1
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Garo J, Nicolini T, Sotiropoulos JM, Raimundo JM. Tuning the Electronic Properties of Bridged Dithienyl-, Difuryl-, Dipyrrolyl-Vinylene as Precursors of Small-Bandgap Conjugated Polymer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402461. [PMID: 39136579 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic properties of linear π-conjugated polymers/oligomers are of great importance for the fabrication of organic photonic and electronic devices. To this end, the π-conjugated polymers/oligomers need to meet both optoelectronic and key structural properties in order to fulfill their implementation as active components. In particular, they need to possess low bandgap and high thermal, conformational, and photochemical stabilities. So far, several strategies have been developed to attain such requirements including the covalent and non-covalent rigidification concepts of the π-conjugated systems. On the basis of these findings, we describe herein the theoretical studies of novel series of covalently bridged derivatives demonstrating the benefits of the strategy. Comparison of these derivatives with compounds previously described in the literature highlights enhanced optoelectronic properties and behaviors that would be beneficial for the construction and development of new linear π-conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Garo
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, 5254, Pau, France
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2
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Gusatti M, Aragão Ribeiro de Souza D, Barozzi M, Dell’Anna R, Missale E, Vanzetti L, Bersani M, Nalin M. Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Nanostructured ZnO-Based Solid-State Electrochromic Device. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:51253-51264. [PMID: 39283192 PMCID: PMC11440456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present an all-solid-state electrochromic device (ECD) that eliminates the need for hard-to-obtain materials and conventional liquid/gel electrolytes. Using a cost-effective and industrially scalable spray coating technique, we developed an ECD containing a layer of zinc oxide nanorods (ZnOnano) synthesized via a simple solochemical route. The device configuration includes a preformed Al-coated glass substrate, acting as a counter electrode, within a glass/Al/ZnOnano/PEDOT:PSS architecture. The device exhibits reversible switching between light blue and dark blue states upon application of -1.2 V and +2.8 V, respectively, with a significant difference in transmittance between bleached and colored states in the visible-NIR spectrum, featuring a high coloration efficiency of 275.62 cm2/C at 600 nm. The response times required for both coloring and bleaching states were 9.92 s and 7.51 s, respectively, for a sample with an active area of 5.5 × 2.5 cm2. Regarding the electrochemical stability of the ZnO-based ECD, the transmittance modulation reached around 8.01% at 600 nm after 12,800 s, following initial variations observed during the first 10 cycles. These results represent significant progress in electrochromic technology, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional ECDs. The use of economical fabrication techniques and the exclusion of critical materials highlight the potential for widespread industrial adoption of this novel ECD design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marivone Gusatti
- Institute
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical, Physical, and Inorganic Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Aragão Ribeiro de Souza
- Institute
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical, Physical, and Inorganic Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Barozzi
- Sensors
and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), via Sommarive, 18, Povo, Trento 38123, Trentino, Italy
| | - Rossana Dell’Anna
- Sensors
and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), via Sommarive, 18, Povo, Trento 38123, Trentino, Italy
| | - Elena Missale
- Sensors
and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), via Sommarive, 18, Povo, Trento 38123, Trentino, Italy
| | - Lia Vanzetti
- Sensors
and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), via Sommarive, 18, Povo, Trento 38123, Trentino, Italy
| | - Massimo Bersani
- Sensors
and Devices Center, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), via Sommarive, 18, Povo, Trento 38123, Trentino, Italy
| | - Marcelo Nalin
- Institute
of Chemistry, Department of Analytical, Physical, and Inorganic Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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K J A, Reddy S, B L, Harish KN, N M Y, R P, S M. MoS 2_CNTs_aerogel-based PEDOT nanocomposite electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of chloramphenicol and furazolidone in food samples. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:595-610. [PMID: 39287337 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2399461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Toxic intermediates in food caused by chloramphenicol (CP) and furazolidone (FZ) have gained interest in research toward their detection. Hence, fast, reliable, and accurate detection of CP and FZ in food products is of utmost importance. Here, a novel molybdenum disulfide-connected carbon nanotube aerogel/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [MoS2/CNTs aerogel/PEDOT] nanocomposite materials are constructed and deposited on the pretreated carbon paste electrode (PCPE) by a facile eletropolymerization method. The characterization of MoS2/CNTs aerogel/PEDOT nanocomposite was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry. The modified MoS2/CNTs aerogel/PEDOT nanocomposite has improved sensing characteristics for detecting CP and FZ in PBS solution. For this work, we have studied various parameters like electrocatalytic activity, the effect of scan rates, pH variation studies, and concentration variation studies. Under optimum conditions, the modified electrode exhibited superior sensing ability compared to the bare and pretreated CPE. This improvement in electrocatalytic activity can be the higher conductivity, larger surface area, increased heterogeneous rate constant, and presence of more active sites in the MoS2/CNTs aerogel/PEDOT nanocomposite. The modified electrode demonstrated distinct electrochemical sensing toward the individual and simultaneous analysis of CP and FZ with a high sensitivity of 0.701 µA. µM-1 .cm-2 for CP and 0.787 µA. µM-1 .cm-2 for FZ and a low detection limit of 3.74 nM for CP and 3.83 nM for FZ with good reproducibility, repeatability, and interferences. Additionally, the prepared sensor effectively detects CP and FZ in food samples (honey and milk) with an acceptable recovery range and a relative standard deviation below 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K J
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - Sathish Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - Lakshmi B
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - K N Harish
- Department of Chemistry, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Yathish N M
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - Pavanashree R
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science, REVA University, Bangalore, India
| | - Madhumitha S
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science, REVA University, Bangalore, India
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4
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Bermúdez Prieto E, González López EJ, Solis CA, Leon Jaramillo JC, Macor LP, Domínguez RE, Palacios YB, Bongiovanni Abel S, Durantini EN, Otero LA, Gervaldo MA, Heredia DA. An ambipolar PEDOT-perfluorinated porphyrin electropolymer: application as an active material in energy storage systems. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15929-15941. [PMID: 38756855 PMCID: PMC11098003 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00945b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of functional organic materials is crucial for the advancement of various fields, such as optoelectronics, energy storage, sensing, and biomedicine. In this context, we successfully prepared a stable ambipolar perfluoroporphyrin-based polymeric film by electrochemical synthesis. Our strategy involved the synthesis of a novel tetra-pentafluorophenyl porphyrin covalently linked to four 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) moieties. The resulting monomer, EDOT-TPPF16, was obtained through a straightforward synthetic approach with a good overall yield. The unique molecular structure of EDOT-TPPF16 serves a dual function, with EDOT moieties allowing electropolymerization for polymeric film formation, while the electron-acceptor porphyrin core enables electrochemical reduction and electron transport. The electrochemical polymerization permits the polymer (PEDOT-TPPF16) synthesis and film formation in a reproducible and controllable manner in one step at room temperature. Spectroelectrochemical experiments confirmed that the porphyrin retained its optoelectronic properties within the polymeric matrix after the electrochemical polymerization. The obtained polymeric material exhibited stable redox capabilities. Current charge-discharge cycles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the electrochemically generated organic film demonstrated that the polymer could be applied as a promising active material in the development of supercapacitor energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bermúdez Prieto
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina +54 358 76233 +54 358 4676538
| | - Edwin J González López
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - Claudia A Solis
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina +54 358 76233 +54 358 4676538
| | - Jhair C Leon Jaramillo
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina +54 358 76233 +54 358 4676538
| | - Lorena P Macor
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina +54 358 76233 +54 358 4676538
| | - Rodrigo E Domínguez
- INFIQC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba X5000HUA Argentina
| | - Yohana B Palacios
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - Silvestre Bongiovanni Abel
- INTEMA-CONICET, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata B7606WV Mar del Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
| | - Luis A Otero
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina +54 358 76233 +54 358 4676538
| | - Miguel A Gervaldo
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina +54 358 76233 +54 358 4676538
| | - Daniel A Heredia
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
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5
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Elkhoury K, Kodeih S, Enciso‐Martínez E, Maziz A, Bergaud C. Advancing Cardiomyocyte Maturation: Current Strategies and Promising Conductive Polymer-Based Approaches. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303288. [PMID: 38349615 PMCID: PMC11468390 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality and pose a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Despite remarkable progress in medical research, the development of effective cardiovascular drugs has been hindered by high failure rates and escalating costs. One contributing factor is the limited availability of mature cardiomyocytes (CMs) for accurate disease modeling and drug screening. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs offer a promising source of CMs; however, their immature phenotype presents challenges in translational applications. This review focuses on the road to achieving mature CMs by summarizing the major differences between immature and mature CMs, discussing the importance of adult-like CMs for drug discovery, highlighting the limitations of current strategies, and exploring potential solutions using electro-mechano active polymer-based scaffolds based on conductive polymers. However, critical considerations such as the trade-off between 3D systems and nutrient exchange, biocompatibility, degradation, cell adhesion, longevity, and integration into wider systems must be carefully evaluated. Continued advancements in these areas will contribute to a better understanding of cardiac diseases, improved drug discovery, and the development of personalized treatment strategies for patients with cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Elkhoury
- LAAS‐CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRSToulouseF‐31400France
| | - Sacha Kodeih
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical SciencesUniversity of BalamandTripoliP.O. Box 100Lebanon
| | | | - Ali Maziz
- LAAS‐CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRSToulouseF‐31400France
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6
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Ismail R, Guerra VLP, Kovaříček P. Sequential In-Situ Growth of Layered Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronics Under Electrochemical Control. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300280. [PMID: 37503683 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Layered optoelectronic devices are manufactured using multistep procedures that require high precision in the spatial positioning of individual materials. Current technology uses costly and tedious procedures and instrumentation. In this work instead, we propose an approach which exploits the fundamental properties of the substrate to direct the growth of the next layer, here controlled by an electrochemical potential. We have electrochemically synthesized and characterized a series of polymeric materials that are most commonly used in the field. The films produced show gradient monomer ratios embedded in the polymeric film as a function of the distance from the working electrode. Under the optimized conditions, reproducible construction of simple electronic elements, e. g., rectifying diodes, is achieved. We argue that the sequential in situ method leads to gradient composition of polymer chains and the film resulting in the rectification of electric current. We discuss how this system can open new avenues in advanced optoelectronic applications, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or field-effect transistors (OFETs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimeh Ismail
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Valentino L P Guerra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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7
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Won D, Bang J, Choi SH, Pyun KR, Jeong S, Lee Y, Ko SH. Transparent Electronics for Wearable Electronics Application. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9982-10078. [PMID: 37542724 PMCID: PMC10452793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in wearable electronics offer seamless integration with the human body for extracting various biophysical and biochemical information for real-time health monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and augmented reality. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to imparting stretchability/flexibility and softness to electronic devices through materials science and structural modifications that enable stable and comfortable integration of these devices with the curvilinear and soft human body. However, the optical properties of these devices are still in the early stages of consideration. By incorporating transparency, visual information from interfacing biological systems can be preserved and utilized for comprehensive clinical diagnosis with image analysis techniques. Additionally, transparency provides optical imperceptibility, alleviating reluctance to wear the device on exposed skin. This review discusses the recent advancement of transparent wearable electronics in a comprehensive way that includes materials, processing, devices, and applications. Materials for transparent wearable electronics are discussed regarding their characteristics, synthesis, and engineering strategies for property enhancements. We also examine bridging techniques for stable integration with the soft human body. Building blocks for wearable electronic systems, including sensors, energy devices, actuators, and displays, are discussed with their mechanisms and performances. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications and conclude with the remaining challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Choi
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongmin Jeong
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied
Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute
of Engineering Research/Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design
(SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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8
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Abstract
Rapid and specific assaying of molecules that report on a pathophysiological condition, environmental pollution, or drug concentration is pivotal for establishing efficient and accurate diagnostic systems. One of the main components required for the construction of these systems is the recognition element (receptor) that can identify target analytes. Oligonucleotide switching structures, or aptamers, have been widely studied as selective receptors that can precisely identify targets in different analyzed matrices with minimal interference from other components in an antibody-like recognition process. These aptasensors, especially when integrated into sensing platforms, enable a multitude of sensors that can outperform antibody-based sensors in terms of flexibility of the sensing strategy and ease of deployment to areas with limited resources. Research into compounds that efficiently enhance signal transduction and provide a suitable platform for conjugating aptamers has gained huge momentum over the past decade. The multifaceted nature of conjugated polymers (CPs), notably their versatile electrical and optical properties, endows them with a broad range of potential applications in optical, electrical, and electrochemical signal transduction. Despite the substantial body of research demonstrating the enhanced performance of sensing devices using doped or nanostructure-embedded CPs, few reviews are available that specifically describe the use of conjugated polymers in aptasensing. The purpose of this review is to bridge this gap and provide a comprehensive description of a variety of CPs, from a historical viewpoint, underpinning their specific characteristics and demonstrating the advances in biosensors associated with the use of these conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salimian
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau 64053, France
| | - Corinne Nardin
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau 64053, France
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9
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Preston C, Dobashi Y, Nguyen NT, Sarwar MS, Jun D, Plesse C, Sallenave X, Vidal F, Aubert PH, Madden JDW. Intrinsically Stretchable Integrated Passive Matrix Electrochromic Display Using PEDOT:PSS Ionic Liquid Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37276196 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The low power consumption of electrochromism makes it widely used in actively shaded windows and mirrors, while flexible versions are attractive for use in wearable devices. Initial demonstration of stretchable electrochromic elements promises good conformability to complex surfaces. Here, fully integrated intrinsically stretchable electrochromic devices are demonstrated as single elements and 3 × 3 displays. Conductive and electrochromic ionic liquid-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate is combined with poly(vinyl alcohol)-based electrolyte to form complete cells. A transmission change of 15% is demonstrated, along with a reflectance change of 25% for opaque reflective devices, with <7 s switching time, even under 30% strain. Stability under both electrochemical and mechanical strain cycling is demonstrated. A passive matrix display exhibits addressability and low cross-talk under strain. Comparable optical performance to flexible electrochromics and higher deformability provide attractive qualities for use in wearable, biometric monitoring, and robotic skin devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Preston
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuta Dobashi
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ngoc Tan Nguyen
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mirza Saquib Sarwar
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Jun
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Cédric Plesse
- , CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - Xavier Sallenave
- , CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - Frédéric Vidal
- , CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Aubert
- , CY Cergy Paris Université, CY Advanced Studies, LPPI, F-95000 Cergy, France
| | - John D W Madden
- Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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10
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Wang X, Yang H, Li E, Cao C, Zheng W, Chen H, Li W. Stretchable Transistor-Structured Artificial Synapses for Neuromorphic Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205395. [PMID: 36748849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable synaptic transistors, a core technology in neuromorphic electronics, have functions and structures similar to biological synapses and can concurrently transmit signals and learn. Stretchable synaptic transistors are usually soft and stretchy and can accommodate various mechanical deformations, which presents significant prospects in soft machines, electronic skin, human-brain interfaces, and wearable electronics. Considerable efforts have been devoted to developing stretchable synaptic transistors to implement electronic device neuromorphic functions, and remarkable advances have been achieved. Here, this review introduces the basic concept of artificial synaptic transistors and summarizes the recent progress in device structures, functional-layer materials, and fabrication processes. Classical stretchable synaptic transistors, including electric double-layer synaptic transistors, electrochemical synaptic transistors, and optoelectronic synaptic transistors, as well as the applications of stretchable synaptic transistors in light-sensory systems, tactile-sensory systems, and multisensory artificial-nerves systems, are discussed. Finally, the current challenges and potential directions of stretchable synaptic transistors are analyzed. This review presents a detailed introduction to the recent progress in stretchable synaptic transistors from basic concept to applications, providing a reference for the development of stretchable synaptic transistors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wang
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Huihuang Yang
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Enlong Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunbin Cao
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- School of Information & Computer, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Huipeng Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronic Display, National & Local United Engineering Lab of Flat Panel Display Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350100, China
| | - Wenwu Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- National Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit Chips and Systems, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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11
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Yamamoto S. Polymer‐based
neuromorphic devices: resistive switches and organic electrochemical transistors. POLYM INT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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12
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Tarange DL, Nayak N, Kumar A. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene Derivatives. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray L. Tarange
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nagaraj Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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13
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Functionalization of Conductive Polymers through Covalent Postmodification. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010205. [PMID: 36616554 PMCID: PMC9824246 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic chemical reactions have been used to functionalize preformed conducting polymers (CPs). The extensive work performed on polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and polythiophene (PT) is described together with the more limited work on other CPs. Two approaches have been taken for the functionalization: (i) direct reactions on the CP chains and (ii) reaction with substituted CPs bearing reactive groups (e.g., ester). Electrophilic aromatic substitution, SEAr, is directly made on the non-conductive (reduced form) of the CPs. In PANI and PPy, the N-H can be electrophilically substituted. The nitrogen nucleophile could produce nucleophilic substitutions (SN) on alkyl or acyl groups. Another direct reaction is the nucleophilic conjugate addition on the oxidized form of the polymer (PANI, PPy or PT). In the case of PT, the main functionalization method was indirect, and the linking of functional groups via attachment to reactive groups was already present in the monomer. The same is the case for most other conducting polymers, such as poly(fluorene). The target properties which are improved by the functionalization of the different polymers is also discussed.
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14
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Cansu Ergun EG, Akbayrak M. Hunting black color via absorption engineering: EDOT and thiophene-benzothiadiazole based black-to-transmissive copolymer and its electrochromic device application. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Now in their 5th decade of research and development, conducting polymers represent an interesting class of materials to underpin new wearable or conformable electronic devices. Of particular interest over the years has been poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), commonly known as PEDOT, owing to its ease of fabrication and relative stability under typical ambient conditions. Understanding PEDOT from a variety of fundamental and applied perspectives is important for how it can be enhanced, modified, functionalised, and/or processed for use in commercial products. This feature article highlights the contribution of the research team at the University of South Australia led by Professor Evans, and their collaborators, putting their work into the broader context of conducting polymer research and application. This review focuses on the vapour synthesis of PEDOT doped with the tosylate anion, the benefits of controlling its morphology/structure during synthesis, and its application as an active material interacting with secondary anions in sensors, energy devices and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Evans
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, 5095, Australia.
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16
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Integrated electronic skin (e-skin) for harvesting of TENG energy through push-pull ionic electrets and ion-ion hopping mechanism. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3879. [PMID: 35264607 PMCID: PMC8907315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of highly durable, stretchable, and steady triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is highly desirable to satisfy the tight requirement of energy demand. Here, we presented a novel integrated polymeric membrane that is designed by PEDOT: PSSa-naphthalene sulfonated polyimide (PPNSP)-EMI.BF4 Electronic skin (e-skin) for potential TENG applications. The proposed TENG e-skin is fabricated by an interconnected architecture with push-pull ionic electrets that can threshold the transfer of charges through an ion-hopping mechanism for the generation of a higher output voltage (Voc) and currents (Jsc) against an electronegative PTFE film. PPNSP was synthesized from the condensation of naphthalene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,2'-benzidine sulfonic acid, and 4,4'diaminodiphenyl ether through an addition copolymerization protocol, and PEDOT: PSSa was subsequently deposited using the dip-coating method. Porous networked PPNSP e-skin with continuous ion transport nano-channels is synthesized by introducing simple and strong molecular push-pull interactions via intrinsic ions. In addition, EMI.BF4 ionic liquid (IL) is doped inside the PPNSP skin to interexchange ions to enhance the potential window for higher output Voc and Iscs. In this article, we investigated the push-pull dynamic interactions between PPNSP-EMI.BF4 e-skin and PTFE and tolerable output performance. The novel PPNSP- EMI.BF4 e-skin TENG produced upto 49.1 V and 1.03 µA at 1 Hz, 74 V and 1.45 µA at 2 Hz, 122.3 V and 2.21 µA at 3 Hz and 171 V and 3.6 µA at 4 Hz, and 195 V and 4.43 µA at 5 Hz, respectively. The proposed novel TENG device was shown to be highly flexible, highly durable, commercially viable, and a prospective candidate to produce higher electrical charge outputs at various applied frequencies.
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17
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Choi C, de Izarra A, Han I, Jeon W, Lansac Y, Jang YH. Hard-Cation-Soft-Anion Ionic Liquids for PEDOT:PSS Treatment. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1615-1624. [PMID: 35138105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A promising conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) experiences significant conductivity enhancement when treated with proper ionic liquids (ILs). Based on the hard-soft-acid-base principle, we propose a combination of a hydrophilic hard cation A+ (instead of the commonly used 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium, EMIM+) and a hydrophobic soft anion X- (such as tetracyanoborate, TCB-) as the best ILs for this purpose. Such ILs would decouple hydrophilic-but-insulating PSS- from conducting-but-hydrophobic PEDOT+ most efficiently by strong interactions with hydrophilic A+ and hydrophobic X-, respectively. Such a favorable ion exchange between PEDOT+:PSS- and A+:X- ILs would allow the growth of conducting PEDOT+ domains decorated by X-, not disturbed by PSS- or A+. Using density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that a protic cation- (aliphatic N-alkyl pyrrolidinium, in particular) combined with the hydrophobic anion TCB- indeed outperforms EMIM+ by promptly leaving hydrophobic TCB- and strongly binding to hydrophilic PSS-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Ambroise de Izarra
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Ikhee Han
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
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18
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Zhang J, Ma X, Dang X, Chen H, Hu Y. Adsorption mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on polythiophene-graphene covalent complex and its analytical application in food contact materials. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Ivanko I, Mahun A, Kobera L, Černochová Z, Pavlova E, Toman P, Pientka Z, Štěpánek P, Tomšík E. Synergy between the Assembly of Individual PEDOT Chains and Their Interaction with Light. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Ivanko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2038, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrii Mahun
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2038, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kobera
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zulfiya Černochová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Pavlova
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Toman
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Pientka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpánek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Tomšík
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Electropolymerizations and electrochromic performances of tetrathiafulvalene-σ-thiophenes. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Lieberth K, Romele P, Torricelli F, Koutsouras DA, Brückner M, Mailänder V, Gkoupidenis P, Blom PWM. Current-Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Monitoring Cell Layer Integrity with Enhanced Sensitivity. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100845. [PMID: 34309226 PMCID: PMC11468701 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this progress report an overview is given on the use of the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) as a biosensor for impedance sensing of cell layers. The transient OECT current can be used to detect changes in the impedance of the cell layer, as shown by Jimison et al. To circumvent the application of a high gate bias and preventing electrolysis of the electrolyte, in case of small impedance variations, an alternative measuring technique based on an OECT in a current-driven configuration is developed. The ion-sensitivity is larger than 1200 mV V-1 dec-1 at low operating voltage. It can be even further enhanced using an OECT based complementary amplifier, which consists of a p-type and an n-type OECT connected in series, as known from digital electronics. The monitoring of cell layer integrity and irreversible disruption of barrier function with the current-driven OECT is demonstrated for an epithelial Caco-2 cell layer, showing the enhanced ion-sensitivity as compared to the standard OECT configuration. As a state-of-the-art application of the current-driven OECT, the in situ monitoring of reversible tight junction modulation under the effect of drug additives, like poly-l-lysine, is discussed. This shows its potential for in vitro and even in vivo toxicological and drug delivery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lieberth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Paolo Romele
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of BresciaVia Branze 38Brescia25123Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of BresciaVia Branze 38Brescia25123Italy
| | | | - Maximilian Brückner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzLangenbeckstr. 1Mainz55131Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University MainzLangenbeckstr. 1Mainz55131Germany
| | | | - Paul W. M. Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
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22
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Mveme CDD, Nya FT, Ejuh GW, Malloum A, Conradie J, Ndjaka JMB. DFT study of new organic materials based on PEDOT and 4-[2-(2-N, N-dihydroxy amino thiophene) vinyl] benzenamine. J Mol Model 2021; 27:275. [PMID: 34476586 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we theoretically determine the optoelectronic, electronic, nonlinear optical (NLO) and thermodynamic properties of new materials from the conjugated organic polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with halogens (fluorine and chlorine), combined with the organic semiconductor 4-[2-(2-N, N-dihydroxy amino thiophene) vinyl] benzenamine (DATVB). The molecular geometry of the ground state, the optoelectronics and electronic parameters have been calculated by combining the 6-311++G (d, p) basis set with various functionals of the density functional theory (DFT). The functionals B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP have been used for NLO parameters. The energy gaps obtained for all the compounds are less than 3.0 eV. These results clearly show that PEDOT and its derivatives can be considered as good semiconductors. They can be tested for use in the manufacture of organic solar cells (OSC) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). The first order hyperpolarizabilities of these PEDOT hybrid compounds are much higher than those of the reference compound for NLO applications, namely para-nitroaniline (p-NA), which opens up a new field of application for PEDOT in NLO devices. The thermodynamic parameters such as the zero-point vibrational energy (ZPVE), the enthalpy (H), the heat capacity at constant volume (cv), the entropy (S) and the free energy (G) have been calculated and are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme Damien Désiré Mveme
- Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Fridolin Tchangnwa Nya
- Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon.
| | - Geh Wilson Ejuh
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National Higher Polytechnic Institute, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.,Department of General and Scientific Studies, IUT-FV Bandjoun, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 134, Bandjoun, Cameroon
| | - Alhadji Malloum
- Materials Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 814, Maroua, Cameroon.,Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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23
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Kiefer R, Weis DG, Velmurugan BK, Tamm T, Urban G. Ion Mobility in Thick and Thin Poly-3,4 Ethylenedioxythiophene Films-From EQCM to Actuation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152448. [PMID: 34372051 PMCID: PMC8348298 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive polymer actuators and sensors rely on controlled ion transport coupled to a potential/charge change. In order to understand and control such devices, it is of paramount importance to understand the factors that determine ion flux at various conditions, including the synthesis potential. In this work, the ion transport in thinner poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) films during charge/discharge driven by cyclic voltammetry is studied by consideration of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and the results are compared to the actuation responses of thicker films that have been synthesized with the same conditions in the bending and linear expansion modes. The effects of polymerization potentials of 1.0 V, 1.2 V, and 1.5 V are studied to elucidate how polymerization potential contributes to actuation, as well the involvement of the EQCM. In this work, it is revealed that there is a shift from anion-dominated to mixed to cation-dominated activity with increased synthesis potential. Scanning electron microscopy shows a decrease in porosity for the PEDOT structure with increasing synthesis potential. EQCM analysis of processes taking place at various potentials allows the determination of appropriate potential windows for increased control over devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-886-905605515
| | - Daniel Georg Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
- FMF—Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Bharath Kumar Velmurugan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 401, Taiwan;
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab., Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Gerald Urban
- FMF—Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
- IMTEK—Institute for Microsystem Technology, Laboratory for Sensors, Georges-Koehler-Alle 103, D-79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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24
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Dominguez-Alfaro A, Gómez IJ, Alegret N, Mecerreyes D, Prato M. 2D and 3D Immobilization of Carbon Nanomaterials into PEDOT via Electropolymerization of a Functional Bis-EDOT Monomer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:436. [PMID: 33573011 PMCID: PMC7866415 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and conjugated polymers (CPs) are actively investigated in applications such as optics, catalysis, solar cells, and tissue engineering. Generally, CNMs are implemented in devices where the relationship between the active elements and the micro and nanostructure has a crucial role. However, they present some limitations related to solubility, processibility and release or degradability that affect their manufacturing. CPs, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or derivatives can hide this limitation by electrodeposition onto an electrode. In this work we have explored two different CNMs immobilization methods in 2D and 3D structures. First, CNM/CP hybrid 2D films with enhanced electrochemical properties have been developed using bis-malonyl PEDOT and fullerene C60. The resulting 2D films nanoparticulate present novel electrochromic properties. Secondly, 3D porous self-standing scaffolds were prepared, containing carbon nanotubes and PEDOT by using the same bis-EDOT co-monomer, which show porosity and topography dependence on the composition. This article shows the validity of electropolymerization to obtain 2D and 3D materials including different carbon nanomaterials and conductive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.D.-A.); (I.J.G.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - I. Jénnifer Gómez
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.D.-A.); (I.J.G.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nuria Alegret
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.D.-A.); (I.J.G.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.D.-A.); (I.J.G.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (A.D.-A.); (I.J.G.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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25
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Ignashevich AN, Shavrina TV, Shklyaeva EV, Abashev GG. Synthesis and Optical Properties of New Chalcones Containing a 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Fragment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Park S, Yoon J, Kim S, Song P. Hydrogen-driven dramatically improved mechanical properties of amorphized ITO–Ag–ITO thin films. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3439-3444. [PMID: 35424320 PMCID: PMC8693995 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09613j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An oxide/metal/oxide (OMO) multi-structure, which has good electrical, optical, and mechanical stability, was studied as a potential replacement of polycrystalline In–Sn–O (ITO). However, the degradation of mechanical properties caused by the polycrystalline structure of the top layer forming on the polycrystalline metal layer needs to be improved. To address this issue, we introduced hydrogen in the oxide layers to form a stabilized amorphous oxide structure despite it being deposited on the polycrystalline layer. An ITO/Ag/ITO (IAI) structure was used in this work, and we confirmed that the correct amount of hydrogen introduction can improve mechanical stability without any deterioration in optical and electrical properties. The hydrogen presence in the IAI as intended was confirmed, and the assumption was that the hydrogen suppressed the formation of microcracks on the ITO surface due to low residual stress that came from decreased subgap level defects. This assumption was clearly confirmed with the electrical properties before and after dynamic bending testing. The results imply that we can adjust not only IAI structures with high mechanical stability due to the right amount of hydrogen introduction to make stabilized amorphous oxide but also almost all oxide/metal/oxide structures that contain unintended polycrystalline structures. An oxide/metal/oxide (OMO) multi-structure, which has good electrical, optical, and mechanical stability, was studied as a potential replacement of polycrystalline In–Sn–O (ITO).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
| | - Janghee Yoon
- Busan Center
- Korea Basic Science Institute
- Busan 46742
- Korea
| | - Seohan Kim
- Materials Technology Research Institute
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
- Department of Engineering Science
| | - Pungkeun Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 46241
- Korea
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27
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Nie Y, Tao X, Zhou Y, Yuan X, Zhuo Y, Chai YQ, Yuan R. Kill Three Birds with One Stone: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Hosted Ag Nanoclusters with Boosted Cathodic Electrochemiluminescence for Biosensing Application. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1120-1125. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Tao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoding Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ya-qin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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28
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29
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Cation exchange behavior during the redox switching of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPoly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, films were synthesized at room temperature by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic step deposition in aqueous solutions containing EDOT monomer and LiClO4. In some solutions, the effect of small amounts of sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS, on the polymerization rate of EDOT and on the stiffness of the obtained PEDOT film was studied. The obtained PEDOT films were transferred in aqueous solutions containing cations with different molar mass, such as H+, Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+. The apparent molar masses of the exchanged species during potentiodynamic experiments were determined by in situ microgravimetry. These measurements underlined the importance of the electrolyte chosen for electropolymerization process. It is known that SDS anions can be trapped inside the polymer layer during electropolymerization, providing them with a cation exchange behavior. However, even if the PEDOT films were deposited from an electrolyte without SDS, they still acted as cation exchangers.
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Aubry TJ, Winchell KJ, Salamat CZ, Basile VM, Lindemuth JR, Stauber JM, Axtell JC, Kubena RM, Phan MD, Bird MJ, Spokoyny AM, Tolbert SH, Schwartz BJ. Tunable Dopants with Intrinsic Counterion Separation Reveal the Effects of Electron Affinity on Dopant Intercalation and Free Carrier Production in Sequentially Doped Conjugated Polymer Films. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2001800. [PMID: 32684909 PMCID: PMC7357248 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carrier mobility in doped conjugated polymers is limited by Coulomb interactions with dopant counterions. This complicates studying the effect of the dopant's oxidation potential on carrier generation because different dopants have different Coulomb interactions with polarons on the polymer backbone. Here, dodecaborane (DDB)-based dopants are used, which electrostatically shield counterions from carriers and have tunable redox potentials at constant size and shape. DDB dopants produce mobile carriers due to spatial separation of the counterion, and those with greater energetic offsets produce more carriers. Neutron reflectometry indicates that dopant infiltration into conjugated polymer films is redox-potential-driven. Remarkably, X-ray scattering shows that despite their large 2-nm size, DDBs intercalate into the crystalline polymer lamellae like small molecules, indicating that this is the preferred location for dopants of any size. These findings elucidate why doping conjugated polymers usually produces integer, rather than partial charge transfer: dopant counterions effectively intercalate into the lamellae, far from the polarons on the polymer backbone. Finally, it is shown that the IR spectrum provides a simple way to determine polaron mobility. Overall, higher oxidation potentials lead to higher doping efficiencies, with values reaching 100% for driving forces sufficient to dope poorly crystalline regions of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Aubry
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - K. J. Winchell
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Charlene Z. Salamat
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Victoria M. Basile
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | | | - Julia M. Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Jonathan C. Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Rebecca M. Kubena
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
| | - Minh D. Phan
- Neutron Scattering DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Matthew J. Bird
- Chemistry DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐7227USA
| | - Sarah H. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐7227USA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1595USA
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐1569USA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095‐7227USA
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Chung J, Khot A, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Recent Advances and Opportunities for Mixed Ion and Charge Conducting Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:646-655. [PMID: 35648568 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules that exhibit both electron transport and ionic mass transport (i.e., mixed conducting polymers) are ascendant with respect to both emerging application spaces and the elucidation of their fundamental physical principles. The unique coupling between the two modes of conduction puts these materials at the center of many next-generation organic electronic applications. The molecular details of this coupling are also at the epicenter of outstanding questions about how these materials function; how monomer and macromolecular chemistry dictates observable properties; and ultimately, how these macromolecular materials can be rationally designed, processed, and implemented into high-performance devices. Here, we focus on what is currently known about coupled ionic-electronic transport in these polymers and where there are open opportunities in the field. These opportunities include the syntheses of designer macromolecules, the need for significant simulation efforts that provide molecular-level insights into the mixed conduction mechanism, and the need for advanced characterization techniques for real-time monitoring of polymer morphology, as this is critical to coupled ion-charge transport processes. Considering the early stage of this important subfield of polymer science, we also present our view of how the development of mixed conductors can benefit from the lessons learned from previous polymer-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyub Chung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aditi Khot
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Wang B, Baeuscher M, Hu X, Woehrmann M, Becker K, Juergensen N, Hubl M, Mackowiak P, Schneider-Ramelow M, Lang KD, Ngo HD. Development and Characterization of a Novel Low-Cost Water-Level and Water Quality Monitoring Sensor by Using Enhanced Screen Printing Technology with PEDOT:PSS. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050474. [PMID: 32365783 PMCID: PMC7281604 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel capacitive sensor for measuring the water-level and monitoring the water quality has been developed in this work by using an enhanced screen printing technology. A commonly used environment-friendly conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) for conductive sensors has a limited conductivity due to its high sheet resistance. A physical treatment performed during the printing process has reduced the sheet resistance of printed PEDOT:PSS on polyethylenterephthalat (PET) substrate from 264.39 Ω/sq to 23.44 Ω/sq. The adhesion bonding force between printed PEDOT:PSS and the substrate PET is increased by using chemical treatment and tested using a newly designed adhesive peeling force test. Using the economical conductive ink PEDOT:PSS with this new physical treatment, our capacitive sensors are cost-efficient and have a sensitivity of up to 1.25 pF/mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75A, 12459 Berlin, Germany; (X.H.); (K.B.); (M.H.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (H.-D.N.); Tel.: +49-30-5019-3853 (B.W.); +49-30-4640-3188 (H.-D.N.)
| | - Manuel Baeuscher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75A, 12459 Berlin, Germany; (X.H.); (K.B.); (M.H.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Woehrmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
| | - Katharina Becker
- University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75A, 12459 Berlin, Germany; (X.H.); (K.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Nils Juergensen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
| | - Moritz Hubl
- University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75A, 12459 Berlin, Germany; (X.H.); (K.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Piotr Mackowiak
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider-Ramelow
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Lang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ha-Duong Ngo
- University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75A, 12459 Berlin, Germany; (X.H.); (K.B.); (M.H.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (M.W.); (N.J.); (P.M.); (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L)
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (H.-D.N.); Tel.: +49-30-5019-3853 (B.W.); +49-30-4640-3188 (H.-D.N.)
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Chen Y, Jamshidi R, Montazami R. Study of Partially Transient Organic Epidermal Sensors. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051112. [PMID: 32131433 PMCID: PMC7085048 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an all-organic, partially transient epidermal sensor with functional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) conjugated polymer printed onto a water-soluble polyethylene oxide (PEO) substrate is studied and presented. The sensor's electronic properties were studied under static stress, dynamic load, and transient status. Electrode resistance remained approximately unchanged for up to 2% strain, and increased gradually within 6.5% strain under static stress. The electronic properties' dependence on dynamic load showed a fast response time in the range of 0.05-3 Hz, and a reversible stretching threshold of 3% strain. A transiency study showed that the PEO substrate dissolved completely in water, while the PEDOT:PSS conjugated polymer electrode remained intact. The substrate-less, intrinsically soft PEDOT:PSS electrode formed perfect contact on human skin and stayed attached by Van der Waals force, and was demonstrated as a tattoolike epidermal sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfen Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (R.M.)
| | - Reihaneh Jamshidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA;
| | - Reza Montazami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (R.M.)
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Liu Y, Li K, Xu W, Du B, Wei Q, Liu B, Wei D. GO/PEDOT:NaPSS modified cathode as heterogeneous electro-Fenton pretreatment and subsequently aerobic granular sludge biological degradation for dye wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134536. [PMID: 31689651 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) technology has been wildly applied for the treatment of wastewater containing dyes and other organic pollutants. However, biologically treatment should be further applied after heterogeneous electro-Fenton process in order get better effluent quality. In the present study, a simple electropolymerization method using poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and graphene oxide (GO) was applied for graphite felt (GF) electrode modification as cathode in EF system, and coupling subsequently aerobic granular sludge (AGS) biological treatment for dye wastewater treatment. The modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectrum, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Data implied that much higher H2O2 productivity, current response and coulomb efficiency (CE) were achieved by using GO/PEDOT:NaPSS modified GF. The results could be ascribed to the synergistic effect between PEDOT and GO that accelerated the electron transfer rate. Moreover, the H2O2 production capacity remained over 84.2% after 10-times reuses for GO/PEDOT:NaPSS modified GF, indicating that GO significantly improved the stability and life of electrode. Compared with the single system, the total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of the combined system degradation methylene blue (MB) wastewater were significantly improved. Therefore, this modified GF could be used as a potentially useful cathode in heterogeneous EF technology for actual wastewater treatment and the combined system have a promising engineering application value in MB wastewater degradation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Weiying Xu
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Bin Du
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Qin Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Resources and Environment Innovation Research Institute, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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Chen HW, Li C. PEDOT: Fundamentals and Its Nanocomposites for Energy Storage. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sánchez-Jiménez M, Estrany F, Borràs N, Maiti B, Díaz Díaz D, Del Valle LJ, Alemán C. Antimicrobial activity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) n-doped with a pyridinium-containing polyelectrolyte. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7695-7703. [PMID: 31502620 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01491h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In spite of p-doped conducting polymers having been widely studied in the last decades and many applications having been developed, studies based on n-doped conducting polymers are extremely scarce. This fact is even more evident when it comes to conducting polymers n-doped with polycations, even though polyanions, such as poly(styrenesulfonate), are often used to obtain p-doped conducting polymers. In this work poly(pyridinium-1,4-diyliminocarbonyl-1,4-phenylene-methylene chloride), abbreviated as P(Py-1,4-P), has been used to prepare n-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodes by applying a reduction potential to a de-doped PEDOT film in a P(Py-1,4-P) water solution. The utilization of this cationic polyelectrolyte as an n-dopant agent results in drastic superficial changes, as is observed by comparing the morphology, topography and wettability of p-doped, de-doped and n-doped PEDOT. Cytotoxicity, cell adhesion and cell proliferation assays, which have been conducted using epithelial and fibroblast cell lines, show that the amount of P(Py-1,4-P) in the re-doped PEDOT films is below that required to observe a cytotoxic harmful response and that n-doped PEDOT:P(Py-1,4-P) films are biocompatible. The non-specific bacteriostatic properties of n-doped PEDOT:P(Py-1,4-P) films have been demonstrated against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria (Gram-negative and Gram-positive, respectively) using bacterial growth curves and adhesion assays. Although the bacteriostatic effect is in part due to the conducting polymer, as is proved by results for p-doped and de-doped PEDOT, the incorporation of P(Py-1,4-P) through the re-doping process greatly enhances this antimicrobial behaviour. Thus, only a small concentration of this cationic polyelectrolyte (∼0.1 mM) is needed to inhibit bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Estrany
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain. and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Borràs
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Binoy Maiti
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain. and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019, Barcelona, Spain. and Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. C, 08019, Barcelona, Spain and Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Intrinsic ambipolar transport for the traditional conducting or hole transport ionic blend polymer PEDOT:PSS. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Inoue H, Shimogama N, Seike M, Oyama K, Mukai S, Higashimoto S, Hirai T, Nakamura Y, Fujii S. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Grains Synthesized by Solvent-free Chemical Oxidative Polymerization. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Natsuko Shimogama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Musashi Seike
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Keigo Oyama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Shun Mukai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Shinya Higashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
- Nanomaterials Microdevices Research Center, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
- Nanomaterials Microdevices Research Center, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Syuji Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
- Nanomaterials Microdevices Research Center, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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Suominen M, Damlin P, Kvarnström C. Electrolyte effects on formation and properties of PEDOT-graphene oxide composites. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Cui Z, Bahry T, Dazzi A, Bui TT, Goubard F, Remita S. Conducting polymers synthesized by γ-radiolysis in very acidic aqueous medium. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Berggren M, Crispin X, Fabiano S, Jonsson MP, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Ion Electron-Coupled Functionality in Materials and Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805813. [PMID: 30620417 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between charge accumulation in a conjugated polymer and the ionic charge compensation, provided from an electrolyte, defines the mode of operation in a vast array of different organic electrochemical devices. The most explored mixed organic ion-electron conductor, serving as the active electrode in these devices, is poly(3,4-ethyelenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrelensulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In this progress report, scientists of the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University review some of the achievements derived over the last two decades in the field of organic electrochemical devices, in particular including PEDOT:PSS as the active material. The recently established understanding of the volumetric capacitance and the mixed ion-electron charge transport properties of PEDOT are described along with examples of various devices and phenomena utilizing this ion-electron coupling, such as the organic electrochemical transistor, ionic-electronic thermodiffusion, electrochromic devices, surface switches, and more. One of the pioneers in this exciting research field is Prof. Olle Inganäs and the authors of this progress report wish to celebrate and acknowledge all the fantastic achievements and inspiration accomplished by Prof. Inganäs all since 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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Ma X, Huang P, Dang X, Ai Y, Zheng D, Chen H. MWCNTs/MnO2 nanocomposite-based polythiophene coating for solid-phase microextraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hydrophobic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) particles synthesized by aqueous oxidative coupling polymerization and their use as near-infrared-responsive liquid marble stabilizer. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rwei SP, Lee YH, Shiu JW, Sasikumar R, Shyr UT. Characterization of Solvent-Treated PEDOT:PSS Thin Films with Enhanced Conductivities. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11010134. [PMID: 30960118 PMCID: PMC6401880 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The conducting polymer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most important and intensively investigated organic conducting materials. The PEDOT:PSS water dispersions with various concentrations of poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid) solution (PSSAS) were synthesized by 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in the presence of water. The fabrication of the solvent-treated PEDOT:PSS films through spin coating and solvent treatment processes was achieved with a solvent of pure water mixed with acetone (or MeOH, EtOH) in a ratio of 50:50. Moreover, both the organic solvent and water have synergetic effects while the PSS and PEDOT-attached PSS segments will form a coil-like and a linear (or extended-coil) structure, respectively. That may induce a stacking of the linear and planar PEDOT-attached PSS segments, which favors the formation of a crystalline phase. Finally, the maximum electrical conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS thin films with solvent treatment was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Furthermore, we aimed to explain the synergetic effects of phase separation of the PEDOT:PSS thin films by both the organic solvent and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syang-Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Huan Lee
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Wei Shiu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Ragu Sasikumar
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
| | - Uin-Ting Shyr
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
- Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan.
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Electrochemical and optical characterization of a multielectrochromic copolymer based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and functionalized dithienylpyrrole derivative. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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PEDOT:PSS-based Multilayer Bacterial-Composite Films for Bioelectronics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15293. [PMID: 30327574 PMCID: PMC6191412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial electrochemical systems provide an environmentally-friendly means of energy conversion between chemical and electrical forms, with applications in wastewater treatment, bioelectronics, and biosensing. However, a major challenge to further development, miniaturization, and deployment of bioelectronics and biosensors is the limited thickness of biofilms, necessitating large anodes to achieve sufficient signal-to-noise ratios. Here we demonstrate a method for embedding an electroactive bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, inside a conductive three-dimensional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) matrix electropolymerized on a carbon felt substrate, which we call a multilayer conductive bacterial-composite film (MCBF). By mixing the bacteria with the PEDOT:PSS precursor in a flow-through method, we maintain over 90% viability of S. oneidensis during encapsulation. Microscopic analysis of the MCBFs reveal a tightly interleaved structure of bacteria and conductive PEDOT:PSS up to 80 µm thick. Electrochemical experiments indicate S. oneidensis in MCBFs can perform both direct and riboflavin-mediated electron transfer to PEDOT:PSS. When used in bioelectrochemical reactors, the MCBFs produce 20 times more steady-state current than native biofilms grown on unmodified carbon felt. This versatile approach to control the thickness of bacterial composite films and increase their current output has immediate applications in microbial electrochemical systems, including field-deployable environmental sensing and direct integration of microorganisms into miniaturized organic electronics.
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Calcium-selective electrodes based on photo-cured polyurethane-acrylate membranes covalently attached to methacrylate functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as solid-contact. Talanta 2018; 186:279-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Seo HJ, Nah YC, Kim HK. Roll-to-roll sputtered and patterned Cu 2-x O/Cu/Cu 2-x O multilayer grid electrode for flexible smart windows. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26968-26977. [PMID: 35541081 PMCID: PMC9083334 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We fabricated cost-effective Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid electrodes using roll-to-roll (RTR) sputtering and patterning processes for use as transparent and flexible electrodes in flexible smart windows. To optimize the patterned Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid, the electrical and optical properties of the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid electrodes were investigated as a function of grid width and pitch, which directly influence the filling factor of the grid. At the optimized grid width of 16 and pitch of 600 μm, the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid had a sheet resistance of 7.17 Ohm per square and an optical transmittance of 87.6%. In addition, the mechanical properties of the optimized Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid electrode was compared to those of brittle ITO electrodes to demonstrate its outstanding flexibility. To show the potential of the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid for smart windows, we fabricated a flexible and transparent thin film heater (TFH) and a flexible electrochromic (EC) device, which are key components of smart windows. The low saturation voltage of the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O grid-based TFH and the fast on-off performance of the Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O grid-based EC device indicates that the RTR-processed Cu2-x O/Cu/Cu2-x O multilayer grid is promising as a low-cost and large-area flexible transparent electrode for high-performance smart windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Jin Seo
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-ro Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Republic of Korea +82-31-290-7410 +82-31-290-7390
| | - Yoon-Chae Nah
- IPCE, Dept. of Energy, Materials, and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education Cheonan 31253 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ki Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University 2066 Seobu-ro Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Republic of Korea +82-31-290-7410 +82-31-290-7390
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Nezakati T, Seifalian A, Tan A, Seifalian AM. Conductive Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6766-6843. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Nezakati
- Google Inc.., Mountain View, California 94043, United States
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Tan
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- NanoRegMed Ltd. (Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre), The London Innovation BioScience Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
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