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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Szabo Z, Thayer JR, Reusch D, Agroskin Y, Viner R, Rohrer J, Patil SP, Krawitzky M, Huhmer A, Avdalovic N, Khan SH, Liu Y, Pohl C. High Performance Anion Exchange and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Approaches for Comprehensive Mass Spectrometry-Based Characterization of the N-Glycome of a Recombinant Human Erythropoietin. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1559-1574. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szabo
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - James R. Thayer
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 2 Nonnenwald, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Yury Agroskin
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - Rosa Viner
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Jeff Rohrer
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1214 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Sachin P. Patil
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1214 Oakmead Parkway, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Michael Krawitzky
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Andreas Huhmer
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Nebojsa Avdalovic
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - Shaheer H. Khan
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 180 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
| | - Christopher Pohl
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 1228 Titan Way, Sunnyvale, California 94088, United States
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Yeşilyurt B, Şahar U, Deveci R. Determination of the type and quantity of sialic acid in the egg jelly coat of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus
using capillary LC-ESI-MS/MS. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 82:115-22. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Yeşilyurt
- Ege University; Faculty of Science; Department of Biology; Molecular Biology Section; Bornova İzmir Turkey
| | - Umut Şahar
- Ege University; Faculty of Science; Department of Biology; Molecular Biology Section; Bornova İzmir Turkey
| | - Remziye Deveci
- Ege University; Faculty of Science; Department of Biology; Molecular Biology Section; Bornova İzmir Turkey
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4
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A human-specific mutation limits nonhuman primate efficacy in preclinical xenotransplantation studies. Transplantation 2014; 97:385-90. [PMID: 24445925 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000441321.87915.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients diagnosed with fulminant hepatic failure face high mortality rates. A potential therapeutic approach for these patients is the use of extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion, to serve as a form of "liver dialysis." Previously, our laboratory has shown that, during a 72-hour extracorporeal perfusion with human blood, porcine Kupffer cells bind to and phagocytose human erythrocytes causing the hematocrit to fall to 2.5% of the original value. Subsequently, erythrocyte binding has been shown to involve N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) on the surface of human erythrocytes and sialoadhesin on the surface of the porcine Kupffer cells. METHODS Given that no primate other than the human is known to express the majority of its sialic acid as Neu5Ac, we evaluated whether nonhuman primates would provide adequate evaluation of the loss of erythrocytes that might be expected in a clinical trial of extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion. RESULTS We found that while porcine macrophages readily bound human erythrocytes, binding of nonhuman primate erythrocytes was significantly reduced (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that nonhuman primates may fail to serve as an adequate model for studying extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion because of the fact that porcine macrophages do not bind nonhuman primate erythrocytes.
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Karaçalı S, Kırmızıgül S, Deveci R, Deveci O, Onat T, Gürcü B. Presence of sialic acid in prothoracic glands of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). Tissue Cell 2012; 29:315-21. [PMID: 18627822 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(97)80007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1996] [Accepted: 02/14/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of sialic acid (SA) in prothoracic glands (PGs) of Galleria mellonella was determined by the methods of electron microscopy (EM), histochemistry, spectrophotometry (SP) and electronic ionization (EI)-mass spectroscopy. Histochemical observations were carried out by the cationic dye ruthenium red (RR), staining with and without neuraminidase digestion in the larval stage. Neuraminidase-sensitive SA was demonstrated by the decrease in the amount of RR-binding following neuraminidase digestion. The total amount of SA was found to be 0.09016 mg g(-1) in dry tissue by spectrophotometric determination. EI-mass spectroscopy results confirmed the EM and SP observations. The fragmentation scheme derived from EI-mass analysis exhibited the presence of the lactonized form of Neu5Gc7, 9Ac(2). On the basis of the various pieces of evidence described above, it was firmly concluded that Neu5Gc7, 9Ac(2) molecules were present in PGs of G. mellonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karaçalı
- Department of Biology, University of Ege, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Damm JBL, Bergwerff AA, Hård K, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG. Sialic acid patterns in N-linked carbohydrate chains. Structural analysis of the N-acetyl-/N-glycolyl-neuraminic-acid-containing N-linked carbohydrate chains of bovine fibrinogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19891081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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7
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Immunogenicity and thermal stability of a combined vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C diseases. Vaccine 2010; 28:6228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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High-performance liquid chromatography ganglioside pattern of the AB feline blood group. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-010-1039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Spichtig V, Michaud J, Austin S. Determination of sialic acids in milks and milk-based products. Anal Biochem 2010; 405:28-40. [PMID: 20553868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are becoming recognized as important components of milk-based products for infants and young children. As such, many companies now label the sialic acid content of their products. To control the labeling, suitable methods are required for this analysis. The objective of this work was to set up a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of the two most commonly occurring sialic acids, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sialic acids were released from their parent oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids by mild acid hydrolysis using formic acid. They were then derivatized using 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) and subsequently separated on a Zorbax SB-Aq Rapid Resolution column in less than 2 min. The method developed was validated on various milk-based products and ingredients containing sialic acid at levels from 0.3 to 900 mg/100 g. Spiking experiments indicate that the sialic acid recoveries ranged from 87% to 108%. The expanded measurement uncertainty was typically below 15% for Neu5Gc and typically below 10% for Neu5Ac or the sum of the sialic acids, with a few exceptions. The proposed method is fast, specific, and easy to set up for compliance analysis in a routine laboratory.
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11
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Schrader S, Tiralongo E, Paris G, Yoshino T, Schauer R. A nonradioactive 96-well plate assay for screening of trans-sialidase activity. Anal Biochem 2003; 322:139-47. [PMID: 14596820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trans-sialidase (E.C. 3.2.1.18) catalyzes the transfer of preferably alpha2,3-linked sialic acid to another glycan or glycoconjugate, forming a new alpha2,3 linkage to galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine. Here, we describe a nonradioactive 96-well plate fluorescence test for monitoring trans-sialidase activity with high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility using sialyllactose and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside as donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. The assay conditions were optimized using the trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma congolense and its general applicability was confirmed with recombinant trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Using this procedure, a large number of samples can be tested quickly and reliably, for instance in monitoring trans-sialidase during enzyme purification and the production of monoclonal antibodies, for enzyme characterization, and for identifying potential substrates and inhibitors. The trans-sialidase assay reported here was capable of detecting trans-sialidase activity in the low-mU range and may be a valuable tool in the search for further trans-sialidases in various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schrader
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
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12
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Romppanen J, Romppanen EL, Halonen T, Eskelinen M, Punnonen K. Reference values of serum total sialic acid for healthy adult subjects and comparison of two different calibrators for quantitation of total sialic acid in high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:1095-6. [PMID: 12964820 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tiralongo E, Schrader S, Lange H, Lemke H, Tiralongo J, Schauer R. Two trans-sialidase forms with different sialic acid transfer and sialidase activities from Trypanosoma congolense. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23301-10. [PMID: 12649268 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212909200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes express an enzyme called trans-sialidase (TS), which enables the parasites to transfer sialic acids from the environment onto trypanosomal surface molecules. Here we describe the purification and characterization of two TS forms from the African trypanosome Trypanosoma congolense. The purification of the two TS forms using a combination of anion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, gel filtration, and subsequently, antibody affinity chromatography resulted, in both cases, in the isolation of a 90-kDa monomer on SDS-PAGE, which was identified as trans-sialidase using micro-sequencing. Monoclonal antibody 7/23, which bound and partially inhibited TS activity, was found in both cases to bind to a 90-kDa protein. Both TS forms possessed sialidase and transfer activity, but markedly differed in their activity ratios. The TS form with a high transfer-to-sialidase activity ratio, referred to as TS-form 1, possessed a pI of pH 4-5 and a molecular mass of 350-600 kDa. In contrast, the form with a low transfer-to-sialidase activity ratio, referred to as TS-form 2, exhibited a pI of pH 5-6.5 and a molecular mass of 130-180 kDa. Both TS forms were not significantly inhibited by known sialidase inhibitors and revealed no significant differences in donor and acceptor substrate specificities; however, TS-form 1 utilized various acceptor substrates with a higher catalytic efficiency. Interestingly, glutamic acid-alanine-rich protein, the surface glycoprotein, was co-purified with TS-form 1 suggesting an association between both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Tiralongo
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098 Germany
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Abstract
Due to their diversity and external location on cell membranes, glycans, as glycocalyx components, are key elements in eukaryotic cell, tissue, and organ homeostasis. Although information on the lung glycocalyx is scarce, this article aims to review, discuss, and summarize what is known about bronchoalveolar glycocalyx composition, mainly the sialic acids. It was deemed relevant, however, to make a brief introductory overview of the cell glycocalyx and its particular development in epithelial cells. After that, follows a summary of the evolution of the knowledge regarding the bronchoalveolar glycocalyx composition throughout the years, particularly its morphological features. Since sialic acids are located terminally on the bronchoalveolar lining cells' glycocalyx and play crucial roles, we focused mainly on the existing lung histochemical and biochemical data of these sugar residues, as well as their evolution throughout lung development. The functions of the lung glycocalyx sialic acids are discussed and interpretations of their roles analyzed, including those related to the negative overall superficial shield provided by these molecules. The increasing presence of these sugar residues throughout postnatal lung development should be regarded as pivotal in the development and maintenance of a dynamic bronchoalveolar architecture, supporting the normal histophysiology of the respiratory system. The case for a profound knowledge of lung glycocalyx--given its potential to provide answers to serious clinical problems--is made with particular reference to cystic fibrosis. Finally, concluding remarks and perspectives for future research in this field are put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Fátima Martins
- Institute of Histology and Embryology and Center for Histophysiology, Experimental Pathology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Accili D, Menghi M, Materazzi G, Menghi G. Sialic acid derivatives and their distribution in rat sublingual gland acini during pre- and post-natal development. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2001; 33:363-71. [PMID: 11758813 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012487426639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sialoglycoconjugates in rat sublingual gland acinar cells, at different stages of pre- and post-natal development, were investigated in situ with specific lectins and by the selective removal of terminal sialic acids. Cleavage of acetyl substituents sited in the pyranose ring and/or polyhydroxyl side chain was used as an additional means of characterising the glycoconjugates. The first expression of terminal sialic acid linked to beta-galactose was found at gestational day 17 and progressive different derivatives were observed. The terminal disaccharide sialic acid-N-acetylgalactosamine was constantly visualized in the sublingual gland from gestational day 18. In both terminal disaccharides, sialic acids were characterized by variable degrees of acetylation and were found to be highly packaged and responsible for the hydration coat. The complex data obtained indicated that the sublingual gland is characterized by a marked fluctuation of complex sialoglycoconjugates that differ from those in the submandibular gland of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Accili
- Department of Comparative Morphology and Biochemistry, University of Camerino, (MC), Italy
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Sumi T, Sallay I, Asakawa M, Park SS, Miyazaki M, Ohba H. Purification and identification of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) from the holothuroidea Gumi, Cucumaria echinata. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2001; 31:135-46. [PMID: 11426701 DOI: 10.1081/pb-100103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), precious sialic acid which could not be synthesized by a chemical method, occurrs in the body of holothuroidea, Gumi Cucumaria echinata. Gumi contains 85% of total sialic acid, as Neu5Gc, in the body. Neu5Gc was purified from dry powder of the body using Dowex 1-x8 (HCOO* form) anion exchange chromatography after mild acid hydrolysis with 0.1 N trifluoroacetic acid. Using GC-MS and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, the purified Neu5Gc was correctly identified to be Neu5Gc. The purity of Neu5Gc was more than 99%. This is the first report of purification and identification of Neu5Gc from holothuroidea by using anion exchange chromatography, GC-MS, and 1H-NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sumi
- Kyushu National Industrial Research Institute, Tosu, Saga, Japan
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Achyuthan KE, Achyuthan AM. Comparative enzymology, biochemistry and pathophysiology of human exo-alpha-sialidases (neuraminidases). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 129:29-64. [PMID: 11337249 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current research on human exo-alpha-sialidase (sialidase, neuraminidase). Where appropriate, the properties of viral, bacterial, and human sialidases have been compared. Sialic acids are implicated in diverse physiological processes. Sialidases, as enzymes acting upon sialic acids, assume importance as well. Sialidases hydrolyze the terminal, non-reducing, sialic acid linkage in glycoproteins, glycolipids, gangliosides, polysaccharides, and synthetic molecules. Therefore, a variety of assays are available to measure sialidase activity. Human sialidase is present in several organs and cells. Its cellular distribution could be cytosolic, lysosomal, or in the membrane. Human sialidase occurs in a high molecular-mass complex with several other proteins, including cathepsin A and beta-galactosidase. Multi-protein complexation is important for the in vivo integrity and catalytic activity of the sialidase. However, multi-protein complexation, the occurrence of isoenzymes, diverse subcellular localization, thermal instability, and membrane association have all contributed to difficulties in purifying and characterizing human sialidases. Human sialidase isoenzymes have recently been cloned and sequenced. Even though crystal structures for the human sialidases are not available, the highly conserved regions of the sialidase from various organisms have facilitated molecular modeling of the human enzyme and raise interesting evolutionary questions. While the molecular mechanisms vary, genetic defects leading to human sialidase deficiency are closely associated with at least two well-known human diseases, namely sialidosis and galactosialidosis. No therapy is currently available for either disease. A thorough investigation of human sialidases is therefore crucial to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Achyuthan
- ZymeTx Inc., 800 Research Parkway # 100, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Ho MM, Bolgiano B, Corbel MJ. Assessment of the stability and immunogenicity of meningococcal oligosaccharide C-CRM197 conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2000; 19:716-25. [PMID: 11115692 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this stability study, meningococcal C-CRM(197) conjugate vaccines from two different manufacturers that differ in oligosaccharide chain length, number of conjugation sites, conjugation chemistry, manufacturing process and formulation were used. Both the bulk concentrated and final fill preparations were incubated at -20, 4, 23, 37 or 55 degrees C for 5 weeks or subjected to ten cycles of freeze-thawing. The structural stability, hydrodynamic size and integrity of the treated vaccines were monitored by size exclusion chromatography (FPLC-SEC), high performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The data showed that the structural stability of the oligosaccharide chains and of the protein carrier varied between the two conjugates. The experimental immunogenicity was not severely affected by repeated freeze-thawing, incubation at -20 or 4 degrees C, but one developed conformational changes in the protein carrier when incubated at 23 degrees C or above, although the integrity of the oligosaccharide structure was maintained. This was not associated with any reduction in primary IgG or IgM antibody responses to meningococcal C polysaccharide. In the other conjugate vaccine, exposure to 55 degrees C resulted in the release of a substantial proportion of free saccharide that was accompanied by significant reduction in both IgG and IgM antibody responses to immunisation in the model system. In conclusion, the two meningococcal C-CRM(197) conjugate vaccines were stable when stored at the recommended temperatures, although their structural stability and subsequent immunogenicity were influenced by their conjugation chemistry and formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ho
- Bacteriology Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK
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Bora RS, Ichikawa S, Kanamori A, Hirabayashi Y. Genomic structure and promoter analysis of putative mouse acetyl-CoA transporter gene. FEBS Lett 2000; 473:169-72. [PMID: 10812068 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acetyl-CoA transporter gene (Acatn) encodes a hydrophobic, multitransmembrane protein that is involved in the process of O-acetylation of sialic acid residues on gangliosides. O-Acetylated gangliosides have been found to play important roles in tissue development and organization during early embryonic stages. We have cloned the gene for mouse acetyl-CoA transporter. The gene spans approximately 20 kb and is composed of seven exons and six introns. A single transcription initiation site, 371 bp upstream of the ATG start codon, was identified. The promoter region was found to lack a TATA box. However, several potential transcription factor binding motifs such as AP1, AP2, C/EBPalpha, C/EBPbeta, HSF, GATA2 and MZF1 were identified in the promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Bora
- Laboratory for Cellular Glycobiology and Sphingolipid Expression, Frontier Research Program, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
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KARAÇALI SABİRE, KIRMIZIGÜL SÜHEYLA, DEVECİ REMZİYE. Sialic acids in developing testis ofGalleria mellonella(Lepidoptera). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1999.9652388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sinha D, Mandal C, Bhattacharya DK. Development of a simple, blood based lymphoproliferation assay to assess the clinical status of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 1999; 23:433-9. [PMID: 10374857 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(98)00184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is highly responsive to chemotherapy, reliable techniques are needed to determine treatment outcome and predict relapse. Employing a 9-O-acetyl sialic acid binding lectin, ATN(H), we have identified two 9-O-acetylated sialogycoconjugates (9-OAcSGs) as novel biomarkers expressed selectively on leukemic blasts of ALL patients. Presently, we report a non-invasive, blood based lymphoproliferation assay, which employs the maximal lymphoproliferative dose of ATN(H) (MLD) to assess the status of 9-OAcSGs with progressive therapy. A low MLD (0.18 +/- 0.01 microg) in untreated patients reflects increased expression of 9-OAcSGs which decline following therapy (MLD = 2.10 +/- 0.60 microg), persist during maintenance therapy (MLD = 4.50 +/- 1.60 microg)/follow-up (MLD = 5.50 +/- 0.85 microg) and are re-induced with relapse (MLD = 0.25 +/- 0.01 microg). Since the assay detects lymphoblasts with a sensitivity of 10(-4), shows no cross-reactivity with other hematological disorders (n = 48) and has been tested in 212 patients, it meets clinical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sinha
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta
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Karcher A, Melouk HA, El Rassi Z. High-performance liquid-phase separation of glycosides. III. Determination of total glucosinolates in cabbage and rapeseed by capillary electrophoresis via the enzymatically released glucose. Anal Biochem 1999; 267:92-9. [PMID: 9918659 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive method for the determination of total glucosinolates (GSs) in plant extracts by capillary electrophoresis-laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was developed. It was based on the enzymatically released glucose from glucosinolates in the presence of the hydrolyzing enzyme myrosinase. The released glucose was converted to gluconic acid (GA) by the action of glucose oxidase. The resulting GA was then labeled selectively with the fluorescent tag 7-aminonaphthalene-1, 3-disulfonic acid (ANDSA). The peak area resulting from the GA-ANDSA derived from free and bound glucose was subtracted from the peak area of the GA-ANDSA resulting from the free glucose in the sample. This gave the total glucosinolates in the sample. The peak areas were normalized to the internal standard, N-acetylneuraminic acid derivatized with ANDSA. The method was validated using four different plant extracts, white cabbage leaves, rapeseed leaves, rapeseed roots, and rapeseed seeds. Furthermore, a capillary electrophoresis-UV detection method for profiling GS in plant extracts was developed. In addition to providing a fingerprint of the glucosinolates in plant extracts, the method allowed the experimenter to rapidly check the various steps involved in the extraction and sample cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karcher
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078-3071, USA
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23
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Stehling P, Gohlke M, Fitzner R, Reutter W. Rapid analysis of O-acetylated neuraminic acids by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:339-44. [PMID: 9613820 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006965600322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylneuraminic acid (a sialic acid) occurs mainly as a terminal substituent of oligosaccharides of glycoconjugates. Derivatives of neuraminic acid occur widely, substituted in the amino and hydroxy side chains, as well in the C-9 carbon skeleton. These derivatives are responsible for specific functions of sialic acids during cell-cell, cell-substrate, or cell-virus interactions. The study of O-acetylated neuraminic acids is difficult, because only small amounts are extractable from natural sources and they are generally unstable to acids and bases. We report a new method for the rapid analysis of O-acetylated neuraminic acids, using a combination of reversed phase HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A mixture of neuraminic acids from bovine submaxillary gland mucins was analysed, as well as neuraminic acids variously substituted in the amino and hydroxy side chains with acetyl and glycolyl groups, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stehling
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biochemie, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
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24
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Mattoo RL, Roseman S. Quantitative determination of sialic acid in the monosialoganglioside, GM1, by the thiobarbituric acid method. Anal Biochem 1997; 246:30-3. [PMID: 9056179 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several methods for the quantitative analysis of sialic acids in glycoconjugates require that the sialic acid glycosidic bond be cleaved prior to assay. The conventional (L. Svennerholm, (1958) Acta Chem. Scand. 12, 547-554) procedure for the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates such as gangliosides employs 0.1 n H+ at 80 degrees C for 60 min. Under these conditions, we find that the monosialoganglioside (GM1) yields less than 50% of the total sialic acid. However, 90% recovery of sialic acid was achieved by supplementing the hydrolysis mixture with 0.2% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and increasing the temperature to 85 degrees C. During hydrolysis under these conditions, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAN) is degraded at about 7% per hour. If the analytical values for GM1 are corrected for degradation, the recovery of NAN is essentially quantitative.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Mattoo
- Department of Biology and McCollumn-Pratt Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, USA
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25
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Bergeron A, LaRue H, Fradet Y. Biochemical analysis of a bladder-cancer-associated mucin: structural features and epitope characterization. Biochem J 1997; 321 ( Pt 3):889-95. [PMID: 9032480 PMCID: PMC1218149 DOI: 10.1042/bj3210889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), M344, M300 and M75, were shown to define a unique tumour-associated antigen (TAA) of superficial bladder tumours. The antigenic determinants are expressed on a very-high-molecular-mass component and, in about 50% of the positive samples, one determinant is also detected on a 62 kDa molecular species, observed only under reducing conditions. The objectives of the present study were to characterize further this TAA by analysing (1) the biochemical nature of the epitopes recognized by the three mAbs, and (2) the biochemical and structural features of the molecule bearing them. The antigenicity was resistant to heat denaturation, trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin treatments but highly sensitive to papain and Pronase digestion. NaIO4 oxidation decreased reactivity to mAbs M344 and M300 but enhanced reactivity to mAb M75. The three determinants were insensitive to beta-galactosidase and alpha-L-fucosidase but were sensitive to Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase. None of the three mAbs reacted with ovine, bovine or porcine submaxillary mucins. Deglycosylation with O-glycosidase or trifluoromethanesulphonic acid completely abolished the reactivity of the mAbs whereas N-glycosidase F deglycosylation had no appreciable effect. The presence on the molecule of cryptic Gal(beta(1-3))GalNAc as a major core disaccharide was demonstrated by a heterologous sandwich assay using mAb M75 and peanut agglutinin. Thiol reduction using beta-mercaptoethanol increased mobility of the high-molecular-mass component in polyacrylamide gels. We thus conclude that mAbs M344 and M300 react with sialylated carbohydrate epitopes, and mAb M75 reacts with a partially cryptic and periodate-resistant sialylated epitope expressed on a typical secreted high-molecular-mass oligomeric mucin which we named MAUB for mucin antigen of the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bergeron
- Laboratoire d'Uro-Oncologie Expérimentale, Centre de recherche de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Canada
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26
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Schauer R, Kamerling JP. Chemistry, biochemistry and biology of sialic acids ☆. NEW COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 29. [PMCID: PMC7147860 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechls-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannis P. Kamerling
- Bijuoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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27
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Chammas R, McCaffery JM, Klein A, Ito Y, Saucan L, Palade G, Farquhar MG, Varki A. Uptake and incorporation of an epitope-tagged sialic acid donor into intact rat liver Golgi compartments. Functional localization of sialyltransferase overlaps with beta-galactosyltransferase but not with sialic acid O-acetyltransferase. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7:1691-707. [PMID: 8930893 PMCID: PMC276019 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.7.11.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfer of sialic acids (Sia) from CMP-sialic acid (CMP-Sia) to N-linked sugar chains is thought to occur as a final step in their biosynthesis in the trans portion of the Golgi apparatus. In some cell types such Sia residues can have O-acetyl groups added to them. We demonstrate here that rat hepatocytes express 9-O-acetylated Sias mainly at the plasma membranes of both apical (bile canalicular) and basolateral (sinusoidal) domains. Golgi fractions also contain 9-O-acetylated Sias on similar N-linked glycoproteins, indicating that O-acetylation may take place in the Golgi. We show here that CMP-Sia-FITC (with a fluorescein group attached to the Sia) is taken up by isolated intact Golgi compartments. In these preparations, Sia-FITC is transferred to endogenous glycoprotein acceptors and can be immunochemically detected in situ. Addition of unlabeled UDP-Gal enhances Sia-FITC incorporation, indicating a substantial overlap of beta-galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase machineries. Moreover, the same glycoproteins that incorporate Sia-FITC also accept [3H]galactose from the donor UDP-[3H]Gal. In contrast, we demonstrate with three different approaches (double-labeling, immunoelectron microscopy, and addition of a diffusible exogenous acceptor) that sialyltransferase and O-acetyltransferase machineries are much more separated from one another. Thus, 9-O-acetylation occurs after the last point of Sia addition in the trans-Golgi network. Indeed, we show that 9-O-acetylated sialoglycoproteins are preferentially segregated into a subset of vesicular carriers that concentrate membrane-bound, but not secretory, proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chammas
- Glycobiology Program, University of California, San Diego, Cancer Center, La Jolla 92093, USA
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28
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Abstract
The importance of viridans streptococci as agents of serious extra-oral diseases, including endocarditis, is now recognized. We have tested the hypothesis that the ability to utilize sialic acid as a nutrient source may play a role in the proliferation of these organisms. The type strains of the 15 presently recognized species of viridans streptococci and two clinical isolates-S. oralis (AR3), isolated from a patient with infective endocarditis, and S. intermedius (UNS35), a brain abscess isolate-were studied for their ability to utilize sialic acid. Only S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. gordonii, S. mitis ("oralis group") S. intermedius, S. anginosus, S. constellatus ("milleri group"), and S. defectivus ("nutritionally variant group") were able to use sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) efficiently as a sole carbon source. Formate, acetate, and ethanol were produced as the major metabolic end-products of sialic acid metabolism, while corresponding glucose-grown cultures produced lactate as the major metabolic end-product. Utilization of sialic acid was independent of the production of sialidase. Cell-free extracts of sialic acid-grown cultures expressed elevated levels of N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (NPL; the first enzyme in the intracellular catabolism of sialic acid) and N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6-P) deacetylase and glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN-6-P) deaminase (enzymes involved in the intracellular catabolism of N-acetylglucosamine). These activities were repressed by growth in the presence of glucose. The intracellular fate of sialic acid, after cleavage by NPL into N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) and pyruvate, is uncertain, but the elevated levels of GlcNAc-6-P deacetylase and GlcN-6-P deaminase in sialic acid-grown cells suggest that phosphorylation and isomerization are possible steps in the metabolism of ManNAc to generate an intermediate common to the pathway of N-acetylglucosamine metabolism. The species of viridans streptococci that have the ability to utilize sialic acid are those most commonly associated with extra-oral diseases, and this ability is likely to play a role in the persistence and survival of these infecting organisms in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Byers
- Joint Microbiology Research Unit, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, Faculty of Clinical Dentistry, London, England
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29
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Harms G, Reuter G, Corfield AP, Schauer R. Binding specificity of influenza C-virus to variably O-acetylated glycoconjugates and its use for histochemical detection of N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid in mammalian tissues. Glycoconj J 1996; 13:621-30. [PMID: 8872119 PMCID: PMC7088003 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/1995] [Revised: 10/03/1995] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of influenza C-virus binding to sialoglycoconjugates was tested with various naturally O-acetylated gangliosides or synthetically O-acetylated sialic acid thioketosides, which revealed binding to 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid. Binding was also observed with a sample of Neu5,7Ac2-GD3, however at a lower degree. Sialic acids with two or three O-acetyl groups in the side chain of synthetic sialic acid derivatives are not recognized by the virus. In these experiments, bound viruses were detected with esterase substrates. Influenza C-virus was also used for the histological identification of mono-O-acetylated sialic acids in combination with an immunological visualization of the virus bound to thin-sections. The occurrence of these sialic acids was demonstrated in bovine submandibular gland, rat liver, human normal adult and fetal colon and diseased colon, as well as in human sweat gland. Submandibular gland and colon also contain significant amounts of glycoconjugates with two or three acetyl esters in the sialic acid side chain, demonstrating the value of the virus in discriminating between mono- and higher O-acetylation at the same site. The patterns of staining showed differences between healthy persons and patients with colon carcinoma, ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Remarkably, some human colon samples did not show O-acetyl sialic acid-specific staining. The histochemical observations were controlled by chemical analysis of tissue sialic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harms
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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30
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Schauer R, Wember M. Isolation and characterization of sialate lyase from pig kidney. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1996; 377:293-9. [PMID: 8828820 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1996.377.5.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sialate lyase (sialate aldolase; systematic name N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.3) was isolated as soluble enzyme from pig kidney and purified 630-fold using a heating step, gel filtration, and chromatography on immobilized neuraminic acid beta-methyl glycoside in 14% yield to apparent homogeneity as tested by SDS-gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass is 58 kDa and the pH-optimum is at pH 7.2. Kinetic parameters were determined with N-acetyl-neuraminic acid as substrate: Km 3.7 mM and Vmax 37.1 mU. The lyase cleaves only free sialic acids with relative rates of 100% for N-acetylneuraminic acid, 55% for N-glycolylneuraminic acid and 32% for N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid, whereas N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic acid or 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid are not substrates. Enzyme activity was inhibited with p-chloromercuribenzoate, o-phenanthroline, cyanide, 5-diazonium-1-H-tetrazole, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), diethylpyro-carbonate, and Rose Bengal in the presence of light and O2. Reduction with sodium borohydride in the presence of N-acetylneuraminic acid or pyruvate resulted in irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity. The inhibition experiments suggest the involvement of histidine, lysine and SH-residues in enzyme catalysis. Thus, this mammalian lyase most probably belongs to the Class I aldolases, and has properties similar to the same enzyme from Clostridium perfringens and is active with the alpha-form of N-acetylneuraminic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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31
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Evangelista RA, Guttman A, Chen FT. Acid-catalyzed reductive amination of aldoses with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:347-51. [PMID: 8900941 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The reductive amination of monosaccharides with 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (APTS) in seven different organic acids including the commonly used acetic acid was investigated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. The correlation between the yields of the saccharide-APTS adducts and pKa of the organic acid catalyst is consistent with general acid catalysis of the rate-determining step of the reductive amination reaction. Derivatization in the presence of organic acids of higher strength than acetic acid produced substantially higher yields of APTS-sugar adducts, an effect which is more pronounced for N-acetylamino sugars. Optimum yields were obtained using citric acid as a catalyst. Conversion of a few nanomoles of neutral saccharides to the APTS derivatives is achieved at 75 degrees C in less than 60 min.
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32
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Abstract
In this review an updated overview of current improvements on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of gangliosides over the past decade is provided. Basic general techniques and special advice is given for successful separation of glycosphingolipids. New approaches concerning continuous and multiple development, and several preparative TLC methods are also included. Emphasis is placed on TLC immunostaining and related techniques, i.e. practical applications of carbohydrate-specific antibodies, toxins and bacteria, viruses, lectins and eukaryotic cells. Thus, this review on ganglioside TLC summarizes its power as an analytical tool for a wide range of purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Müthing
- Institute of Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Bielefeld, Germany
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33
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Roth J. Chapter 14 Polysialic acids of vertebrates: biosynthesis, structural diversity, tissue expression and functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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34
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Roggentin P, Kleineidam RG, Schauer R. Diversity in the properties of two sialidase isoenzymes produced by Clostridium perfringens spp. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1995; 376:569-75. [PMID: 8561916 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1995.376.9.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens produces two sialidases, one of which has a molecular mass of 71 kDa and is secreted, while the 'small', 43 kDa isoenzyme remains in the cells. The secreted, higher molecular mass sialidases of two different clostridial strains, DSM756T and A99, exhibit maximum activity at pH 5.5 and at 51 or 55 degrees C, respectively. The molecular mass of both enzymes is 71 kDa in SDS-PAGE and 63 kDa as determined by gel-filtration, which indicates the absence of subunits. Natural sialidase substrates are hydrolyzed at comparably high rates, e.g. the glycoproteins fetuin and bovine submandibular gland mucin, the homopolymer colominic acid, and the ganglioside mixture from bovine brain. The partially purified 'small' isoenzyme from C. perfringens A99 cells had similar properties to the corresponding recombinant sialidase isolated from the Escherichia coli host. It is located inside the clostridial and E. coli cells and exhibits maximum activity at pH 6.1 and 37 degrees C. A relative molecular mass of 32,000 was found with FPLC gel-filtration chromatography, while primary structure analysis yielded a value of 43,000. It differs a significantly from the 'large' isoenzyme by substrate specificity. Preferred substrates are oligosaccharides, while other, more complex sialoglycoconjugates are hydrolyzed only at very low rates. alpha 2,3-linkages are hydrolyzed much faster than alpha 2,6-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Roggentin
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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35
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Křen V, Thiem J. Ein Multienzymsystem zur Eintopfsynthese des Sialyl-T-Antigens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Keppler OT, Stehling P, Herrmann M, Kayser H, Grunow D, Reutter W, Pawlita M. Biosynthetic modulation of sialic acid-dependent virus-receptor interactions of two primate polyoma viruses. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:1308-14. [PMID: 7836396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.3.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are essential components of the cell surface receptors of many microorganisms including viruses. A synthetic, N-substituted D-mannosamine derivative has been shown to act as precursor for structurally altered sialic acid incorporated into glycoconjugates in vivo (Kayser, H., Zeitler, R., Kannicht, C., Grunow, D., Nuck, R., and Reutter, W. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 16934-16938). In this study we have analyzed the potential of three different sialic acid precursor analogues to modulate sialic acid-dependent virus receptor function on different cells. We show that treatment with these D-mannosamine derivatives can result in the structural modification of about 50% of total cellular sialic acid content. Treatment interfered drastically and specifically with sialic acid-dependent infection of two distinct primate polyoma viruses. Both inhibition (over 95%) and enhancement (up to 7-fold) of virus binding and infection were observed depending on the N-acyl substitution at the C-5 position of sialic acid. These effects were attributed to the synthesis of metabolically modified, sialylated virus receptors, carrying elongated N-acyl groups, with altered binding affinities for virus particles. Thus, the principle of biosynthetic modification of sialic acid by application of appropriate sialic acid precursors to tissue culture or in vivo offers new means to specifically influence sialic acid-dependent ligand-receptor interactions and could be a potent tool to further clarify the biological functions of sialic acid, in particular its N-acyl side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- O T Keppler
- Angewandte Tumorvirologie (ATV), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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37
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Basu S, Schlecht S, Wagner M, Mayer HL. The sialic acid-containing lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella djakarta and Salmonella isaszeg (serogroup O: 48): chemical characterization and reactivity with a sialic acid-binding lectin from Cepaea hortensis. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1994; 9:189-97. [PMID: 7812267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1994.tb00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Salmonella djakarta and Salmonella isaszeg, as well as of a spontaneous R-mutant of S. djakarta were investigated as to their content in neuraminic acid (Neu) and its individual linkage. The two Salmonella serovars both belong to the O:48 serogroup of Salmonella, but to two different subgroups. LPS of both S-forms contained high amounts of Neu, although in different quantities, whereas the R-form was completely devoid of it. Methylation analysis indicated that Neu is exclusively terminally linked in S. djakarta whereas both terminal and 4-linked Neu were recognized in S. isaszeg. Although terminally linked, a sialidase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens was unable to split Neu even after prolonged incubation from both S-type LPSs. When LPS was first treated by mild alkali, however, the total amount of Neu from S. djakarta LPS and about 50% from that of LPS of S.isaszeg could be removed. In contrast, alkali-treated LPS, but also the non-treated one, proved to be effective inhibitors for a sialic acid-binding lectin from Cepaea hortensis. The resistance of terminal Neu towards sialidase may be due to the presence of an O-acetyl group which would be removed during the methylation analysis but would, especially when linked to C-4, not interfere with the reactivity of the lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Basu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, FRG
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38
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Sen G, Chowdhury M, Mandal C. O-acetylated sialic acid as a distinct marker for differentiation between several leukemia erythrocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 136:65-70. [PMID: 7854333 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AchatininH (ATNH) is a lectin, isolated from the hemolymph of Achatina fulica snail, which has been shown to have narrow specificity towards 9-O-acetyl sialic acid. Usually ATNH does not agglutinate normal human erythrocytes, however, it is capable of agglutinating erythrocytes of patients suffering from acute lymphocytic and acute myelogenous leukemia. Determination of binding constants, numbers of binding sites and lectin overlay experiments using patients' erythrocytes ghost, have suggested that some alterations in erythrocyte cell surface sialoglycoproteins or more precisely appearance of some O-acetylated sialoglycoprotein as a result of pathological transformations has caused this change in the binding of ATNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sen
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Calcutta
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39
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Kitazume S, Kitajima K, Inoue S, Inoue Y, Troy F. Developmental expression of trout egg polysialoglycoproteins and the prerequisite alpha 2,6-, and alpha 2,8-sialyl and alpha 2,8-polysialyltransferase activities required for their synthesis during oogenesis. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Vedralová E, Borovanský J. Evaluation of serum sialic acid fractions as markers for malignant melanoma. Cancer Lett 1994; 78:171-5. [PMID: 8180959 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(94)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Increased total serum sialic acid levels have proved to be a useful non-specific marker of various neoplastic diseases including melanoma. In some malignancies, specific fractions of sialic acid were reported to be more reliable for monitoring disease progression. In this study various fractions of sialic acid were measured in the sera of Bomirski melanoma-bearing Syrian hamsters using the modified thiobarbituric acid method of Skoza and Mohos. Significantly higher serum levels of total sialic acid, 601.0 +/- 49.1 micrograms/ml, were demonstrated in animals with melanoma in comparison with control hamsters, 463.1 +/- 33.0 micrograms/ml (P < 0.01). Free sialic acid concentration was found to be negligible compared with that found in the sera of melanoma patients. Lipid bound sialic acid measurements carried out according to Bhatavdekar et al. were shown to be influenced by interfering substances. Hence, only the estimation of total sialic acid in sera can be recommended for monitoring melanoma progression. Bomirski melanoma proved to be a good model of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vedralová
- Department of Biochemistry, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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41
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Maliakal MA, Ravindranath MH, Irie RF, Morton DL. An improved method for the measurement of total lipid-bound sialic acids after cleavage of alpha 2,8 sialic acid linkage with Vibrio cholerae sialidase in the presence of cholic acid, SDS and Ca2+. Glycoconj J 1994; 11:97-104. [PMID: 7804012 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the measurement of total lipid-bound sialic acids involving periodic acid oxidation, as in the periodate-resorcinol assay, the inner sialic acids of disialoglycolipids (such as GD3 and GD2) are not involved because their alpha 2,8 ketosidic linkages are resistant to periodic acid oxidation, even after acid/enzyme hydrolysis or alkali pretreatment. However, the sialic acids from these glycolipids can be recovered completely after cleavage of alpha 2,8 linkages by V. cholerae sialidase in the presence of cholic acid, sodium dodecyl sulphate and calcium. Interestingly, removal of calcium or detergent(s) or both significantly minimizes the sialidase action on the disialyl residues of these gangliosides. Therefore, we recommend sialidase (Vibrio cholerae) pretreatment of the glycolipids in the presence of cholic acid, SDS and Ca2+ for complete recovery of sialic acids from di- and polysialogangliosides and for accurate measurement of total lipid-bound sialic acids by periodate-resorcinol assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Maliakal
- Laboratory of Glycolipid Immunotherapy, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA 90404
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Holthöfer H, Reivinen J, Miettinen A. Nephron segment and cell-type specific expression of gangliosides in the developing and adult kidney. Kidney Int 1994; 45:123-30. [PMID: 8127000 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1994.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing knowledge of the role of gangliosides in normal and diseased tissues, little is known of the presence, distribution and functions of these molecules in the kidney. In this study we analyzed the main gangliosides of isolated glomeruli and cortical, medullary and papillary fractions of the human, rat and bovine kidneys biochemically. In addition, we used immunohistochemistry to visualize the distribution of GM1/GM2, GD2, GD3 and O-acetyl GD3 gangliosides along the nephron. Furthermore, we explored the species specific expression of gangliosides by comparing those from the rat, bovine and human kidney, and studied the pattern of ganglioside expression during development. In glomeruli, cortical tubuli, medullae and papillae, a relatively simple pattern of main gangliosides was observed as revealed by thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis in each species studied. Furthermore, considerable changes in the glomerular gangliosides during maturation were observed, with a complex type of gangliosides predominating during the fetal age and with a preference to more simple precursors upon maturation. Interestingly, the immunohistochemical detection revealed a distinct pattern of ganglioside compartmentation to various nephron segments or cell types. These findings provide a basis for studying the role of segment- and cell type-specific gangliosides for local functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Holthöfer
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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43
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Sato C, Kitajima K, Tazawa I, Inoue Y, Inoue S, Troy FA. Structural diversity in the alpha 2–>8-linked polysialic acid chains in salmonid fish egg glycoproteins. Occurrence of poly(Neu5Ac), poly(Neu5Gc), poly(Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc), poly(KDN), and their partially acetylated forms. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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44
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Engstler M, Reuter G, Schauer R. The developmentally regulated trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma brucei sialylates the procyclic acidic repetitive protein. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993; 61:1-13. [PMID: 8259122 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90153-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A developmentally regulated trans-sialidase activity is present on the surface of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei. Bloodstream stages display no trans-sialidase activity. T. brucei trans-sialidase is capable of transferring sialic acids from a variety of glycoconjugates into new glycosidic linkages without requirement for CMP-Neu5Ac. The enzyme is linked to the plasma-membrane via a GPI-PLC-resistant GPI-anchor. The comparison of enzymic and structural features of sialidase and trans-sialidase suggests that the two activities may be catalyzed by the same protein, since highly enriched sialidase fractions display trans-sialidase activity. 2-Deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid is only a poor inhibitor for the two enzymic activities. Sialic acids are transferred to alpha (2-3)-positions of terminal beta-galactose residues of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates at various rates. Neu5Ac-alpha(2-3)-lactose is the best trans-sialylation donor tested. Lewis is a poor sialic acid acceptor. T. brucei trans-sialidase utilizes serum glycoconjugates, human and bovine erythrocytes as sialic acid donors, and resialylates sialidase-treated erythrocytes. The enzyme transfers sialic acids from the GPI-anchor of procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) onto lactose and vice versa. Also structures within a variant surface glycoprotein (sVSG MITat. 1.7.) can be trans-sialylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Engstler
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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45
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Characterization of a hamster melanoma-associated ganglioside antigen as 7-O-acetylated disialoganglioside GD3. J Lipid Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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46
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Mercy PD, Ravindranath MH. Purification and characterization of N-glycolyneuraminic-acid-specific lectin from Scylla serrata. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 215:697-704. [PMID: 8354275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A sialic-acid-binding lectin with specificity for N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) was purified from the hemolymph of the marine crab Scylla serrata by affinity chromatography using thyroglobulin-coupled agarose. The binding specificity of Scylla lectin distinguishes it from other known sialic-acid-specific lectins found in Limulus polyphemus and Limax flavus, which show a broader range of specificity for sialic acids. The molecular mass of the purified lectin is about 55 kDa. Under reducing conditions (SDS/PAGE), it resolved into two subunits of 30 kDa and 25 kDa. NeuGc inhibited hemagglutination activity of the purified lectin at a concentration as low as 0.6 mM, whereas N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) even at a concentration of 100 mM, failed to inhibit hemagglutination. This finding was supported by potent inhibition of hemagglutination by bovine and porcine thyroglobulins, which contain a NeuGc alpha 2-6Gal as terminal component of oligosaccharide residues. Neither glycoproteins (glycophorin NN; porcine submaxillary mucin), which contain NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal/GalNAc and NeuAc alpha 2-6GalNAc, nor human acid glycoprotein, which contains NeuAc alpha 2-3/alpha 2-6 Gal, or colominic acid, a sialopolymer with NeuAc alpha 2-8NeuAc, inhibited the lectin activity. The specificity of the lectin for NeuGc appears to account for the fact that it agglutinates rabbit and mice erythrocytes, but not human A, O, AB, rat or chicken erythrocytes, which contain NeuAc. The inability of the lectin to agglutinate erythrocytes (horse) that prominently express NeuGc could be due to O-acetylation of NeuGc. In support of this, bovine submaxillary mucin, which contains O-acetylated NeuGc inhibited the hemagglutination of the lectin better after removal of O-acetyl groups by base treatment. The unique specificity of Scylla lectin is of diagnostic potential for human cancer tissues expressing NeuGc, since NeuGc is not found in normal human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Mercy
- Department of Zoology, Holy Cross College, Nagarcoil, Tamilnadu, India
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- M Engstler
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Olshausenstrasse 40 D-2300 Kiel I, Germany
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Zenz KI, Roggentin P, Schauer R. Isolation and properties of the natural and the recombinant sialidase from Clostridium septicum NC 0054714. Glycoconj J 1993; 10:50-6. [PMID: 8358227 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The natural sialidase of Clostridium septicum was purified and characterized in parallel with the recombinant enzyme expressed by Escherichia coli. The two enzymes exhibit almost identical properties. The maximum hydrolytic activity was measured at 37 degrees C in 60 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.3. Glycoproteins like fetuin and saponified bovine submandibular gland mucin, most of them having alpha(2-6) linked sialic acids, are preferred substrates, while sialic acids from gangliosides, sialyllactoses, or the alpha(2-8) linked sialic acid polymer (colominic acid) are hydrolysed at lower rates. alpha(2-3) Linkages are more rapidly hydrolysed than alpha(2-6) bonds of sialyllactoses. The cleavage rate is markedly reduced by O-acetylation of the sialic acid moiety. These properties are similar to those of other secreted clostridial sialidases. The enzyme exists in mono-, di- and trimeric forms, the monomer exhibiting a molecular mass of 125 kDa, which is close to the protein mass of 111 kDa deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Zenz
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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Kleineidam RG, Hofmann O, Reuter G, Schauer R. Indications for the enzymatic synthesis of 9-O-lactoyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid in equine liver. Glycoconj J 1993; 10:116-9. [PMID: 8358222 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation of horse liver homogenate by centrifugation into heavy membranes at 10,000 x g, microsomal fraction at 105,000 x g, and the supernatant revealed sialate 9-O-lactoyltransferase activity only in the latter fraction. For the enzyme assay, the various fractions were incubated with 14C labelled CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylneuramimic acid and glycoconjugate-bound N-acetylneuramimic acid. Lactoylation was identified in three different TLC systems after acid hydrolysis and purification of the sialic acids in the incubation mixtures. Enzyme activity was found only in the supernatant fraction. Glycoconjugate-bound N-acetylneuramimic acid was the best substrate tested, although some lactoylation was also found when using CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Kleineidam
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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50
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Muralikrishna G, Reuter G, Peter-Katalinić J, Egge H, Hanisch FG, Siebert HC, Schauer R. Identification of a new ganglioside from the starfish Asterias rubens. Carbohydr Res 1992; 236:321-6. [PMID: 1291056 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)85025-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Muralikrishna
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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