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Hey JA, Yu JY, Abushakra S, Schaefer JF, Power A, Kesslak P, Tolar M. Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid, Plasma β-Amyloid Biomarkers, and Cognition from a 2-Year Phase 2 Trial Evaluating Oral ALZ-801/Valiltramiprosate in APOE4 Carriers with Early Alzheimer's Disease Using Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model. Drugs 2024; 84:825-839. [PMID: 38902572 PMCID: PMC11289344 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ALZ-801/valiltramiprosate is an oral, small-molecule inhibitor of beta-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and oligomer formation in late-stage development as a disease-modifying therapy for early Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present investigation provides a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) analysis of amyloid fluid biomarkers and cognitive results from a 2-year ALZ-801 Phase 2 trial in APOE4 carriers with early AD. METHODS The single-arm, open-label phase 2 study evaluated effects of ALZ-801 265 mg two times daily (BID) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma amyloid fluid biomarkers over 104 weeks in APOE4 carriers with early AD [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) ≥ 22]. Subjects with positive CSF biomarkers for amyloid (Aβ42/Aβ40) and tau pathology (p-tau181) were enrolled, with serial CSF and plasma levels of Aβ42 and Aβ40 measured over 104 weeks. Longitudinal changes of CSF Aβ42, plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and cognitive Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) were compared with the established natural disease trajectories in AD using a QSP approach. The natural disease trajectory data for amyloid biomarkers and RAVLT were extracted from a QSP model and an Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative population model, respectively. Analyses were stratified by disease severity and sex. RESULTS A total of 84 subjects were enrolled. Excluding one subject who withdrew at the early stage of the trial, data from 83 subjects were used for this analysis. The ALZ-801 treatment arrested the progressive decline in CSF Aβ42 level and plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, and stabilized RAVLT over 104 weeks. Both sexes showed comparable responses to ALZ-801, whereas mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects (MMSE ≥ 27) exhibited a larger biomarker response compared with more advanced mild AD subjects (MMSE 22-26). CONCLUSIONS In this genetically defined and biomarker-enriched early AD population, the QSP analysis demonstrated a positive therapeutic effect of oral ALZ-801 265 mg BID by arresting the natural decline of monomeric CSF and plasma amyloid biomarkers, consistent with the target engagement to prevent their aggregation into soluble neurotoxic oligomers and subsequently into insoluble fibrils and plaques over 104 weeks. Accompanying the amyloid biomarker changes, ALZ-801 also stabilized the natural trajectory decline of the RAVLT memory test, suggesting that the clinical benefits are consistent with its mechanism of action. This sequential effect arresting the disease progression on biomarkers and cognitive decline was more pronounced in the earlier symptomatic stages of AD. The QSP analysis provides fluid biomarker and clinical evidence for ALZ-801 as a first-in-class, oral small-molecule anti-Aβ oligomer agent with disease modification potential in AD. TRIAL REGISTRY https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04693520.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hey
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
| | - Jeremy Y Yu
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Susan Abushakra
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Jean F Schaefer
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Aidan Power
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Patrick Kesslak
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Martin Tolar
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Ansari F, Sohel M, Haidary MMH, Mostaq MS, Akter S, Nahar A, Labony FZ, Ahmed A, Hasan MS, Babu MH, Amin MN. Therapeutic potential of clinically proven natural products in the management of dementia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27233. [PMID: 38533051 PMCID: PMC10963206 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a common neurodegenerative disorder connected to damage to nerve cells in the brain. Although some conventional drugs are available for dementia treatments and are still sanctified for dementia patients, their short- and long-term side effects and other limitations make treating patients more challenging. The authors aimed to explain novel options for treating dementia with natural products and unravel some clinically proven natural products. This article systematically reviewed recent studies that have investigated the role of natural products and their bioactive compounds for dementia. PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases of articles were collected, and abstracts were reviewed for relevance to the subject matter.In this review, we provide mechanistic insights of clinically validated natural products, including like- Yokukansan, Souvenaid, BDW, Hupergene, Bacopa monnier, Omega-3, Tramiprostate and Palmitoylethanolamide with which have therapeutic efficacy against dementia in the management of dementia. As shown by studies, certain natural ingredients could be used to treat and prevent dementia. We strongly believe that the medicinal plants and phytoconstituents alone or in combination with other compounds would be effective treatments against dementia with lesser side effects as compared to currently available treatments. Moreover, these products should be studied further in order to develop novel dementia medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Nutrition and Health Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sohel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Saqline Mostaq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230. Bangladesh
| | - Asrafun Nahar
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230. Bangladesh
| | | | - Arman Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Shamim Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Hasem Babu
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230. Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Nurul Amin
- Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230. Bangladesh
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Ntorkou M, Tsanaktsidou E, Chachlioutaki K, Fatouros DG, Markopoulou CK. In Vitro Permeability Study of Homotaurine Using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection Pre-Column Derivatization Method. Molecules 2023; 28:7086. [PMID: 37894565 PMCID: PMC10609320 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Homotaurine (HOM) is considered a promising drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. In the present work, a new high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) (λex. = 340 nm and λem. = 455 nm) method was developed and validated for the study of substance permeability in the central nervous system (CNS). Analysis was performed on a RP-C18 column with a binary gradient elution system consisting of methanol-potassium phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.0, 0.02 M) as mobile phase. Samples of homotaurine and histidine (internal standard) were initially derivatized with ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) (0.01 M), N-acetylcysteine (0.01 M) and borate buffer (pH = 10.5; 0.05 M). To ensure the stability and efficiency of the reaction, the presence of different nucleophilic reagents, namely (a) 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), (b) N-acetylcysteine (NAC), (c) tiopronin (Thiola), (d) 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) and (e) captopril, was investigated. The method was validated (R2 = 0.9999, intra-day repeatability %RSD < 3.22%, inter-day precision %RSD = 1.83%, limits of detection 5.75 ng/mL and limits of quantification 17.43 ng/mL, recovery of five different concentrations 99.75-101.58%) and successfully applied to investigate the in vitro permeability of homotaurine using Franz diffusion cells. The apparent permeability (Papp) of HOM was compared with that of memantine, which is considered a potential therapeutic drug for various CNSs. Our study demonstrates that homotaurine exhibits superior permeability through the simulated blood-brain barrier compared to memantine, offering promising insights for enhanced drug delivery strategies targeting neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Ntorkou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.N.); (E.T.)
| | - Eleni Tsanaktsidou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.N.); (E.T.)
| | - Konstantina Chachlioutaki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.C.); (D.G.F.)
| | - Dimitrios G. Fatouros
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.C.); (D.G.F.)
| | - Catherine K. Markopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.N.); (E.T.)
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Chen H, Xu J, Xu H, Luo T, Li Y, Jiang K, Shentu Y, Tong Z. New Insights into Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Pathogenesis, Drug Target and Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041133. [PMID: 37111618 PMCID: PMC10143738 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is characterized by senile plaques composed of amyloid β protein (Aβ) and neurofilament tangles derived from the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. However, the developed medicines targeting Aβ and tau have not obtained ideal clinical efficacy, which raises a challenge to the hypothesis that AD is Aβ cascade-induced. A critical problem of AD pathogenesis is which endogenous factor induces Aβ aggregation and tau phosphorylation. Recently, age-associated endogenous formaldehyde has been suggested to be a direct trigger for Aβ- and tau-related pathology. Another key issue is whether or not AD drugs are successfully delivered to the damaged neurons. Both the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and extracellular space (ECS) are the barriers for drug delivery. Unexpectedly, Aβ-related SP deposition in ECS slows down or stops interstitial fluid drainage in AD, which is the direct reason for drug delivery failure. Here, we propose a new pathogenesis and perspectives on the direction of AD drug development and drug delivery: (1) aging-related formaldehyde is a direct trigger for Aβ assembly and tau hyperphosphorylation, and the new target for AD therapy is formaldehyde; (2) nano-packaging and physical therapy may be the promising strategy for increasing BBB permeability and accelerating interstitial fluid drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishu Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinan Xu
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hanyuan Xu
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tiancheng Luo
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yihao Li
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yangping Shentu
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhiqian Tong
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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6
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The GABA and GABA-Receptor System in Inflammation, Anti-Tumor Immune Responses, and COVID-19. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020254. [PMID: 36830790 PMCID: PMC9953446 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA and GABAA-receptors (GABAA-Rs) play major roles in neurodevelopment and neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). There has been a growing appreciation that GABAA-Rs are also present on most immune cells. Studies in the fields of autoimmune disease, cancer, parasitology, and virology have observed that GABA-R ligands have anti-inflammatory actions on T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), while also enhancing regulatory T cell (Treg) responses and shifting APCs toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes. These actions have enabled GABAA-R ligands to ameliorate autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated inflammation in preclinical models. Conversely, antagonism of GABAA-R activity promotes the pro-inflammatory responses of T cells and APCs, enhancing anti-tumor responses and reducing tumor burden in models of solid tumors. Lung epithelial cells also express GABA-Rs, whose activation helps maintain fluid homeostasis and promote recovery from injury. The ability of GABAA-R agonists to limit both excessive immune responses and lung epithelial cell injury may underlie recent findings that GABAA-R agonists reduce the severity of disease in mice infected with highly lethal coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and MHV-1). These observations suggest that GABAA-R agonists may provide off-the-shelf therapies for COVID-19 caused by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as novel beta-coronaviruses, which evade vaccine-induced immune responses and antiviral medications. We review these findings and further advance the notions that (1) immune cells possess GABAA-Rs to limit inflammation in the CNS, and (2) this natural "braking system" on inflammatory responses may be pharmacologically engaged to slow the progression of autoimmune diseases, reduce the severity of COVID-19, and perhaps limit neuroinflammation associated with long COVID.
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Andrade S, Nunes D, Dabur M, Ramalho MJ, Pereira MC, Loureiro JA. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights from Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010212. [PMID: 36678841 PMCID: PMC9860553 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the gradual loss of neurons' function. These neurological illnesses remain incurable, and current medicines only alleviate the symptoms. Given the social and economic burden caused by the rising frequency of neurodegenerative diseases, there is an urgent need for the development of appropriate therapeutics. Natural compounds are gaining popularity as alternatives to synthetic drugs due to their neuroprotective properties and higher biocompatibility. While natural compounds' therapeutic effects for neurodegenerative disease treatment have been investigated in numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, only few have moved to clinical trials. This article provides the first systematic review of the clinical trials evaluating natural compounds' safety and efficacy for the treatment of the five most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Andrade
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Débora Nunes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Meghna Dabur
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramalho
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C. Pereira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.C.P.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Joana A. Loureiro
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.C.P.); (J.A.L.)
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Tian J, Dillion BJ, Henley J, Comai L, Kaufman DL. A GABA-receptor agonist reduces pneumonitis severity, viral load, and death rate in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007955. [PMID: 36389819 PMCID: PMC9640739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA-receptors (GABA-Rs) form a major neurotransmitter system in the brain. GABA-Rs are also expressed by 1) cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and act to inhibit their inflammatory activities, and 2) lung epithelial cells and GABA-R agonists/potentiators have been observed to limit acute lung injuries. These biological properties suggest that GABA-R agonists may have potential for treating COVID-19. We previously reported that GABA-R agonist treatments protected mice from severe disease induced by infection with a lethal mouse coronavirus (MHV-1). Because MHV-1 targets different cellular receptors and is biologically distinct from SARS-CoV-2, we sought to test GABA therapy in K18-hACE2 mice which develop severe pneumonitis with high lethality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We observed that GABA treatment initiated immediately after SARS-CoV-2 infection, or 2 days later near the peak of lung viral load, reduced pneumonitis severity and death rates in K18-hACE2 mice. GABA-treated mice had reduced lung viral loads and displayed shifts in their serum cytokine/chemokine levels that are associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Thus, GABA-R activation had multiple effects that are also desirable for the treatment of COVID-19. The protective effects of GABA against two very different beta coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and MHV-1) suggest that it may provide a generalizable off-the-shelf therapy to help treat diseases induced by new SARS-CoV-2 variants and novel coronaviruses that evade immune responses and antiviral medications. GABA is inexpensive, safe for human use, and stable at room temperature, making it an attractive candidate for testing in clinical trials. We also discuss the potential of GABA-R agonists for limiting COVID-19-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Barbara J. Dillion
- High Containment Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jill Henley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Nagaraju PG, S A, Priyadarshini P. Tau-aggregation inhibition: promising role of nanoencapsulated dietary molecules in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11153-11168. [PMID: 35748395 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2092446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a cumulative form of dementia associated with memory loss, cognition impairment, and finally leading to death. AD is characterized by abnormal deposits of extracellular beta-amyloid and intracellular Tau-protein tangles throughout the brain. During pathological conditions of AD, Tau protein undergoes various modifications and aggregates over time. A number of clinical trials on patients with AD symptoms have indicated the effectiveness of Tau-based therapies over anti-Aβ treatments. Thus, there is a huge paradigm shift toward Tau aggregation inhibitors. Several bioactives of plants and microbes have been suggested to cross the neuronal cell membrane and play a crucial role in managing neurodegenerative disorders. Bioactives mainly act as active modulators of AD pathology besides having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Studies also demonstrated the potential role of dietary molecules in inhibiting the formation of Tau aggregates and removing toxic Tau. Further, these molecules in nonencapsulated form exert enhanced Tau aggregation inhibition activity both in in vitro and in vivo studies suggesting a remarkable role of nanoencapsulation in AD management. The present article aims to review and discuss the structure-function relationship of Tau protein, the post-translational modifications that aid Tau aggregation and potential bioactives that inhibit Tau aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod G Nagaraju
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashwini S
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Poornima Priyadarshini
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Jeong H, Shin H, Hong S, Kim Y. Physiological Roles of Monomeric Amyloid-β and Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutics. Exp Neurobiol 2022; 31:65-88. [PMID: 35673997 PMCID: PMC9194638 DOI: 10.5607/en22004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) progressively inflicts impairment of synaptic functions with notable deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) as senile plaques within the extracellular space of the brain. Accordingly, therapeutic directions for AD have focused on clearing Aβ plaques or preventing amyloidogenesis based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis. However, the emerging evidence suggests that Aβ serves biological roles, which include suppressing microbial infections, regulating synaptic plasticity, promoting recovery after brain injury, sealing leaks in the blood-brain barrier, and possibly inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. More importantly, these functions were found in in vitro and in vivo investigations in a hormetic manner, that is to be neuroprotective at low concentrations and pathological at high concentrations. We herein summarize the physiological roles of monomeric Aβ and current Aβ-directed therapies in clinical trials. Based on the evidence, we propose that novel therapeutics targeting Aβ should selectively target Aβ in neurotoxic forms such as oligomers while retaining monomeric Aβ in order to preserve the physiological functions of Aβ monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyomin Jeong
- Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Heewon Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Division of Integrated Science and Engineering, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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11
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Durai P, Beeraka NM, Ramachandrappa HVP, Krishnan P, Gudur P, Raghavendra NM, Ravanappa PKB. Advances in PPARs Molecular Dynamics and Glitazones as a Repurposing Therapeutic Strategy through Mitochondrial Redox Dynamics against Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:893-915. [PMID: 34751120 PMCID: PMC9881103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211109141330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activity has significant implications for the development of novel therapeutic modalities against neurodegenerative diseases. Although PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ nuclear receptor expressions are significantly reported in the brain, their implications in brain physiology and other neurodegenerative diseases still require extensive studies. PPAR signaling can modulate various cell signaling mechanisms involved in the cells contributing to on- and off-target actions selectively to promote therapeutic effects as well as the adverse effects of PPAR ligands. Both natural and synthetic ligands for the PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ have been reported. PPARα (WY 14.643) and PPARγ agonists can confer neuroprotection by modulating mitochondrial dynamics through the redox system. The pharmacological effect of these agonists may deliver effective clinical responses by protecting vulnerable neurons from Aβ toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Therefore, the current review delineated the ligands' interaction with 3D-PPARs to modulate neuroprotection, and also deciphered the efficacy of numerous drugs, viz. Aβ aggregation inhibitors, vaccines, and γ-secretase inhibitors against AD; this review elucidated the role of PPAR and their receptor isoforms in neural systems, and neurodegeneration in human beings. Further, we have substantially discussed the efficacy of PPREs as potent transcription factors in the brain, and the role of PPAR agonists in neurotransmission, PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial dynamics in neuroprotection during AD conditions. This review concludes with the statement that the development of novel PPARs agonists may benefit patients with neurodegeneration, mainly AD patients, which may help mitigate the pathophysiology of dementia, subsequently improving overall the patient's quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Durai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Medicine and Molecular Biology (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India;,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Hemanth Vikram Poola Ramachandrappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Pranesh Gudur
- Swamy Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana Deemed University, Bengaluru 560 105, India
| | | | - Prashantha Kumar Bommenahally Ravanappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India;,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru 570 015, India and JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India; E-mail:
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12
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Silpa L, Sim R, Russell AJ. Recent Advances in Small Molecule Stimulation of Regeneration and Repair. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 61:128601. [PMID: 35123003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches to stimulate regeneration and repair have the potential to transform healthcare and improve outcomes for patients suffering from numerous chronic degenerative diseases. To date most approaches have involved the transplantation of therapeutic cells, and while there have been a small number of clinical approvals, major hurdles exist to the routine adoption of such therapies. In recent years humans and other mammals have been shown to possess a regenerative capacity across multiple tissues and organs, and an innate regenerative and repair response has been shown to be activated in these organs in response to injury. These realisations have inspired a transformative approach in regenerative medicine: the development of new agents to directly target these innate regeneration and repair pathways. In this article we will review the current state of the art in the discovery of small molecule modulators of regeneration and their translation towards therapeutic agents, focussing specifically on the areas of neuroregeneration and cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Silpa
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Rachel Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford OX1 3TA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, University of Oxford OX1 3QT.
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13
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Neurotoxic Soluble Amyloid Oligomers Drive Alzheimer's Pathogenesis and Represent a Clinically Validated Target for Slowing Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126355. [PMID: 34198582 PMCID: PMC8231952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of clinical and nonclinical evidence supports the role of neurotoxic soluble beta amyloid (amyloid, Aβ) oligomers as upstream pathogenic drivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent late-stage trials in AD that have evaluated agents targeting distinct species of Aβ provide compelling evidence that inhibition of Aβ oligomer toxicity represents an effective approach to slow or stop disease progression: (1) only agents that target soluble Aβ oligomers show clinical efficacy in AD patients; (2) clearance of amyloid plaque does not correlate with clinical improvements; (3) agents that predominantly target amyloid monomers or plaque failed to show clinical effects; and (4) in positive trials, efficacy is greater in carriers of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE4), who are known to have higher brain concentrations of Aβ oligomers. These trials also show that inhibiting Aβ neurotoxicity leads to a reduction in tau pathology, suggesting a pathogenic sequence of events where amyloid toxicity drives an increase in tau formation and deposition. The late-stage agents with positive clinical or biomarker data include four antibodies that engage Aβ oligomers (aducanumab, lecanemab, gantenerumab, and donanemab) and ALZ-801, an oral agent that fully blocks the formation of Aβ oligomers at the clinical dose.
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14
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GABA A-Receptor Agonists Limit Pneumonitis and Death in Murine Coronavirus-Infected Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060966. [PMID: 34071034 PMCID: PMC8224554 DOI: 10.3390/v13060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new approaches to limit the severity of coronavirus infections. Many cells of the immune system express receptors for the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and GABA-receptor (GABA-R) agonists have anti-inflammatory effects. Lung epithelial cells also express GABA-Rs, and GABA-R modulators have been shown to limit acute lung injuries. There is currently, however, no information on whether GABA-R agonists might impact the course of a viral infection. Here, we assessed whether clinically applicable GABA-R agonists could be repurposed for the treatment of a lethal coronavirus (murine hepatitis virus 1, MHV-1) infection in mice. We found that oral GABA administration before, or after the appearance of symptoms, very effectively limited MHV-1-induced pneumonitis, severe illness, and death. GABA treatment also reduced viral load in the lungs, suggesting that GABA-Rs may provide a new druggable target to limit coronavirus replication. Treatment with the GABAA-R-specific agonist homotaurine, but not the GABAB-R-specific agonist baclofen, significantly reduced the severity of pneumonitis and death rates in MHV-1-infected mice, indicating that the therapeutic effects were mediated primarily through GABAA-Rs. Since GABA and homotaurine are safe for human consumption, they are promising candidates to help treat coronavirus infections.
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Shaye H, Stauch B, Gati C, Cherezov V. Molecular mechanisms of metabotropic GABA B receptor function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/22/eabg3362. [PMID: 34049877 PMCID: PMC8163086 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid G protein-coupled receptors (GABAB) represent one of the two main types of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. These receptors act both pre- and postsynaptically by modulating the transmission of neuronal signals and are involved in a range of neurological diseases, from alcohol addiction to epilepsy. A series of recent cryo-EM studies revealed critical details of the activation mechanism of GABAB Structures are now available for the receptor bound to ligands with different modes of action, including antagonists, agonists, and positive allosteric modulators, and captured in different conformational states from the inactive apo to the fully active state bound to a G protein. These discoveries provide comprehensive insights into the activation of the GABAB receptor, which not only broaden our understanding of its structure, pharmacology, and physiological effects but also will ultimately facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic drugs and neuromodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Shaye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Stauch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Bridge Institute, Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Anti-Alzheimer's Molecules Derived from Marine Life: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050251. [PMID: 33925063 PMCID: PMC8146595 DOI: 10.3390/md19050251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. It has been confirmed that the pathological processes that intervene in AD development are linked with oxidative damage to neurons, neuroinflammation, tau phosphorylation, amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and cholinergic deficit. Still, there is no available therapy that can cure AD. Available therapies only manage some of the AD symptoms at the early stages of AD. Various studies have revealed that bioactive compounds derived from marine organisms and plants can exert neuroprotective activities with fewer adverse events, as compared with synthetic drugs. Furthermore, marine organisms have been identified as a source of novel compounds with therapeutic potential. Thus, there is a growing interest regarding bioactive compounds derived from marine sources that have anti-AD potentials. Various marine drugs including bryostatin-1, homotaurine, anabaseine and its derivative, rifampicins, anhydroexfoliamycin, undecylprodigioisin, gracilins, 13-desmethyl spirolide-C, and dictyostatin displayed excellent bioavailability and efficacy against AD. Most of these marine drugs were found to be well-tolerated in AD patients, along with no significant drug-associated adverse events. In this review, we focus on the drugs derived from marine life that can be useful in AD treatment and also summarize the therapeutic agents that are currently used to treat AD.
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Tian J, Song M, Kaufman DL. Homotaurine limits the spreading of T cell autoreactivity within the CNS and ameliorates disease in a model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5402. [PMID: 33686135 PMCID: PMC7940650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most multiple sclerosis (MS) patients given currently available disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) experience progressive disability. Accordingly, there is a need for new treatments that can limit the generation of new waves T cell autoreactivity that drive disease progression. Notably, immune cells express GABAA-receptors (GABAA-Rs) whose activation has anti-inflammatory effects such that GABA administration can ameliorate disease in models of type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and COVID-19. Here, we show that oral GABA, which cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), does not affect the course of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast, oral administration of the BBB-permeable GABAA-R-specific agonist homotaurine ameliorates monophasic EAE, as well as advanced-stage relapsing-remitting EAE (RR-EAE). Homotaurine treatment beginning after the first peak of paralysis reduced the spreading of Th17 and Th1 responses from the priming immunogen to a new myelin T cell epitope within the CNS. Antigen-presenting cells (APC) isolated from homotaurine-treated mice displayed an attenuated ability to promote autoantigen-specific T cell proliferation. The ability of homotaurine treatment to limit epitope spreading within the CNS, along with its safety record, makes it an excellent candidate to help treat MS and other inflammatory disorders of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA.
| | - Min Song
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA
| | - Daniel L Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA.
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18
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Saito S, Tanaka M, Satoh-Asahara N, Carare RO, Ihara M. Taxifolin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643357. [PMID: 33643053 PMCID: PMC7907591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the walls of cerebral vessels, leading to complications such as intracerebral hemorrhage, convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral microinfarcts. Patients with CAA-related intracerebral hemorrhage are more likely to develop dementia and strokes. Several pathological investigations have demonstrated that more than 90% of Alzheimer's disease patients have concomitant CAA, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms. Potential causes of CAA include impaired Aβ clearance from the brain through the intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD) system. Conversely, CAA causes restriction of IPAD, limiting clearance. Early intervention in CAA could thus prevent Alzheimer's disease progression. Growing evidence has suggested Taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) could be used as an effective therapy for CAA. Taxifolin is a plant flavonoid, widely available as a health supplement product, which has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and provide protection against advanced glycation end products and mitochondrial damage. It has also been shown to facilitate disassembly, prevent oligomer formation and increase clearance of Aβ in a mouse model of CAA. Disturbed cerebrovascular reactivity and spatial reference memory impairment in CAA are completely prevented by Taxifolin treatment. These results highlight the need for clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of Taxifolin in patients with CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Saito
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Health Science University, Fujikawaguchiko, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Hypertension Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Masuoka N, Lei C, Li H, Hisatsune T. Influence of Imidazole-Dipeptides on Cognitive Status and Preservation in Elders: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020397. [PMID: 33513893 PMCID: PMC7912684 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the number of patients with dementia is becoming a growing problem, while Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a primary neurodegenerative disorder, accounts for more than 70% of all dementia cases. Research on the prevention or reduction of AD occurrence through food ingredients has been widely conducted. In particular, histidine-containing dipeptides, also known as imidazole dipeptides derived from meat, have received much attention. Imidazole dipeptides are abundant in meats such as poultry, fish, and pork. As evidenced by data from recent human intervention trials conducted worldwide, daily supplementation of carnosine and anserine, which are both imidazole dipeptides, can improve memory loss in the elderly and reduce the risk of developing AD. This article also summarizes the latest researches on the biochemical properties of imidazole dipeptides and their effects on animal models associated with age-related cognitive decline. In this review, we focus on the results of human intervention studies using supplements of poultry-derived imidazole dipeptides, including anserine and carnosine, affecting the preservation of cognitive function in the elderly, and discuss how imidazole dipeptides act in the brain to prevent age-related cognitive decline and the onset of dementia.
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20
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Abushakra S, Porsteinsson AP, Sabbagh M, Bracoud L, Schaerer J, Power A, Hey JA, Scott D, Suhy J, Tolar M. APOE ε4/ε4 homozygotes with early Alzheimer's disease show accelerated hippocampal atrophy and cortical thinning that correlates with cognitive decline. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2020; 6:e12117. [PMID: 33304988 PMCID: PMC7716452 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hippocampal volume (HV) and cortical thickness are commonly used imaging biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials, and may have utility as selection criteria for enrichment strategies. Atrophy rates of these measures, in the high-risk apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4/ε4 homozygous AD subjects are unknown. METHODS Data from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI-1) and a tramiprosate trial were analyzed in APOE ε4/ε4 and APOE ε3/ε3 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild AD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were centrally processed using FreeSurfer; total HV and composite average cortical thickness were derived and adjusted for age, head size, and education. Volumetric changes from baseline were assessed using Boundary Shift Integral, and correlated with cognitive changes. RESULTS APOE ε4/ε4 MCI subjects showed significantly higher % HV atrophy and cortical thinning at 12 months (4.4%, 3.1%, n = 29) compared to APOE ε3/ε3 subjects (2.8%, 1.8%, n = 93) and similarly in mild AD (7.4%, 4.7% n = 21 vs 5.4%, 3.3% n = 29). Differences were all significant at 24 months. Over 24 months, HV atrophy and cortical thinning correlated significantly with Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale worsening in APOE ε4/ε4 MCI subjects, but not in mild AD. DISCUSSION Correlation of volumetric measures to cognitive change in APOE ε4/ε4 subjects with early AD supports their role as efficacy biomarkers. If confirmed in a Phase 3 trial with ALZ-801 (pro-drug of tramiprosate) in APOE ε4/ε4 early AD subjects, it may allow their use as surrogate outcomes in future treatment or prevention trials in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton P. Porsteinsson
- Alzheimer's Disease CareResearch and Education ProgramUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health & University of NevadaLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joyce Suhy
- BioclinicaLyonFrance
- BioclinicaNewarkCaliforniaUSA
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21
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Tolar M, Abushakra S, Hey JA, Porsteinsson A, Sabbagh M. Aducanumab, gantenerumab, BAN2401, and ALZ-801-the first wave of amyloid-targeting drugs for Alzheimer's disease with potential for near term approval. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:95. [PMID: 32787971 PMCID: PMC7424995 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The body of evidence suggesting a causative, initiating role of beta amyloid (Aβ) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is substantial. Yet, only a few anti-amyloid agents have shown meaningful efficacy in clinical trials. We evaluated the unifying characteristics of anti-amyloid agents with positive clinical or biomarker effects in long-duration trials and analyzed how pharmacological characteristics determine their clinical product profiles. Four agents with the potential for near term approval fulfill these criteria: the injectable antibodies, aducanumab, gantenerumab, and BAN2401, and a small molecule oral agent, ALZ-801. Aducanumab and BAN2401 showed significant efficacy on both clinical and biomarker outcomes; gantenerumab showed significant biomarker effects, with no clinical efficacy reported to date; and ALZ-801 showed significant clinical effects in the high-risk population of patients homozygous for the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4) and a dose-dependent preservation of hippocampal volume. We explored how the pharmacological properties of these agents, namely selectivity for Aβ oligomers, plasma half-life, brain penetration, and time to peak brain exposure, determine their clinical profiles. A crucial characteristic shared by these agents is their ability to engage neurotoxic soluble Aβ oligomers, albeit to various degrees. Aducanumab and gantenerumab partially target oligomers, while mostly clearing insoluble amyloid plaques; BAN2401 preferentially targets soluble protofibrils (large oligomers) over plaques; and ALZ-801 blocks the formation of oligomers without binding to plaques. The degree of selectivity for Aβ oligomers and brain exposure drive the magnitude and onset of clinical efficacy, while the clearance of plaques is associated with vasogenic brain edema. Only the highest doses of aducanumab and BAN2401 show modest efficacy, and higher dosing is limited by increased risk of vasogenic edema, especially in APOE4 carriers. These limitations can be avoided, and efficacy improved by small molecule agents that selectively inhibit the formation or block the toxicity of Aβ oligomers without clearing amyloid plaques. The most advanced selective anti-oligomer agent is ALZ-801, an optimized oral prodrug of tramiprosate, which demonstrated efficacy in homozygous APOE4/4 AD subjects. ALZ-801 selectively and fully inhibits the formation of Aβ42 oligomers at the clinical dose, without evidence of vasogenic edema, and will be evaluated in a phase 3 trial in homozygous APOE4/4 patients with early AD. In addition to clinical measures, the phase 3 trial will include cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and imaging biomarkers to gain further insights into the role of soluble Aβ oligomers in the pathogenesis of AD and their impact on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tolar
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
| | - Susan Abushakra
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - John A Hey
- Alzheon, Inc., 111 Speen Street, Suite 306, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Anton Porsteinsson
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marwan Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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22
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Manzano S, Agüera L, Aguilar M, Olazarán J. A Review on Tramiprosate (Homotaurine) in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:614. [PMID: 32733362 PMCID: PMC7358344 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative condition, especially among elderly people. The presence of cortical β-amyloid deposition, together with tau phosphorylation and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) is the main neuropathologic criteria for AD diagnosis. Additionally, a role of inflammatory, mitochondrial, and metabolic factors has been suggested. Tramiprosate binds to soluble amyloid, thus inhibiting its aggregation in the brain. It reduced oligomeric and fibrillar (plaque) amyloid, diminished hippocampal atrophy, improved cholinergic transmission, and stabilized cognition in preclinical and clinical studies. In this narrative review, current information on the efficacy and safety of tramiprosate, both in AD and in other neurocognitive disorders, is presented. Possible directions for future studies with tramiprosate are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Agüera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Aguilar
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Diseases DOMUS-Vi, Department of Neurology - Àptima Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Olazarán
- Memory Disorders Unit, HM Hospitals & Neurology Service, Gregorio Marañón Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Bi D, Wen L, Wu Z, Shen Y. GABAergic dysfunction in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) imbalance drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1312-1329. [PMID: 32543726 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To propose a new hypothesis that GABAergic dysfunction in excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) imbalance drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction and E/I imbalance emerge decades before the appearance of cognitive decline in AD patients, which contribute to neurodegeneration. Initially, E/I imbalance was thought to occur first, due to dysfunction of the glutamatergic and cholinergic systems. However, new evidence has demonstrated that the GABAergic system, the counterpart of E/I balance and the major inhibitory neurotransmitter system in the central nervous system, is altered enormously and that this contributes to E/I imbalance and further AD pathogenesis. NEW HYPOTHESIS Alterations to the GABAergic system, induced by multiple AD pathogenic or risk factors, contribute to E/I imbalance and AD pathogenesis. MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR THE HYPOTHESIS This GABAergic hypothesis accounts for many critical questions and common challenges confronting a new hypothesis of AD pathogenesis. More specifically, it explains why amyloid beta (Aβ), β-secretase (BACE1), apolipoprotein E4 gene (APOE ε4), hyperactive glia cells, contributes to AD pathogenesis and why age and sex are the risk factors of AD. GABAergic dysfunction promotes the spread of Aβ pathology throughout the AD brain and associated cognitive impairments, and the induction of dysfunction induced by these varied risk factors shares this common neurobiology leading to E/I imbalance. In turn, some of these factors exacerbate GABAergic dysfunction and E/I imbalance. Moreover, the GABAergic system modulates various brain functions and thus, the GABAergic hypothesis accounts for nonamnestic manifestations. Furthermore, corrections of E/I balance through manipulation of GABAergic functions have shown positive outcomes in preclinical and clinical studies, suggesting the potential of the GABAergic system as a therapeutic target in AD. LINKAGE TO OTHER MAJOR THEORIES Dysfunction of the GABAergic system is induced by multiple critical signaling pathways, which include the existing major theories of AD pathogenesis, such as the Aβ and neuroinflammation hypotheses. In a new perspective, this GABAergic hypothesis accounts for the E/I imbalance and related excitotoxicity, which contribute to cognitive decline and AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the GABAergic system could be a key target to restore, at least partially, the E/I balance and cognitive function in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Bi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lang Wen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zujun Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Wilson B, Geetha KM. Neurotherapeutic applications of nanomedicine for treating Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2020; 325:25-37. [PMID: 32473177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible, fatal brain disease which disturbs cognitive functions. It affects 35 million people worldwide and the number of people suffering may increase to 100 million by 2050 if no effective treatments are available. The present treatment improves cognitive functions and provide temporary symptomatic relief, but do not stop or delay the disease progression. Moreover, they are mainly available as conventional oral dosage forms and these conventional oral medications lack brain specificity and also produce side effects which leads to poor patient compliance. Brain drug targeting by nanomedicines is a promising approach to improve brain targeting specificity, brain bioavailability and patient compliance. The present review discuses about the currently available pharmacotherapy for AD and the neurotherapeutic applications as well as the advancements of nanomedicine for treating AD. It also highlights the recent advancements of various nanomedicines containing phytopharmaceuticals for treating AD. It is believed that nanomedicines containing approved drugs can be transformed into the clinics hence improve the life style of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India.
| | - Kannoth Mukundan Geetha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka 560078, India
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Mamun AA, Jeandet P, Aleya L, Mansouri RA, Ashraf GM, Mathew B, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Combination Drug Therapy for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3272. [PMID: 32380758 PMCID: PMC7246721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Even though the number of AD patients is rapidly growing, there is no effective treatment for this neurodegenerative disorder. At present, implementation of effective treatment approaches for AD is vital to meet clinical needs. In AD research, priorities concern the development of disease-modifying therapeutic agents to be used in the early phases of AD and the optimization of the symptomatic treatments predominantly dedicated to the more advanced AD stages. Until now, available therapeutic agents for AD treatment only provide symptomatic treatment. Since AD pathogenesis is multifactorial, use of a multimodal therapeutic intervention addressing several molecular targets of AD-related pathological processes seems to be the most practical approach to modify the course of AD progression. It has been demonstrated through numerous studies, that the clinical efficacy of combination therapy (CT) is higher than that of monotherapy. In case of AD, CT is more effective, mostly when started early, at slowing the rate of cognitive impairment. In this review, we have covered the major studies regarding CT to combat AD pathogenesis. Moreover, we have also highlighted the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of CT in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, P.O. Box 1039, 51687 Reims CEDEX 2, France;
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030 Besançon, France;
| | - Rasha A. Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad 678557, India;
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Roy M, Pal I, Nath AK, Dey SG. Peroxidase activity of heme bound amyloid β peptides associated with Alzheimer's disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4505-4518. [PMID: 32297620 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09758a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis attributes the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) to the deposition of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide into plaques and fibrils in the AD brain. The metal ion hypothesis which implicates several metal ions, viz. Zn2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+, in the AD pathology on account of their abnormal accumulation in the Aβ plaques along with an overall dyshomeostasis of these metals in the AD brain was proposed a while back. Metal ion chelators and ionophores, put forward as possible drug candidates for AD, are yet to succeed in clinical trials. Heme, which is widely distributed in the mammalian body as the prosthetic group of several important proteins and enzymes, has been thought to be associated with AD by virtue of its colocalization in the Aβ plaques along with the similarity of several heme deficiency symptoms with those of AD and most importantly, due to its ability to bind Aβ. This feature article illustrates the active site environment of heme-Aβ which resembles those of peroxidases. It also discusses the peroxidase activity of heme-Aβ, its ability to effect oxidative degradation of neurotransmitters like serotonin and also the identification of the highly reactive high-valent intermediate, compound I. The effect of second sphere residues on the formation and peroxidase activity of heme-Aβ along with the generation and decay of compound I is highlighted throughout the article. The reactivities of heme bound Aβ peptides give an alternative theory to understand the possible cause of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuparna Roy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Assessing the Performance of Daily Intake of a Homotaurine, Carnosine, Forskolin, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, and Magnesium Based Food Supplement for the Maintenance of Visual Function in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:7879436. [PMID: 32411435 PMCID: PMC7201465 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7879436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is a multifactorial optic neuropathy, which causes a continuous loss of retinal ganglion cells. Given the neurodegenerative nature of glaucoma, the necessity for neuroprotective intervention still arises, to be added alongside hypotonic therapy. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the effect of daily intake of a homotaurine, carnosine, forskolin, vitamins B1, B2, and B6, folic acid, and magnesium based supplement (GANGLIOLIFE®) on the progression rates of the visual field in patients with progressive POAG despite good tonometric compensation and to assess the most suitable dosage. Methods This is a monocentric nonrandomized experimental clinical study. Patients with mean deviation (MD) ranging from -2 dB to -15 dB with MD progression ≥1 dB in the previous year and IOP values of ≤18 mm Hg were included. All the patients underwent supplement therapy for a period of 6 months. For the first 2 months, they took 2 tablets a day, and for the following 4 months, 1 tablet a day. The patients were assessed before the start of treatment, time 0 (T 0), after 2 months (T 1), and after 6 months (T 2) of therapy. At each check-up, patients were given a full eye test including perimetry, RNFL, and GCC using FD-OCT, PERG, contrast sensitivity, and QoL evaluation using the Glaucoma Symptom Scale questionnaire and National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25. Results 31 patients with a mean age of 70.80 ± 8.77 were included. At T 1 and T 2, the mean values of MD were lessened (MD = -5.37 ± -2.91, P < 0.01, and MD = -5.48 ± 3.15, P < 0.05, respectively) compared to T 0 (MD = -5.98 ± 2.83). Patients also demonstrated a significant reduction in IOP (P < 0.01), improved light sensitivity (P < 0.01) and contrast sensitivity (P < 0.05), and a better quality of life (P < 0.05). Conclusions Treatment with a supplement which includes homotaurine, carnosine, forskolin, vitamins B1, B2, and B6, folic acid, and magnesium has been shown to be able to slow down the rate of progression of functional damage and improve visual function after 2 and 6 months of daily intake. Quality of life showed significant improvement.
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Tian J, Dang H, O'Laco KA, Song M, Tiu BC, Gilles S, Zakarian C, Kaufman DL. Homotaurine Treatment Enhances CD4 + and CD8 + Regulatory T Cell Responses and Synergizes with Low-Dose Anti-CD3 to Enhance Diabetes Remission in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:498-510. [PMID: 31636084 PMCID: PMC6823932 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells express γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA-R), and GABA administration can inhibit effector T cell responses in models of autoimmune disease. The pharmacokinetic properties of GABA, however, may be suboptimal for clinical applications. The amino acid homotaurine is a type A GABA-R (GABAA-R) agonist with good pharmacokinetics and appears safe for human consumption. In this study, we show that homotaurine inhibits in vitro T cell proliferation to a similar degree as GABA but at lower concentrations. In vivo, oral homotaurine treatment had a modest ability to reverse hyperglycemia in newly hyperglycemic NOD mice but was ineffective after the onset of severe hyperglycemia. In severely diabetic NOD mice, the combination of homotaurine and low-dose anti-CD3 treatment significantly increased 1) disease remission, 2) the percentages of splenic CD4+and CD8+ regulatory T cells compared with anti-CD3 alone, and 3) the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes compared with homotaurine monotherapy. Histological examination of their pancreata provided no evidence of the large-scale GABAA-R agonist-mediated replenishment of islet β-cells that has been reported by others. However, we did observe a few functional islets in mice that received combined therapy. Thus, GABAA-R activation enhanced CD4+and CD8+ regulatory T cell responses following the depletion of effector T cells, which was associated with the preservation of some functional islets. Finally, we observed that homotaurine treatment enhanced β-cell replication and survival in a human islet xenograft model. Hence, GABAA-R agonists, such as homotaurine, are attractive candidates for testing in combination with other therapeutic agents in type 1 diabetes clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hoa Dang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Karen Anne O'Laco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Min Song
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Bryan-Clement Tiu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Spencer Gilles
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christina Zakarian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Daniel L Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Chiu CH, Chen PC, Wang YC, Lin CL, Lee FY, Wu CC, Chang KH. Risk of Dementia in Patients with Leptospirosis: A Nationwide Cohort Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16173168. [PMID: 31480270 PMCID: PMC6747145 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Studies have linked some bacterial infections with an increased likelihood for development of dementia. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between dementia and leptospirosis. In view of this, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine whether leptospirosis is a risk factor for dementia. Methods: Data were collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Databases (2000–2010) to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for dementia in patients with leptospirosis. Patients with leptospirosis who did not have a history of dementia were enrolled in the study. For each leptospirosis patient, four controls were randomly selected after frequency matching of age, sex, and index date. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for the analyses of dementia risk. Results: A greater risk of dementia was observed in the leptospirosis cohort than in the non-leptospirosis cohort both in patients without any comorbidity (adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.06–1.43) and with a comorbidity (aHR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.7–2.5). Compared with the non-leptospirosis cohort without these comorbidities, the leptospirosis cohort with ≥2 comorbidities exhibited a significantly increased risk of dementia (aHR = 6.11, 95% CI = 3.15–11.9), followed by those with any one comorbidity (adjusted HR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.76–7.46). Conclusions: Patients with leptospirosis were at a 1.89-fold greater risk of subsequent dementia, but potential genetic susceptibility bias in the study group is a major confound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsiang Chiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center Taipei, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chung Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 32549, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chuan Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Feng-You Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung 42743, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Wu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11042, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsi Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- General Education Center, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 35664, Taiwan.
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Safety of ALZ-801, a Novel Prodrug of Tramiprosate in Development for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:315-333. [PMID: 29063518 PMCID: PMC5814546 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background ALZ-801 is an orally available, valine-conjugated prodrug of tramiprosate. Tramiprosate, the active agent, is a small-molecule β-amyloid (Aβ) anti-oligomer and aggregation inhibitor that was evaluated extensively in preclinical and clinical investigations for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tramiprosate has been found to inhibit β-amyloid oligomer formation by a multi-ligand enveloping mechanism of action that stabilizes Aβ42 monomers, resulting in the inhibition of formation of oligomers and subsequent aggregation. Although promising as an AD treatment, tramiprosate exhibited two limiting deficiencies: high intersubject pharmacokinetic (PK) variability likely due to extensive gastrointestinal metabolism, and mild-to-moderate incidence of nausea and vomiting. To address these, we developed an optimized prodrug, ALZ-801, which retains the favorable efficacy attributes of tramiprosate while improving oral PK variability and gastrointestinal tolerability. In this study, we summarize the phase I bridging program to evaluate the safety, tolerability and PK for ALZ-801 after single and multiple rising dose administration in healthy volunteers. Methods Randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I studies in 127 healthy male and female adult and elderly volunteers included [1] a single ascending dose (SAD) study; [2] a 14-day multiple ascending dose (MAD) study; and [3] a single-dose tablet food-effect study. This program was conducted with both a loose-filled capsule and an immediate-release tablet formulation, under both fasted and fed conditions. Safety and tolerability were assessed, and plasma and urine were collected for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) determination and non-compartmental PK analysis. In addition, we defined the target dose of ALZ-801 that delivers a steady-state plasma area under the curve (AUC) exposure of tramiprosate equivalent to that studied in the tramiprosate phase III study. Results ALZ-801 was well tolerated and there were no severe or serious adverse events (AEs) or laboratory findings. The most common AEs were transient mild nausea and some instances of vomiting, which were not dose-related and showed development of tolerance after continued use. ALZ-801 produced dose-dependent maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and AUC exposures of tramiprosate, which were equivalent to that after oral tramiprosate, but with a substantially reduced intersubject variability and a longer elimination half-life. Administration of ALZ-801 with food markedly reduced the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms compared with the fasted state, without affecting plasma tramiprosate exposure. An immediate-release tablet formulation of ALZ-801 displayed plasma exposure and low variability similar to the loose-filled capsule. ALZ-801 also showed excellent dose-proportionality without accumulation or decrease in plasma exposure of tramiprosate over 14 days. Based on these data, 265 mg of ALZ-801 twice daily was found to achieve a steady-state AUC exposure of tramiprosate equivalent to 150 mg twice daily of oral tramiprosate in the previous phase III trials. Conclusions ALZ-801, when administered in capsule and tablet forms, showed excellent oral safety and tolerability in healthy adults and elderly volunteers, with significantly improved PK characteristics over oral tramiprosate. A clinical dose of ALZ-801 (265 mg twice daily) was established that achieves the AUC exposure of 150 mg of tramiprosate twice daily, which showed positive cognitive and functional improvements in apolipoprotein E4/4 homozygous AD patients. These bridging data support the phase III development of ALZ-801in patients with AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0608-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gupta J, Fatima MT, Islam Z, Khan RH, Uversky VN, Salahuddin P. Nanoparticle formulations in the diagnosis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:515-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Andrade S, Ramalho MJ, Loureiro JA, Pereira MDC. Natural Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2313. [PMID: 31083327 PMCID: PMC6539304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder related with the increase of age and it is the main cause of dementia in the world. AD affects cognitive functions, such as memory, with an intensity that leads to several functional losses. The continuous increase of AD incidence demands for an urgent development of effective therapeutic strategies. Despite the extensive research on this disease, only a few drugs able to delay the progression of the disease are currently available. In the last years, several compounds with pharmacological activities isolated from plants, animals and microorganisms, revealed to have beneficial effects for the treatment of AD, targeting different pathological mechanisms. Thus, a wide range of natural compounds may play a relevant role in the prevention of AD and have proven to be efficient in different preclinical and clinical studies. This work aims to review the natural compounds that until this date were described as having significant benefits for this neurological disease, focusing on studies that present clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Andrade
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Ramalho
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Angélica Loureiro
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Dong Y, Li X, Cheng J, Hou L. Drug Development for Alzheimer's Disease: Microglia Induced Neuroinflammation as a Target? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E558. [PMID: 30696107 PMCID: PMC6386861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia. Its pathogenesis is characterized by the aggregation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) protein in senile plaques and the hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Current medications for AD can provide temporary help with the memory symptoms and other cognitive changes of patients, however, they are not able to stop or reverse the progression of AD. New medication discovery and the development of a cure for AD is urgently in need. In this review, we summarized drugs for AD treatments and their recent updates, and discussed the potential of microglia induced neuroinflammation as a target for anti-AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Cummings J. The Role of Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:29-61. [PMID: 30747416 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers have a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development. Biomarkers can assist in diagnosis, demonstrate target engagement, support disease modification, and monitor for safety. The amyloid (A), tau (T), neurodegeneration (N) Research Framework emphasizes brain imaging and CSF measures relevant to disease diagnosis and staging and can be applied to drug development and clinical trials. Demonstration of target engagement in Phase 2 is critical before advancing a treatment candidate to Phase 3. Trials with biomarker outcomes are shorter and smaller than those required to show clinical benefit and are important to understanding the biological impact of an agent and inform go/no-go decisions. Companion diagnostics are required for safe and effective use of treatments and may emerge in AD drug development programs. Complementary biomarkers inform the use of therapies but are not mandatory for use. Biomarkers promise to de-risk AD drug development, attract sponsors to AD research, and accelerate getting new drugs to those with or at risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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Pivotal role of carnosine in the modulation of brain cells activity: Multimodal mechanism of action and therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 175:35-53. [PMID: 30593839 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine), a dipeptide, is an endogenous antioxidant widely distributed in excitable tissues like muscles and the brain. Although discovered more than a hundred years ago and having been extensively studied in the periphery, the role of carnosine in the brain remains mysterious. Carnosinemia, a rare metabolic disorder with increased levels of carnosine in urine and low levels or absence of carnosinase in the blood, is associated with severe neurological symptoms in humans. This review deals with the role of carnosine in the brain in both physiological and pathological conditions, with a focus on preclinical evidence suggesting a high therapeutic potential of carnosine in neurodegenerative disorders. We review carnosine and carnosinemia's discoveries and the extensive research on the role and benefits of carnosine in the periphery. We then turn to carnosine's biochemistry and distribution in the brain. Using an array of recent observations as a foundation, we draw a parallel with the role of carnosine in muscles and speculate on the role of carnosine in promoting the metabolic support of neurons by glial cells. Finally, carnosine has been shown to exert a multimodal activity including inhibition of protein cross-linking and aggregation of amyloid-β and related proteins, free radical generation, nitric oxide detoxification, and an anti-inflammatory activity. It could thus play an important role in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. We discuss the potential of carnosine in this context and speculate on new preclinical research directions.
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Kozin SA, Barykin EP, Mitkevich VA, Makarov AA. Anti-amyloid Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease: Current State and Prospects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1057-1067. [PMID: 30472944 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been for a long time focused on agents that were expected to support endogenous β-amyloid (Aβ) in a monomeric state and destroy soluble Aβ oligomers and insoluble Aβ aggregates. However, this strategy has failed over the last 20 years and was eventually abandoned. In this review, we propose a new approach to the anti-amyloid AD therapy based on the latest achievements in understanding molecular causes of cerebral amyloidosis in AD animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E P Barykin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - A A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Tian J, Dang H, Wallner M, Olsen R, Kaufman DL. Homotaurine, a safe blood-brain barrier permeable GABA A-R-specific agonist, ameliorates disease in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16555. [PMID: 30410049 PMCID: PMC6224391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for treatments that can safely promote regulatory lymphocyte responses. T cells express GABA receptors (GABAA-Rs) and GABA administration can inhibit Th1-mediated processes such as type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis in mouse models. Whether GABAA-R agonists can also inhibit Th17-driven processes such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis (MS), is an open question. GABA does not pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) making it ill-suited to inhibit the spreading of autoreactivity within the CNS. Homotaurine is a BBB-permeable amino acid that antagonizes amyloid fibril formation and was found to be safe but ineffective in long-term Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials. Homotaurine also acts as GABAA-R agonist with better pharmacokinetics than that of GABA. Working with both monophasic and relapsing-remitting mouse models of EAE, we show that oral administration of homotaurine can (1) enhance CD8+CD122+PD-1+ and CD4+Foxp3+ Treg, but not Breg, responses, (2) inhibit autoreactive Th17 and Th1 responses, and (3) effectively ameliorate ongoing disease. These observations demonstrate the potential of BBB-permeable GABAA-R agonists as a new class of treatment to enhance CD8+ and CD4+ Treg responses and limit Th17 and Th1-medaited inflammation in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Hoa Dang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martin Wallner
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard Olsen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel L Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Bossù P, Salani F, Ciaramella A, Sacchinelli E, Mosca A, Banaj N, Assogna F, Orfei MD, Caltagirone C, Gianni W, Spalletta G. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Homotaurine in Patients With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:285. [PMID: 30455639 PMCID: PMC6230970 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal dementing neurodegenerative disease, currently lacking an efficacious disease-modifying therapy. In the last years, there has been some interest in the use of homotaurine as a potential therapeutic compound for AD, but more work is still needed to prove its efficacy as disease modifier in dementia. Since inflammation is believed to play a key role in AD development, we sought to investigate here the in vivo homotaurine effect on inflammatory response in patients at the earliest stages of AD, i.e., suffering from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of homotaurine supplementation on cytokine serum levels and memory performances in MCI patients. Neuropsychological, clinical and cytokine assessment was performed at baseline (T0) and after 1 year (T12) of homotaurine supplementation in 20 patients categorized as carriers (n = 9) or no carriers (n = 11) of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. The serum levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators Interleukin (IL) 1β, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), IL-6 and IL-18, contextually with the anti-inflammatory molecules IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), were analyzed to explore significant differences in the inflammatory status between T0 and T12 in the two APOE variant carrier groups. No significant differences over time were observed in patients as for most cytokines, except for IL-18. Following homotaurine supplementation, patients carrying the APOEε4 allele showed a significant decrease in IL-18 (both in its total and IL-18BP unbound forms), in turn associated with improved short-term episodic memory performance as measured by the recency effect of the Rey 15-word list learning test immediate recall. Thus, homotaurine supplementation in individuals with aMCI may have a positive consequence on episodic memory loss due, at least in part, to homotaurine anti-inflammatory effects. This study strongly suggests that future research should focus on exploring the mechanisms by which homotaurine controls brain inflammation during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bossù
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Salani
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ciaramella
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sacchinelli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mosca
- Laboratory of Psychology and Pediatric Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Molecular Neurology Unit, CeSI-MeT, Center for Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Assogna
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Centro Fermi-Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Ferm, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Donata Orfei
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Medicine of Systems, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Gianni
- II Clinica Medica, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Brothers HM, Gosztyla ML, Robinson SR. The Physiological Roles of Amyloid-β Peptide Hint at New Ways to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:118. [PMID: 29922148 PMCID: PMC5996906 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-ß (Aß) is best known as the misfolded peptide that is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it is currently the primary therapeutic target in attempts to arrest the course of this disease. This notoriety has overshadowed evidence that Aß serves several important physiological functions. Aß is present throughout the lifespan, it has been found in all vertebrates examined thus far, and its molecular sequence shows a high degree of conservation. These features are typical of a factor that contributes significantly to biological fitness, and this suggestion has been supported by evidence of functions that are beneficial for the brain. The putative roles of Aß include protecting the body from infections, repairing leaks in the blood-brain barrier, promoting recovery from injury, and regulating synaptic function. Evidence for these beneficial roles comes from in vitro and in vivo studies, which have shown that the cellular production of Aß rapidly increases in response to a physiological challenge and often diminishes upon recovery. These roles are further supported by the adverse outcomes of clinical trials that have attempted to deplete Aß in order to treat AD. We suggest that anti-Aß therapies will produce fewer adverse effects if the known triggers of Aß deposition (e.g., pathogens, hypertension, and diabetes) are addressed first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Brothers
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Maya L Gosztyla
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Columbus, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stephen R Robinson
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Review of the advances in treatment for Alzheimer disease: strategies for combating β-amyloid protein. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Una revisión de los avances en la terapéutica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer: estrategia frente a la proteína β-amiloide. Neurologia 2018; 33:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Webster L, Groskreutz D, Grinbergs-Saull A, Howard R, O’Brien JT, Mountain G, Banerjee S, Woods B, Perneczky R, Lafortune L, Roberts C, McCleery J, Pickett J, Bunn F, Challis D, Charlesworth G, Featherstone K, Fox C, Goodman C, Jones R, Lamb S, Moniz-Cook E, Schneider J, Shepperd S, Surr C, Thompson-Coon J, Ballard C, Brayne C, Burns A, Clare L, Garrard P, Kehoe P, Passmore P, Holmes C, Maidment I, Robinson L, Livingston G. Core outcome measures for interventions to prevent or slow the progress of dementia for people living with mild to moderate dementia: Systematic review and consensus recommendations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179521. [PMID: 28662127 PMCID: PMC5491018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no disease-modifying treatments for dementia. There is also no consensus on disease modifying outcomes. We aimed to produce the first evidence-based consensus on core outcome measures for trials of disease modification in mild-to-moderate dementia. METHODS AND FINDINGS We defined disease-modification interventions as those aiming to change the underlying pathology. We systematically searched electronic databases and previous systematic reviews for published and ongoing trials of disease-modifying treatments in mild-to-moderate dementia. We included 149/22,918 of the references found; with 81 outcome measures from 125 trials. Trials involved participants with Alzheimer's disease (AD) alone (n = 111), or AD and mild cognitive impairment (n = 8) and three vascular dementia. We divided outcomes by the domain measured (cognition, activities of daily living, biological markers, neuropsychiatric symptoms, quality of life, global). We calculated the number of trials and of participants using each outcome. We detailed psychometric properties of each outcome. We sought the views of people living with dementia and family carers in three cities through Alzheimer's society focus groups. Attendees at a consensus conference (experts in dementia research, disease-modification and harmonisation measures) decided on the core set of outcomes using these results. Recommended core outcomes were cognition as the fundamental deficit in dementia and to indicate disease modification, serial structural MRIs. Cognition should be measured by Mini Mental State Examination or Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale. MRIs would be optional for patients. We also made recommendations for measuring important, but non-core domains which may not change despite disease modification. LIMITATIONS Most trials were about AD. Specific instruments may be superseded. We searched one database for psychometric properties. INTERPRETATION This is the first review to identify the 81 outcome measures the research community uses for disease-modifying trials in mild-to-moderate dementia. Our recommendations will facilitate designing, comparing and meta-analysing disease modification trials in mild-to-moderate dementia, increasing their value. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO no. CRD42015027346.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Webster
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Groskreutz
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rob Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John T. O’Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Mountain
- ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sube Banerjee
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Woods
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Louise Lafortune
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Roberts
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny McCleery
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frances Bunn
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - David Challis
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Charlesworth
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Featherstone
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Goodman
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Jones
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People (RICE), University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lamb
- Warwick Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Esme Moniz-Cook
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Justine Schneider
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Surr
- School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Thompson-Coon
- PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Ballard
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Burns
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Clare
- PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Kehoe
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Holmes
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Maidment
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Robinson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gill Livingston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- North Thames CLAHRC, London, United Kingdom
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Webster L, Groskreutz D, Grinbergs-Saull A, Howard R, O'Brien JT, Mountain G, Banerjee S, Woods B, Perneczky R, Lafortune L, Roberts C, McCleery J, Pickett J, Bunn F, Challis D, Charlesworth G, Featherstone K, Fox C, Goodman C, Jones R, Lamb S, Moniz-Cook E, Schneider J, Shepperd S, Surr C, Thompson-Coon J, Ballard C, Brayne C, Burke O, Burns A, Clare L, Garrard P, Kehoe P, Passmore P, Holmes C, Maidment I, Murtagh F, Robinson L, Livingston G. Development of a core outcome set for disease modification trials in mild to moderate dementia: a systematic review, patient and public consultation and consensus recommendations. Health Technol Assess 2017; 21:1-192. [PMID: 28625273 PMCID: PMC5494514 DOI: 10.3310/hta21260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no disease-modifying treatment available to halt or delay the progression of the disease pathology in dementia. An agreed core set of the best-available and most appropriate outcomes for disease modification would facilitate the design of trials and ensure consistency across disease modification trials, as well as making results comparable and meta-analysable in future trials. OBJECTIVES To agree a set of core outcomes for disease modification trials for mild to moderate dementia with the UK dementia research community and patient and public involvement (PPI). DATA SOURCES We included disease modification trials with quantitative outcomes of efficacy from (1) references from related systematic reviews in workstream 1; (2) searches of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group study register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature and PsycINFO on 11 December 2015, and clinical trial registries [International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) and clinicaltrials.gov] on 22 and 29 January 2016; and (3) hand-searches of reference lists of relevant systematic reviews from database searches. REVIEW METHODS The project consisted of four workstreams. (1) We obtained related core outcome sets and work from co-applicants. (2) We systematically reviewed published and ongoing disease modification trials to identify the outcomes used in different domains. We extracted outcomes used in each trial, recording how many used each outcome and with how many participants. We divided outcomes into the domains measured and searched for validation data. (3) We consulted with PPI participants about recommended outcomes. (4) We presented all the synthesised information at a conference attended by the wider body of National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) dementia researchers to reach consensus on a core set of outcomes. RESULTS We included 149 papers from the 22,918 papers screened, referring to 125 individual trials. Eighty-one outcomes were used across trials, including 72 scales [31 cognitive, 12 activities of daily living (ADLs), 10 global, 16 neuropsychiatric and three quality of life] and nine biological techniques. We consulted with 18 people for PPI. The conference decided that only cognition and biological markers are core measures of disease modification. Cognition should be measured by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) or the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), and brain changes through structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a subset of participants. All other domains are important but not core. We recommend using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory for neuropsychiatric symptoms: the Disability Assessment for Dementia for ADLs, the Dementia Quality of Life Measure for quality of life and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale to measure dementia globally. LIMITATIONS Most of the trials included participants with Alzheimer's disease, so recommendations may not apply to other types of dementia. We did not conduct economic analyses. The PPI consultation was limited to members of the Alzheimer's Society Research Network. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive outcomes and biological markers form the core outcome set for future disease modification trials, measured by the MMSE or ADAS-Cog, and structural MRI in a subset of participants. FUTURE WORK We envisage that the core set may be superseded in the future, particularly for other types of dementia. There is a need to develop an algorithm to compare scores on the MMSE and ADAS-Cog. STUDY REGISTRATION The project was registered with Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials [ www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/819?result=true (accessed 7 April 2016)]. The systematic review protocol is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015027346. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Webster
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek Groskreutz
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rob Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gail Mountain
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sube Banerjee
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Bob Woods
- Dementia Services Development Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Lafortune
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charlotte Roberts
- International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London, UK
| | | | | | - Frances Bunn
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - David Challis
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georgina Charlesworth
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Claire Goodman
- Centre for Research in Primary and Community Care, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Roy Jones
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sallie Lamb
- Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Esme Moniz-Cook
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Justine Schneider
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Surr
- School of Health & Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Jo Thompson-Coon
- Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Clive Ballard
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Orlaith Burke
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alistair Burns
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Linda Clare
- Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Centre for Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter Garrard
- Neuroscience Research Centre, St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Patrick Kehoe
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Peter Passmore
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Clive Holmes
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Maidment
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fliss Murtagh
- Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Robinson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gill Livingston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- North Thames Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, London, UK
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Parsons CG, Rammes G. Preclinical to phase II amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide modulators under investigation for Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:579-592. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1313832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris G. Parsons
- Non-Clinical Science, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitat Munchen – Department of Anesthesiology, Munchen, Germany
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Liu Z, Zhang A, Sun H, Han Y, Kong L, Wang X. Two decades of new drug discovery and development for Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease, associated with a decreased cognitive function and severe behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Liu
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Aihua Zhang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Hui Sun
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Ying Han
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Ling Kong
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
| | - Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry
- Sino-US Chinmedomics Technology Cooperation Center
- Chinmedomics Research Center of TCM State Administration
- Laboratory of Metabolomics
- Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines
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Elucidating the Aβ42 Anti-Aggregation Mechanism of Action of Tramiprosate in Alzheimer's Disease: Integrating Molecular Analytical Methods, Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Data. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:495-509. [PMID: 28435985 PMCID: PMC5488121 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and represent a promising target for drug development. Tramiprosate is a small-molecule Aβ anti-aggregation agent that was evaluated in phase III clinical trials for AD but did not meet the primary efficacy endpoints; however, a pre-specified subgroup analysis revealed robust, sustained, and clinically meaningful cognitive and functional effects in patients with AD homozygous for the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4/4 homozygotes), who carry an increased risk for the disease. Therefore, to build on this important efficacy attribute and to further improve its pharmaceutical properties, we have developed a prodrug of tramiprosate ALZ-801 that is in advanced stages of clinical development. To elucidate how tramiprosate works, we investigated its molecular mechanism of action (MOA) and the translation to observed clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE The two main objectives of this research were to (1) elucidate and characterize the MOA of tramiprosate via an integrated application of three independent molecular methodologies and (2) present an integrated translational analysis that links the MOA, conformation of the target, stoichiometry, and pharmacokinetic dose exposure to the observed clinical outcome in APOE4/4 homozygote subjects. METHOD We used three molecular analytical methods-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular dynamics-to characterize the concentration-related interactions of tramiprosate versus Aβ42 monomers and the resultant conformational alterations affecting aggregation into oligomers. The molecular stoichiometry of the tramiprosate versus Aβ42 interaction was further analyzed in the context of clinical pharmacokinetic dose exposure and central nervous system Aβ42 levels (i.e., pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic translation in humans). RESULTS We observed a multi-ligand interaction of tramiprosate with monomeric Aβ42, which differs from the traditional 1:1 binding. This resulted in the stabilization of Aβ42 monomers and inhibition of oligomer formation and elongation, as demonstrated by IMS-MS and molecular dynamics. Using NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics, we also showed that tramiprosate bound to Lys16, Lys28, and Asp23, the key amino acid side chains of Aβ42 that are responsible for both conformational seed formation and neuronal toxicity. The projected molar excess of tramiprosate versus Aβ42 in humans using the dose effective in patients with AD aligned with the molecular stoichiometry of the interaction, providing a clear clinical translation of the MOA. A consistent alignment of these preclinical-to-clinical elements describes a unique example of translational medicine and supports the efficacy seen in symptomatic patients with AD. This unique "enveloping mechanism" of tramiprosate also provides a potential basis for tramiprosate dose selection for patients with homozygous AD at earlier stages of disease. CONCLUSION We have identified the molecular mechanism that may account for the observed clinical efficacy of tramiprosate in patients with APOE4/4 homozygous AD. In addition, the integrated application of the molecular methodologies (i.e., IMS-MS, NMR, and thermodynamics analysis) indicates that it is feasible to modulate and control the Aβ42 conformational dynamics landscape by a small molecule, resulting in a favorable Aβ42 conformational change that leads to a clinically relevant amyloid anti-aggregation effect and inhibition of oligomer formation. This novel enveloping MOA of tramiprosate has potential utility in the development of disease-modifying therapies for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases caused by misfolded proteins.
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Spalletta G, Cravello L, Gianni W, Piras F, Iorio M, Cacciari C, Casini AR, Chiapponi C, Sancesario G, Fratangeli C, Orfei MD, Caltagirone C, Piras F. Homotaurine Effects on Hippocampal Volume Loss and Episodic Memory in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:807-16. [PMID: 26757035 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Homotaurine supplementation may have a positive effect on early Alzheimer's disease. Here, we investigated its potential neuroprotective effect on the hippocampus structure and episodic memory performances in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Neuropsychological, clinical, and neuroimaging assessment in 11 treated and 22 untreated patients were performed at baseline and after 1 year. Magnetic resonance data were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry to explore significant differences (Family Wise Error corrected) between the two groups over time. Patients treated with homotaurine showed decreased volume loss in the left and right hippocampal tail, left and right fusiform gyrus, and right inferior temporal cortex which was associated with improved short-term episodic memory performance as measured by the recency effect of the Rey 15-word list learning test immediate recall. Thus, homotaurine supplementation in individuals with aMCI has a positive effect on hippocampus atrophy and episodic memory loss. Future studies should further clarify the mechanisms of its effects on brain morphometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Spalletta
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Cravello
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Gianni
- Policlinico Umberto I, II Clinica Medica, Sapienza Università, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cacciari
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Chiapponi
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Fratangeli
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Donata Orfei
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy.,Tor Vergata University, Department of Medicine of Systems, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Rome, Italy.,Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Rome, Italy
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Current Research Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8501693. [PMID: 26881137 PMCID: PMC4735913 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8501693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently presents one of the biggest healthcare issues in the developed countries. There is no effective treatment capable of slowing down disease progression. In recent years the main focus of research on novel pharmacotherapies was based on the amyloidogenic hypothesis of AD, which posits that the beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide is chiefly responsible for cognitive impairment and neuronal death. The goal of such treatments is (a) to reduce Aβ production through the inhibition of β and γ secretase enzymes and (b) to promote dissolution of existing cerebral Aβ plaques. However, this approach has proven to be only modestly effective. Recent studies suggest an alternative strategy centred on the inhibition of the downstream Aβ signalling, particularly at the synapse. Aβ oligomers may cause aberrant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation postsynaptically by forming complexes with the cell-surface prion protein (PrPC). PrPC is enriched at the neuronal postsynaptic density, where it interacts with Fyn tyrosine kinase. Fyn activation occurs when Aβ is bound to PrPC-Fyn complex. Fyn causes tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). Fyn kinase blockers masitinib and saracatinib have proven to be efficacious in treating AD symptoms in experimental mouse models of the disease.
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EPPS rescues hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice by disaggregation of amyloid-β oligomers and plaques. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8997. [PMID: 26646366 PMCID: PMC4686862 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the transition of amyloid-β (Aβ) monomers into toxic oligomers and plaques. Given that Aβ abnormality typically precedes the development of clinical symptoms, an agent capable of disaggregating existing Aβ aggregates may be advantageous. Here we report that a small molecule, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulphonic acid (EPPS), binds to Aβ aggregates and converts them into monomers. The oral administration of EPPS substantially reduces hippocampus-dependent behavioural deficits, brain Aβ oligomer and plaque deposits, glial γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release and brain inflammation in an Aβ-overexpressing, APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model when initiated after the development of severe AD-like phenotypes. The ability of EPPS to rescue Aβ aggregation and behavioural deficits provides strong support for the view that the accumulation of Aβ is an important mechanism underlying AD. Amyloid-beta deposits are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, and have previously been targeted in immunisation therapies. Here, the authors show that oral administration of the small molecule EPPS reduces Aß plaque and oligomer load in APP/PS1 mice and improves learning and memory performance.
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50
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Ricciardi L, De Nigris F, Specchia A, Fasano A. Homotaurine in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1581-7. [PMID: 25894843 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homotaurine is a natural compound of red algae, which has been demonstrated to have a neuroprotective effect and has been evaluated as a possible therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease. This was a single blind, randomized, controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of homotaurine in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and cognitive impairment. Patients were evaluated at baseline and 6 months later. Assessments included, the evaluation of: motor and non-motor conditions and complications (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, UPDRS); disability and quality of life; depression; excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue. An extensive neuropsychological tests battery was administered evaluating specific cognitive domains: memory, phonemic verbal fluency, executive functions and selective visual attention. After baseline testing, patients were allocated to one of the two groups: (A) treatment group: patients treated with homotaurine 100 mg; (B) control group: patients not treated with homotaurine. Forty-seven patients were evaluated at baseline, 24 (51 %) completed the study (PD-homotaurine: n = 11; 44 % and PD-controls: n = 13; 59 %); discontinuation rate was similar across subjects (p = 1.0). Intention to treat analyses to evaluate homotaurine safety showed mild side effects (gastrointestinal upsetting) in 3 patients. Per protocol analyses of homotaurine efficacy showed no difference between groups. Within group analyses showed that PD-homotaurine patients had better score at UPDRS-I at the end of the study compared to baseline (p = 0.017) and at Epworth Sleepiness Scale (p = 0.01). No other differences were found. No significant difference arose for the PD-ctrl group. Homotaurine is a safe drug. Our data suggest a beneficial effect of homotaurine on excessive sleepiness. Future studies are encouraged to confirm this promising role of homotaurine in promoting the sleep/awake cycle in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ricciardi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK,
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