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Tazir M, Nouioua S. Distal hereditary motor neuropathies. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024:S0035-3787(23)01111-6. [PMID: 38702287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN) are a group of heterogeneous hereditary disorders characterized by a slowly progressive distal pure motor neuropathy. Electrophysiology, with normal motor and sensory conduction velocities, can suggest the diagnosis of dHMN and guide the genetic study. More than thirty genes are currently associated with HMNs, but around 60 to 70% of cases of dHMN remain uncharacterized genetically. Recent cohort studies showed that HSPB1, GARS, BICB2 and DNAJB2 are among the most frequent dHMN genes and that the prevalence of the disease was calculated as 2.14 and 2.3 per 100,000. The determination of the different genes involved in dHMNs made it possible to observe a genotypic overlap with some other neurogenetic disorders and other hereditary neuropathies such as CMT2, mainly with the HSPB1, HSPB8, BICD2 and TRPV4 genes of AD-inherited transmission and recently observed with SORD gene of AR transmission which seems relatively frequent and potentially curable. Distal hereditary motor neuropathy that predominates in the upper limbs is linked mainly to three genes: GARS, BSCL2 and REEP1, whereas dHMN with vocal cord palsy is associated with SLC5A7, DCTN1 and TRPV4 genes. Among the rare AR forms of dHMN like IGHMBP2 and DNAJB2, the SIGMAR1 gene mutations as well as VRK1 variants are associated with a motor neuropathy phenotype often associated with upper motoneuron involvement. The differential diagnosis of these latter arises with juvenile forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, that could be caused also by variations of these genes, as well as hereditary spastic paraplegia. A differential diagnosis of dHMN related to Brown Vialetto Van Laere syndrome due to riboflavin transporter deficiency is important to consider because of the therapeutic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Tazir
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mustapha Bacha, Algiers, Algeria; Neurosciences Laboratory, University Benyoucef Benkhedda, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Sonia Nouioua
- Neurosciences Laboratory, University Benyoucef Benkhedda, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Neurology, EHS El Maham, Cherchell,Tipaza, Algeria
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2
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Cheung VCK, Ha SCW, Zhang-Lea JH, Chan ZYS, Teng Y, Yeung G, Wu L, Liang D, Cheung RTH. Motor patterns of patients with spinal muscular atrophy suggestive of sensory and corticospinal contributions to the development of locomotor muscle synergies. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:338-359. [PMID: 38230872 PMCID: PMC11321722 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00513.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex locomotor patterns are generated by combination of muscle synergies. How genetic processes, early sensorimotor experiences, and the developmental dynamics of neuronal circuits contribute to the expression of muscle synergies remains elusive. We shed light on the factors that influence development of muscle synergies by studying subjects with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA, types II/IIIa), a disorder associated with degeneration and deafferentation of motoneurons and possibly motor cortical and cerebellar abnormalities, from which the afflicted would have atypical sensorimotor histories around typical walking onset. Muscle synergies of children with SMA were identified from electromyographic signals recorded during active-assisted leg motions or walking, and compared with those of age-matched controls. We found that the earlier the SMA onset age, the more different the SMA synergies were from the normative. These alterations could not just be explained by the different degrees of uneven motoneuronal losses across muscles. The SMA-specific synergies had activations in muscles from multiple limb compartments, a finding reminiscent of the neonatal synergies of typically developing infants. Overall, while the synergies shared between SMA and control subjects may reflect components of a core modular infrastructure determined early in life, the SMA-specific synergies may be developmentally immature synergies that arise from inadequate activity-dependent interneuronal sculpting due to abnormal sensorimotor experience and other factors. Other mechanisms including SMA-induced intraspinal changes and altered cortical-spinal interactions may also contribute to synergy changes. Our interpretation highlights the roles of the sensory and descending systems to the typical and abnormal development of locomotor modules.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is likely the first report of locomotor muscle synergies of children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a subject group with atypical developmental sensorimotor experience. We found that the earlier the SMA onset age, the more the subjects' synergies deviated from those of age-matched controls. This result suggests contributions of the sensory/corticospinal activities to the typical expression of locomotor modules, and how their disruptions during a critical period of development may lead to abnormal motor modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent C K Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Kunming Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sophia C W Ha
- School of Biomedical Sciences, and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet H Zhang-Lea
- School of Nursing and Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, United States
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yanling Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Geshi Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lingqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Desheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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de Fuenmayor-Fernández de la Hoz CP, Lupo V, Bermejo-Guerrero L, Martín-Jiménez P, Hernández-Laín A, Olivé M, Gallardo E, Esteban-Pérez J, Espinós C, Domínguez-González C. Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy as a new phenotype associated with variants in BAG3. J Neurol 2024; 271:986-994. [PMID: 37907725 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a new phenotype associated with a novel variant in BAG3: autosomal dominant adult-onset distal hereditary motor neuronopathy. METHODS This study enrolled eight affected individuals from a single family and included a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical phenotype, neurophysiologic testing, muscle MRI, muscle biopsy and western blot of BAG3 protein in skeletal muscle. Genetic workup included whole exome sequencing and segregation analysis of the detected variant in BAG3. RESULTS Seven patients developed slowly progressive and symmetric distal weakness and atrophy of lower limb muscles, along with absent Achilles reflexes. The mean age of onset was 46 years. The neurophysiological examination was consistent with the diagnosis of distal motor neuronopathy. One 57-year-old female patient was minimally symptomatic. The pattern of inheritance was autosomal dominant, with one caveat: one female patient who was an obligate carrier of the variant died at the age of 73 years without exhibiting any muscle weakness. The muscle biopsies revealed neurogenic changes. A novel heterozygous truncating variant c.1513_1514insGGAC (p.Val505GlyfsTer6) in the gene BAG3 was identified in all affected family members. CONCLUSIONS We report an autosomal dominant adult-onset distal hereditary motor neuronopathy with incomplete penetrance in women as a new phenotype related to a truncating variant in the BAG3 gene. Our findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of BAG3-related disorders, which previously included dilated cardiomyopathy, myofibrillar myopathy and adult-onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 neuropathy. Variants in BAG3 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of distal hereditary motor neuronopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Lupo
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Bermejo-Guerrero
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Servicio de Neurología, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba Sin Número, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Jiménez
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Servicio de Neurología, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba Sin Número, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernández-Laín
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Olivé
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la, Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Gallardo
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuromuscular Diseases, Institut de Recerca Hospital de la, Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Esteban-Pérez
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Servicio de Neurología, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba Sin Número, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Experimental Sciences, Universidad Católica de Valencia, 46001, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Servicio de Neurología, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Avenida de Córdoba Sin Número, 28041, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Cakar A, Maroofian R, Parman Y, Reilly MM, Houlden H. Novel and nano-rare genetic causes of paediatric-onset motor neuronopathies. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae003. [PMID: 38274568 PMCID: PMC10808011 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arman Cakar
- Neuromuscular Unit, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yesim Parman
- Neuromuscular Unit, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Arikan Y, Berker Karauzum S, Uysal H, Mihci E, Nur B, Duman O, Haspolat S, Altiok Clark O, Toylu A. Evaluation of exonic copy numbers of SMN1 and SMN2 genes in SMA. Gene X 2022; 823:146322. [PMID: 35219815 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
SMA is a neuromuscular disease and occurs primarily through autosomal recessive inheritance. Identification of deletions in the SMN1 gene especially in the exon 7 and exon 8 regions (hot spot), are used in carrier testing. The exact copy numbers of those exons in the SMN1 and SMN2 genes in 113 patients who presented with a pre-diagnosis of SMA were determined using MLPA method. We aimed to reveal both the most common copy number profiles of different SMA types. It was found that the frequency of homozygous deletions in SMN1 was 15.9%, while heterozygous deletions was 16.9%. The most common SMN-MLPA profile was 0-0-3-3. In the cases with homozygous deletion, SMA type III diagnosis was observed most frequently (44%), and the rate of consanguineous marriage was found 33%. Two cases with the same exonic copy number profile but with different clinical subtypes were identified in a family. We also detected distinct exonic deletion and duplication MLPA profiles for the first time. We created "the SMA signature" that can be added to patient reports. Furthermore, our data are important for revealing potential local profiles of SMA and describing the disease in genetic reports in a way that is clear and comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Arikan
- Bozok University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Yozgat, Turkey; Radboud University Medical Centre, Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen, Netherland.
| | - Sibel Berker Karauzum
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Antalya, Turkey; Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Hilmi Uysal
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ercan Mihci
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Antalya, Turkey; Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatry, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Banu Nur
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Antalya, Turkey; Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatry, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ozgur Duman
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Senay Haspolat
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatry, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ozden Altiok Clark
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Asli Toylu
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Antalya, Turkey.
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Souza CC, Vallim JRDS, Neves ELDA, Nunes PS, Costa IMPDF, Barreto LCLS, Garcez CA, Araujo AADS. The impact of pain and nocturnal cramps on sleep quality in Charcot Marie Tooth disease: a case-control study. Sleep Sci 2022; 15:41-46. [PMID: 35662969 PMCID: PMC9153971 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20210025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is an inherited neuropathy that presents two main forms - type 1 and type 2 -, differentiated by the speed of the nervous conduction. Our goal was to assess sleep in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and its relationship with pain perception and nocturnal cramps. Material and Methods This was a case-control study. The case group was composed of 10 volunteers diagnosed with the type 1 and 23 with the type 2. The control group was composed of 22 individuals from the same family matched by age and gender. Volunteers underwent clinical screening to assess the presence of nocturnal cramps and filled the brief pain inventory, the Chalder fatigue scale, the Epworth sleepiness scale, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Sleep was evaluated by actigraphy. Results Type 2 patients presented a more severe perception of pain and fatigue, more time spend awake after sleep onset, and had lower sleep efficiency. The individuals who reported nocturnal cramps also had worse perception of pain, reduced sleep latency, and increased sleep fragmentation. Conclusion The Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 was related with worse sleep quality, perception of pain, and fatigue and these parameters were negatively related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Coelho Souza
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departament of Pharmacy - Aracaju - Sergipe - Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Santos Nunes
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departament of Pharmacy - Aracaju - Sergipe - Brazil
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7
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Argente-Escrig H, Burns J, Donlevy G, Frasquet M, Cornett K, Sevilla T, Menezes MP. Clinical, Genetic, and Disability Profile of Pediatric Distal Hereditary Motor Neuropathy. Neurology 2020; 96:e423-e432. [PMID: 33067402 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical, genetic, and disability profile of pediatric distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) and to determine the utility of an outcome measure validated for children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) in assessing disability in this cohort. METHODS We reviewed the clinical, neurophysiologic, and disability data on individuals with dHMN, evaluated before the age of 20 years, at 2 tertiary neuromuscular clinics in Australia and Spain. Disability was assessed annually with the CMT Pediatric Scale (CMTPedS) in a subset of individuals. RESULTS Twenty-two children (13 female) from 19 families were included. Fourteen individuals were symptomatic in the first year of life. Intellectual disability was present in 6 individuals; upper motor neuron signs were seen in 8. Pathogenic variants were found in 9 families, more frequently in BICD2 (BICD2-4, DYNC1H1-2, MFN2-2, GARS-1). A novel pathogenic variant in the GARS gene was detected and characterized phenotypically. Disability was moderate on the CMTPedS (mean [SD] 18.2 [6.3], n = 16), with balance and long jump being the most affected and sensation items and grip strength the least affected. Over 1 year, the CMTPedS total score deteriorated, on average 1.5 points (SD 3.7) or 9% (n = 12), with significant variability in the rate of progression within the cohort. CONCLUSIONS The genetic profile of pediatric dHMN is different from that identified in adult cohorts. This study has identified distinct functional limitations for the CMTPedS in children and adolescents with dHMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herminia Argente-Escrig
- From the T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.P.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW; University of Sydney School of Health Sciences & Children's Hospital at Westmead (J.B., G.D., K.C., M.P.M.), Sydney, Australia; Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (H.A.-E., M.F.) and Department of Neurology (H.A.-E, M.F., T.S.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases-CIBERER (H.A.E., T.S.); and Department of Medicine (T.S.), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Joshua Burns
- From the T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.P.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW; University of Sydney School of Health Sciences & Children's Hospital at Westmead (J.B., G.D., K.C., M.P.M.), Sydney, Australia; Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (H.A.-E., M.F.) and Department of Neurology (H.A.-E, M.F., T.S.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases-CIBERER (H.A.E., T.S.); and Department of Medicine (T.S.), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabrielle Donlevy
- From the T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.P.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW; University of Sydney School of Health Sciences & Children's Hospital at Westmead (J.B., G.D., K.C., M.P.M.), Sydney, Australia; Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (H.A.-E., M.F.) and Department of Neurology (H.A.-E, M.F., T.S.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases-CIBERER (H.A.E., T.S.); and Department of Medicine (T.S.), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Frasquet
- From the T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.P.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW; University of Sydney School of Health Sciences & Children's Hospital at Westmead (J.B., G.D., K.C., M.P.M.), Sydney, Australia; Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (H.A.-E., M.F.) and Department of Neurology (H.A.-E, M.F., T.S.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases-CIBERER (H.A.E., T.S.); and Department of Medicine (T.S.), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Kayla Cornett
- From the T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.P.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW; University of Sydney School of Health Sciences & Children's Hospital at Westmead (J.B., G.D., K.C., M.P.M.), Sydney, Australia; Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (H.A.-E., M.F.) and Department of Neurology (H.A.-E, M.F., T.S.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases-CIBERER (H.A.E., T.S.); and Department of Medicine (T.S.), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Sevilla
- From the T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.P.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW; University of Sydney School of Health Sciences & Children's Hospital at Westmead (J.B., G.D., K.C., M.P.M.), Sydney, Australia; Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (H.A.-E., M.F.) and Department of Neurology (H.A.-E, M.F., T.S.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases-CIBERER (H.A.E., T.S.); and Department of Medicine (T.S.), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Manoj P Menezes
- From the T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (M.P.M.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW; University of Sydney School of Health Sciences & Children's Hospital at Westmead (J.B., G.D., K.C., M.P.M.), Sydney, Australia; Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (H.A.-E., M.F.) and Department of Neurology (H.A.-E, M.F., T.S.), Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases-CIBERER (H.A.E., T.S.); and Department of Medicine (T.S.), University of Valencia, Spain.
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Taga A, Cornblath DR. A novel HSPB1 mutation associated with a late onset CMT2 phenotype: Case presentation and systematic review of the literature. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2020; 25:223-229. [PMID: 32639100 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the HSPB1 gene are associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease type 2F (CMT2F) and distal hereditary motor neuropathy type 2 (dHMN2). More than 18 pathogenic mutations spanning across the whole HSPB1 gene have been reported. Three family members with a novel p.P57S (c.169C>T) HSPB1 mutation resulting in a late onset axonal neuropathy with heterogeneous clinical and electrophysiological features are detailed. We systematically reviewed published case reports and case series on HSPB1 mutations. While a genotype-phenotype correlation was not obvious, we identified a common phenotype, which included adult onset, male predominance, motor more frequently than sensory involvement, distal and symmetric distribution with preferential involvement of plantar flexors, and a motor and axonal electrophysiological picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arens Taga
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Cornblath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Houdebine L, D'Amico D, Bastin J, Chali F, Desseille C, Rumeau V, Soukkari J, Oudot C, Rouquet T, Bariohay B, Roux J, Sapaly D, Weill L, Lopes P, Djouadi F, Bezier C, Charbonnier F, Biondi O. Low-Intensity Running and High-Intensity Swimming Exercises Differentially Improve Energy Metabolism in Mice With Mild Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1258. [PMID: 31632295 PMCID: PMC6781613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of spinal-cord motor-neurons, is caused by mutations on Survival-of-Motor Neuron (SMN)-1 gene. The expression of SMN2, a SMN1 gene copy, partially compensates for SMN1 disruption due to exon-7 excision in 90% of transcripts subsequently explaining the strong clinical heterogeneity. Several alterations in energy metabolism, like glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia, have been reported in SMA at both systemic and cellular level, prompting questions about the potential role of energy homeostasis and/or production involvement in disease progression. In this context, we have recently reported the tolerance of mild SMA-like mice (SmnΔ7/Δ7; huSMN2+/+) to 10 months of low-intensity running or high-intensity swimming exercise programs, respectively involving aerobic and a mix aerobic/anaerobic muscular metabolic pathways. Here, we investigated whether those exercise-induced benefits were associated with an improvement in metabolic status in mild SMA-like mice. We showed that untrained SMA-like mice exhibited a dysregulation of lipid metabolism with an enhancement of lipogenesis and adipocyte deposits when compared to control mice. Moreover, they displayed a high oxygen consumption and energy expenditure through β-oxidation increase yet for the same levels of spontaneous activity. Interestingly, both exercises significantly improved lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis in SMA-like mice, and enhanced oxygen consumption efficiency with the maintenance of a high oxygen consumption for higher levels of spontaneous activity. Surprisingly, more significant effects were obtained with the high-intensity swimming protocol with the maintenance of high lipid oxidation. Finally, when combining electron microscopy, respiratory chain complexes expression and enzymatic activity measurements in muscle mitochondria, we found that (1) a muscle-specific decreased in enzymatic activity of respiratory chain I, II, and IV complexes for equal amount of mitochondria and complexes expression and (2) a significant decline in mitochondrial maximal oxygen consumption, were reduced by both exercise programs. Most of the beneficial effects were obtained with the high-intensity swimming protocol. Taking together, our data support the hypothesis that active physical exercise, including high-intensity protocols, induces metabolic adaptations at both systemic and cellular levels, providing further evidence for its use in association with SMN-overexpressing therapies, in the long-term care of SMA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Houdebine
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Domenico D'Amico
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean Bastin
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Farah Chali
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Céline Desseille
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Rumeau
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Judy Soukkari
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Carole Oudot
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Thaïs Rouquet
- Biomeostasis CRO, Nutritional Behavior and Metabolic Disorders, La Penne-sur-Huveaune, France
| | - Bruno Bariohay
- Biomeostasis CRO, Nutritional Behavior and Metabolic Disorders, La Penne-sur-Huveaune, France
| | - Julien Roux
- Biomeostasis CRO, Nutritional Behavior and Metabolic Disorders, La Penne-sur-Huveaune, France
| | - Delphine Sapaly
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laure Weill
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lopes
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UFR STAPS, Université d'Evry Val-d'Essonne, Evry, France
| | - Fatima Djouadi
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Bezier
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Biophytis, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Charbonnier
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Biondi
- UMR-S1124, INSERM, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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10
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Pinto WBVR, Nunes PP, Lima E Teixeira I, Assis ACD, Naylor FGM, Chieia MAT, Souza PVS, A S B Oliveira. O'Sullivan-McLeod syndrome: Unmasking a rare atypical motor neuron disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 175:81-86. [PMID: 30409480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Atypical motor neuron disease represents a rare heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with clinical, genetic and neuroimaging features distinct from those of the classic spinal or bulbar-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). O'Sullivan-McLeod syndrome represents an extremely rare lower motor neuronopathy with early adult-onset distal amyotrophy and weakness in the upper limbs with asymmetrical involvement. To add to the few case series and epidemiological and genetic studies describing this variant syndrome, our team here presents a series of seven unrelated Brazilian patients with O'Sullivan-McLeod syndrome in a detailed review of their clinical, neuroimaging, laboratory and neurophysiological findings. A male-to-female ratio of 2.5 to 1 and a mean age at onset of 34.3years was observed, with a mean time delay of 6.6years between symptom-onset and a definitive diagnosis. A positive family history was observed in one case, yet whole-exome sequencing results were negative. Neuroimaging studies were unremarkable. All cases presented with chronic denervation restricted to cervical myotomes and normal sensory nerve conduction studies. This case series, one of the largest groups of patients with O'Sullivan-McLeod syndrome reported in the literature, confirms the sporadic nature of the condition and the difficulties faced in arriving at a definite diagnosis, and also expands the age limit in late adult-onset cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B V R Pinto
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - P P Nunes
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - I Lima E Teixeira
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A C D Assis
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F G M Naylor
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M A T Chieia
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - P V S Souza
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - A S B Oliveira
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Bouhy D, Juneja M, Katona I, Holmgren A, Asselbergh B, De Winter V, Hochepied T, Goossens S, Haigh JJ, Libert C, Ceuterick-de Groote C, Irobi J, Weis J, Timmerman V. A knock-in/knock-out mouse model of HSPB8-associated distal hereditary motor neuropathy and myopathy reveals toxic gain-of-function of mutant Hspb8. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:131-148. [PMID: 28780615 PMCID: PMC5756276 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the small heat shock protein B8 gene (HSPB8/HSP22) have been associated with distal hereditary motor neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and recently distal myopathy. It is so far not clear how mutant HSPB8 induces the neuronal and muscular phenotypes and if a common pathogenesis lies behind these diseases. Growing evidence points towards a role of HSPB8 in chaperone-associated autophagy, which has been shown to be a determinant for the clearance of poly-glutamine aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases but also for the maintenance of skeletal muscle myofibrils. To test this hypothesis and better dissect the pathomechanism of mutant HSPB8, we generated a new transgenic mouse model leading to the expression of the mutant protein (knock-in lines) or the loss-of-function (functional knock-out lines) of the endogenous protein Hspb8. While the homozygous knock-in mice developed motor deficits associated with degeneration of peripheral nerves and severe muscle atrophy corroborating patient data, homozygous knock-out mice had locomotor performances equivalent to those of wild-type animals. The distal skeletal muscles of the post-symptomatic homozygous knock-in displayed Z-disk disorganisation, granulofilamentous material accumulation along with Hspb8, αB-crystallin (HSPB5/CRYAB), and desmin aggregates. The presence of the aggregates correlated with reduced markers of effective autophagy. The sciatic nerve of the homozygous knock-in mice was characterized by low autophagy potential in pre-symptomatic and Hspb8 aggregates in post-symptomatic animals. On the other hand, the sciatic nerve of the homozygous knock-out mice presented a normal morphology and their distal muscle displayed accumulation of abnormal mitochondria but intact myofiber and Z-line organisation. Our data, therefore, suggest that toxic gain-of-function of mutant Hspb8 aggregates is a major contributor to the peripheral neuropathy and the myopathy. In addition, mutant Hspb8 induces impairments in autophagy that may aggravate the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Bouhy
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Manisha Juneja
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Istvan Katona
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Holmgren
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Vicky De Winter
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Mammalian Functional Genetics Laboratory, Division of Blood Cancers, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Chantal Ceuterick-de Groote
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge and Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Joy Irobi
- Neurofunctional Genomics, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University/Transnational University Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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12
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Bello R, Bertorini T. A Man With Distal Asymmetric Leg Weakness. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2017; 18:235-243. [PMID: 28538255 DOI: 10.1097/cnd.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES To discuss a case of adult-onset asymmetric distal leg weakness in a patient who presented with weakness and atrophy of the posterior compartment of the left leg. KEY QUESTIONS 1. What is the differential diagnosis of asymmetric distal leg weakness?2. How would a clinician approach diagnostic testing for such a patient?3. What is the final diagnosis for this patient?4. How to treat this patient?
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Affiliation(s)
- Rey Bello
- *Clinical Neurophysiology-EMG/Neuromuscular Diseases, Memphis, TN; and †Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
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13
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Haidar M, Timmerman V. Autophagy as an Emerging Common Pathomechanism in Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:143. [PMID: 28553203 PMCID: PMC5425483 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) comprise a growing list of genetically heterogeneous diseases. With mutations in more than 80 genes being reported to cause IPNs, a wide spectrum of functional consequences is expected to follow this genotypic diversity. Hence, the search for a common pathomechanism among the different phenotypes has become the holy grail of functional research into IPNs. During the last decade, studies on several affected genes have shown a direct and/or indirect correlation with autophagy. Autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process, is required for the removal of cell aggregates, long-lived proteins and dead organelles from the cell in double-membraned vesicles destined for the lysosomes. As an evolutionarily highly conserved process, autophagy is essential for the survival and proper functioning of the cell. Recently, neuronal cells have been shown to be particularly vulnerable to disruption of the autophagic pathway. Furthermore, autophagy has been shown to be affected in various common neurodegenerative diseases of both the central and the peripheral nervous system including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. In this review we provide an overview of the genes involved in hereditary neuropathies which are linked to autophagy and we propose the disruption of the autophagic flux as an emerging common pathomechanism. We also shed light on the different steps of the autophagy pathway linked to these genes. Finally, we review the concept of autophagy being a therapeutic target in IPNs, and the possibilities and challenges of this pathway-specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Haidar
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Institute Born Bunge, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
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14
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Echaniz-Laguna A, Geuens T, Petiot P, Péréon Y, Adriaenssens E, Haidar M, Capponi S, Maisonobe T, Fournier E, Dubourg O, Degos B, Salachas F, Lenglet T, Eymard B, Delmont E, Pouget J, Juntas Morales R, Goizet C, Latour P, Timmerman V, Stojkovic T. Axonal Neuropathies due to Mutations in Small Heat Shock Proteins: Clinical, Genetic, and Functional Insights into Novel Mutations. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:556-568. [PMID: 28144995 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the phenotypic spectrum of distal hereditary motor neuropathy caused by mutations in the small heat shock proteins HSPB1 and HSPB8 and investigate the functional consequences of newly discovered variants. Among 510 unrelated patients with distal motor neuropathy, we identified mutations in HSPB1 (28 index patients/510; 5.5%) and HSPB8 (four index patients/510; 0.8%) genes. Patients have slowly progressive distal (100%) and proximal (13%) weakness in lower limbs (100%), mild lower limbs sensory involvement (31%), foot deformities (73%), progressive distal upper limb weakness (29%), mildly raised serum creatine kinase levels (100%), and central nervous system involvement (9%). We identified 12 HSPB1 and four HSPB8 mutations, including five and three not previously reported. Transmission was either dominant (78%), recessive (3%), or de novo (19%). Three missense mutations in HSPB1 (Pro7Ser, Gly53Asp, and Gln128Arg) cause hyperphosphorylation of neurofilaments, whereas the C-terminal mutant Ser187Leu triggers protein aggregation. Two frameshift mutations (Leu58fs and Ala61fs) create a premature stop codon leading to proteasomal degradation. Two mutations in HSPB8 (Lys141Met/Asn) exhibited increased binding to Bag3. We demonstrate that HSPB1 and HSPB8 mutations are a major cause of inherited motor axonal neuropathy. Mutations lead to diverse functional outcomes further demonstrating the pleotropic character of small heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andoni Echaniz-Laguna
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Disease Centre (CERNEST), Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Geuens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Philippe Petiot
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Yann Péréon
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Elias Adriaenssens
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Simona Capponi
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Thierry Maisonobe
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Fournier
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Odile Dubourg
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- APHP, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - François Salachas
- APHP, Department of Neurology, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Lenglet
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Emilien Delmont
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Jean Pouget
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Marseille University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Raul Juntas Morales
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Department of Genetics, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Latour
- Biology and Pathology Department, Lyon University Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics and Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Neuromuscular Disease Centre, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, APHP, Paris, France
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15
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Peeters K, Palaima P, Pelayo-Negro AL, García A, Gallardo E, García-Barredo R, Mateiu L, Baets J, Menten B, De Vriendt E, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V, Infante J, Berciano J, Jordanova A. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2G redefined by a novel mutation inLRSAM1. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:823-833. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Peeters
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Paulius Palaima
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Ana L. Pelayo-Negro
- Departments of Neurology; University Hospital, University of Cantabria, and Center for Biomedical Research in the Neurodegenerative Diseases Network; Santander Spain
| | - Antonio García
- Clinical Neurophysiology; University Hospital, University of Cantabria, and Center for Biomedical Research in the Neurodegenerative Diseases Network; Santander Spain
| | - Elena Gallardo
- Radiology; University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, and Center for Biomedical Research in the Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Network; Santander Spain
| | - Rosario García-Barredo
- Radiology; University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, and Center for Biomedical Research in the Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) Network; Santander Spain
| | - Ligia Mateiu
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Neurology; Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp Belgium
- Born-Bunge Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Björn Menten
- Born-Bunge Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Els De Vriendt
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jon Infante
- Departments of Neurology; University Hospital, University of Cantabria, and Center for Biomedical Research in the Neurodegenerative Diseases Network; Santander Spain
| | - José Berciano
- Departments of Neurology; University Hospital, University of Cantabria, and Center for Biomedical Research in the Neurodegenerative Diseases Network; Santander Spain
| | - Albena Jordanova
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
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16
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de Carvalho M, Swash M. Fasciculation discharge frequency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and related disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Hyun YS, Lee J, Kim HJ, Hong YB, Koo H, Smith AST, Kim DH, Choi BO, Chung KW. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 4H Resulting from Compound Heterozygous Mutations in FGD4 from Nonconsanguineous Korean Families. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 79:460-9. [PMID: 26400421 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4H (CMT4H) is an autosomal recessive demyelinating subtype of peripheral enuropathies caused by mutations in the FGD4 gene. Most CMT4H patients are in consanguineous Mediterranean families characterized by early onset and slow progression. We identified two CMT4H patients from a Korean CMT cohort, and performed a detailed genetic and clinical analysis in both cases. Both patients from nonconsanguineous families showed characteristic clinical manifestations of CMT4H including early onset, scoliosis, areflexia, and slow disease progression. Exome sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous mutations in FGD4 as the underlying cause in both families (p.Arg468Gln and c.1512-2A>C in FC73, p.Met345Thr and c.2043+1G>A (p.Trp663Trpfs*30) in FC646). The missense mutations were located in highly conserved RhoGEF and PH domains which were predicted to be pathogenic in nature by in silico modeling. The CMT4H occurrence frequency was calculated to 0.7% in the Korean demyelinating CMT patients. This study is the first report of CMT4H in Korea. FGD4 assay could be considered as a means of molecular diagnosis for sporadic cases of demyelinating CMT with slow progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Se Hyun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heasoo Koo
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Alec S T Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
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18
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Souza CC, Hirotsu C, Neves ELA, Santos LCL, Costa IMPF, Garcez CA, Nunes PS, Antunes A. Sleep pattern in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2: report of family case series. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:205-11. [PMID: 25515278 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.4526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most prevalent hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy, and a condition in which sleep has rarely been studied, particularly in relation to the type 2 (CMT2). Thus, we aimed to characterize the sleep patterns of a family affected by CMT2 disease. METHODS Sixteen volunteers with CMT2 from the same multigenerational family agreed to participate in the study (refusal rate = 31%). All participants answered sleep questionnaires and came to the sleep laboratory to perform a diagnostic polysomnography (PSG). Clinical manifestation and severity of the disease were also evaluated. RESULTS 56% of the sample were male and 44% female, with a mean age of 32 ± 17 years, of normal weight (body mass index 21 ± 3 kg/m(2)); 64% presented moderate to severe CMT2. Regarding subjective sleep, 31% had excessive daytime sleepiness and 75% reported poor sleep quality. The PSG results revealed that CMT2 patients had an increase in stage N3 and a reduction in REM sleep, in addition to a high arousal index. Although 81% of the sample were snorers, only 13% had an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 5. However, a positive correlation was found between the severity of disease and the AHI. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data show that CMT2 disease is characterized by important changes in sleep architecture, probably due to sleep fragmentation. Although these alterations may worsen with disease severity, it seems that they are not related to sleep breathing or movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Camila Hirotsu
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L A Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Lidiane C L Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Iandra M P F Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Catarina A Garcez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Paula S Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Adriano Antunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS, Aracaju, SE, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe-UFS, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
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19
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Peeters K, Chamova T, Jordanova A. Clinical and genetic diversity of SMN1-negative proximal spinal muscular atrophies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2879-96. [PMID: 24970098 PMCID: PMC4208460 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peeters et al. review current knowledge regarding the phenotypes, causative genes, and disease mechanisms associated with proximal SMN1-negative spinal muscular atrophies (SMA). They describe the molecular and cellular functions enriched among causative genes, and discuss the challenges facing the post-genomics era of SMA research. Hereditary spinal muscular atrophy is a motor neuron disorder characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. Initially, the disease was considered purely as an autosomal recessive condition caused by loss-of-function SMN1 mutations on 5q13. Recent developments in next generation sequencing technologies, however, have unveiled a growing number of clinical conditions designated as non-5q forms of spinal muscular atrophy. At present, 16 different genes and one unresolved locus are associated with proximal non-5q forms, having high phenotypic variability and diverse inheritance patterns. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the phenotypes, causative genes, and disease mechanisms associated with proximal SMN1-negative spinal muscular atrophies. We describe the molecular and cellular functions enriched among causative genes, and discuss the challenges in the post-genomics era of spinal muscular atrophy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Peeters
- 1 Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 2 Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium
| | - Teodora Chamova
- 3 Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Jordanova
- 1 Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 2 Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium 4 Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Centre, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
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Genetics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Disease within the Frame of the Human Genome Project Success. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:13-32. [PMID: 24705285 PMCID: PMC3978509 DOI: 10.3390/genes5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies comprise a group of monogenic disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. CMT is characterized by a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neuropathies, involving all types of Mendelian inheritance patterns. Over 1,000 different mutations have been discovered in 80 disease-associated genes. Genetic research of CMT has pioneered the discovery of genomic disorders and aided in understanding the effects of copy number variation and the mechanisms of genomic rearrangements. CMT genetic study also unraveled common pathomechanisms for peripheral nerve degeneration, elucidated gene networks, and initiated the development of therapeutic approaches. The reference genome, which became available thanks to the Human Genome Project, and the development of next generation sequencing tools, considerably accelerated gene and mutation discoveries. In fact, the first clinical whole genome sequence was reported in a patient with CMT. Here we review the history of CMT gene discoveries, starting with technologies from the early days in human genetics through the high-throughput application of modern DNA analyses. We highlight the most relevant examples of CMT genes and mutation mechanisms, some of which provide promising treatment strategies. Finally, we propose future initiatives to accelerate diagnosis of CMT patients through new ways of sharing large datasets and genetic variants, and at ever diminishing costs.
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Liping L, Hongwei M, Lin W. Homozygous survival motor neuron 2 gene deletion and sporadic lower motor neuron disease in children: case report and literature review. J Child Neurol 2013; 28:509-16. [PMID: 22628217 DOI: 10.1177/0883073812445505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A case of lower motor neuron disease with homozygous survival motor neuron 2 (SMN2) gene deletion is reported in this article. A 7-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital with main complaints of lower extremity weakness and difficulty squatting for the past year. SMN gene copies were quantified by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Exons 7 and 8 of the SMN1 gene were normal, but homozygous deletion of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN2 gene was identified. Homozygous deletion of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN centromeric gene was detected, and exons 7 and 8 of the SMN1 gene were found to be normal in the proband. Two copies of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN1 gene were identified, and zero copies of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN2 gene were found. We consider that this case represents a previously unrecognized type of lower motor neuron disease that resulted from homozygous deletion of the SMN2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liping
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Pareyson D, Marchesi C, Salsano E. Dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome and cognate disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 115:817-845. [PMID: 23931817 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT) is a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders sharing a similar phenotype, characterized by wasting and weakness mainly involving the distal muscles of lower and upper limbs, variably associated with distal sensory loss and skeletal deformities. This chapter deals with dominantly transmitted CMT and related disorders, namely hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) and hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA). During the last 20 years, several genes have been uncovered associated with CMT and our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms has greatly improved. Consequently, a precise genetic diagnosis is now possible in the majority of cases, thus allowing proper genetic counseling. Although, unfortunately, treatment is still unavailable for all types of CMT, several cellular and animal models have been developed and some compounds have proved effective in these models. The first trials with ascorbic acid in CMT type 1A have been completed and, although negative, are providing relevant information on disease course and on how to prepare for future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pareyson
- Clinics of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Irobi J, Holmgren A, Winter VD, Asselbergh B, Gettemans J, Adriaensen D, Groote CCD, Coster RV, Jonghe PD, Timmerman V. Mutant HSPB8 causes protein aggregates and a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in dermal fibroblasts from distal hereditary motor neuropathy patients. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:699-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Timmerman V, Clowes VE, Reid E. Overlapping molecular pathological themes link Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies and hereditary spastic paraplegias. Exp Neurol 2012; 246:14-25. [PMID: 22285450 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review we focus on Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathies and hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). Although these diseases differ in whether they primarily affect the peripheral or central nervous system, both are genetically determined, progressive, long axonopathies that affect motor and sensory pathways. This commonality suggests that there might be similarities in the molecular pathology underlying these conditions, and here we compare the molecular genetics and cellular pathology of the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited disorder of the peripheral nervous system. The frequency of different CMT genotypes has been estimated in clinic populations, but prevalence data from the general population is lacking. Point mutations in the mitofusin 2 (MFN2) gene has been identified exclusively in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2), and in a single family with intermediate CMT. MFN2 point mutations are probably the most common cause of CMT2. The CMT phenotype caused by mutation in the myelin protein zero (MPZ) gene varies considerably, from early onset and severe forms to late onset and milder forms. The mechanism is not well understood. The myelin protein zero (P(0) ) mediates adhesion in the spiral wraps of the Schwann cell's myelin sheath. X-linked Charcot-Marie Tooth disease (CMTX) is caused by mutations in the connexin32 (cx32) gene that encodes a polypeptide which is arranged in hexameric array and form gap junctions. AIMS Estimate prevalence of CMT. Estimate frequency of Peripheral Myelin Protein 22 (PMP22) duplication and point mutations, insertions and deletions in Cx32, Early growth response 2 (EGR2), MFN2, MPZ, PMP22 and Small integral membrane protein of lysosome/late endosome (SIMPLE) genes. Description of novel mutations in Cx32, MFN2 and MPZ. Description of de novo mutations in MFN2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our population based genetic epidemiological survey included persons with CMT residing in eastern Akershus County, Norway. The participants were interviewed and examined by one geneticist/neurologist, and classified clinically, neurophysiologically and genetically. Two-hundred and thirty-two consecutive unselected and unrelated CMT families with available DNA from all regions in Norway were included in the MFN2 study. We screened for point mutations in the MFN2 gene. We describe four novel mutations, two in the connexin32 gene and two in the MPZ gene. RESULTS A total of 245 affected from 116 CMT families from the general population of eastern Akershus county were included in the genetic epidemiological survey. In the general population 1 per 1214 persons (95% CI 1062-1366) has CMT. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 (CMT1), CMT2 and intermediate CMT were found in 48.2%, 49.4% and 2.4% of the families, respectively. A mutation in the investigated genes was found in 27.2% of the CMT families and in 28.6% of the affected. The prevalence of the PMP22 duplication and mutations in the Cx32, MPZ and MFN2 genes was found in 13.6%, 6.2%, 1.2%, 6.2% of the families, and in 19.6%, 4.8%, 1.1%, 3.2% of the affected, respectively. None of the families had point mutations, insertions or deletions in the EGR2, PMP22 or SIMPLE genes. Four known and three novel mitofusin 2 (MFN2) point mutations in 8 unrelated Norwegian CMT families were identified. The novel point mutations were not found in 100 healthy controls. This corresponds to 3.4% (8/232) of CMT families having point mutations in MFN2. The phenotypes were compatible with CMT1 in two families, CMT2 in four families, intermediate CMT in one family and distal hereditary motor neuronopathy (dHMN) in one family. A point mutation in the MFN2 gene was found in 2.3% of CMT1, 5.5% of CMT2, 12.5% of intermediate CMT and 6.7% of dHMN families. Two novel missense mutations in the MPZ gene were identified. Family 1 had a c.368G>A (Gly123Asp) transition while family 2 and 3 had a c.103G>A (Asp35Asn) transition. The affected in family 1 had early onset and severe symptoms compatible with Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS), while affected in family 2 and 3 had late onset, milder symptoms and axonal neuropathy compatible with CMT2. Two novel connexin32 mutations that cause early onset X-linked CMT were identified. Family 1 had a deletion c.225delG (R75fsX83) which causes a frameshift and premature stop codon at position 247 while family 2 had a c.536G>A (Cys179Tyr) transition which causes a change of the highly conserved cysteine residue, i.e. disruption of at least one of three disulfide bridges. The mean age at onset was in the first decade and the nerve conduction velocities were in the intermediate range. DISCUSSION Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most common inherited neuropathy. At present 47 hereditary neuropathy genes are known, and an examination of all known genes would probably only identify mutations in approximately 50% of those with CMT. Thus, it is likely that at least 30-50 CMT genes are yet to be identified. The identified known and novel point mutations in the MFN2 gene expand the clinical spectrum from CMT2 and intermediate CMT to also include possibly CMT1 and the dHMN phenotypes. Thus, genetic analyses of the MFN2 gene should not be restricted to persons with CMT2. The phenotypic variation caused by different missense mutations in the MPZ gene is likely caused by different conformational changes of the MPZ protein which affects the functional tetramers. Severe changes of the MPZ protein cause dysfunctional tetramers and predominantly uncompacted myelin, i.e. the severe phenotypes congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy and DSS, while milder changes cause the phenotypes CMT1 and CMT2. The two novel mutations in the connexin32 gene are more severe than the majority of previously described mutations possibly due to the severe structural change of the gap junction they encode. CONCLUSION Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most common inherited disorder of the peripheral nervous system with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 1214. CMT1 and CMT2 are equally frequent in the general population. The prevalence of PMP22 duplication and of mutations in Cx32, MPZ and MFN2 is 19.6%, 4.8%, 1.1% and 3.2%, respectively. The ratio of probable de novo mutations in CMT families was estimated to be 22.7%. Genotype- phenotype correlations for seven novel mutations in the genes Cx32 (2), MFN2 (3) and MPZ (2) are described. Two novel phenotypes were ascribed to the MFN2 gene, however further studies are needed to confirm that MFN2 mutations can cause CMT1 and dHMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Braathen
- Head and Neck Research Group, Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
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26
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Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MND) are a group of neurodegenerative disorders which are present in clinical, prognostic and genetic diversity. The most common MND are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and various forms of hereditary and sporadic lower motor neuron syndromes including hereditary motor neuropathies (HMN). Familial and "sporadic" forms of ALS and lower motor neuron syndromes are known. The essential pathogenic findings in MND have emerged from molecular biological examinations of the hereditary forms of MND. In ALS, one consistent neuropathological feature is intraneuronal protein inclusions which arise from TDP-43, FUS, SOD1 or ataxin-2 aggregations. TDP-43, FUS, SOD1 and ataxin-2 are multifunctional DNA/RNA-binding proteins which are involved in transcription regulation. SMA and HMN are associated with different genes whose gene products may also be involved in RNA processing. A disturbance in the regulation of RNA possibly represents an overlapping pathophysiological characteristic in MND. The elucidation of common pathways in the cascade of motor neuron degeneration is an essential point of departure for molecular genetically defined treatment strategies both in ALS and in hereditary and sporadic lower motor neuron syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petri
- Klinik für Neurologie-OE 7210, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover.
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27
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Devic P, Petiot P. [Distal hereditary motor neuropathy]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2011; 167:781-90. [PMID: 21529868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN), also known as spinal muscular atrophy, represents a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases caused by degenerations of spinal motor neurons and leading to distal muscle weakness and wasting. Nerve conduction studies reveal a pure motor axonopathy and needle examination shows chronic denervation. STATE OF ART dHMN were initially subdivided into seven subtypes according to mode of inheritance, age at onset, and clinical evolution. Recent studies have shown that these subtypes are still heterogeneous at the molecular genetic level and novel clinical and genetic entities have been characterized. To date, mutations in 11 different genes have been identified for autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked recessive dHMN. Most of the genes encode protein involved in housekeeping functions, endosomal trafficking, axonal transport, translation synthesis, RNA processing, oxidative stress response and apoptosis. PERSPECTIVES The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying dHMN seem to be related to the "length-dependent" death of motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, likely because their large axons have higher metabolic requirements for maintenance. CONCLUSION dHMN remain heterogeneous at the clinical and molecular genetic level. The molecular pathomechanisms explaining why mutations in these ubiquitously expressed housekeeping genes result in the selective involvement of spinal motor neurons remain to be unravelled.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Devic
- Service de Neurologie Fonctionnelle et d'Épileptologie, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, 59, Boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France.
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28
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Professor P. K. Thomas: clinician, investigator, editor and leader—a retrospective appreciation. Brain 2011; 134:618-26. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Braathen GJ, Sand JC, Lobato A, Høyer H, Russell MB. Genetic epidemiology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth in the general population. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18:39-48. [PMID: 20482598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE the frequency of different Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) genotypes has been estimated in clinic populations, but prevalence data from the general population are lacking. METHODS our population-based genetic epidemiological survey included persons with CMT residing in eastern Akershus County, Norway. The participants were interviewed and examined by one geneticist/neurologist and classified clinically, neurophysiologically and genetically. RESULTS two hundred and forty-five persons from 116 families had CMT. This corresponds to 1 per 1214 persons (95% CI 1062-1366) have CMT in the general population. CMT1 (motor conduction velocity (MCV) <38 m/s), CMT2 (MCV >38 m/s) and CMT intermediate (MCV 25-45 m/s) were found in 48.2%, 49.4% and 2.4% of the families. A total of 27.2% of the families and 28.6% of the affected had a mutation in the investigated CMT genes. The prevalence of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) duplication and point mutation in the connexin32 (Cx32), myelin protein zero (MPZ) and mitofusin2 (MFN2) genes was found in 13.6%, 6.2%, 1.2%, 6.2% of the families, and in 19.6%, 4.8%, 1.1%, 3.2% of the affected, respectively. None of the families had point mutations in the early growth response 2 (EGR2), PMP22 or small integral membrane protein of lysosome/late endosome (SIMPLE) genes. CONCLUSIONS CMT is the most common inherited neuropathy. At present, 43 CMT genes are known, and an examination of all known genes would probably only identify mutations in approximately 50% of those with CMT. Thus, it is probable that at least 30-50 CMT genes are yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Braathen
- Faculty Division Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway.
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30
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Irobi J, Almeida-Souza L, Asselbergh B, De Winter V, Goethals S, Dierick I, Krishnan J, Timmermans JP, Robberecht W, De Jonghe P, Van Den Bosch L, Janssens S, Timmerman V. Mutant HSPB8 causes motor neuron-specific neurite degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3254-65. [PMID: 20538880 PMCID: PMC2908473 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations (K141N and K141E) in the α-crystallin domain of the small heat shock protein HSPB8 (HSP22) cause distal hereditary motor neuropathy (distal HMN) or Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2L (CMT2L). The mechanism through which mutant HSPB8 leads to a specific motor neuron disease phenotype is currently unknown. To address this question, we compared the effect of mutant HSPB8 in primary neuronal and glial cell cultures. In motor neurons, expression of both HSPB8 K141N and K141E mutations clearly resulted in neurite degeneration, as manifested by a reduction in number of neurites per cell, as well as in a reduction in average length of the neurites. Furthermore, expression of the K141E (and to a lesser extent, K141N) mutation also induced spheroids in the neurites. We did not detect any signs of apoptosis in motor neurons, showing that mutant HSPB8 resulted in neurite degeneration without inducing neuronal death. While overt in motor neurons, these phenotypes were only very mildly present in sensory neurons and completely absent in cortical neurons. Also glial cells did not show an altered phenotype upon expression of mutant HSPB8. These findings show that despite the ubiquitous presence of HSPB8, only motor neurons appear to be affected by the K141N and K141E mutations which explain the predominant motor neuron phenotype in distal HMN and CMT2L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Irobi
- Peripheral Neuropathy, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Barohn RJ. CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF MOTOR NEURON DISORDERS. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2009. [DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000300010.02717.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Reddel S, Ouvrier RA, Nicholson G, Dierick I, Irobi J, Timmerman V, Ryan MM. Autosomal dominant congenital spinal muscular atrophy--a possible developmental deficiency of motor neurones? Neuromuscul Disord 2008; 18:530-5. [PMID: 18579380 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a kindred with an unusual congenital lower motor neuron disorder with significant but static muscle weakness predominantly affecting the lower limbs. The proband had talipes equinovarus and congenital hip contractures and did not walk until 19 months of age. Lower-extremity predominant, primarily proximal weakness was identified on assessment at three years. Over a 20 year follow-up there has been no clinical progression. The proband has a four-year-old daughter with very similar clinical findings. Electromyography and muscle biopsy suggest reduced numbers of giant normal duration motor units with little evidence of denervation or reinnervation. Dominant congenital spinal muscular atrophy predominantly affecting the lower limbs is rarely described. It is possible that the disorder is due to a congenital deficiency of motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reddel
- Department of Neurology & Molecular Medicine, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Schreuders TAR, Selles RW, van Ginneken BTJ, Janssen WGM, Stam HJ. Sensory evaluation of the hands in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. J Hand Ther 2008; 21:28-34; quiz 35. [PMID: 18215749 DOI: 10.1197/j.jht.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the intra- and interobserver reliability of the Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWMFs) was determined in the hands of 15 patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In addition, the amount and distribution of sensory loss in the hand, and the relation between sensory loss, intrinsic muscle strength, and hand dexterity was explored in 45 patients. SWMF testing had good intra- and interobserver reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.86, respectively. The SWMF testing revealed normal sensory function in 43% of all six locations. The average loss of the intrinsic hand muscle strength was 57%. Poor strength was found in patients with both poor and with good sensory function. The correlation between the measurements of intrinsic muscle strength and the Sollerman test for dexterity was 0.70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton A R Schreuders
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Muglia M, Magariello A, Citrigno L, Passamonti L, Sprovieri T, Conforti FL, Mazzei R, Patitucci A, Gabriele AL, Ungaro C, Bellesi M, Quattrone A. A novel locus for dHMN with pyramidal features maps to chromosome 4q34.3-q35.2. Clin Genet 2008; 73:486-91. [PMID: 18336586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) is a rare genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by weakness and wasting of distal limb muscles in absence of overt sensory abnormalities. Recently, pyramidal signs have been also described in some patients with dominant or recessive dHMN, and two different loci have been identified in families affected by dHMN complicated with pyramidal dysfunction. We investigated an Italian family affected by an autosomal dominant dHMN complicated by pyramidal signs in order to map a new gene locus. The disease maps to a novel locus in a 26-cM region flanked by D4S1552 and D4S2930 on chromosome 4q34.3-35.2. Three candidate genes (SNX25, CASP3 and TUBB4Q) located in the critical region were screened for the presence of mutations by heteroduplex analysis. No mutations have been detected in the analyzed genes. In conclusion, the new private genetic locus we reported further confirms the wide heterogeneity of dHMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muglia
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Mangone, Cosenza, Italy.
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35
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Abstract
The clinical classification of spinal muscular atrophy, caused by deletion of the survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1), is based on age at onset and maximum function achieved. Evidence suggests that maximum function achieved is more closely related to life expectancy than age at onset. Therefore, it is important to wait for a period before assigning a patient to 1 of 5 classes of the disorder. Several diseases result from degeneration of the anterior horn cell but are not caused by SMN1. The classification for these conditions is evolving. This article offers an attempt at organizing one's thinking about this disease group.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Age of Onset
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Disease Progression
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Life Expectancy
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/classification
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/diagnosis
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- SMN Complex Proteins
- Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Russman
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Shriners Hospital for Children-Portland, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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36
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Gopinath S, Blair IP, Kennerson ML, Durnall JC, Nicholson GA. A novel locus for distal motor neuron degeneration maps to chromosome 7q34-q36. Hum Genet 2007; 121:559-64. [PMID: 17354000 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The motor neuron diseases (MND) are a group of related neurodegenerative diseases that cause the relative selective progressive death of motor neurons. These diseases range from slowly progressive forms including hereditary motor neuropathy (HMN), to the rapidly progressive disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). There is clinical and genetic overlap among these MNDs, implicating shared pathogenic mechanisms. We recruited a large family with a MND that was previously described as juvenile ALS and distal HMN. We identified a novel MND/HMN locus on chromosome 7q34-q36 following a genome-wide scan for linkage in this family. The disease causing mutation maps to a 26.2 cM (12.3 Mb) interval flanked by D7S2513 and D7S637 on chromosome 7q34-q36. Recombinant haplotype analysis including unaffected individuals suggests that the refined candidate interval spans 14.3 cM (6.3 Mb) flanked by D7S2511 and D7S798. One gene in the candidate interval, CDK5, was selected for immediate mutation analysis based upon its known association with an ALS-like phenotype in mice however, no mutations were identified. Identification of genes causing familial MND will lead to a greater understanding of the biological basis of both familial and sporadic motor neuron degeneration including ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Gopinath
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
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Magariello A, Muglia M, Patitucci A, Mazzei R, Conforti FL, Gabriele AL, Sprovieri T, Ungaro C, Gambardella A, Mancuso M, Siciliano G, Branca D, Aguglia U, de Angelis MV, Longo K, Quattrone A. Novel spastin (SPG4) mutations in Italian patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 16:387-90. [PMID: 16684598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 4 is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes spastin (SPG4), a member of the AAA protein family. A cohort of 34 unrelated Italian patients with pure spastic paraplegia, of which 18 displayed autosomal dominant inheritance and 16 were apparently sporadic, were screened for mutations in the SPG4 gene by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography. We identified a previously reported mutation in a sporadic patient with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. We also identified eight unrelated patients with pure autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia carrying five novel mutations in the SPG4 gene (one missense mutation, c.1304 C>T; one nonsense mutation, c.807C>A; two frameshift mutations, c.1281dupT, c.1514_1515insATA; and one splicing mutation, c.1322-2A>C). The frequency for SPG4 mutations detected in autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia was 44.4%. This study contributes to expand the spectrum of SPG4 mutations in Italian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Magariello
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Mangone, Cosenza, Italy
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Pareyson D, Scaioli V, Laurà M. Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neuromolecular Med 2006; 8:3-22. [PMID: 16775364 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders sharing the same clinical phenotype, characterized by distal limb muscle wasting and weakness, usually with skeletal deformities, distal sensory loss, and abnormalities of deep tendon reflexes. Mutations of genes involved in different functions eventually lead to a length-dependent axonal degeneration, which is the likely basis of the distal predominance of the CMT phenotype. Nerve conduction studies are important for classification, diagnosis, and understanding of pathophysiology. The subdivision into demyelinating CMT1 and axonal CMT2 types was a milestone and is still valid for the majority of patients. However, exceptions to this partition are increasing. Intermediate conduction velocities are often found in males with X-linked CMT (CMTX), and different intermediate CMT types have been identified. Moreover, for some genes, different mutations may result either in demyelinating CMT with slow conduction, or in axonal CMT. Nerve conduction slowing is uniform and diffuse in the most common CMT1A associated with the 17p12 duplication, whereas it is often asymmetric and nonhomogeneous in CMTX, sometimes rendering difficult the differential diagnosis with acquired inflammatory neuropathies. The demyelinating recessive forms, termed CMT4, usually have early onset and run a more severe course than the dominant types. Pure motor CMT types are now classified as distal hereditary motor neuronopathy. The diagnostic approach to the identification of the CMT subtype is complex and cannot be based on the clinical phenotype alone, as different forms are often clinically indistinguishable. However, there are features that may be of help in addressing molecular investigation in a single patient. Late onset, prominent or peculiar sensory manifestations, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, cranial nerve involvement, upper limb predominance, subclinical central nervous system abnormalities, severe scoliosis, early-onset glaucoma, neutropenia are findings helpful for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pareyson
- Division of Biochemistry and Genetics, Carlo Besta National Neurological Institute, via Celoria, 11, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Irobi J, Dierick I, Jordanova A, Claeys KG, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Unraveling the genetics of distal hereditary motor neuronopathies. Neuromolecular Med 2006; 8:131-46. [PMID: 16775372 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The hereditary motor neuronopathies (HMN [MIM 158590]) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an exclusive involvement of the motor part of the peripheral nervous system. They are usually subdivided in proximal HMN, i.e., the classical spinal muscular atrophy syndromes and distal hereditary motor neuronopathies (distal HMN) that clinically resemble Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndromes. In this review, we concentrate on distal HMN. The distal HMN are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and were initially subdivided in seven subtypes according to mode of inheritance, age at onset, and clinical evolution. Recent studies have shown that these subtypes are still heterogeneous at the molecular genetic level and novel clinical and genetic entities have been delineated. Since the introduction of positional cloning, 13 chromosomal loci and seven disease-associated genes have been identified for autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, and X-linked recessive distal HMN. Most of the genes involved encode protein with housekeeping functions, such as RNA processing, translation synthesis, stress response, apoptosis, and others code for proteins involved in retrograde survival. Motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord seems to be vulnerable to defects in these housekeeping proteins, likely because their large axons have higher metabolic requirements for maintenance, transport over long distances and precise connectivity. Understanding the molecular pathomechanisms for mutations in these genes that are ubiquitous expressed will help unravel the neuronal mechanisms that underlie motor neuropathies leading to denervation of distal limb muscles, and might generate new insights for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Irobi
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Sivakumar K, Kyriakides T, Puls I, Nicholson GA, Funalot B, Antonellis A, Sambuughin N, Christodoulou K, Beggs JL, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Ionasescu V, Dalakas MC, Green ED, Fischbeck KH, Goldfarb LG. Phenotypic spectrum of disorders associated with glycyl-tRNA synthetase mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:2304-14. [PMID: 16014653 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe clinical, electrophysiological, histopathological and molecular features of a unique disease caused by mutations in the glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS) gene. Sixty patients from five multigenerational families have been evaluated. The disease is characterized by adolescent onset of weakness, and atrophy of thenar and first dorsal interosseus muscles progressing to involve foot and peroneal muscles in most but not all cases. Mild to moderate sensory deficits develop in a minority of patients. Neurophysiologically confirmed chronic denervation in distal muscles with reduced compound motor action potentials were features consistent with both motor neuronal and axonal pathology. Sural nerve biopsy showed mild to moderate selective loss of small- and medium-sized myelinated and small unmyelinated axons, although sensory nerve action potentials were not significantly decreased. Based on the presence or absence of sensory changes, the disease phenotype was initially defined as distal spinal muscular atrophy type V (dSMA-V) in three families, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2D (CMT2D) in a single family, and as either dSMA-V or CMT2D in patients of another large family. Linkage to chromosome 7p15 and the presence of disease-associated heterozygous GARS mutations have been identified in patients from each of the five studied families. We conclude that patients with GARS mutations present a clinical continuum of predominantly motor distal neuronopathy/axonopathy with mild to moderate sensory involvement that varies between the families and between members of the same family. Awareness of these overlapping clinical phenotypes associated with mutations in GARS will facilitate identification of this disorder in additional families and direct future research toward better understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Auer-Grumbach M, Schlotter-Weigel B, Lochmüller H, Strobl-Wildemann G, Auer-Grumbach P, Fischer R, Offenbacher H, Zwick EB, Robl T, Hartl G, Hartung HP, Wagner K, Windpassinger C. Phenotypes of the N88S Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy 2 mutation. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:415-24. [PMID: 15732094 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, two missense mutations (N88S, S90L) in the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy gene have been identified in autosomal dominant distal hereditary motor neuropathy and Silver syndrome. We report the phenotypic consequences of the N88S mutation in 90 patients of 1 large Austrian family and two unrelated German families. Variation in the clinical and electrophysiological phenotype enabled us to distinguish six subtypes. In 4.4%, the disorder was not penetrant. Twenty percent of the patients were subclinically affected; some of these patients could only be detected by pathological nerve conduction studies. A distal hereditary motor neuropathy type V phenotype characterized by predominant hand muscle involvement was found in 31.1%, whereas 14.5% showed typical Silver syndrome with amyotrophy of the small hand muscles and spasticity of the lower extremities. Moreover, the phenotype present in 20% was compatible with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In 10%, the clinical diagnosis of pure or complicated hereditary spastic paraparesis was made. Electrophysiological studies showed an axonal neuropathy but also chronodispersion of compound motor action potentials and conduction blocks. Sensory nerve conduction studies were rarely pathological. Our study indicates that the dominant N88S mutation in the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy gene 2 leads to a broad spectrum of motor neuron disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Medical University Graz, Harachgasse 21/8, A-08010 Graz, Austria.
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42
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Greenberg SA, Walsh RJ. Molecular diagnosis of inheritable neuromuscular disorders. Part II: Application of genetic testing in neuromuscular disease. Muscle Nerve 2005; 31:431-51. [PMID: 15704143 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular genetic advances have led to refinements in the classification of inherited neuromuscular disease, and to methods of molecular testing useful for diagnosis and management of selected patients. Testing should be performed as targeted studies, sometimes sequentially, but not as wasteful panels of multiple genetic tests performed simultaneously. Accurate diagnosis through molecular testing is available for the vast majority of patients with inherited neuropathies, resulting from mutations in three genes (PMP22, MPZ, and GJB1); the most common types of muscular dystrophies (Duchenne and Becker, facioscapulohumeral, and myotonic dystrophies); the inherited motor neuron disorders (spinal muscular atrophy, Kennedy's disease, and SOD1 related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); and many other neuromuscular disorders. The role of potential multiple genetic influences on the development of acquired neuromuscular diseases is an increasingly active area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Passamonti L, Muglia M, Magariello A, Bellesi M, Conforti FL, Mazzei R, Patitucci A, Gabriele AL, Sprovieri T, Peluso G, Caracciolo M, Medici E, Logullo F, Provinciali L, Quattrone A. Further evidence of genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant distal motor neuronopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2004; 14:705-10. [PMID: 15482954 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuronopathy is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorder. To date, five loci, and their relative genes, have been mapped on chromosomes 7p14, 7q11, 9q34, 11q12 and 12q24, respectively. We describe an Italian family with autosomal dominant distal HMN starting at around 30 years of age with weakness and atrophy of distal leg muscles and pyramidal features. We performed genetic linkage analysis on chromosomes 7p14, 9q34, 11q12 and 12q24. Moreover we sequenced the genes mapped to 7q11 and 12q24. Negative LOD scores excluded linkage to 7p14, 9q34, and 11q12 chromosomes in our family. No mutations were found in genes mapped to 7q11 and 12q24. In addition, because of pyramidal features, we performed the linkage analysis to all the known loci for autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraparesis. The analysis was negative thus excluding a complicated form of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraparesis. These data further confirm a genetic heterogeneity within inherited motor neuronopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Passamonti
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Ospedale Regionale Torrette, University Ancona, Ancona, Italy
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44
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Evgrafov OV, Mersiyanova I, Irobi J, Van Den Bosch L, Dierick I, Leung CL, Schagina O, Verpoorten N, Van Impe K, Fedotov V, Dadali E, Auer-Grumbach M, Windpassinger C, Wagner K, Mitrovic Z, Hilton-Jones D, Talbot K, Martin JJ, Vasserman N, Tverskaya S, Polyakov A, Liem RKH, Gettemans J, Robberecht W, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Mutant small heat-shock protein 27 causes axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and distal hereditary motor neuropathy. Nat Genet 2004; 36:602-6. [PMID: 15122254 DOI: 10.1038/ng1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited neuromuscular disease and is characterized by considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity. We previously reported a Russian family with autosomal dominant axonal CMT and assigned the locus underlying the disease (CMT2F; OMIM 606595) to chromosome 7q11-q21 (ref. 2). Here we report a missense mutation in the gene encoding 27-kDa small heat-shock protein B1 (HSPB1, also called HSP27) that segregates in the family with CMT2F. Screening for mutations in HSPB1 in 301 individuals with CMT and 115 individuals with distal hereditary motor neuropathies (distal HMNs) confirmed the previously observed mutation and identified four additional missense mutations. We observed the additional HSPB1 mutations in four families with distal HMN and in one individual with CMT neuropathy. Four mutations are located in the Hsp20-alpha-crystallin domain, and one mutation is in the C-terminal part of the HSP27 protein. Neuronal cells transfected with mutated HSPB1 were less viable than cells expressing the wild-type protein. Cotransfection of neurofilament light chain (NEFL) and mutant HSPB1 resulted in altered neurofilament assembly in cells devoid of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Evgrafov
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Unit 28, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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45
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Irobi J, Van Impe K, Seeman P, Jordanova A, Dierick I, Verpoorten N, Michalik A, De Vriendt E, Jacobs A, Van Gerwen V, Vennekens K, Mazanec R, Tournev I, Hilton-Jones D, Talbot K, Kremensky I, Van Den Bosch L, Robberecht W, Van Vandekerckhove J, Van Broeckhoven C, Gettemans J, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Hot-spot residue in small heat-shock protein 22 causes distal motor neuropathy. Nat Genet 2004; 36:597-601. [PMID: 15122253 DOI: 10.1038/ng1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies are pure motor disorders of the peripheral nervous system resulting in severe atrophy and wasting of distal limb muscles. In two pedigrees with distal hereditary motor neuropathy type II linked to chromosome 12q24.3, we identified the same mutation (K141N) in small heat-shock 22-kDa protein 8 (encoded by HSPB8; also called HSP22). We found a second mutation (K141E) in two smaller families. Both mutations target the same amino acid, which is essential to the structural and functional integrity of the small heat-shock protein alphaA-crystallin. This positively charged residue, when mutated in other small heat-shock proteins, results in various human disorders. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed greater binding of both HSPB8 mutants to the interacting partner HSPB1. Expression of mutant HSPB8 in cultured cells promoted formation of intracellular aggregates. Our findings provide further evidence that mutations in heat-shock proteins have an important role in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Irobi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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46
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Mercuri E, Messina S, Kinali M, Cini C, Longman C, Battini R, Cioni G, Muntoni F. Congenital form of spinal muscular atrophy predominantly affecting the lower limbs: a clinical and muscle MRI study. Neuromuscul Disord 2004; 14:125-9. [PMID: 14733958 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe clinical and muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 11 cases (three familial and eight sporadic) with the form of spinal muscular atrophy characterised by predominant involvement of the lower limbs with weakness of the proximal and distal muscles and marked atrophy of the distal leg and foot muscles. All patients presented at birth with talipes, which were in extension in seven of the 11. Arm muscle and function were preserved and lower limbs appeared to be disproportionately shorter compared to trunk and upper limbs. Functional abilities were markedly affected and only one of the 11 is able to walk independently for long distances, while six require support of crutches and two use callipers for walking. One child lost ambulation following a fall. The course of the disease is relatively stable and the progression of disability appeared to be related mostly to increased contractures rather than to loss of muscle strength. Respiratory and cardiac function were well preserved. A neurogenic disorder was suggested by electromyography and/or muscle biopsy in all patients, while motor nerve conduction was consistently normal. Muscle MRI of the thighs revealed diffuse atrophic appearance with relative hypertrophy of the adductor longus and of the semitendinosus. Genetic studies excluded the involvement of the survival motor neuron gene but none of these families was sufficiently informative to study linkage to the locus on chromosome 12q23-q24 previously found to be involved in patients with similar phenotype. In our experience this form of spinal muscular atrophy affecting predominantly the lower limbs is a relatively common form and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants with talipes and weakness in the lower limbs. The identical clinical and imaging features of the sporadic and familial cases suggest that these cases are likely to be affected by the same condition.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/genetics
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/pathology
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/physiopathology
- Genetic Testing
- Humans
- Leg/pathology
- Leg/physiopathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/congenital
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/diagnosis
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/physiopathology
- Mutation/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- SMN Complex Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mercuri
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK.
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47
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Viollet L, Zarhrate M, Maystadt I, Estournet-Mathiaut B, Barois A, Desguerre I, Mayer M, Chabrol B, LeHeup B, Cusin V, Billette De Villemeur T, Bonneau D, Saugier-Veber P, Touzery-De Villepin A, Delaubier A, Kaplan J, Jeanpierre M, Feingold J, Munnich A. Refined genetic mapping of autosomal recessive chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy to chromosome 11q13.3 and evidence of linkage disequilibrium in European families. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12:483-8. [PMID: 15054395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic distal spinal muscular atrophy (Chronic DSMA, MIM (*)607088) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a progressive motor weakness and muscular atrophy, predominating in the distal parts of the limbs. A form of Chronic DSMA gene has been previously mapped to chromosome 11q13 in the 10.3 cM interval defined by loci D11S1889 and D11S1321. By linkage analysis in 12 European Chronic DSMA families, we showed that a disease gene maps to chromosome 11q13.3 (Z(max)=6.66 at theta=0.00 at the DSM4 locus) and suggested that this condition is genetically homogeneous. Recombination events allowed us to reduce the genetic interval to a 2.6 cM region, telomeric to the IGHMBP2 gene, excluding this gene as the disease causing gene in Chronic DSMA. Moreover, partial linkage disequilibrium was found between three rare alleles at loci D11S1369, DSM4 and D11S4184 and the mutant chromosome in European patients. Analysis of the markers at these loci strongly suggests that most Chronic DSMA chromosomes are derived from a single ancestor. Refinement of the Chronic DSMA locus will hopefully allow to test candidate genes and lead to identification of the disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Viollet
- Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U393. Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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48
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van den Berg-Vos RM, Visser J, Franssen H, de Visser M, de Jong JMBV, Kalmijn S, Wokke JHJ, van den Berg LH. Sporadic lower motor neuron disease with adult onset: classification of subtypes. Brain 2003; 126:1036-47. [PMID: 12690044 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awg117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the genetic basis of hereditary lower motor neuron disease (LMND) and the recognition of multifocal motor neuropathy as a distinct clinical entity necessitate a new classification of LMND. To this end, we studied the clinical and electrophysiological features of 49 patients with sporadic adult-onset LMND in a cross-sectional study. Disease duration was more than 4 years to exclude the majority of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Based on the pattern of weakness, we identified three groups: 13 patients with generalized weakness (group 1); eight patients with symmetrical, distal muscle weakness (group 2); and 28 patients with non-generalized asymmetrical weakness of the arms in most patients (group 3). Group 3 could be subdivided into patients with weakness in predominantly the distal (group 3a) or the proximal (group 3b) muscle groups, both with disease progression to adjacent spinal cord segments. Distinctive features of group 1 were an older age at onset, more severe weakness and muscle atrophy, lower reflexes, greater functional impairment, more widespread abnormalities on concentric needle EMG, respiratory insufficiency and serum M-protein. In groups 2 and 3, concentric needle EMG findings also suggested a more widespread disease process. Retrospectively, the prognosis of sporadic adult-onset LMND appears to be favourable, because clinical abnormalities were still confined to one limb in most patients after a median disease duration of 12 years. We propose to classify the patients in the different subgroups as slowly progressive spinal muscular atrophy (group 1), distal spinal muscular atrophy (group 2), segmental distal spinal muscular atrophy (group 3a) and segmental proximal spinal muscular atrophy (group 3b). The described clinical phenotypes may help to distinguish between different LMND forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M van den Berg-Vos
- Department of Neurology of the Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Chapter 16 Spinal Muscular Atrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-3419(09)70117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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50
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Irobi J, Nelis E, Verhoeven K, De Vriendt E, Dierick I, De Jonghe P, Van Broeckhoven C, Timmerman V. Mutation analysis of 12 candidate genes for distal hereditary motor neuropathy type II (distal HMN II) linked to 12q24.3. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2002; 7:87-95. [PMID: 12090300 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (distal HMNs) are characterized by degeneration of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord resulting in muscle weakness and atrophy. Distal HMN type II is genetically linked to chromosome 12q24.3 and located within a 13 cM region flanked by D12S86 and D12S340. We previously excluded 5 positional and functional candidate genes for distal HMN II. Here, we report the exclusion of 12 additional candidate genes localized within the distal HMN II region; the genes include musashi (Drosophila) homolog 1 (MSI1), protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (PIN), peripherin (PRPH), tubulin alpha ubiquitous (K-ALPHA-1), tubulin alpha 3 (TUBA3), tubulin alpha 6 (TUBA6), splicing factor arginine/serine-rich 9 (SFRS9), U5 snRNP 100 kd (U5- 100K), putative chemokine receptor, GTP-binding protein (HM74), MondoA, cut (Drosophila)-like homeobox 2 (CUX2) and ADP-ribosylation factor 3 (ARF3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Irobi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Born-Bunge Foundation (BBS), University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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