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Sam AK, Karmakar S, Mukhopadhyay S, Phuleria HC. A historical perspective of malaria policy and control in India. IJID REGIONS 2024; 12:100428. [PMID: 39295839 PMCID: PMC11408002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in India, with ∼0.18 million cases reported in 2022 and 1,309 million population living at risk of infection. The Indian government has introduced various intervention strategies to reduce and manage the number of outbreaks with proper mechanisms. In this policy paper, we have extensively reviewed these intervention strategies using a quantitative approach. The success of the Urban Malaria Scheme, focusing on the 131 urban regions distributed across the country, along with the Intensified Malaria Control Project implemented in the seven hotspots, has been highlighted. The recently formulated National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India has resulted in declining malaria cases in hotspots like Odisha. However, states like West Bengal, Maharashtra, and Tripura have emerged as new hotspots in recent years. A systematic platform for data dissemination and active public-private partnership will expedite malaria elimination in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Kumar Sam
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Siddhartha Karmakar
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- National Disease Modelling Consortium, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Siuli Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- National Disease Modelling Consortium, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Inter Disciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- National Disease Modelling Consortium, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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Lata S, Gupta SK, Kumar G, Yadav S, Mohanty SS, Prasad P, Singh B, Singh S, Saroha P, Kumar D, Singh P, Vikram K, Savargaonkar D, Singh H. Moving population is a challenge for malaria elimination in India: A cross-sectional study to assess malaria parasite infections in walking pilgrims in western Rajasthan, India. IJID REGIONS 2024; 12:100418. [PMID: 39253690 PMCID: PMC11381882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Objectives India is vigorously pursuing malaria elimination by 2030 and one of the key challenges is how to prevent the malaria risk associated with long-distance migrations of populations from endemic to non-endemic areas. Millions of pilgrims walking to the holy Ramdevra temple stay in temporary shelters along the route in district of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan state in western India. The main pilgrimage period coincides with the post-monsoon period with elevated vector densities. We investigated this situation to assess the potential risk posed by migrant pilgrims along the four highways in the temple district in disseminating malaria infections associated with their annual movements. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted for screening malaria in walking pilgrims from neighboring states at selected sites and a follow-up study for screening residents in Rajasthan from 2021 to 2023. The study comprises state entry routes, Ramdevra shrine, and pilgrimage route villages situated in western Rajasthan. Epidemiologic and entomologic surveillance was conducted during the "fair" period (August-September) and in pilgrimage route villages in three different seasons of the year to assess malaria in humans and the vector's infectivity. Results Of the 5251 individuals tested for malaria, a total of 76 (1.4%) tested positive for malaria, of whom 40.7% were infected with Plasmodium vivax (n = 31), 36.8% with P. falciparum (n = 28), and 22.3% with P. vivax and P. falciparum (n = 17). Anopheles density was highest during the fair season, peaking in August. An. stephensi exhibited a higher human blood index (0.65) than An. culicifacies (0.50). No mosquitoes were found positive for parasites. Conclusions Up to 1.5% of pilgrims carried malaria parasites, posing a risk of spreading malaria to surrounding communities that otherwise would have low or no malaria burden. Moving populations pose the risk of local malaria transmission and reintroduction to the areas undergoing elimination. Sentinel point surveillance at the border of states will be helpful for states to share information on malaria and subsequently for the prevention of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Lata
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Gaurav Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Yadav
- National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, India
| | - Suman Sundar Mohanty
- National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, India
| | - Pooja Prasad
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharat Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Poonam Saroha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Prem Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kumar Vikram
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Himmat Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Simi SM, Jose R, Anish TS. Skin diseases among the tribal population of Kerala: the challenges and way forward. Int J Equity Health 2024; 23:172. [PMID: 39187873 PMCID: PMC11345996 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-024-02237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kerala has a history of achievements in health through acting on the distal social determinants, but certain communities like tribals were pushed back from the stream of social development and health achievements. Subsequently, the lifestyle and the poor living conditions of tribes make them more prone to several diseases including skin diseases. However, neither the burden nor the situation of the same in the tribal population in several parts including Kerala is seldom assessed. MAIN BODY The lack of awareness about the symptoms, complications, and management options as a part of the social backwardness has led to the concentration of certain diseases like Leprosy among the tribal community. In addition, the tribal population is under the threat of infectious diseases of public health significance like Leishmaniasis (CL). The tribal population owing to ignorance neglects the skin lesions or uses their local remedies. Tribes might have been using many local remedies for their issues, but the emerging skin diseases may not be amenable to local remedies and often impose significant public health concerns. Developing and maintaining an effectively functioning health system in these difficult-to-reach terrains is also a challenge. The pattern of skin diseases among tribals residing in environmentally sensitive localities is an indicator for the need for more social, economic and geospatial inclusion. Skin lesions of the tribal population should be kept under active surveillance activities through the integrated health information platform (IHIP) and it should follow a vigilant public health response if there are clusterings. A dedicated evidence-based system should be developed to diagnose and treat skin diseases of tribal people residing away from the availability of specialist care using local resources and community-level workers. CONCLUSION The rampant skin diseases among tribals are the product of their unacceptable socio-economic status and living conditions. It could only improve through interventions focusing on social determinants of health. Improvements in the living conditions of tribals are sustainable long-term solutions, but such solutions should be coupled with medium-term and short-term strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regi Jose
- Department of Community Medicine, Sree Gokulam Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Gouda KC, Pernaje N, Benke M. Climate parameter and malaria association in north-east India. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:501-512. [PMID: 37520211 PMCID: PMC10382377 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was performed in order to understand the effect of climatological variables on the malaria situation in the north-east region of India, which is prolonged by the disease. Time-series analysis of major climate parameters like rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature, relative humidity, and soil moisture distributions is carried out, and their correlation with the malaria incidence is quantified state-wise, which is the unique part of the study. The correlation analysis reveals that malaria is significantly related with the maximum temperature and soil moisture in three out of eight states in NE India. To assess the climate variability, the inter-dependency between the meteorological parameters is obtained and the state wise correlation matrix for all states are reported. The analysis shows that maximum and mean temperature has highest positive correlation whereas minimum temperature and relative humidity has negative correlation. The climate-malaria relation is being carried out in the study region using the regression analysis and the results revealed that the regional climate has the most impact for the malaria incidence in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tripura and Nagaland and in other states the impact is moderate. Analysis of variance modelling in the regions also indicates the degree of the fitment of both the data sets with the regression model and it is observed that the relation is also significant in the same 4 states. As a case study the impact of large scale oscillations like El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the malaria load is also assessed which can be a good indicator in the prediction of the climate and in turn the malaria incidences over the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Gouda
- CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute, Wind Tunnel Road, Bangalore, 560037 India
| | | | - Mahendra Benke
- CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute, Wind Tunnel Road, Bangalore, 560037 India
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5
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Singh US, Amdep FL, Kshiar A, Acharya P, Karumuthil T, Kale S, Mishra S, Khan N, Kharbisnop B, Kessler A, Carlton JM, Das A, Walton C, Albert S. Characterisation of Anopheles species composition and genetic diversity in Meghalaya, northeast India, using molecular identification tools. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105450. [PMID: 37230159 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Malaria in India is declining, in part due to the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and vector control. Historically, the north-eastern region of India has contributed ~10%-12% of the nation's malaria burden. The important mosquito vectors in northeast India have long been considered to be Anopheles baimaii and An. minimus, both associated with forest habitats. Local deforestation and increased rice cultivation, along with widespread LLIN use, may be changing vector species composition. Understanding if and how vector species composition is changing is critical to successful malaria control. In Meghalaya state, malaria is now at a low level of endemicity with occasional seasonal outbreaks. In a biodiverse setting like Meghalaya, where >24 Anopheles mosquito species have been recorded, accurate morphological identification of all species is logistically challenging. To accurately determine Anopheles species richness in the West Khasi Hills (WKH) and West Jaintia Hills (WJH) districts, adult and larval mosquitoes were collected and identified using molecular methods of allele-specific PCR and cytochrome oxidase I DNA barcoding. In 14 villages across both districts, we identified high species richness, 19 species in total. Molecular findings indicated that An. minimus and An. baimaii were rare, while four other species (An. maculatus, An. pseudowillmori, An. jeyporiensis and An. nitidus) were abundant. Anopheles maculatus was highly prevalent in WKH (39% of light trap collections) and An. pseudowillmori in WJH (45%). Larvae of these four species were found in rice fields, suggesting that land cover change is influencing species composition change. Our results suggest that rice fields might be contributing to the observed abundance of An. maculatus and An. pseudowillmori, which could be playing a role in malaria transmission, either independently due to their high abundance, or in combination with An. baimaii and/or An. minimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Shyamsunder Singh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Alman Kshiar
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India
| | - Preeti Acharya
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Tulasi Karumuthil
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Sonal Kale
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Sandhya Mishra
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Nikhat Khan
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Bankerdonbor Kharbisnop
- Meghalaya State Programme Management Unit (Malaria), National Centre for Vector Borne Disease Control, Department of Health, Government of Meghalaya, Lawmali, Pasteur Hill, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India
| | - Anne Kessler
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, NY 10003, USA
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India
| | - Catherine Walton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Sandra Albert
- Indian Institute of Public Health Shillong, Shillong, Meghalaya 793001, India; National Lutheran Health and Medical Board, MLCU, Meghalaya, India
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Ahmed RA, Kumar A, Swargiary A, Suri HS, Shankar H, Hussain SSA, Kumar G, Singh K, Kalita D, begum A. Impact assessment of Intensified Malaria Control Project in transitioning a high malaria-endemic district to a low-endemic district: an epidemiological aspect. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:493-504. [PMID: 36960929 PMCID: PMC10262807 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2194498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensified Malaria Control Project (IMCP) was implemented in 2005 to control malaria in all North-Eastern and Odisha states of India. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of IMCP in reducing the malaria burden in Udalguri district, Assam state of North-East India. Malaria epidemiological data were obtained for IMCP intervention (Udalguri) and nonintervention district (West Singhbhumi, Jharkhand state). IMCP activities include introducing bi-valent rapid diagnostic kits (RDTs), Artemether-Lumefantrine drug in North-East India, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distribution, and creating awareness programs about malaria in an intensified mode. The data revealed a significant decline in annual parasite incidence (API) from 14.94 (2005) to 2.61 (2018), -37% (95%CI: -57%, -19%, p = 001) after using LLINs in 2009 and -64% (95%CI: -116%, -14%, p = 013) after the introduction of RDTs in district Udalguri. Whereas control district showed a -28% (95%CI: -63%, 6.3%, p = 0.051) decrease in API using LLINs and a 10% (95%CI: -7.6%, 28%, p = 0.122) increase after the introduction of RDTs. Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv) were the major malarial parasites in Udalguri. Pv-malaria was much higher (71%) than Pf-malaria (29%) during the study period. An increasing trend of Pf cases was observed in Udalguri. Udalguri and Khoirabari BPHCs showed an overall reduction of 94% (95%CI: -143%, -45%, p = 0.001) and 84% (95%CI: -126%, -39%, p = 0.003), respectively; however, only a 10% (95%CI: -65%, -41%, p = 0.360) reduction in API was observed in Orang BPHC. An overall decrease in malaria indicates the effective implementation of vector and disease control strategies in the Udalguri district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ali Ahmed
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Udalguri, Darrang, Assam, India
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avdhesh Kumar
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananta Swargiary
- Department of Zoology, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India
| | - Harpal Singh Suri
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Udalguri, Darrang, Assam, India
| | - Hari Shankar
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shah Areeb Hussain
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Parasite – Host Biology, ICMR – National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipika Kalita
- Department of Zoology, Bhattadev University, Pathshala, Assam, India
| | - Afluza begum
- Department of Chemistry, Bhattadev University, Pathshala, Assam, India
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7
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Lu G, Zhang D, Chen J, Cao Y, Chai L, Liu K, Chong Z, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Heuschen AK, Müller O, Zhu G, Cao J. Predicting the risk of malaria re-introduction in countries certified malaria-free: a systematic review. Malar J 2023; 22:175. [PMID: 37280626 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting the risk of malaria in countries certified malaria-free is crucial for the prevention of re-introduction. This review aimed to identify and describe existing prediction models for malaria re-introduction risk in eliminated settings. METHODS A systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines was carried out. Studies that developed or validated a malaria risk prediction model in eliminated settings were included. At least two authors independently extracted data using a pre-defined checklist developed by experts in the field. The risk of bias was assessed using both the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST) and the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (aNOS). RESULTS A total 10,075 references were screened and 10 articles describing 11 malaria re-introduction risk prediction models in 6 countries certified malaria free. Three-fifths of the included prediction models were developed for the European region. Identified parameters predicting malaria re-introduction risk included environmental and meteorological, vectorial, population migration, and surveillance and response related factors. Substantial heterogeneity in predictors was observed among the models. All studies were rated at a high risk of bias by PROBAST, mostly because of a lack of internal and external validation of the models. Some studies were rated at a low risk of bias by the aNOS scale. CONCLUSIONS Malaria re-introduction risk remains substantial in many countries that have eliminated malaria. Multiple factors were identified which could predict malaria risk in eliminated settings. Although the population movement is well acknowledged as a risk factor associated with the malaria re-introduction risk in eliminated settings, it is not frequently incorporated in the risk prediction models. This review indicated that the proposed models were generally poorly validated. Therefore, future emphasis should be first placed on the validation of existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Lu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Dongying Zhang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Nursing, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory On Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
| | - Liying Chai
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China
| | - Zeying Chong
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225007, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Nanjing Health and Customs Quarantine Office, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Olaf Müller
- Institute of Global Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guoding Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory On Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory On Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.
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Yaladanda N, Mopuri R, Vavilala H, Bhimala KR, Gouda KC, Kadiri MR, Upadhyayula SM, Mutheneni SR. The synergistic effect of climatic factors on malaria transmission: a predictive approach for northeastern states of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:59194-59211. [PMID: 36997790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The northeast region of India is highlighted as the most vulnerable region for malaria. This study attempts to explore the epidemiological profile and quantify the climate-induced influence on malaria cases in the context of tropical states, taking Meghalaya and Tripura as study areas. Monthly malaria cases and meteorological data from 2011 to 2018 and 2013 to 2019 were collected from the states of Meghalaya and Tripura, respectively. The nonlinear associations between individual and synergistic effect of meteorological factors and malaria cases were assessed, and climate-based malaria prediction models were developed using the generalized additive model (GAM) with Gaussian distribution. During the study period, a total of 216,943 and 125,926 cases were recorded in Meghalaya and Tripura, respectively, and majority of the cases occurred due to the infection of Plasmodium falciparum in both the states. The temperature and relative humidity in Meghalaya and temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and soil moisture in Tripura showed a significant nonlinear effect on malaria; moreover, the synergistic effects of temperature and relative humidity (SI=2.37, RERI=0.58, AP=0.29) and temperature and rainfall (SI=6.09, RERI=2.25, AP=0.61) were found to be the key determinants of malaria transmission in Meghalaya and Tripura, respectively. The developed climate-based malaria prediction models are able to predict the malaria cases accurately in both Meghalaya (RMSE: 0.0889; R2: 0.944) and Tripura (RMSE: 0.0451; R2: 0.884). The study found that not only the individual climatic factors can significantly increase the risk of malaria transmission but also the synergistic effects of climatic factors can drive the malaria transmission multifold. This reminds the policymakers to pay attention to the control of malaria in situations with high temperature and relative humidity and high temperature and rainfall in Meghalaya and Tripura, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila Yaladanda
- EIACP Resource Partner on Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajasekhar Mopuri
- EIACP Resource Partner on Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Hariprasad Vavilala
- EIACP Resource Partner on Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kantha Rao Bhimala
- CSIR-Fourth Paradigm Institute, NAL Belur Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560037, India
| | - Krushna Chandra Gouda
- CSIR-Fourth Paradigm Institute, NAL Belur Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560037, India
| | - Madhusudhan Rao Kadiri
- EIACP Resource Partner on Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Suryanarayana Murty Upadhyayula
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sila Katamur, Halugurisuk, Changsari, Kamrup, Assam, 781101, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Mutheneni
- EIACP Resource Partner on Climate Change and Public Health, Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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9
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Roy SS. Spatial patterns of malaria case burden and seasonal precipitation in India during 1995-2013. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:157-164. [PMID: 36287259 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The majority of malaria cases in Southeast Asia occur in India. It is a major public health problem in India, which accounts for substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic loss. The spatial distribution of malaria widely varies due to geo-ecological diversity, multi-ethnicity, and wide distribution of the different anopheline vectors. The predominant malaria parasites in India for malaria are P. Falciparum (Pf) and P. Vivax (Pv). This study analyzes the spatial patterns of malaria cases, specifically the two dominant malaria vectors, at the regional level and its relation to seasonal precipitation. The results of our study revealed an overall decline in malaria cases in the later years. The spatial spread of malaria cases was more widespread during the normal monsoon years vs drought years, which can be attributed to more conducive environment for mosquitos to breed. The correlation analysis revealed a stronger correlation between malaria case burden and monsoon precipitation. Spatially, the strongest correlation between seasonal and annual precipitation, and malaria case burden were located across the northern plains and northeast India. The results of this research further our understanding of the relationship between seasonal precipitation and malaria case burden at the regional level across India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouraseni Sen Roy
- Department of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
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Ahmed A, Irish SR, Zohdy S, Yoshimizu M, Tadesse FG. Strategies for conducting Anopheles stephensi surveys in non-endemic areas. Acta Trop 2022; 236:106671. [PMID: 36058292 PMCID: PMC11004664 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi, a malaria vector species previously only known from Asia, was first detected in Africa in Djibouti in 2012, has been subsequently collected in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Somalia, and may be spreading further. Countries may wish to implement mosquito surveys to determine if An. stephensi is present, or to determine the extent of its distribution, if present. Furthermore, mosquito surveys can provide data on the bionomics of An. stephensi and its adaptation to the local environment that can help plan and implement control activities. The present strategies provide suggestions on surveillance approaches for monitoring An. stephensi. The first step is to determine the aim of the study, as this will determine the specific activities conducted in each location. Challenges related to identification and detection of resistance and sporozoites are also discussed. Results should be communicated to relevant stakeholders in a timely manner, both in country and internationally, to help understand the introduction, distribution, and bionomics of An. stephensi in a given country and work towards cross-border and coordinated international response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Ahmed
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan; Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, 47 Al Steen Street, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan; Directorate of Environmental Health, Federal Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 303, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Seth R Irish
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland; U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States.
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - Melissa Yoshimizu
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, 500 D Street SW, Washington, DC 20547, United States
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and NTD directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, ALERT Hospital Compound, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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11
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Chakrabarti R, Chery-Karschney L, White J, Mascarenhas A, Skillman KM, Kanjee U, Babar PH, Patrapuvich R, Mohapatra PK, Patankar S, Smith JD, Anvikar A, Valecha N, Rahi M, Duraisingh MT, Rathod PK. Diverse Malaria Presentations across National Institutes of Health South Asia International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research Sites in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:107-117. [PMID: 36228910 PMCID: PMC9662227 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA) International Center for Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was established by the US National Institutes of Health (US NIH) as one of 10 malaria research centers in endemic countries. In 10 years of hospital-based and field-based work in India, the MESA-ICEMR has documented the changing epidemiology and transmission of malaria in four different parts of India. Malaria Evolution in South Asia-ICEMR activities, in collaboration with Indian partners, are carried out in the broad thematic areas of malaria case surveillance, vector biology and transmission, antimalarial resistance, pathogenesis, and host response. The program integrates insights from surveillance and field studies with novel basic science studies. This is a two-pronged approach determining the biology behind the disease patterns seen in the field, and generating new relevant biological questions about malaria to be tested in the field. Malaria Evolution in South Asia-ICEMR activities inform local and international stakeholders on the current status of malaria transmission in select parts of South Asia including updates on regional vectors of transmission of local parasites. The community surveys and new laboratory tools help monitor ongoing efforts to control and eliminate malaria in key regions of South Asia including the state of evolving antimalarial resistance in different parts of India, new host biomarkers of recent infection, and molecular markers of pathogenesis from uncomplicated and severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimi Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | | | - John White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Kristen M. Skillman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Usheer Kanjee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Prasad H. Babar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India
| | - Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich
- Drug Research Unit for Malaria (DRUM), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Anup Anvikar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, UP, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Disease, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Malaria Elimination in Two Endemic Coastal Environments of Southern India: An Eco-Epidemiological Analysis from 2004 to 2019. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:428-436. [PMID: 34677798 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Presently, India is heading towards malaria elimination. In this context, analysing malaria epidemiological data of endemic pockets is important. In the present investigation, malaria prevalence in two endemic coastal localities of India viz., Besant Nagar (Chennai district) and Pamban (Ramanathapuram district) was analysed from 2004 to 2019 and correlated with the highest maximum temperature. METHODS Malaria surveillance data and entomological data from the malaria clinics were used to investigate epidemiological parameters. The annual malaria cases were correlated with the highest maximum temperature. RESULTS The analysis showed that the malaria case (P.v. and P.f.) reports were directly proportional to the temperature increase. Malaria cases were remarkably increased from 2004 to 2011 and subsequently, both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cases were drastically reduced till 2019. P. vivax was higher than P. falciparum and the male population was found to be more affected. Mixed infection of P. vivax and P. falciparum was observed only in the Besant Nagar site (0.3%). The most affected age group was the adult age group (15 years and above) in both Besant Nagar (76.1%) and Pamban (69.5%). CONCLUSION Improved surveillance, complete treatment and integrated vector control activities correlated with a declining trend of malaria cases in both the coastal sites towards malaria elimination.
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13
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Hasan MM, Khan Z, Chowdhury MS, Khan MA, Moni MA, Rahman MH. In silico molecular docking and ADME/T analysis of Quercetin compound with its evaluation of broad-spectrum therapeutic potential against particular diseases. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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14
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Mohan I, Kodali NK, Chellappan S, Karuppusamy B, Behera SK, Natarajan G, Balabaskaran Nina P. Socio-economic and household determinants of malaria in adults aged 45 and above: analysis of longitudinal ageing survey in India, 2017-2018. Malar J 2021; 20:306. [PMID: 34233690 PMCID: PMC8265067 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03840-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though malaria cases have drastically come down in the last decade, malaria remains a serious public health concern in many parts of India. National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India (2016–2030) has been launched with the goal to eliminate malaria by 2030. Understanding the socio-economic and household determinants of malaria at the national level will greatly aid India’s malaria elimination efforts. Methods The data from Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India (LASI) Wave 1 (2017–2018) survey comprising 70,671 respondents ≥ 45 years across all the States and Union Territories were used for the analysis. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to obtain the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio respectively of the socio-economic and household variables. Results The major socio-economic variables that increase the likelihood of malaria are caste (‘scheduled tribes’), low education levels and rural residence. The scheduled tribes have 1.8 times higher odds of malaria than the scheduled castes (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5–2.1). Respondents with high school education (6–12 grade) (AOR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6–0.8) and college education (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4–0.6) had a very low risk of malaria than those with no school years. Rural residence and occupation (agriculture and allied jobs) also increases the odds of malaria. The major housing determinants are household size (≥ 6), housing type (kutcha), use of unclean fuel, outside water source, improper sanitation (toilet facilities) and damp wall/ceiling. Conclusions The study has identified the major socio-economic and housing factors associated with malaria in adults aged 45 and above. In addition to vector and parasite control strategies in the tribal dominated regions of India, improving literacy and housing conditions may help India’s malaria elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Mohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Kodali
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Sujit Kumar Behera
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalan Natarajan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praveen Balabaskaran Nina
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Amuthavalli P, Hwang JS, Dahms HU, Wang L, Anitha J, Vasanthakumaran M, Gandhi AD, Murugan K, Subramaniam J, Paulpandi M, Chandramohan B, Singh S. Zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant Lawsonia inermis and their mosquitocidal, antimicrobial, anticancer applications showing moderate side effects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8837. [PMID: 33893349 PMCID: PMC8065047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes or parasites spread vector-borne diseases by mosquitoes without being affected themselves. Insecticides used in vector control produce a substantial problem for human health. This study synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Lawsonia inermis L. and were characterized by UV-vis, FT-IR, SEM with EDX, and XRD analysis. Green synthesized ZnO NPs were highly toxic against Anopheles stephensi, whose lethal concentrations values ranged from 5.494 ppm (I instar), 6.801 ppm (II instar), 9.336 ppm (III instar), 10.736 ppm (IV instar), and 12.710 ppm (pupae) in contrast to L. inermis treatment. The predation efficiency of the teleost fish Gambusia affinis and the copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis against A. stephensi was not affected by exposure at sublethal doses of ZnO NPs. The predatory potency for G. affinis was 45 (I) and 25.83% (IV), copepod M. aspericornis was 40.66 (I) and 10.8% (IV) while in an ZnO NPs contaminated environment, the predation by the fish G. affinis was boosted to 71.33 and 34.25%, and predation of the copepod M. aspericornis was 60.35 and 16.75%, respectively. ZnO NPs inhibited the growth of several microbial pathogens including the bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) and the fungi (Alternaria alternate and Aspergillus flavus), respectively. ZnO NPs decreased the cell viability of Hep-G2 with IC50 value of 21.63 µg/mL (R2 = 0.942; P < 0.001) while the concentration increased from 1.88 to 30 µg/mL. These outcomes support the use of L. inermis mediated ZnO NPs for mosquito control and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandiyan Amuthavalli
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Jiang-Shiou Hwang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, TaiyuanShanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Jagannathan Anitha
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Murugan Vasanthakumaran
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641029, India
| | - Arumugam Dhanesh Gandhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 115, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India.
| | - Jayapal Subramaniam
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Manickam Paulpandi
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Balamurugan Chandramohan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, India
| | - Shivangi Singh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Koahsiung, Taiwan
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16
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van Eijk AM, Mannan AS, Sullivan SA, Carlton JM. Defining symptoms of malaria in India in an era of asymptomatic infections. Malar J 2020; 19:237. [PMID: 32631326 PMCID: PMC7339403 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major public health problem in India. Data from surveys totaling 3031 participants at three sites revealed a high proportion of asymptomatic infections, complicating diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify differences in complaints and symptoms between sites, and factors associated with asymptomatic Plasmodium infections. Methods Published data from community-based cross-sectional studies conducted between 2012 and 2015 in Nadiad (Gujarat), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), and Rourkela (Odisha) as part of the Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in India were analysed. Complaints and symptoms were systematically recorded, and Plasmodium infections confirmed using microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the association between general symptoms and age, season, or gender, and factors associated with asymptomatic Plasmodium infections were assessed. Results Complaints of any illness were lowest in Chennai (17.7%), 30.6% in Rourkela and 42.7% in Nadiad. Complaints were more often reported for children; gender differences were noted in Rourkela only. In Nadiad, 7.0% of 796 participants were positive for malaria by PCR (32% Plasmodium falciparum); 78.6% had a history of fever or documented fever, 14.3% had other symptoms, and 7.1% were “truly asymptomatic”. For Chennai this was 29.2%, 4.2% and 66.7% respectively, with a malaria prevalence of 2.6% by PCR of 928 participants (29% P. falciparum). In Rourkela, with 7.7% of 1307 participants positive for malaria by PCR (82% P. falciparum), the percentages were 35.6%, 24.8% and 39.6%, respectively. In Rourkela, asymptomatic infections were associated with young age and male gender (microscopy or RDT), and with rainy season (PCR). In the same site, participants with Plasmodium vivax were more likely to be asymptomatic (11/18 or 61.1%) than persons with P. falciparum mono-infections (27/78 or 34.6%); gametocytes for P. falciparum were evenly distributed between symptomatic and asymptomatic infections (2/53 vs. 2/49, respectively). The addition of the symptoms “headache”, “aches” and “chills” to fever improved the case-definition of symptomatic malaria. Conclusion There were considerable differences in complaints at the three sites in India. Malaria and asymptomatic infections differ by region, indicating that malaria elimination will require localized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria van Eijk
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Asad S Mannan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Steven A Sullivan
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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Dayanand KK, Kishore P, Chandrashekar V, Achur RN, Ghosh SK, Kakkilaya SB, Kumari SN, Tiwari S, Boloor A, Devi R, Gowda DC. Malaria Severity in Mangaluru City in the Southwestern Coastal Region of India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:275-279. [PMID: 30734693 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dakshina Kannada district in the Southwestern region of Karnataka state, India, including Mangaluru city is endemic to malaria. About 80% of malaria infections in Mangaluru and its surrounding areas are caused by Plasmodium vivax and the remainder is due to Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria-associated clinical complications significantly occur in this region. Here, we report the pathological conditions of 41 cases of fatal severe malaria, admitted to the district government hospital in Mangaluru city during January 2013 through December 2016. The results of clinical, hematological, and biochemical analyses showed that most of these severe malaria cases were associated with thrombocytopenia, anemia, metabolic acidosis, acute respiratory distress, and single or multi-organ dysfunction involving liver, kidney, and brain. Of the 41 fatal malaria cases, 24, 10, and seven patients had P. vivax, P. falciparum, and P. vivax and P. falciparum mixed infections, respectively. These data suggest that besides P. falciparum that is known to extensively cause severe and fatal malaria illnesses, P. vivax causes fatal illnesses substantially in this region, an observation that is consistent with recent findings in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Dayanand
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India.,Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India
| | - Punnath Kishore
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India.,Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India
| | - Valleesha Chandrashekar
- Department of Biochemistry, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India.,Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India
| | | | - Susanta K Ghosh
- Department of Biological Control, National Institute of Malaria Research, Poojanahalli, India
| | | | - Suchetha N Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE University, Mangaluru, India
| | - Satyanarayan Tiwari
- Department of Biological Control, National Institute of Malaria Research, Poojanahalli, India
| | - Archith Boloor
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | | | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Iyanda AE, Osayomi T, Boakye KA, Lu Y. Regional variation and demographic factors associated with knowledge of malaria risk and prevention strategies among pregnant women in Nigeria. Women Health 2019; 60:456-472. [PMID: 31327307 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2019.1643818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women and children are the most vulnerable populations for malaria infection. Yet, knowledge of risk, and preventive measures are poor among this population. Using the 2015 Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey, we applied logit link function to estimate the associations of wealth status, educational attainment, and region of residence with malaria risk knowledge and prevention strategies (using a treated mosquito net and malaria drugs) among 739 Nigerian pregnant women aged 15-49 years. Urban women who had obtained a secondary school education (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-4) or higher (aOR = 8.31; 95% CI 3.2-22) had more knowledge of malaria risk. Urban women in the South-West (aOR = 5.02; [CI] 2.02-12.50) and South-East (aOR = 2.68; 95% CI 1.19-6.06) were more likely to use treated mosquito nets during pregnancy. Women in the urban South-West (aOR = 4.04; 95% CI 1.5-11) were more likely to use malaria drugs during pregnancy than those in the North-Central. A wide regional disparity in the knowledge of malaria risks and use of preventive measures exists. Thus, promoting equal access to malaria preventive measures as well as improving knowledge about malaria transmission by mosquitoes should be considered as essential components of ongoing malaria control and elimination efforts in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji E Iyanda
- Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | | | - Kwadwo A Boakye
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Yongmei Lu
- Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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19
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Singh J, Mansuri R, Vijay S, Sahoo GC, Sharma A, Kumar M. Docking predictions based Plasmodium falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyl transferase inhibitor identification and in-vitro antimalarial activity analysis. BMC Chem 2019; 13:43. [PMID: 31384791 PMCID: PMC6661969 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased multidrug resistance among antimalarial drugs produces the urgency of potent anti malarial to combat resistant malaria and the malaria burden worldwide. The protein which may prevent the growth or transmission of malaria parasite may be the great target for rational drug designing. Plasmodium falciparum phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase (Pfpmt) absent in human catalyzes triple methylation of ethanolamine into phosphocholine for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis from serine decarboxylation phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase pathway for the membrane development at asexual as well as sexual stages of parasite. The Plasmodium requires production of membrane rapidly for growth and multiplication. Hence, the phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase of Plasmodium falciparum was selected as drug target for rational drug designing. Using Discovery studio 3.5 software the library of zinc compounds was screened against target and analyzed. The compounds with better druglike properties and docking affinity and binding interaction for target protein were procured for in vitro analysis against Plasmodium falciparum culture (IC50). Compounds ZINC02103914 and ZINC12882412 were found to have good druglike properties and affinity for Pfpmt also inhibited P. falciparum growth at very low µM IC50 concentration 3.0 µM and 2.1 µM respectively also found nontoxic in vitro against HEK-293 cells. Simulation study of best inhibitor revealed the specificity for the target protein. Hence, the compounds possessed the immense probability of being inhibitors of Pfpmt and may be optimized as antimalarial agent for combinational therapy to overcome the multidrug resistance and may also be used as template for optimization and rational drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagbir Singh
- 1Division of Protein Biochemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110 077 India.,5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Rani Mansuri
- 2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Apeejay Stya University, Gurugram, India
| | - Sonam Vijay
- Division of ECD, Indian Council of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- 4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute, Patna, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- 1Division of Protein Biochemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110 077 India
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- 5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
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20
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Pradhan S, Pradhan MM, Dutta A, Shah NK, Joshi PL, Pradhan K, Sharma SK, Grewal Daumerie P, Banerji J, Duparc S, Mendis K, Murugasampillay S, Valecha N, Anvikar AR. Improved access to early diagnosis and complete treatment of malaria in Odisha, India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208943. [PMID: 30601833 PMCID: PMC6314604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2013, the Comprehensive Case Management Programme (CCMP) was initiated to assess the impact of universal access to diagnosis and treatment and improved surveillance on malaria transmission in different settings in Odisha state, India. Methods Pairs of intervention and control sub-districts (blocks), matched on malaria incidence were selected in four districts with different transmission intensities. CCMP activities included training and supervision, ensuring no stock-outs of malaria tests and drugs, analysing verified surveillance data, stratifying areas based on risk factors, and appointing alternative providers to underserved areas. Composite risk scores were calculated for each sub-centre using principal component analysis. Post−pre changes (2013–2015 versus 2011–2012) for annual blood examination rates (ABER) and annual parasite incidence (API) across intervention and control groups were assessed using difference-in-difference (DID) estimates, adjusted for malaria transmission risk. Results In the intervention sub-centres, the mean increase in ABER was 6.41 tests/sub-centre (95%CI 4.69, 8.14; p<0.01) and in API was 9.2 cases diagnosed/sub-centre (95%CI 5.18, 13.21; p<0.01). The control sub-centres reported lower increases in ABER (2.84 [95%CI 0.35, 5.34]; p<0.05) and API (3.68 [95%CI 0.45, 6.90]; p<0.05). The control-adjusted post–pre changes in API showed that 5.52 more cases (95%CI 0.34, 10.70; p<0.05) were diagnosed, and a 3.6 more cases (95%CI 0.58, 6.56; p<0.05) were tested per sub-centre in the intervention versus control areas. Larger differences in post–pre changes in API between intervention and control sub-centres were registered in the higher transmission-risk areas compared with the lower risk areas. All the changes were statistically significant. Conclusions Intensive intervention activities targeted at improved access to malaria diagnosis and treatment produced a substantial increase in blood examination and case notification, especially in inaccessible, hard-to-reach pockets. CCMP provides insights into how to achieve universal coverage of malaria services through a routine, state-run programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Pradhan
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Madan Mohan Pradhan
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ambarish Dutta
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Naman K. Shah
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | - S. K. Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Jaya Banerji
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (ARA); (NV)
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Chakraborty B, Mondal P, Gajendra P, Mitra M, Das C, Sengupta S. Deciphering genetic regulation of CD14 by SP1 through characterization of peripheral blood mononuclear transcriptome of P. faiciparum and P. vivax infected malaria patients. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:442-452. [PMID: 30337251 PMCID: PMC6286629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are two major parasites responsible for malaria which remains a threat to almost 50% of world's population despite decade-long eradication program. One possible reason behind this conundrum is that the bases of clinical variability in malaria caused by either species are complex and poorly understood. METHODS Whole-genome transcriptome was analyzed to identify the active and predominant pathways in the PBMC of P. falciparum and P. vivax infected malaria patients. Deregulated genes were identified and annotated using R Bioconductor and DAVID/KEGG respectively. Genetic and functional regulation of CD14, a prioritized candidate, were established by quantitative RT-PCR, genotyping using RFLP and resequencing, mapping of transcription factor binding using CONSITE and TFBIND, dual luciferase assay, western blot analysis, RNAi- mediated gene knockdown and chromatin-immunoprecipation. FINDINGS The study highlighted that deregulation of host immune and inflammatory genes particularly CD14 as a key event in P. falciparum malaria. An abundance of allele-C of rs5744454, located in CD14 promoter, in severe malaria motivated us to establish an allele-specific regulation of CD14 by SP1. An enhancement of SP1 and CD14 expression was observed in artemisinin treated human monocyte cell line. INTERPRETATION Our data not only reinstates that CD14 of TLR pathway plays a predominant role in P. falciparum malaria, it establishes a functional basis for genetic association of rs5744454 with P. falciparum severe malaria by demonstrating a cis-regulatory role of this promoter polymorphism. Moreover, the study points towards a novel pharmacogenetic aspect of artemisinin-based anti-malarial therapy. FUND: DST-SERB, Govt. of India, SR/SO/HS-0056/2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijurica Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India
| | - Payel Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
| | - Pragya Gajendra
- School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mitashree Mitra
- School of Studies in Anthropology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanghamitra Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India.
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Umer MF, Zofeen S, Majeed A, Hu W, Qi X, Zhuang G. Spatiotemporal Clustering Analysis of Malaria Infection in Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1202. [PMID: 29880778 PMCID: PMC6025434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress, malaria remains a serious public health problem in Pakistan. Very few studies have been done on spatiotemporal evaluation of malaria infection in Pakistan. The study aimed to detect the spatiotemporal pattern of malaria infection at the district level in Pakistan, and to identify the clusters of high-risk disease areas in the country. Annual data on malaria for two dominant species (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax) and mixed infections from 2011 to 2016 were obtained from the Directorate of Malaria Control Program, Pakistan. Population data were collected from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. A geographical information system was used to display the spatial distribution of malaria at the district level throughout Pakistan. Purely spatiotemporal clustering analysis was performed to identify the high-risk areas of malaria infection in Pakistan. A total of 1,593,409 positive cases were included in this study over a period of 6 years (2011⁻2016). The maximum number of P. vivax cases (474,478) were reported in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). The highest burden of P. falciparum (145,445) was in Balochistan, while the highest counts of mixed Plasmodium cases were reported in Sindh (22,421) and Balochistan (22,229), respectively. In Balochistan, incidence of all three types of malaria was very high. Cluster analysis showed that primary clusters of P. vivax malaria were in the same districts in 2014, 2015 and 2016 (total 24 districts, 12 in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), 9 in KPK, 2 in Punjab and 1 in Balochistan); those of P. falciparum malaria were unchanged in 2012 and 2013 (total 18 districts, all in Balochistan), and mixed infections remained the same in 2014 and 2015 (total 7 districts, 6 in Balochistan and 1 in FATA). This study indicated that the transmission cycles of malaria infection vary in different spatiotemporal settings in Pakistan. Efforts in controlling P. vivax malaria in particular need to be enhanced in high-risk areas. Based on these findings, further research is needed to investigate the impact of risk factors on transmission of malaria in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Umer
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Shumaila Zofeen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Abdul Majeed
- Directorate of Malaria Control Program, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Xin Qi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Guihua Zhuang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Sabin L, Hecht EMS, Brooks MI, Singh MP, Yeboah-Antwi K, Rizal A, Wylie BJ, Bondzie PA, Banos M, Tuchman J, Singh N, Hamer DH. Prevention and treatment of malaria in pregnancy: what do pregnant women and health care workers in East India know and do about it? Malar J 2018; 17:207. [PMID: 29776369 PMCID: PMC5960115 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited qualitative research has been performed in India to investigate views and behaviours of pregnant women regarding malaria despite the threat of malaria-related adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. To address this gap, a comprehensive study on malaria prevention and treatment attitudes, knowledge and behaviour among pregnant women in India was conducted. METHODS Pregnant women and healthcare workers (HCWs), encompassing clinic-based providers, traditional birth attendants, and auxiliary nurse-midwives were enrolled for in-depth interviews (IDIs) at 7 hospital sites and nearby communities in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States. Questions addressed health concerns and attitudes, knowledge and practices regarding malaria prevention and treatment; probing covered modern and traditional approaches. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach. RESULTS A total of 83 pregnant women and 119 HCWs participated in 202 IDIs, 90 in Jharkhand and 112 in Chhattisgarh. A majority of Jharkhand respondents, but only one-fourth in Chhattisgarh, named malaria among top health issues for pregnant women. Just over half of pregnant women were willing to try new prevention methods (especially insecticide-treated bed nets), although cost-related barriers to such methods were stressed. Most respondents voiced concerns about malaria treatment during pregnancy, mainly citing potential harm to the baby. Most knew that mosquitoes transmitted malaria, but a substantial minority, including among HCWs, described incorrect transmission modes. Most knew a proven prevention method (usually bed nets or coils); a few knew other methods. A minority of pregnant women, but most HCWs, knew about malaria treatment, although some HCWs described unproven treatments. Most respondents described use of modern prevention methods in their communities, typically bed nets, although probing revealed irregular use. Half (especially in Jharkhand and particularly HCWs) described use of traditional prevention approaches such as burning leaves and rubbing oils on the body; traditional remedies for malaria treatment were common, and varied by site and population. CONCLUSIONS Understanding of malaria varied as a concern for pregnant women, continued use of unproven malaria prevention and treatment strategies was evident in this population in India. These results highlight the need to educate both pregnant women and HCWs about effective malaria methods to protect pregnant women and their babies from malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Sabin
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Evan M S Hecht
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohamad I Brooks
- Pathfinder, International, 9 Galen Street, Suite 217, Watertown, MA, USA
| | - Mrigendra P Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research Field Station, IDVC Mission Medical College Campus, Jabalpur, India
| | - Kojo Yeboah-Antwi
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abanish Rizal
- Harvard University, Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blair J Wylie
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip A Bondzie
- Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Banos
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordan Tuchman
- Abt Associates, 4550 Montgomery Ave, #800N, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Neeru Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research Field Station, IDVC Mission Medical College Campus, Jabalpur, India
| | - Davidson H Hamer
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave, Boston, MA, USA.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Ediriweera MK, Tennekoon KH, Samarakoon SR. A Review on Ethnopharmacological Applications, Pharmacological Activities, and Bioactive Compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:6949835. [PMID: 29456572 PMCID: PMC5804368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6949835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mangifera indica (family Anacardiaceae), commonly known as mango, is a pharmacologically, ethnomedically, and phytochemically diverse plant. Various parts of M. indica tree have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of different ailments, and a number of bioactive phytochemical constituents of M. indica have been reported, namely, polyphenols, terpenes, sterols, carotenoids, vitamins, and amino acids, and so forth. Several studies have proven the pharmacological potential of different parts of mango trees such as leaves, bark, fruit peel and flesh, roots, and flowers as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antiplasmodial, and antihyperlipemic. In the present review, a comprehensive study on ethnopharmacological applications, pharmacological activities, and bioactive compounds of M. indica has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meran Keshawa Ediriweera
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90 Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90 Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Sameera Ranganath Samarakoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90 Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
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Albumin Cobalt Binding or Ischaemia Modified Albumin: a Test of Great Prognostic Value in Malaria. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9:e2017041. [PMID: 28698784 PMCID: PMC5499494 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2017.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated albumin cobalt binding (ACB) assay also known as Ischaemia Modified Albumin (IMA) assay as a prognostic marker for severe malaria in a medical college setting. Methods Consecutive adult patients admitted with both vivax and falciparum malaria were evaluated with ACB assay at the time of admission. Detailed work up and individual patient directed management were instituted in addition to immediate artemisin based antimalarial therapy. Results 100 consecutive patients (50 with vivax and 50 with falciparum malaria) were evaluated. The reference range for ACB assay was established using 50 adult healthy (25 male and 25 female) individuals. 16 out of 50 p. Falciparum-Infected developed complicated malaria. None of the P Vivax patients developed complicated malaria. All malaria infected patients had high ACB levels (P<0.0001). There was a stepwise increase in ACB levels from healthy volunteers to different categories of malaria (P<0.0001) without any overlap. Conclusion ACB has the potential to be used as a robust simple and inexpensive prognostic marker for organ dysfunction in severe malaria even if an evaluation at multiple sites with a bigger number of patients should be initiated for final recommendation.
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Pradeepa V, Senthil-Nathan S, Sathish-Narayanan S, Selin-Rani S, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Thanigaivel A, Ponsankar A, Edwin ES, Sakthi-Bagavathy M, Kalaivani K, Murugan K, Duraipandiyan V, Al-Dhabi NA. Potential mode of action of a novel plumbagin as a mosquito repellent against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi, (Culicidae: Diptera). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 134:84-93. [PMID: 27914545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plumbagin was isolated and characterized from the roots of Plumbago zeylanica using chromatography: TLC, Column chromatogram, HPLC, FTIR and 1H NMR. The isolated pure compounds were assayed for potency as inhibitors of: acetylcholine esterase (AchE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytochrome P450 and α, β-esterase, and for repellency with Anopheles stephensi at four different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100ppm). The enzyme assay against the pure compound reveals that the level of esterase and SOD was decreased significantly in contrast the level of GST and cytochrome P450 was increased significantly. Our results suggests that novel Plumbagin has significantly alters the level of enzyme comparable to the control. Evaluations resulted in Plumbagin producing maximum repellency scores against An. stephensi mosquitoes in dose dependent manner with highest repellence was observed in the 100ppm. Histological examination showed that the midgut, hindgut and muscles are the most affected tissues. These tissues affected with major changes including separation and collapse of epithelial layer and cellular vacuolization. The results support the utility of plant compound Plumbagin for vector control as an alternative to synthetic insecticides, however, more vigorous field trials are needed to determine viability under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Pradeepa
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
| | - Subbiah Sathish-Narayanan
- Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Conservation Foundation (KMTCF), Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Selin-Rani
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Annamalai Thanigaivel
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Edward-Sam Edwin
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Muthiah Sakthi-Bagavathy
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India
| | - Kandaswamy Kalaivani
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, 627 802, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Wangdi K, Gatton ML, Kelly GC, Banwell C, Dev V, Clements ACA. Malaria elimination in India and regional implications. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:e214-e224. [PMID: 27527748 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The malaria situation in India is complex as a result of diverse socio-environmental conditions. India contributes a substantial burden of malaria outside sub-Saharan Africa, with the third highest Plasmodium vivax prevalence in the world. Successful malaria control in India is likely to enhance malaria elimination efforts in the region. Despite modest gains, there are many challenges for malaria elimination in India, including: varied patterns of malaria transmission in different parts of the country demanding area-specific control measures; intense malaria transmission fuelled by favourable climatic and environment factors; varying degrees of insecticide resistance of vectors; antimalarial drug resistance; a weak surveillance system; and poor national coordination of state programmes. Prevention and protection against malaria are low as a result of a weak health-care system, as well as financial and socioeconomic constraints. Additionally, the open borders of India provide a potential route of entry for artesunate-resistant parasites from southeast Asia. This situation calls for urgent dialogue around tackling malaria across borders-between India's states and neighbouring countries-through sharing of information and coordinated control and preventive measures, if we are to achieve the aim of malaria elimination in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinley Wangdi
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Phuentsholing General Hospital, Phuentsholing, Bhutan.
| | - Michelle L Gatton
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gerard C Kelly
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Cathy Banwell
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vas Dev
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Chakraborty A. Emerging drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: A review of well-characterized drug targets for novel antimalarial chemotherapy. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kar NP, Chauhan K, Nanda N, Kumar A, Carlton JM, Das A. Comparative assessment on the prevalence of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum drug-resistant genes in two different ecotypes of Odisha state, India. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 41:47-55. [PMID: 26988711 PMCID: PMC4868809 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Considering malaria as a local and focal disease, epidemiological understanding of different ecotypes of malaria can help in devising novel control measures. One of the major hurdles in malaria control lies on the evolution and dispersal of the drug-resistant malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. We herewith present data on genetic variation at the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) level in four different genes of P. falciparum (Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr, and Pfdhps) that confer resistance to different antimalarials in two different eco-epidemiological settings, i.e. Hilly-Forest (HF) and Riverine-Plain (RP), in a high malaria endemic district of Odisha state, India. Greater frequency of antimalarial resistance conferring SNPs and haplotypes was observed in all four genes in P. falciparum, and Pfdhps was the most variable gene among the four. No significant genetic differentiation could be observed in isolates from HF and RP ecotypes. Twelve novel, hitherto unreported nucleotide mutations could be observed in the Pfmdr1 and Pfdhps genes. While the Pfdhps gene presented highest haplotype diversity, the Pfcrt gene displayed the highest nucleotide diversity. When the data on all the four genes were complied, the isolates from HF ecotype were found to harbour higher average nucleotide diversity than those coming from RP ecotype. High and positive Tajima's D values were obtained for the Pfcrt and Pfdhfr genes in isolates from both the HF and RP ecotypes, with statistically significant deviation from neutrality in the RP ecotype. Different patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) among SNPs located in different drug-resistant genes were found in the isolates collected from HF and RP ecotypes. Whereas in the HF ecotype, SNPs in the Pfmdr1 and Pfdhfr were significantly associated, in the RP ecotype, SNPs located in Pfcrt were associated with Pfmdr1, Pfdhfr and Pfdhps. These findings provide a baseline understanding on how different micro eco-epidemiological settings influence evolution and spread of different drug resistance alleles. Our findings further suggest that drug resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is approaching fixation level, which requires urgent attention of malaria control programme in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayani Prasad Kar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077, India
| | - Kshipra Chauhan
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077, India
| | - Nutan Nanda
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, DHS Building, Campal, Panaji, Field Unit, Goa-403001, India
| | - Jane M. Carlton
- Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10009, U.S.A
| | - Aparup Das
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077, India
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Regmi K, Kunwar A, Ortega L. A systematic review of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about malaria among the South Asian population. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:30822. [PMID: 27141987 PMCID: PMC4854845 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.30822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the deadliest mosquito-borne diseases in the world. More than 80% of the total populations are at risk of malaria in the 22 countries in Asia and the Pacific. South Asia alone is home to an estimated 1.4 billion people at risk of contracting malaria. Despite the remarkable progress in reducing the burden of malaria, evidence of the disease based on knowledge of the social and cultural contexts from a South Asian perspective is limited. Our objective was to understand the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about malaria in South Asian communities. METHODOLOGY We conducted a systematic literature review, searching six databases, between 1990 and 2015, focusing on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about malaria in South Asia. Databases were searched using both 'free terms' and 'index terms' funnelled using Boolean operators and truncations. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set, and included papers were scrutinised, employing a critical appraisal tool to find the best available evidences to support the study purpose. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Evidence from 32 articles (26 quantitative, four qualitative and two mixed methods). General knowledge and awareness of the disease, its transmission, and control and preventative measures were generally found to be lacking amongst both the general public and healthcare professionals. In addition, the study shows that poor socio-economic factors - including limited access to services due to poor/limited availability - and issues of affordability are considered as major risk factors. CONCLUSION This review suggests the importance of increasing health awareness, mobilising the local or community healthcare professionals, for prevention as well as early detection and effective treatment of malaria among people who are at risk. Malaria is also a disease associated with poverty and socio-cultural factors; therefore, strong political will, wider partnerships between health and non-health sectors, and strengthening health systems' technical and managerial capabilities at all level of primary healthcare systems, is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Regmi
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK;
| | - Anju Kunwar
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, UK
| | - Leonard Ortega
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Kumar A, Hosmani R, Jadhav S, de Sousa T, Mohanty A, Naik M, Shettigar A, Kale S, Valecha N, Chery L, Rathod PK. Anopheles subpictus carry human malaria parasites in an urban area of Western India and may facilitate perennial malaria transmission. Malar J 2016; 15:124. [PMID: 26919828 PMCID: PMC4769513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background India contributes 1.5–2 million annual confirmed cases of malaria. Since both parasites and vectors are evolving rapidly, updated information on parasite prevalence in mosquitoes is important for vector management and disease control. Possible new vector-parasite interactions in Goa, India were tested. Methods A total of 1036 CDC traps were placed at four malaria endemic foci in Goa, India from May 2013 to April 2015. These captured 23,782 mosquitoes, of which there were 1375 female anopheline specimens with ten species identified using morphological keys. Mosquito DNA was analysed for human and bovine blood as well as for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infection. Results Human host feeding was confirmed in Anopheles stephensi (30 %), Anopheles subpictus (27 %), Anopheles jamesii (22 %), Anopheles annularis (26 %), and Anopheles nigerrimus (16 %). In contrast, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles tessellates, Anopheles umbrosus and Anopheles karwari specimens were negative for human blood. Importantly, An. subpictus, which was considered a non-vector in Goa and Western India, was found to be a dominant vector in terms of both total number of mosquitoes collected as well as Plasmodium carriage. Plasmodium infections were detected in 14 An. subpictus (2.8 %), while the traditional vector, An. stephensi, showed seven total infections, two of which were in the salivary glands. Of the 14 An. subpictus infections, nested PCR demonstrated three Plasmodium infections in the salivary glands: one P. vivax and two mixed infections of P. falciparum and P. vivax. In addition, ten gut infections (one P. vivax, six P. falciparum and three mixed infections) were seen in An. subpictus. Longitudinal mosquito collections pointed to a bimodal annual appearance of An. subpictus to maintain a perennial malaria transmission cycle of both P. vivax and P. falciparum in Goa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, India.
| | | | - Shivaji Jadhav
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, India.
| | - Trelita de Sousa
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, India.
| | - Ajeet Mohanty
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, India.
| | - Milind Naik
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, India.
| | - Adarsh Shettigar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, India.
| | - Satyajit Kale
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, India.
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
| | - Laura Chery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Padilla JC, Chaparro PE, Molina K, Arevalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Is there malaria transmission in urban settings in Colombia? Malar J 2015; 14:453. [PMID: 26573620 PMCID: PMC4647453 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colombia contributes a significant proportion of malaria cases in the Americas, which are predominantly rural. However, in the last 8 years ~ 10 % of the endemic municipalities have also reported urban and peri-urban malaria cases, a growing concern for health authorities. This study focused on the characterization of the officially reported urban malaria cases. Methods A descriptive retrospective study based on secondary information provided by the Colombian National Surveillance System-SIVIGILA for the 2008–2012 period was conducted. A total of 17 municipalities with consistent and persistent reports of urban and peri-urban malaria were selected for analysis, which included site of origin and of residence, age, gender and ethnicity of patients, health system affiliation, Plasmodium species and the presence of malaria vectors. Results A total of 18,113 malaria cases were reported from urban and peri-urban areas of 17 endemic municipalities. Almost 70 % of the reports originated in localities in the departments of Chocó and Nariño, located on the Pacific Coast where a predominantly Afro-Colombian population, of individuals of under 30 years of age, was the most affected (80.7 %), mainly with Plasmodium falciparum infections (52.1 %). Median annual parasite index (API) was 6.4 per 1000 inhabitants (3.4 in 2008; 10.8 in 2010 and 6.0 in 2012). Between 2011 and 2012 complicated cases (2.4 %) and malaria in pregnant women (1.4 %) were reported. Study areas reported the presence of at least seven Anopheles species considered malaria vectors. These analyses did not allow ascertaining the presumable origin of the recorded urban cases due to the lack of a consensus on a definition of urban, peri-urban and rural limits and the lack of proper verification of the geographical source of infection. Conclusions The study indicates the probable presence of endemic, unstable and low-intensity malaria transmission in Colombian urban and peri-urban areas of a group of municipalities located mainly on the Pacific coast region and a few others in the eastern region. There is a need to unequivocally confirm the urban or peri-urban origin of the malaria cases reported and the transmission conditions, as well as to develop and implement new strategies for urban and peri-urban malaria control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Padilla
- Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | - Karen Molina
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia. .,Centro de Investigación Científica Caucaseco, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Myriam Arevalo-Herrera
- Malaria Vaccine and Drug Development Center, Cali, Colombia. .,Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Sharma D, Lather M, Dykes CL, Dang AS, Adak T, Singh OP. Disagreement in genotyping results of drug resistance alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (Pfdhfr) gene by allele-specific PCR (ASPCR) assays and Sanger sequencing. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:323-8. [PMID: 26407876 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum over the past few decades has necessitated intensive monitoring of such resistance for an effective malaria control strategy. P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase (Pfdhps) and P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (Pfdhfr) genes act as molecular markers for resistance against the antimalarial drugs sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine, respectively. Resistance to pyrimethamine which is used as a partner drug in artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is associated with several mutations in the Pfdhfr gene, namely A16V, N51I, C59R, S108N/T and I164L. Therefore, routine monitoring of Pfdhfr-drug-resistant alleles in a population may help in effective drug resistance management. Allele-specific PCR (ASPCR) is one of the commonly used methods for molecular genotyping of these alleles. In this study, we genotyped 55 samples of P. falciparum for allele discrimination at four codons of Pfdhfr (N51, C59, S108 and I164) by ASPCR using published methods and by Sanger's DNA sequencing method. We found that the ASPCR identified a significantly higher number of mutant alleles as compared to the DNA sequencing method. Such discrepancies arise due to the non-specificity of some of the allele-specific primer sets and due to the lack of sensitivity of Sanger's DNA sequencing method to detect minor alleles present in multiple clone infections. This study reveals the need of a highly specific and sensitive method for genotyping and detecting minor drug-resistant alleles present in multiple clonal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
| | - Manila Lather
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
| | - Cherry L Dykes
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
| | - Amita S Dang
- Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Tridibes Adak
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
| | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.
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Sharma D, Lather M, Mallick PK, Adak T, Dang AS, Valecha N, Singh OP. Polymorphism in drug resistance genes dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase in Plasmodium falciparum in some states of India. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:471. [PMID: 26381498 PMCID: PMC4574150 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) combination drug is currently being used in India for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum as partner drug in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Resistance to sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in P. falciparum is linked with mutations in dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) and dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) genes respectively. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of such mutations in pfdhfr and pfdhps genes in four states of India. METHODS Plasmodium falciparum isolates were collected from two states of India with high malaria incidence i.e., Jharkhand and Odisha and two states with low malaria incidence i.e., Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh between years 2006 to 2012. Part of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) drug resistance genes, pfdhfr and pfdhps were PCR-amplified, sequenced and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 217 confirmed P. falciparum isolates were sequenced for both Pfdhfr and pfdhps gene. Two pfdhfr mutations 59R and 108N were most common mutations prevalent in all localities in 77 % of isolates. Additionally, I164L was found in Odisha and Jharkhand only (4/70 and 8/84, respectively). Another mutation 51I was found in Odisha only (3/70). The pfdhps mutations 436A, 437G, 540E and 581G were found in Jharkhand and Odisha only in 13, 26, 14 and 13 % isolates respectively, and was absent in Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Combined together for pfdhps and pfdhfr locus, triple, quadruple, quintuple and sextuple mutations were present in Jharkhand and Odisha while absent in Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. CONCLUSION While only double mutants of pfdhfr was present in low transmission area (Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh) with total absence of pfdhps mutants, up to sextuple mutations were present in high transmission areas (Odisha and Jharkhand) for both the genes combined. Presence of multiple mutations in pfdhfr and pfdhps genes linked to SP resistance in high transmission area may lead to fixation of multiple mutations in presence of high drug pressure and high recombination rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi-110077, India.
| | - Manila Lather
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi-110077, India.
| | - Prashant K Mallick
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi-110077, India.
| | - Tridibes Adak
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi-110077, India.
| | - Amita S Dang
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India.
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi-110077, India.
| | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi-110077, India.
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Wilson ML, Krogstad DJ, Arinaitwe E, Arevalo-Herrera M, Chery L, Ferreira MU, Ndiaye D, Mathanga DP, Eapen A. Urban Malaria: Understanding its Epidemiology, Ecology, and Transmission Across Seven Diverse ICEMR Network Sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:110-123. [PMID: 26259941 PMCID: PMC4574269 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major public health question is whether urbanization will transform malaria from a rural to an urban disease. However, differences about definitions of urban settings, urban malaria, and whether malaria control should differ between rural and urban areas complicate both the analysis of available data and the development of intervention strategies. This report examines the approach of the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) to urban malaria in Brazil, Colombia, India (Chennai and Goa), Malawi, Senegal, and Uganda. Its major theme is the need to determine whether cases diagnosed in urban areas were imported from surrounding rural areas or resulted from transmission within the urban area. If infections are being acquired within urban areas, malaria control measures must be targeted within those urban areas to be effective. Conversely, if malaria cases are being imported from rural areas, control measures must be directed at vectors, breeding sites, and infected humans in those rural areas. Similar interventions must be directed differently if infections were acquired within urban areas. The hypothesis underlying the ICEMR approach to urban malaria is that optimal control of urban malaria depends on accurate epidemiologic and entomologic information about transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital Campus, Kampala, Uganda; Caucaseo Research Center/School of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal; College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi; National Institute of Malaria Research (Indian Council of Medical Research), National Institute of Epidemiology Campus, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sustained Release Formulation of Primaquine for Prevention of Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative, Multicentric Study. Malar Res Treat 2015; 2015:579864. [PMID: 26366319 PMCID: PMC4558454 DOI: 10.1155/2015/579864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Primaquine is used to eradicate latent Plasmodium vivax parasite from liver, with administration of standard dose daily up to 14 days. We studied efficacy, safety, and tolerability of sustained release (SR) formulation of primaquine in comparison with conventional primaquine in preventing relapse of P. vivax malaria. Methods. Microscopically confirmed cases of P. vivax malaria received chloroquine therapy for three days. Aparasitemic and asymptomatic patients were then randomized to receive either conventional primaquine 15 mg for 14 days or primaquine SR 15 mg for 14 days, or primaquine SR 30 mg for seven days. Results. Of the 360 patients, who received chloroquine therapy, 358 patients were randomized. Two-hundred eighty-eight patients completed six-month follow-up and four patients (three: conventional primaquine 15 mg (2.86%), one: primaquine SR 30 mg (0.93%)) showed relapse confirmed by PCR genotyping. Drug compliance was significantly better in primaquine SR 30 mg group (95.57%, p = 0.039) without any serious adverse events. Conclusion. Primaquine SR 15 mg and primaquine SR 30 mg could be an effective alternative to conventional primaquine 15 mg due to their comparable cure rates and safety profile. Shorter treatment duration with primaquine SR 30 mg may increase patient compliance and may further reduce relapse rates. Clinical Trial Registration. This trial is registered with CTRI/2010/091/000245.
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Dykes CL, Kushwah RBS, Das MK, Sharma SN, Bhatt RM, Veer V, Agrawal OP, Adak T, Singh OP. Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in Indian Anopheles culicifacies populations. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:333. [PMID: 26082160 PMCID: PMC4480899 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles culicifacies s.l. is one of the primary vectors of malaria in India responsible for the highest number of malaria cases. This vector is resistant to DDT in most parts of the country with indication of emerging resistance to pyrethroids. Since knockdown resistance (kdr) is known to confer cross-resistance between DDT and pyrethroids owing to a common target site of action, knowledge of prevalence of knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles is important from insecticide resistance management point of view. Methods Nine populations of An. culicifacies belonging to five states of India, representing northern, western and central-east India, were screened for the presence of two alternative kdr mutations L1014F and L1014S using PCR-based assays. Dead and alive mosquitoes, following WHO standard insecticide susceptibility test against deltamethrin and DDT, were tested for allelic association. Results L1014F mutation was recorded in all populations studied except from Haryana and Rajasthan states in northern India, with low frequencies ranging between 0.012 and 0.076; whereas presence of L1014S mutation was recorded in five populations only belonging to central-east India, with allelic frequencies ranging between 0.010 and 0.046. Both the kdr mutant alleles were found mostly in heterozygous condition without deviating from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Both mutations showed protection against deltamethrin whereas only L1014S mutation showed protection against DDT when tested using additive model. Conclusions The two L1014-kdr mutations, L1014F and L1014S, co-occurred in five populations belonging to Chhattisgarh and Odisha states of India whereas L1014F was present in all populations studied except populations from northern states. Both kdr mutations were found with very low allelic frequencies mostly in heterozygous condition and exhibited protection against deltamethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry L Dykes
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, India.
| | | | - Manoj K Das
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit TB Sanatorium complex, Itki, Ranchi, India.
| | - Shri N Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, RLTRI campus, Raipur, India.
| | - Rajendra M Bhatt
- National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, RLTRI campus, Raipur, India.
| | - Vijay Veer
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India.
| | - Om P Agrawal
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.
| | - Tridibes Adak
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, India.
| | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, India.
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Toxicity of aristolochic acids isolated from Aristolochia indica Linn (Aristolochiaceae) against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lee HK, Jeong Y, Lee S, Jeong W, Choy EJ, Kang CK, Lee WC, Kim SJ, Moon HB. Persistent organochlorines in 13 shark species from offshore and coastal waters of Korea: Species-specific accumulation and contributing factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 115:195-202. [PMID: 25704278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Data on persistent organochlorines (OCs) in sharks are scarce. Concentrations of OCs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in the muscle tissue of 13 shark species (n=105) collected from offshore (Indian and Pacific Oceans) and coastal waters of Korea, to investigate species-specific accumulation of OCs and to assess the potential health risks associated with consumption of shark meat. Overall OC concentrations were highly variable not only among species but also within the same species of shark. The concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes, hexachlorobenzene, and heptachlor in all shark species ranged from <LOQ (limit of quantification) to 184 (mean: 35.0), <LOQ to 1135 (58.2), <LOQ to 56.2 (4.31), <LOQ to 18.8 (1.64) and <LOQ to 77.5 (1.37)ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The determined concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in shark in our study were relatively lower than those reported in other studies. Aggressive shark species and species inhabiting the Indian Ocean had the highest levels of OCs. Inter-species differences in the concentrations and accumulation profiles of OCs among shark species could be explained by differences in feeding habit and sampling locations. Several confounding factors such as growth velocity, trophic position, and regional contamination status may affect the bioaccumulation of OCs in sharks. Hazard ratios of non-cancer risk for all the OCs were below one, whereas the hazard ratios of lifetime cancer risks of PCBs and DDTs exceeded one, implying potential carcinogenic effects in the general population in Korea. This is the first report to document the occurrence of OCs in sharks from Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochang Jeong
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Choy
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Kang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chan Lee
- National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jo Kim
- National Fisheries Products Quality Management Service, Goyang 410-315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Republic of Korea.
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Bhalerao UM, Valiveti AK, Acharya J, Halve AK, Kaushik MP. Controlled release studies of antimalarial 1, 3, 5-trisubstituted-2-pyrazolines from biocompatible chitosan–heparin Layer-by-Layer (LbL) self assembled thin films. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 125:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Das A, Friedman J, Kandpal E, Ramana GNV, Gupta RKD, Pradhan MM, Govindaraj R. Strengthening malaria service delivery through supportive supervision and community mobilization in an endemic Indian setting: an evaluation of nested delivery models. Malar J 2014; 13:482. [PMID: 25491041 PMCID: PMC4320454 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria continues to be a prominent global public health challenge. This study tested the effectiveness of two service delivery models for reducing the malaria burden, e.g. supportive supervision of community health workers (CHW) and community mobilization in promoting appropriate health-seeking behaviour for febrile illnesses in Odisha, India. METHODS The study population comprised 120 villages from two purposively chosen malaria-endemic districts, with 40 villages randomly assigned to each of the two treatment arms, one with both supportive supervision and community mobilization and one with community mobilization alone, as well as an observational control arm. Outcome measures included changes in the utilization of bed nets and timely care-seeking for fever from a trained provider compared to the control group. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. RESULTS Significant improvements were observed in the reported utilization of bed nets in both intervention arms (84.5% in arm A and 82.4% in arm B versus 78.6% in the control arm; p < 0.001). While overall rates of treatment-seeking were equal across study arms, treatment-seeking from a CHW was higher in both intervention arms (28%; p = 0.005 and 27.6%; p = 0.007) than in the control arm (19.2%). Fever cases were significantly more likely to visit a CHW and receive a timely diagnosis of fever in the combined interventions arm than in the control arm (82.1% vs. 67.1%; p = 0.025). Care-seeking from trained providers also increased with a substitution away from untrained providers. Further, fever cases from the combined interventions arm (60.6%; p = 0.004) and the community mobilization arm (59.3%; p = 0.012) were more likely to have received treatment from a skilled provider within 24 hours than fever cases from the control arm (50.1%). In particular, women from the combined interventions arm were more likely to have received timely treatment from a skilled provider (61.6% vs. 47.2%; p = 0.028). CONCLUSION A community-based intervention combining the supportive supervision of community health workers with intensive community mobilization and can be effective in improving care-seeking and preventive behaviour and may be used to strengthen the national malaria control programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Das
- />Health, Nutrition and Population, The World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA
| | - Jed Friedman
- />Development Research Group, The World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA
| | - Eeshani Kandpal
- />Development Research Group, The World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA
| | - Gandham N V Ramana
- />Health, Nutrition and Population, The World Bank, Delta Center, Menengai Rd, Upper Hill, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rudra Kumar Das Gupta
- />National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, 22, Shamnath Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Madan M Pradhan
- />Department of Health and Family Welfare, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ramesh Govindaraj
- />Health, Nutrition and Population, The World Bank, 70 Lodi Estate, New Delhi, India
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Dutta P, Khan SA, Topno R, Chowdhury P, Baishya M, Chowdhury P, Mahanta J. Genetic diversity and gene structure of mitochondrial region of Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae) - major malaria vector of North east India. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:952-5. [PMID: 25479623 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To depict mitochondrial genetic variation for the first time among Anopheles minimus (An.minimus) (Diptera: Culicidae) species from two malaria endemic states of NE India. METHODS Phylogeographic analysis was carried at 9 out of 12 sites of An.minimus confirmed malaria endemic places. RESULTS All sequences were Adenine-Thymine rich regions. Transitions were observed in 6 sequences where 5 mutations were synonymous substitutions and in 1 case non synonymous mutation was observed. Three distinct clusters of haplotypes were generated. Haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity were studied. Overall negative values obtained from Tajima's D test and Fu'sFS test indicate a recent genetic population expansion. Network analysis has explained sequence diversity that was also shown by mutations in 6 sequences. CONCLUSIONS High genetic diversity observed within the populations of An.minimus species has several possible implications for vector control in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla Dutta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR (NE Region), Dibrugarh, Assam, India.
| | - Siraj Ahmed Khan
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR (NE Region), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Rashmee Topno
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR (NE Region), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pritom Chowdhury
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR (NE Region), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Mayuri Baishya
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR (NE Region), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Purvita Chowdhury
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR (NE Region), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR (NE Region), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Mutheneni SR, Upadhyayula SM, Kadiri MR, Nishing K. Malaria prevalence in Arunachal Pradesh--a northeastern state of India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:1088-93. [PMID: 25331801 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is endemic in Arunachal Pradesh, India. To understand seasonal prevalence and malaria transmission, a retrospective surveillance study was conducted from 1995 to 2012. Plasmodium vivax caused 80.8% and P. falciparum caused 17.7% of total malaria cases. It was observed that prevalence rates of P. vivax declined significantly (P < 0.001) from 1995 to 2012 but that P. falciparum remained constant during the study period (P = 0.57). The decrease in the prevalence of P. vivax cases may be because of effective implementation of vector and disease management programs. It is noted that there was a significant correlation between the number of P. falciparum malaria cases and rainfall (P < 0.06). These findings help us to understand the patterns of malaria epidemiology in Arunachal Pradesh and show that P. falciparum is circulating constantly and requires more effective control measures to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Mutheneni
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Directorate of Health Services, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suryanaryana Murty Upadhyayula
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Directorate of Health Services, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Madhusudhan Rao Kadiri
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Directorate of Health Services, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kartik Nishing
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Directorate of Health Services, Naharlagun, Arunachal Pradesh, India
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Masilamani V, Devanesan S, Ravikumar M, Perinbam K, AlSalhi MS, Prasad S, Palled S, Ganesh KM, Alsaeed AH. Fluorescence spectral diagnosis of malaria: a preliminary study. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:182. [PMID: 25322673 PMCID: PMC4206706 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is the most common disease transmitted by the bite by an infected female anopheles mosquito and caused by the plasmodium parasite. It is mostly prevalent in subtropical regions receiving abundant rain and supporting copious mosquito breeding. This disease is generally detected by the microscopic examination of blood films or antigen based rapid diagnostic test. Only occasionally the parasite DNA is detected using polymerase chain reaction in certain advanced, expensive laboratories. Methods An innovative spectral detection method based on the fluorescence spectra of a set of blood plasma biomolecules [tyrosine, tryptophan, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)] and red blood cell (RBC)-associated porphyrin is being evolved by our group. Results The research so far has exhibited sensitivity and specificity values exceeding 90% based on the spectral features of blood components of 14 malaria patients and 20 numbers of age adjusted normal controls. The fluorescent biomolecules go out of proportion when the malarial parasite breaks down the hemoglobin of blood. Conclusion This technique has the potential to be used as an alternative diagnostic procedure for malaria since the instrumentation involved is portable and inexpensive. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_182
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Eugene-Ezebilo DN, Ezebilo EE. Malaria infection in children in tropical rainforest: assessments by women of Ugbowo Community in Benin City, Nigeria. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S97-S103. [PMID: 25312201 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine how mothers recognize malaria infection in children aged less than five and five years, frequency and duration of the infection in these children as well as measures used to reduce exposure of children to mosquito bites, and to discuss the possibilities of designing a strategy that involves mothers in management and control of malaria infection. METHODS The data were originated from personal interviews which involved mothers in the Ugbowo Community in Benin City, Nigeria who were selected using multi-stage systemic random sampling technique. The data were analyzed qualitatively and by use of percentages, arithmetic mean and bar chart. RESULTS The results showed that all the interviewees believed that children got malaria infection along with fever or fever and other symptoms. Approximately 30% of interviewee recognized malaria infection through fever and cough while 1% by fever and vomiting. Approximately 72% of the interviewees claimed that their children had malaria infection every three months and 16% claimed that their children had the infection every month. Most of the interviewees reported that the length of time from recognition of malaria symptoms on their children to treatment was between one and three days. Most of the interviewees used insecticide treated bed nets to reduce their children's exposure to mosquito bites and few used mosquito repellent ointment. CONCLUSIONS For malaria management strategy to be effective and sustainable, it is important to empower women with more knowledge on detection of malaria symptoms and they should be involved in planning and designing the strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene E Ezebilo
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
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Patil C, Katare S, Baig M, Doifode S. Fixed dose combination of arterolane and piperaquine: a newer prospect in antimalarial therapy. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4:466-71. [PMID: 25221689 PMCID: PMC4160665 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.139270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria has been very prevalent vector-borne disease in India and until date bears enormous implications on health care services of the country. Over the period of time, the development of resistance to traditional antimalarials like chloroquine has been posed as major deterrent in efforts of malaria control. As the drug resistance is today universally prevalent, especially in Plasmodium falciparum species, major burden of malarial control resides with the new artemisinin drug class. However, arterolane is one of the first fully synthetic non-artemisinin antimalarial compound with rapid schizontocidal activity, hence offering an alternative to artemisinin drugs in malaria control. Piperaquine is a synthetic bisquinoline (4-amioquinoline Antimalarial) with slow and longer schizontocidal activity. Therefore their combination has been shown to provide rapid parasitemic clearance and quick relief of most malaria-related symptoms along with prevention of recrudescences. This combination was approved by Drugs Controller General of India in 2011 for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. The article is aimed at to review this newer prospect in antimalarial therapy for which comprehensive database search was done in Google, Google Scholar, PubMed using the terms “Malaria,” “Arterolane,” “OZ277,” “Piperaquine,” and “Artemisinin combination therapy.” A total of 323 articles were screened and 28 articles were considered for this review along with the World Health Organization and National malarial program guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cy Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ss Katare
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ms Baig
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sm Doifode
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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Lwin MO, Vijaykumar S, Lim G, Theng YL, Foo S. 'It's effective but should I bother?' A study of personal protection measures against Malaria in urban India. Public Health 2014; 128:654-64. [PMID: 25065519 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Malaria affects millions of people in urban and rural India every year. This study addresses two main gaps in current research: 1) attitudes towards personal protective strategies against Malaria among urban populations; and 2) understanding of the extent to which urban health information seeking preferences shape preventive behaviours. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional face-to-face surveys using stratified sampling design. METHODS A 60-min survey was carried out to 1000 middle-of-pyramid (MOP) population in five main cities in India by trained interviewers. Variables assessed included perceived effectiveness and actual practice of 14 scientific and indigenous personal protection methods, Malaria-related attitudes (susceptibility, severity and response efficacy) and health information seeking preferences. RESULTS Actual practice of Malaria preventive behaviours was found to be significantly lower than the perceived effectiveness of each of the fourteen scientific and indigenous methods. Television, newspapers, and mobile phones were reported as the top three preferred media for seeking public health information. Lastly, perceived susceptibility, response efficacy, and health-related media use were found to play significant roles in predicting actual practice behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights a need for health authorities to focus on translating positive attitudes to actual practice of preventive behaviours. Communication efforts may focus on the use of TV, newspapers and mobile phones for greater reach and efficacy. Other implications for Malaria prevention programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Lwin
- Center of Social Media Innovations for Communities (COSMIC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - S Vijaykumar
- Center of Social Media Innovations for Communities (COSMIC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - G Lim
- Center of Social Media Innovations for Communities (COSMIC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Y L Theng
- Center of Social Media Innovations for Communities (COSMIC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - S Foo
- Center of Social Media Innovations for Communities (COSMIC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Sanjay TV, Giriyanna G, Kishore SG. An evaluation of National Anti-malaria Programme in a district of Karnataka, India. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60685-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chaitanya RK, Sridevi P, Kumar KS, Mastan BS, Kumar KA, Dutta-Gupta A. Expression analysis of reactive oxygen species detoxifying enzyme genes in Anopheles stephensi during Plasmodium berghei midgut invasion. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Vanlalruia K, Senthilkumar N, Gurusubramanian G. Diversity and abundance of mosquito species in relation to their larval habitats in Mizoram, North Eastern Himalayan region. Acta Trop 2014; 137:1-18. [PMID: 24795213 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The abundance, richness and diversity of anopheline and culicid mosquitoes associated with their habitats, season, and physico-chemical quality of water were surveyed along six districts of Mizoram, North Eastern Himalayan region. The productivity of permanent and temporary habitat types was quantified by carrying out weekly larval sampling using a standard dipping method for a period of three years. Diversity was estimated using the Shannon index (H'), Evenness index (Heve), similarity measures cluster analysis and MANOVA. In total, 5 genera and 20 species of mosquitoes were identified: Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles barbirostris and Anopheles vagus were the most abundant and widely-distributed species, representing 39.71%, 29.39% and 14.52% of total mosquito individuals sampled, respectively. Anopheles sp. diversity was lowest in Lunglei district (H'=0.48) and highest in Aizawl (H'=2.03), whereas Culex sp. diversity was lowest in Lawngtlai (H'=0.38), and highest in Aizawl (H'=2.99) and Kolasib (H'=2.13). This represents the first update on the diversity and geographic distribution of the mosquitoes of Mizoram. Mosquito larvae were present in both temporary and permanent habitats suitable for breeding with monthly variations dependent on rainfall intensity, temperature, humidity and location. Early instars were more abundant significantly (P<0.0001) than late instars among the habitat types in all study sites. The productivity of mosquito larvae was significantly (P<0.0001) higher in ponds especially in permanent than semi-permanent and temporary. Weekly rainfall intensity led to an increase or decrease in anopheline and culicid larval abundance depending on the location. Mosquito diversity was highest in monsoon season (July-September) and lowest in January-March. A. barbirostris, A. vagus and C. quinquefasciatus appear the most likely habitat generalist as it demonstrates both widespread distribution. Abundance and diversity of culicine and anopheline larvae were strongly associated (MANOVA) with pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, phosphates and chlorides concentration of water. This information will be essential for designing and implementing mosquito larval control programs.
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