inhibitor, providing new insights for understanding the regulation of endothelial protein C receptor-dependent aPC endothelial protective effects.
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Curcumin affects proprotein convertase activity: elucidation of the molecular and subcellular mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1924-35. [PMID: 23583304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCs) form a group of serine endoproteases that are essential for the activation of proproteins into their active form. Some PCs have been proposed to be potential therapeutic targets for cancer intervention because elevated PC activity has been observed in many different cancer types and because many of the PC substrates, such as pro-IGF-1R, pro-TGF-beta, pro-VEGF, are involved in signaling pathways related to tumor development. Curcumin, reported to possess anticancer activity, also affects many of these pathways. We therefore investigated the effect of curcumin on PC activity. Our results show that curcumin inhibits PC activity in a cell lysate-based assay but not in vitro. PC zymogen maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum appears to be inhibited by curcumin. Treating cells with thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid, two structurally unrelated inhibitors of the sarco- and endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)ATPase (SERCA), also hampered both the PC zymogen maturation and the PC activity. Importantly, curcumin, like the SERCA inhibitors, impaired ATP-driven (45)Ca(2+) uptake in the endoplasmic reticulum. These results indicate that curcumin likely restrains PC activity by inhibiting SERCA-mediated Ca(2+)-uptake activity. Experiments in three colon cancer cell lines confirm that curcumin inhibits both the (45)Ca(2+) uptake and PC activity, notably the processing of pro-IGF-1R. Both curcumin and thapsigargin inhibit the anchorage-independent growth of these three colon carcinoma cell lines. In conclusion, our findings indicate that curcumin inhibits PC zymogen maturation and consequently PC activity and that its inhibitory effect on Ca(2+) uptake into the ER allows and is sufficient to explain this phenomenon.
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Nagaoka S, Kato K, Takata Y, Kamei K. Identification of the sperm-activating factor initiatorin, a prostatic endopeptidase of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:571-582. [PMID: 22575161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Male Bombyx mori has a trypsin-type protease, called initiatorin, in the secretion from the posterior segment of the ejaculatory duct that is thought to be involved in the acquisition of sperm motility, although this inference remains to be demonstrated. Here, we revised the experimental procedures including that for purification and definitely identified the purified initiatorin protein as an activation factor of B. mori sperm by an in vitro study in which we treated isolated spermatozoa with this enzyme. Analysis of cDNA revealed that initiatorin consists of 281 amino acids with sequence similarity to bovine trypsin, and is highly homologous to the ejaculated accessory gland proteins not only of other Lepidoptera but also of Orthoptera. Recombinant initiatorin, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, also showed proteolytic and sperm-activating activities. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicated that initiatorin is abundantly expressed in the glandula (g.) prostatica. It was also shown that pro-initiatorin is synthesized and stored in g. prostatica, and then converted to the mature form upon ejaculation. Fluorogenic peptides with a dibasic sequence were efficiently cleaved by initiatorin, and one such substrate, BOC-Gly-Arg-Arg-MCA, inhibited sperm activation by the extract of g. prostatica. These results delineate the idea that initiatorin has the most suitable protease property as an initiator of the protein degradation cascade in that it releases free arginines, which in turn become an energy resource for sperm motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiharu Nagaoka
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Seidah NG, Prat A. The biology and therapeutic targeting of the proprotein convertases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:367-83. [PMID: 22679642 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian proprotein convertases constitute a family of nine secretory serine proteases that are related to bacterial subtilisin and yeast kexin. Seven of these (proprotein convertase 1 (PC1), PC2, furin, PC4, PC5, paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme 4 (PACE4) and PC7) activate cellular and pathogenic precursor proteins by cleavage at single or paired basic residues, whereas subtilisin kexin isozyme 1 (SKI-1) and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) regulate cholesterol and/or lipid homeostasis via cleavage at non-basic residues or through induced degradation of receptors. Proprotein convertases are now considered to be attractive targets for the development of powerful novel therapeutics. In this Review, we summarize the physiological functions and pathological implications of the proprotein convertases, and discuss proposed strategies to control some of their activities, including their therapeutic application and validation in selected disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (affiliated to University of Montreal), 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.
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Becker GL, Lu Y, Hardes K, Strehlow B, Levesque C, Lindberg I, Sandvig K, Bakowsky U, Day R, Garten W, Steinmetzer T. Highly potent inhibitors of proprotein convertase furin as potential drugs for treatment of infectious diseases. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21992-2003. [PMID: 22539349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.332643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of our previously described peptidomimetic furin inhibitors was performed and yielded several analogs with a significantly improved activity. The most potent compounds containing an N-terminal 4- or 3-(guanidinomethyl)phenylacetyl residue inhibit furin with K(i) values of 16 and 8 pM, respectively. These analogs inhibit other proprotein convertases, such as PC1/3, PC4, PACE4, and PC5/6, with similar potency, whereas PC2, PC7, and trypsin-like serine proteases are poorly affected. Incubation of selected compounds with Madin-Darby canine kidney cells over a period of 96 h revealed that they exhibit great stability, making them suitable candidates for further studies in cell culture. Two of the most potent derivatives were used to inhibit the hemagglutinin cleavage and viral propagation of a highly pathogenic avian H7N1 influenza virus strain. The treatment with inhibitor 24 (4-(guanidinomethyl)phenylacetyl-Arg-Val-Arg-4-amidinobenzylamide) resulted in significantly delayed virus propagation compared with an inhibitor-free control. The same analog was also effective in inhibiting Shiga toxin activation in HEp-2 cells. This antiviral effect, as well as the protective effect against a bacterial toxin, suggests that inhibitors of furin or furin-like proprotein convertases could represent promising lead structures for future drug development, in particular for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero L Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
The proprotein convertases (PCs) are secretory mammalian serine proteinases related to bacterial subtilisin-like enzymes. The family of PCs comprises nine members, PC1/3, PC2, furin, PC4, PC5/6, PACE4, PC7, SKI-1/S1P, and PCSK9 (Fig. 3.1). While the first seven PCs cleave after single or paired basic residues, the last two cleave at non-basic residues and the last one PCSK9 only cleaves one substrate, itself, for its activation. The targets and substrates of these convertases are very varied covering many aspects of cellular biology and communication. While it took more than 22 years to begin to identify the first member in 1989-1990, in less than 14 years they were all characterized. So where are we 20 years later in 2011? We have now reached a level of maturity needed to begin to unravel the mechanisms behind the complex physiological functions of these PCs both in health and disease states. We are still far away from comprehensively understanding the various ramifications of their roles and to identify their physiological substrates unequivocally. How do these enzymes function in vivo? Are there other partners to be identified that would modulate their activity and/or cellular localization? Would non-toxic inhibitors/silencers of some PCs provide alternative therapies to control some pathologies and improve human health? Are there human SNPs or mutations in these PCs that correlate with disease, and can these help define the finesses of their functions and/or cellular sorting? The more we know about a given field, the more questions will arise, until we are convinced that we have cornered the important angles. And yet the future may well reserve for us many surprises that may allow new leaps in our understanding of the fascinating biology of these phylogenetically ancient eukaryotic proteases (Fig. 3.2) implicated in health and disease, which traffic through the cells via multiple sorting pathways (Fig. 3.3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H2W 1R7.
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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as investigative tools in the pathogenesis and management of vascular disease. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 103:209-79. [PMID: 22642194 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0364-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs could also regulate the activity of several non-ECM bioactive substrates and consequently affect different cellular functions. Members of the MMPs family include collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and others. Pro-MMPs are cleaved into active MMPs, which in turn act on various substrates in the ECM and on the cell surface. MMPs play an important role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. MMPs may also be involved in vascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and varicose veins. MMPs also play a role in the hemodynamic and vascular changes associated with pregnancy and preeclampsia. The role of MMPs is commonly assessed by measuring their gene expression, protein amount, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. Because there are no specific activators of MMPs, MMP inhibitors are often used to investigate the role of MMPs in different physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of specific diseases. MMP inhibitors include endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and pharmacological inhibitors such as zinc chelators, doxycycline, and marimastat. MMP inhibitors have been evaluated as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cancer, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease. Although several MMP inhibitors have been synthesized and tested both experimentally and clinically, only one MMP inhibitor, i.e., doxycycline, is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This is mainly due to the undesirable side effects of MMP inhibitors especially on the musculoskeletal system. While most experimental and clinical trials of MMP inhibitors have not demonstrated significant benefits, some trials still showed promising results. With the advent of new genetic and pharmacological tools, disease-specific MMP inhibitors with fewer undesirable effects are being developed and could be useful in the management of vascular disease.
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Wang JW, Groeneveld DJ, Cosemans G, Dirven RJ, Valentijn KM, Voorberg J, Reitsma PH, Eikenboom J. Biogenesis of Weibel-Palade bodies in von Willebrand's disease variants with impaired von Willebrand factor intrachain or interchain disulfide bond formation. Haematologica 2011; 97:859-66. [PMID: 22207689 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.057216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of cysteine residues in von Willebrand factor are known to reduce the storage and secretion of this factor, thus leading to reduced antigen levels. However, one cysteine mutation, p.Cys2773Ser, has been found in patients with type 2A(IID) von Willebrand's disease who have normal plasma levels of von Willebrand factor. We hypothesize that disruption of either intra- or interchain disulfide bonds by cysteine mutations in von Willebrand factor has different effects on the biogenesis of Weibel-Palade bodies. DESIGN AND METHODS The effect of specific cysteine mutations that either disrupt intrachain (p.Cys1130Phe and p.Cys2671Tyr) or interchain (p.Cys2773Ser) disulfide bonds on storage and secretion of von Willebrand factor was studied by transient transfection of human embryonic kidney cell line 293. Upon expression of von Willebrand factor these cells formed endothelial Weibel-Palade body-like organelles called pseudo-Weibel-Palade bodies. Storage of von Willebrand factor was analyzed with both confocal immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Regulated secretion of von Willebrand factor was induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. RESULTS p.Cys1130Phe and p.Cys2671Tyr reduced the storage of von Willebrand factor into pseudo-Weibel-Palade bodies with notable retention of von Willebrand factor in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas p.Cys2773Ser-von Willebrand factor was stored normally. As expected, wild-type von Willebrand factor formed proteinaceous tubules that were seen under electron microscopy as longitudinal striations in pseudo-Weibel-Palade bodies. p.Cys2773Ser caused severe defects in von Willebrand factor multimerization but the factor formed normal tubules. Furthermore, the basal and regulated secretion of von Willebrand factor was drastically impaired by p.Cys1130Phe and p.Cys2671Tyr, but not by p.Cys2773Ser. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that natural mutations of cysteines involved in the formation of interchain disulfide bonds do not affect either the storage in Weibel-Palade bodies or secretion of von Willebrand factor, whereas mutations of cysteines forming intrachain disulfide bonds lead to reduced von Willebrand factor storage and secretion because the von Willebrand factor is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong-Wei Wang
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Artenstein
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860, USA.
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Factor VIII alters tubular organization and functional properties of von Willebrand factor stored in Weibel-Palade bodies. Blood 2011; 118:5947-56. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-355354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In endothelial cells, von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers are packaged into tubules that direct biogenesis of elongated Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs). WPB release results in unfurling of VWF tubules and assembly into strings that serve to recruit platelets. By confocal microscopy, we have previously observed a rounded morphology of WPBs in blood outgrowth endothelial cells transduced to express factor VIII (FVIII). Using correlative light-electron microscopy and tomography, we now demonstrate that FVIII-containing WPBs have disorganized, short VWF tubules. Whereas normal FVIII and FVIII Y1680F interfered with formation of ultra-large VWF multimers, release of the WPBs resulted in VWF strings of equal length as those from nontransduced blood outgrowth endothelial cells. After release, both WPB-derived FVIII and FVIII Y1680F remained bound to VWF strings, which however had largely lost their ability to recruit platelets. Strings from nontransduced cells, however, were capable of simultaneously recruiting exogenous FVIII and platelets. These findings suggest that the interaction of FVIII with VWF during WPB formation is independent of Y1680, is maintained after WPB release in FVIII-covered VWF strings, and impairs recruitment of platelets. Apparently, intra-cellular and extracellular assembly of FVIII-VWF complex involves distinct mechanisms, which differ with regard to their implications for platelet binding to released VWF strings.
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Preininger A, Schlokat U, Mohr G, Himmelspach M, Stichler V, Kyd-Rebenburg A, Plaimauer B, Turecek PL, Schwarz HP, Wernhart W, Fischer BE, Dorner F. Strategies for recombinant Furin employment in a biotechnological process: complete target protein precursor cleavage. Cytotechnology 2011; 30:1-16. [PMID: 19003349 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008030407679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factors, amongst many other proteins, often require posttranslational endoproteolytic processing for maturation. Upon high yield expression of recombinant forms of these proteins, processing frequently becomes severely limiting, resulting in a hampered function of the protein. In this report, the human endoprotease Furin was used to achieve complete propeptide removal from recombinant von Willebrand Factor (rvWF) precursors in CHO cells. At expression beyond 200 ng rvWF/106 cells x day, processing became insufficient. Stable co- and overexpression of full length Furin resulted in complete precursor cleavage in cell clones expressing 2 mug rvWF/106 cells x day. Rather than occuring intracellularly, processing was found to be mediated by a naturally secreted form of rFurin, present in 100 fold higher concentrations than endogenous Furin and accumulating in the cell culture supernatant. Attempts to increase rFurin yield by amplification, in order to ensure complete rvWF precursor processing at expression rates beyond 2 mug rvWF/106 cells x day, failed. Truncation of the trans-membrane domain resulted in immediate secretion of rFurin and approximately 10 fold higher concentrations in the conditioned medium. In cases where these high rFurin concentrations are not sufficient to ensure complete processing, an in vitro downstream processing procedure has to be established. Secreted affinity epitope-tagged rFurin derivatives were constructed, the fate of which, at expression, was dependent on the size of the C-terminal truncation and the type of the heterologous epitope added. A suitable candidate was purified by a one step affinity procedure, and successfully used for in vitro processing. This allows complete proteolytic processing of large amounts of precursor molecules by comparably small quantities of rFurin. Complete precursor cleavage of a target protein at expression rates of up to approximately 200 ng, 2 mug, and 20 mug, as well as beyond 20 mug/106 cells x day can thus be anticipated to be accomplished by endogenous Furin, additional expression of full length rFurin, co-expression of truncated and hence secreted rFurin, and a protein-chemical in vitro procedure, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Preininger
- IMMUNO Division of BAXTER, Biomedical Research Center, Uferstrasse 15, 2304, Orth/Donau, Austria
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von Levetzow C, Jiang X, Gwye Y, von Levetzow G, Hung L, Cooper A, Hsu JHR, Lawlor ER. Modeling initiation of Ewing sarcoma in human neural crest cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19305. [PMID: 21559395 PMCID: PMC3084816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are aggressive bone and soft tissue tumors that express EWS-ETS fusion genes as driver mutations. Although the histogenesis of ESFT is controversial, mesenchymal (MSC) and/or neural crest (NCSC) stem cells have been implicated as cells of origin. For the current study we evaluated the consequences of EWS-FLI1 expression in human embryonic stem cell-derived NCSC (hNCSC). Ectopic expression of EWS-FLI1 in undifferentiated hNCSC and their neuro-mesenchymal stem cell (hNC-MSC) progeny was readily tolerated and led to altered expression of both well established as well as novel EWS-FLI1 target genes. Importantly, whole genome expression profiling studies revealed that the molecular signature of established ESFT is more similar to hNCSC than any other normal tissue, including MSC, indicating that maintenance or reactivation of the NCSC program is a feature of ESFT pathogenesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, EWS-FLI1 induced hNCSC genes as well as the polycomb proteins BMI-1 and EZH2 in hNC-MSC. In addition, up-regulation of BMI-1 was associated with avoidance of cellular senescence and reversible silencing of p16. Together these studies confirm that, unlike terminally differentiated cells but consistent with bone marrow-derived MSC, NCSC tolerate expression of EWS-FLI1 and ectopic expression of the oncogene initiates transition to an ESFT-like state. In addition, to our knowledge this is the first demonstration that EWS-FLI1-mediated induction of BMI-1 and epigenetic silencing of p16 might be critical early initiating events in ESFT tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia von Levetzow
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ynnez Gwye
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gregor von Levetzow
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Long Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jessie Hao-Ru Hsu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth R. Lawlor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Badisco L, Huybrechts J, Simonet G, Verlinden H, Marchal E, Huybrechts R, Schoofs L, De Loof A, Vanden Broeck J. Transcriptome analysis of the desert locust central nervous system: production and annotation of a Schistocerca gregaria EST database. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17274. [PMID: 21445293 PMCID: PMC3061863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) displays a fascinating type of phenotypic plasticity, designated as 'phase polyphenism'. Depending on environmental conditions, one genome can be translated into two highly divergent phenotypes, termed the solitarious and gregarious (swarming) phase. Although many of the underlying molecular events remain elusive, the central nervous system (CNS) is expected to play a crucial role in the phase transition process. Locusts have also proven to be interesting model organisms in a physiological and neurobiological research context. However, molecular studies in locusts are hampered by the fact that genome/transcriptome sequence information available for this branch of insects is still limited. METHODOLOGY We have generated 34,672 raw expressed sequence tags (EST) from the CNS of desert locusts in both phases. These ESTs were assembled in 12,709 unique transcript sequences and nearly 4,000 sequences were functionally annotated. Moreover, the obtained S. gregaria EST information is highly complementary to the existing orthopteran transcriptomic data. Since many novel transcripts encode neuronal signaling and signal transduction components, this paper includes an overview of these sequences. Furthermore, several transcripts being differentially represented in solitarious and gregarious locusts were retrieved from this EST database. The findings highlight the involvement of the CNS in the phase transition process and indicate that this novel annotated database may also add to the emerging knowledge of concomitant neuronal signaling and neuroplasticity events. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we met the need for novel sequence data from desert locust CNS. To our knowledge, we hereby also present the first insect EST database that is derived from the complete CNS. The obtained S. gregaria EST data constitute an important new source of information that will be instrumental in further unraveling the molecular principles of phase polyphenism, in further establishing locusts as valuable research model organisms and in molecular evolutionary and comparative entomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Badisco
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jurgen Huybrechts
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Simonet
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heleen Verlinden
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roger Huybrechts
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnold De Loof
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bernot D, Stalin J, Stocker P, Bonardo B, Scroyen I, Alessi MC, Peiretti F. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 is an intracellular inhibitor of furin proprotein convertase. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1224-30. [PMID: 21406565 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.079889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCs) are a family of serine proteases that are involved in the post-translational processing and activation of a wide range of regulatory proteins. The upstream role of PCs in the control of many physiological and pathological processes generates a growing interest in understanding their regulation. Here, we demonstrate that the serine protease inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) forms an SDS-stable complex with the PC furin, which leads to the inhibition of the intra-Golgi activity of furin. It is known that elevated PAI-1 plasma levels are correlated with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and we show that PAI-1 reduces the furin-dependent maturation and activity of the insulin receptor and ADAM17: two proteins involved in the onset of these metabolic disorders. In addition to demonstrating that PAI-1 is an intracellular inhibitor of furin, this study also provides arguments in favor of an active role for PAI-1 in the development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Bernot
- Inserm, U626, Université de Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseilles Cedex 5, France
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In vitro assay for protease activity of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexins (PCSKs): an overall review of existing and new methodologies. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 768:127-53. [PMID: 21805240 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-204-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian proprotein convertase subtilisin kexins (PCSKs) previously called proprotein or prohormone convertases (PCs) are a family of Ca(+2)-dependent endoproteases in the subtilisin family. These proteolytic enzymes exert their many crucial physiological and biological functions in vivo via their ability to cleave larger inactive precursor proteins into their biologically active mature forms. This event takes place in a highly efficient and selective manner. Such actions of PCSKs either alone or in combination to cleave specific protein bonds are the hallmark events that not only define the normal functions and metabolism of the body but also may lead to a variety of diseases or disorders with associated conditions. These include among others, diabetes, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, reproduction abnormalities as well as viral bacterial infections. These conditions were the direct consequences of an enhanced level of enzymatic activity of one or more PCSKs except only PCSK9, whose protease activity in relation to its physiological substrate has yet to be characterized. Owing to this finding, a large number of research studies have been exclusively devoted to develop rapid, efficient and reliable in vitro methods for examining the protease activity of these enzymes. Several assays have been developed to monitor PCSK activity and these are widely used in chemical, biochemical, cellular and animal studies. This review will cover various methodologies and protocols that are currently available in the literature for PCSK activity assays. These include liquid phase methods using fluorogenic, chromogenic and intramolecularly quenched fluorescent substrates as well as a newly developed novel solid phase fluorescence method. This review will also highlight the usefulness of these methodologies and finally a comparative analysis has been made to examine their merits and demerits with some key examples.
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Maltose-binding protein enhances secretion of recombinant human granzyme B accompanied by in vivo processing of a precursor MBP fusion protein. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14404. [PMID: 21203542 PMCID: PMC3008669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apoptosis-inducing serine protease granzyme B (GrB) is an important factor contributing to lysis of target cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Expression of enzymatically active GrB in recombinant form is a prerequisite for functional analysis and application of GrB for therapeutic purposes. METHODS AND FINDINGS We investigated the influence of bacterial maltose-binding protein (MBP) fused to GrB via a synthetic furin recognition motif on the expression of the MBP fusion protein also containing an N-terminal α-factor signal peptide in the yeast Pichia pastoris. MBP markedly enhanced the amount of GrB secreted into culture supernatant, which was not the case when GrB was fused to GST. MBP-GrB fusion protein was cleaved during secretion by an endogenous furin-like proteolytic activity in vivo, liberating enzymatically active GrB without the need of subsequent in vitro processing. Similar results were obtained upon expression of a recombinant fragment of the ErbB2/HER2 receptor protein or GST as MBP fusions. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that combination of MBP as a solubility enhancer with specific in vivo cleavage augments secretion of processed and functionally active proteins from yeast. This strategy may be generally applicable to improve folding and increase yields of recombinant proteins.
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Becker GL, Sielaff F, Than ME, Lindberg I, Routhier S, Day R, Lu Y, Garten W, Steinmetzer T. Potent inhibitors of furin and furin-like proprotein convertases containing decarboxylated P1 arginine mimetics. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1067-75. [PMID: 20038105 DOI: 10.1021/jm9012455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Furin belongs to the family of proprotein convertases (PCs) and is involved in numerous normal physiological and pathogenic processes, such as viral propagation, bacterial toxin activation, cancer, and metastasis. Furin and related furin-like PCs cleave their substrates at characteristic multibasic consensus sequences, preferentially after an arginine residue. By incorporating decarboxylated arginine mimetics in the P1 position of substrate analogue peptidic inhibitors, we could identify highly potent furin inhibitors. The most potent compound, phenylacetyl-Arg-Val-Arg-4-amidinobenzylamide (15), inhibits furin with a K(i) value of 0.81 nM and has also comparable affinity to other PCs like PC1/3, PACE4, and PC5/6, whereas PC2 and PC7 or trypsin-like serine proteases were poorly affected. In fowl plague virus (influenza A, H7N1)-infected MDCK cells, inhibitor 15 inhibited proteolytic hemagglutinin cleavage and was able to reduce virus propagation in a long-term infection test. Molecular modeling revealed several key interactions of the 4-amidinobenzylamide residue in the S1 pocket of furin contributing to the excellent affinity of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero L Becker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Von-Willebrand-Faktor und ADAMTS13. Hamostaseologie 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01544-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Johnsen LJAH. Post-translational modifications of heterologously expressed cholecystokinin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/clb.61.234.87.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Intracellular cotrafficking of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor type 2N variants to storage organelles. Blood 2008; 113:3102-9. [PMID: 19088379 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-159699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) are the endothelial storage organelles that are formed upon von Willebrand factor (VWF) expression. Apart from VWF, WPBs contain a variety of hemostatic and inflammatory proteins. Some of these are thought to be targeted to WPBs by directly interacting with VWF in the secretory pathway. Previous studies have demonstrated that coexpression of factor VIII (FVIII) with VWF results in costorage of both proteins. However, whether cotrafficking is driven by intracellular FVIII-VWF assembly has remained unclear. We now have addressed this issue using recombinant VWF type 2N variants that are known to display reduced FVIII binding in the circulation. Binding studies using purified fluorescent FVIII and VWF type 2N variants revealed FVIII binding defects varying from moderate (Arg854Gln, Cys1060Arg) to severe (Arg763Gly, Thr791Met, Arg816Trp). Upon expression in HEK293 cells, all VWF variants induced formation of WPB-like organelles that were able to recruit P-selectin, as well as FVIII. WPBs containing FVIII did not display their typical elongated shape, suggesting that FVIII affects the organization of VWF tubules therein. The finding that VWF type 2N variants are still capable of cotargeting FVIII to storage granules implies that trafficking of WPB cargo proteins does not necessarily require high-affinity assembly with VWF.
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Chrétien M, Seidah NG, Basak A, Mbikay M. Proprotein convertases as therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:1289-300. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.10.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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