1
|
Reprint of: Oxygen Free Radicals and Iron in Relation to Biology and Medicine: Some Problems and Concepts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 726:109246. [PMID: 35680438 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
2
|
Zhao H, Qiu X, Su E, Huang L, Zai Y, Liu Y, Chen H, Wang Z, Chen Z, Li S, Jin L, Deng Y, He N. Multiple chemiluminescence immunoassay detection of the concentration ratio of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c to total hemoglobin in whole blood samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
3
|
Yin V, Holzscherer D, Konermann L. Delineating Heme-Mediated versus Direct Protein Oxidation in Peroxidase-Activated Cytochrome c by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4108-4117. [PMID: 32991149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of key residues in cytochrome c (cyt c) by chloramine T (CT) converts the protein from an electron transporter to a peroxidase. This peroxidase-activated state represents an important model system for exploring the early steps of apoptosis. CT-induced transformations include oxidation of the distal heme ligand Met80 (MetO, +16 Da) and carbonylation (LysCHO, -1 Da) in the range of Lys53/55/72/73. Remarkably, the 15 remaining Lys residues in cyt c are not susceptible to carbonylation. The cause of this unusual selectivity is unknown. Here we applied top-down mass spectrometry (MS) to examine whether CT-induced oxidation is catalyzed by heme. To this end, we compared the behavior of cyt c with (holo-cyt c) and without heme (apoSS-cyt c). CT caused MetO formation at Met80 for both holo- and apoSS-cyt c, implying that this transformation can proceed independently of heme. The aldehyde-specific label Girard's reagent T (GRT) reacted with oxidized holo-cyt c, consistent with the presence of several LysCHO. In contrast, oxidized apo-cyt c did not react with GRT, revealing that LysCHO forms only in the presence of heme. The heme dependence of LysCHO formation was further confirmed using microperoxidase-11 (MP11). CT exposure of apoSS-cyt c in the presence of MP11 caused extensive nonselective LysCHO formation. Our results imply that the selectivity of LysCHO formation at Lys53/55/72/73 in holo-cyt c is caused by the spatial proximity of these sites to the reactive (distal) heme face. Overall, this work highlights the utility of top-down MS for unravelling complex oxidative modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Derek Holzscherer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liew FN, Brandys MA, Biswas S, Nguyen JN, Rahmawati M, Nevala M, Elmore BO, Hendrich MP, Kim HJ. Cytochrome c' β-Met Is a Variant in the P460 Superfamily Lacking the Heme-Lysyl Cross-Link: A Peroxidase Mimic Generating a Ferryl Intermediate. Biochemistry 2020; 59:704-716. [PMID: 31887031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of bacterial cytochromes (cyt's) in the P460 family is an unusual cross-link connecting the heme porphyrin to the side chain of a lysyl residue in the protein backbone. Here, via proteomics of the periplasmic fraction of the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (AOB) Nitrosomonas europaea, we report the identification of a variant member of the P460 family that contains a methionyl residue in place of the cross-linking lysine. We formally designate this protein cytochrome "c'β-Met" to distinguish it from other members bearing different residues at this position (e.g., cyt c'β-Phe from the methane-oxidizing Methylococcus capsulatus Bath). As isolated, the monoheme cyt c'β-Met is high-spin (S = 5/2). Optical spectroscopy suggests that a cross-link is absent. Hydroxylamine, the substrate for the cross-linked cyt P460 from N. europaea, did not appreciably alter the optical spectrum of cyt c'β with up to 1000-fold excess at pH 7.5. Cyt c'β-Met did however bind 1 equiv of H2O2, and with a slight excess, Mössbauer spectroscopy indicated the formation of a semistable ferryl (FeIV═O) Compound II-like species. The corresponding electron paramagnetic resonance showed a very low intensity signal indicative of a radical at g = 2.0. Furthermore, cyt c'β-Met exhibited guaiacol-dependent peroxidase activity (kcat = 20.0 ± 1.2 s-1; KM = 2.6 ± 0.4 mM). Unlike cyt c'β-Met, cyt P460 showed evidence of heme inactivation in the presence of 2 equiv of H2O2 with no appreciable guaiacol-dependent peroxidase activity. Mutagenesis of the cross-linking lysyl residue to an alanine in cyt P460, however, reversed this lack of activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fong Ning Liew
- Division of Physical Sciences, Chemistry , University of Washington Bothell , Bothell , Washington 98012 , United States
| | - Marisa A Brandys
- Division of Physical Sciences, Chemistry , University of Washington Bothell , Bothell , Washington 98012 , United States
| | - Saborni Biswas
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Joline N Nguyen
- Division of Physical Sciences, Chemistry , University of Washington Bothell , Bothell , Washington 98012 , United States
| | - Mustika Rahmawati
- Division of Physical Sciences, Chemistry , University of Washington Bothell , Bothell , Washington 98012 , United States
| | - Michael Nevala
- Division of Physical Sciences, Chemistry , University of Washington Bothell , Bothell , Washington 98012 , United States.,Veolia Nuclear Solutions Federal Solutions , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Bradley O Elmore
- Newport Laboratories , Worthington , Minnesota 56187 , United States
| | - Michael P Hendrich
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Division of Physical Sciences, Chemistry , University of Washington Bothell , Bothell , Washington 98012 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Plieth C. Peroxide-Induced Liberation of Iron from Heme Switches Catalysis during Luminol Reaction and Causes Loss of Light and Heterodyning of Luminescence Kinetics. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3268-3279. [PMID: 31459543 PMCID: PMC6649120 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidation of luminol yields bright luminescence when the reaction is catalyzed by heme proteins. However, an excess of peroxide leads to less light and altered luminescence kinetics, an effect commonly referred to as "suicide inactivation". The aim of this study is to present the molecular processes causing this effect. A comprehensive set of data reported here demonstrates that suicide inactivation is due to a peroxide-induced liberation of iron from its coordinating porphyrin. Liberated iron launches catalysis of the reaction at much lower efficiency. The light-yielding efficiencies of different organic and inorganic catalysts are precisely quantified and compared. It is shown that the catalysis by free iron involves superoxide. This is explained by the formation of a ferryl-oxo-iron complex. In this context, a complete reaction mechanism involving a modified Fenton-Haber-Weiss cycle is proposed for the first time. The switch from the highly efficient biogenically catalyzed luminescence to a less efficient inorganically catalyzed reaction is accompanied by a transition from "flash-type" to "glow-type" luminescence kinetics. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-mediated chelation of iron is used to demonstrate this effect and to separate both kinetics. The explanation of kinetic heterodyning is underpinned by mathematical modeling. The results are able to explain the as yet unexplained phenomena discussed in the less recent literature and to settle disputes about them. It is concluded that peroxide concentrations exceeding the level tolerated by the catalyzing heme protein negatively impact performance and precision of luminol-based assays, where the light yield is used as a quantitative measure for analyte concentrations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos JHPM, Carretero G, Ventura SPM, Converti A, Rangel-Yagui CO. PEGylation as an efficient tool to enhance cytochrome c thermostability: a kinetic and thermodynamic study. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00590k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation of cytochrome-c preserves activity and increases thermal stability, favoring the protein application as a biosensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João H. P. M. Santos
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Gustavo Carretero
- Department of Biochemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of São Paulo
- 05508-000 São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Sónia P. M. Ventura
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Aveiro
- 3810-193 Aveiro
- Portugal
| | - Attilio Converti
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Pole of Chemical Engineering
- Genoa University
- 16145 Genoa
- Italy
| | - Carlota O. Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology
- University of São Paulo
- 05508-000 São Paulo
- Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sierant M, Kulik K, Sochacka E, Szewczyk R, Sobczak M, Nawrot B. Cytochrome c Catalyzes the Hydrogen Peroxide-Assisted Oxidative Desulfuration of 2-Thiouridines in Transfer RNAs. Chembiochem 2018; 19:687-695. [PMID: 29287127 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 5-substituted 2-thiouridines (R5S2Us) present in the first (wobble) position of the anticodon of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) contribute to accuracy in reading mRNA codons and tuning protein synthesis. Previously, we showed that, under oxidative stress conditions in vitro, R5S2Us were sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and that their oxidative desulfuration produced 5-substituted uridines (R5Us) and 4-pyrimidinone nucleosides (R5H2Us) at a ratio that depended on the pH and an R5 substituent. Here, we demonstrate that the desulfuration of 2-thiouridines, either alone or within an RNA/tRNA chain, is catalyzed by cytochrome c (cyt c). Its kinetics are similar to those of Fenton-type catalytic 2-thiouridine (S2U) desulfuration. Cyt c/H2 O2 - and FeII -mediated reactions deliver predominantly 4-pyrimidinone nucleoside (H2U)-type products. The pathway of the cyt c/H2 O2 -peroxidase-mediated S2U→H2U transformation through uridine sulfenic (U-SOH), sulfinic (U-SO2 H), and sulfonic (U-SO3 H) intermediates is confirmed by LC-MS. The cyt c/H2 O2 -mediated oxidative damage of S2U-tRNA may have biological relevance through alteration of the cellular functions of transfer RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Sierant
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90-363, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kulik
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90-363, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Sochacka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz, 90-924, Poland
| | - Rafal Szewczyk
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, Lodz, 90-237, Poland
| | - Milena Sobczak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90-363, Poland
| | - Barbara Nawrot
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90-363, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yin V, Shaw GS, Konermann L. Cytochrome c as a Peroxidase: Activation of the Precatalytic Native State by H2O2-Induced Covalent Modifications. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15701-15709. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gary S. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry and Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bisht M, Mondal D, Pereira MM, Freire MG, Venkatesu P, Coutinho JAP. Long-term protein packaging in bio-ionic liquids: Improved catalytic activity and enhanced stability of cytochrome C against multiple stresses. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2017; 19:4900-4911. [PMID: 30271272 PMCID: PMC6157724 DOI: 10.1039/c7gc02011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable interest in the use of structurally stable and catalytically active enzymes, such as cytochrome C (Cyt C), in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. However, harsh process conditions, such as temperature, pH, and presence of organic solvents, are the major barriers to the effective use of enzymes in biocatalysis. Herein, we demonstrate the suitability of bio-based ionic liquids (ILs) formed by the cholinium cation and dicarboxylate-based anions as potential media for enzymes, in which remarkable enhanced activity and improved stability of Cyt C against multiple stresses were obtained. Among the several bio-ILs studied, an exceptionally high catalytic activity (> 50-fold) of Cyt C was observed in aqueous solutions of cholinium glutarate ([Ch][Glu]; 1g/mL) as compared to the commonly used phosphate buffer solutions (pH 7.2), and > 25-fold as compared to aqueous solutions of cholinium dihydrogen phosphate ([Ch][Dhp]; 0.5g/mL) -the best known IL for long term stability of Cyt C. The catalytic activity of the enzyme in presence of bio-ILs was retained against several external stimulus, such as chemical denaturants (H2O2 and GuHCl), and temperatures up to 120 °C. The observed enzyme activity is in agreement with its structural stability, as confirmed by UV-Vis, circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies. Taking advantage of the multi-ionization states of di/tri-carboxylic acids, the pH was switched from acidic to basic by the addition of the corresponding carboxylic acid and choline hydroxide, respectively. The activity was found to be maximum at a 1:1 ratio of [Ch][carboxylate], with a pH in the range from 3 to 5.5. Moreover, it was found that the bio-ILs studied herein protect the enzyme against protease digestion and allow long-term storage (at least for 21 weeks) at room temperature. An attempt by molecular docking was also made to better understand the efficacy of the investigated bio-ILs towards the enhanced activity and long term stability of Cyt C. The results showed that dicarboxylates anions interact with the active site's amino acids of the enzyme through H-bonding and electrostatic interactions, which are responsible for the observed enhancement of the catalytic activity. Finally, it is demonstrated that Cyt C can be successfully recovered from the aqueous solution of bio-ILs and reused without compromising its yield, structural integrity and catalytic activity, thereby overcoming the major limitations in the use of IL-protein systems in biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 007, India
- Departamento de Química, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Departamento de Química, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Matheus M. Pereira
- Departamento de Química, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- Departamento de Química, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - P. Venkatesu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi – 110 007, India
| | - J. A. P. Coutinho
- Departamento de Química, CICECO, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Structural basis of mitochondrial dysfunction in response to cytochrome c phosphorylation at tyrosine 48. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3041-E3050. [PMID: 28348229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618008114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of mitochondrial activity allows cells to adapt to changing conditions and to control oxidative stress, and its dysfunction can lead to hypoxia-dependent pathologies such as ischemia and cancer. Although cytochrome c phosphorylation-in particular, at tyrosine 48-is a key modulator of mitochondrial signaling, its action and molecular basis remain unknown. Here we mimic phosphorylation of cytochrome c by replacing tyrosine 48 with p-carboxy-methyl-l-phenylalanine (pCMF). The NMR structure of the resulting mutant reveals significant conformational shifts and enhanced dynamics around pCMF that could explain changes observed in its functionality: The phosphomimetic mutation impairs cytochrome c diffusion between respiratory complexes, enhances hemeprotein peroxidase and reactive oxygen species scavenging activities, and hinders caspase-dependent apoptosis. Our findings provide a framework to further investigate the modulation of mitochondrial activity by phosphorylated cytochrome c and to develop novel therapeutic approaches based on its prosurvival effects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Morris JD, Wong KM, Peñaherrera CD, Payne CK. Mechanism of the biomolecular synthesis of PEDOT:PSS: importance of heme degradation by hydrogen peroxide. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:331-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00399g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of biomolecules as oxidants for the synthesis of conducting polymers provides an important tool for the control of polymer properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Morris
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| | - K. M. Wong
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| | - C. D. Peñaherrera
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| | - C. K. Payne
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Delgado Y, Morales-Cruz M, Hernández-Román J, Martínez Y, Griebenow K. Chemical glycosylation of cytochrome c improves physical and chemical protein stability. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:16. [PMID: 25095792 PMCID: PMC4137108 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytochrome c (Cyt c) is an apoptosis-initiating protein when released into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and therefore a possible cancer drug candidate. Although proteins have been increasingly important as pharmaceutical agents, their chemical and physical instability during production, storage, and delivery remains a problem. Chemical glycosylation has been devised as a method to increase protein stability and thus enhance their long-lasting bioavailability. Results Three different molecular weight glycans (lactose and two dextrans with 1 kD and 10 kD) were chemically coupled to surface exposed Cyt c lysine (Lys) residues using succinimidyl chemistry via amide bonds. Five neo-glycoconjugates were synthesized, Lac4-Cyt-c, Lac9-Cyt-c, Dex5(10kD)-Cyt-c, Dex8(10kD)-Cyt-c, and Dex3(1kD)-Cyt-c. Subsequently, we investigated glycoconjugate structure, activity, and stability. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra demonstrated that Cyt c glycosylation did not cause significant changes to the secondary structure, while high glycosylation levels caused some minor tertiary structure perturbations. Functionality of the Cyt c glycoconjugates was determined by performing cell-free caspase 3 and caspase 9 induction assays and by measuring the peroxidase-like pseudo enzyme activity. The glycoconjugates showed ≥94% residual enzyme activity and 86 ± 3 to 95 ± 1% relative caspase 3 activation compared to non-modified Cyt c. Caspase 9 activation by the glycoconjugates was with 92 ± 7% to 96 ± 4% within the error the same as the caspase 3 activation. There were no major changes in Cyt c activity upon glycosylation. Incubation of Dex3(1 kD)-Cyt c with mercaptoethanol caused significant loss in the tertiary structure and a drop in caspase 3 and 9 activation to only 24 ± 8% and 26 ± 6%, respectively. This demonstrates that tertiary structure intactness of Cyt c was essential for apoptosis induction. Furthermore, glycosylation protected Cyt c from detrimental effects by some stresses (i.e., elevated temperature and humidity) and from proteolytic degradation. In addition, non-modified Cyt c was more susceptible to denaturation by a water-organic solvent interface than its glycoconjugates, important for the formulation in polymers. Conclusion The results demonstrate that chemical glycosylation is a potentially valuable method to increase Cyt c stability during formulation and storage and potentially during its application after administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P,O, Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang J, Bakan A, Kapralov AA, Ishara Silva K, Huang Z, Amoscato AA, Peterson J, Krishna Garapati V, Saxena S, Bayir H, Atkinson J, Bahar I, Kagan VE. Designing inhibitors of cytochrome c/cardiolipin peroxidase complexes: mitochondria-targeted imidazole-substituted fatty acids. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:221-230. [PMID: 24631490 PMCID: PMC4216591 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have emerged as the major regulatory platform responsible for the coordination of numerous metabolic reactions as well as cell death processes, whereby the execution of intrinsic apoptosis includes the production of reactive oxygen species fueling oxidation of cardiolipin (CL) catalyzed by cytochrome (Cyt) c. As this oxidation occurs within the peroxidase complex of Cyt c with CL, the latter represents a promising target for the discovery and design of drugs with antiapoptotic mechanisms of action. In this work, we designed and synthesized a new group of mitochondria-targeted imidazole-substituted analogs of stearic acid TPP-n-ISAs with various positions of the attached imidazole group on the fatty acid (n = 6, 8, 10, 13, and 14). By using a combination of absorption spectroscopy and EPR protocols (continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance and electron spin echo envelope modulation) we demonstrated that TPP-n-ISAs indeed were able to potently suppress CL-induced structural rearrangements in Cyt c, paving the way to its peroxidase competence. TPP-n-ISA analogs preserved the low-spin hexa-coordinated heme-iron state in Cyt c/CL complexes whereby TPP-6-ISA displayed a significantly more effective preservation pattern than TPP-14-ISA. Elucidation of these intermolecular stabilization mechanisms of Cyt c identified TPP-6-ISA as an effective inhibitor of the peroxidase function of Cyt c/CL complexes with a significant antiapoptotic potential realized in mouse embryonic cells exposed to ionizing irradiation. These experimental findings were detailed and supported by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Based on the experimental data and computation predictions, we identified TPP-6-ISA as a candidate drug with optimized antiapoptotic potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Jiang
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Ahmet Bakan
- Department of Computational and System Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Alexandr A Kapralov
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - K Ishara Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Zhentai Huang
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Andrew A Amoscato
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - James Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Venkata Krishna Garapati
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and System Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health and Center for Medical Countermeasures against Radiation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou J, Liao C, Zhang L, Wang Q, Tian Y. Molecular Hydrogel-Stabilized Enzyme with Facilitated Electron Transfer for Determination of H2O2 Released from Live Cells. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4395-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Chuanan Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Qigang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hicks T, Verbeek CJR, Lay MC, Bier JM. Effect of oxidative treatment on the secondary structure of decoloured bloodmeal. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03890h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron-based Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to assess the effect of peracetic acid decolouring on the spatial distribution of secondary structures within particles of bloodmeal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talia Hicks
- School of Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- University of Waikato
- Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Casparus J. R. Verbeek
- School of Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- University of Waikato
- Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Mark C. Lay
- School of Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- University of Waikato
- Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - James M. Bier
- School of Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- University of Waikato
- Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zaidi S, Hassan MI, Islam A, Ahmad F. The role of key residues in structure, function, and stability of cytochrome-c. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:229-55. [PMID: 23615770 PMCID: PMC11113841 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome-c (cyt-c), a multi-functional protein, plays a significant role in the electron transport chain, and thus is indispensable in the energy-production process. Besides being an important component in apoptosis, it detoxifies reactive oxygen species. Two hundred and eighty-five complete amino acid sequences of cyt-c from different species are known. Sequence analysis suggests that the number of amino acid residues in most mitochondrial cyts-c is in the range 104 ± 10, and amino acid residues at only few positions are highly conserved throughout evolution. These highly conserved residues are Cys14, Cys17, His18, Gly29, Pro30, Gly41, Asn52, Trp59, Tyr67, Leu68, Pro71, Pro76, Thr78, Met80, and Phe82. These are also known as "key residues", which contribute significantly to the structure, function, folding, and stability of cyt-c. The three-dimensional structure of cyt-c from ten eukaryotic species have been determined using X-ray diffraction studies. Structure analysis suggests that the tertiary structure of cyt-c is almost preserved along the evolutionary scale. Furthermore, residues of N/C-terminal helices Gly6, Phe10, Leu94, and Tyr97 interact with each other in a specific manner, forming an evolutionary conserved interface. To understand the role of evolutionary conserved residues on structure, stability, and function, numerous studies have been performed in which these residues were substituted with different amino acids. In these studies, structure deals with the effect of mutation on secondary and tertiary structure measured by spectroscopic techniques; stability deals with the effect of mutation on T m (midpoint of heat denaturation), ∆G D (Gibbs free energy change on denaturation) and folding; and function deals with the effect of mutation on electron transport, apoptosis, cell growth, and protein expression. In this review, we have compiled all these studies at one place. This compilation will be useful to biochemists and biophysicists interested in understanding the importance of conservation of certain residues throughout the evolution in preserving the structure, function, and stability in proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Zaidi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025 India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hicks TM, Verbeek CJR, Lay MC, Manley-Harris M. The Role of Peracetic Acid in Bloodmeal Decoloring. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
18
|
Patila M, Pavlidis IV, Diamanti EK, Katapodis P, Gournis D, Stamatis H. Enhancement of cytochrome c catalytic behaviour by affecting the heme environment using functionalized carbon-based nanomaterials. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Bidwai AK, Meyen C, Kilheeney H, Wroblewski D, Vitello LB, Erman JE. Apolar distal pocket mutants of yeast cytochrome c peroxidase: hydrogen peroxide reactivity and cyanide binding of the TriAla, TriVal, and TriLeu variants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:137-48. [PMID: 23022490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) variants with apolar distal heme pockets have been constructed. The CcP variants have Arg48, Trp51, and His52 mutated to either all alanines, CcP(triAla), all valines, CcP(triVal), or all leucines, CcP(triLeu). The triple mutants have detectable enzymatic activity at pH 6 but the activity is less than 0.02% that of wild-type CcP. The activity loss is primarily due to the decreased rate of reaction between the triple mutants and H(2)O(2) compared to wild-type CcP. Spectroscopic properties and cyanide binding characteristics of the triple mutants have been investigated over the pH stability region of CcP, pH 4 to 8. The absorption spectra indicate that the CcP triple mutants have hemes that are predominantly five-coordinate, high-spin at pH 5 and six-coordinate, low-spin at pH 8. Cyanide binding to the triple mutants is biphasic indicating that the triple mutants have two slowly-exchanging conformational states with different cyanide affinities. The binding affinity for cyanide is reduced at least two orders of magnitude in the triple mutants compared to wild-type CcP and the rate of cyanide binding is reduced by four to five orders of magnitude. Correlation of the reaction rates of CcP and 12 distal pocket mutants with H(2)O(2) and HCN suggests that both reactions require ionization of the reactants within the distal heme pocket allowing the anion to bind the heme iron. Distal pocket features that promote substrate ionization (basic residues involved in base-catalyzed substrate ionization or polar residues that can stabilize substrate anions) increase the overall rate of reaction with H(2)O(2) and HCN while features that inhibit substrate ionization slow the reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Bidwai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Electrochemical detection of natural DNA damage induced by in situ peroxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species in DNA layer-by-layer films. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 86:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
21
|
Yin H, Vergeade A, Shi Q, Zackert WE, Gruenberg KC, Bokiej M, Amin T, Ying W, Masterson TS, Zinkel SS, Oates JA, Boutaud O, Roberts LJ. Acetaminophen inhibits cytochrome c redox cycling induced lipid peroxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:224-8. [PMID: 22634010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome (cyt) c can uncouple from the respiratory chain following mitochondrial stress and catalyze lipid peroxidation. Accumulating evidence shows that this phenomenon impairs mitochondrial respiratory function and also initiates the apoptotic cascade. Therefore, under certain conditions a pharmacological approach that can inhibit cyt c catalyzed lipid peroxidation may be beneficial. We recently showed that acetaminophen (ApAP) at normal pharmacologic concentrations can prevent hemoprotein-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo by reducing ferryl heme to its ferric state. We report here, for the first time, that ApAP inhibits cytochrome c-catalyzed oxidation of unsaturated free fatty acids and also the mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin. Using isolated mitochondria, we also showed that ApAP inhibits cardiolipin oxidation induced by the pro-apoptotic protein, tBid. We found that the IC(50) of the inhibition of cardiolipin oxidation by ApAP is similar in both intact isolated mitochondria and cardiolipin liposomes, suggesting that ApAP penetrates well into the mitochondria. Together with our previous results, the findings presented herein suggest that ApAP is a pleiotropic inhibitor of peroxidase catalyzed lipid peroxidation. Our study also provides a potentially novel pharmacological approach for inhibiting the cascade of events that can result from redox cycling of cyt c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN 37232, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yin H, Zhu M. Free radical oxidation of cardiolipin: chemical mechanisms, detection and implication in apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and human diseases. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:959-74. [PMID: 22468920 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.676642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondria-specific phospholipid and is critical for maintaining the integrity of mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial function. CL also plays an active role in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by interacting with cytochrome c (cyt c), tBid and other important Bcl-2 proteins. The unique structure of CL with four linoleic acid side chains in the same molecule and its cellular location make it extremely susceptible to free radical oxidation by reactive oxygen species including free radicals derived from peroxidase activity of cyt c/CL complex, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical. The free radical oxidation products of CL have been emerged as important mediators in apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the free radical chemical mechanisms that lead to CL oxidation, recent development in detection of oxidation products of CL by mass spectrometry and the implication of CL oxidation in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism in Human Nutrition and Related Diseases, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang X, Fang C, Mei H, Chang T, Cao Z, Shangguan D. Characterization of G-quadruplex/hemin peroxidase: substrate specificity and inactivation kinetics. Chemistry 2011; 17:14475-84. [PMID: 22106035 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, G-quadruplex/hemin (G4/hemin) complexes have been found to exhibit peroxidase activity, and this feature has been extensively exploited for colorimetric detection of various targets. To further understand and characterize this important DNAzyme, its substrate specificity, inactivation mechanism, and kinetics have been examined by comparison with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). G4/hemin DNAzyme exhibits broader substrate specificity and much higher inactivation rate than HRP because of the exposure of the catalytic hemin center. The inactivation of G4/hemin DNAzyme is mainly attributed to the degradation of hemin by H(2)O(2) rather than the destruction of G4. Both the inactivation rate and catalytic oxidation rate of G4/hemin DNAzyme depend on the concentration of H(2)O(2), which suggests that active intermediates formed by G4/hemin and H(2)O(2) are the branch point of catalysis and inactivation. Reducing substrates greatly inhibit the inactivation of G4/hemin DNAzyme by rapidly reacting with the active intermediates. A possible catalytic and inactivation process of G4/hemin has been proposed. These results imply a potential cause for the hemin-mediated cellular injury and provide insightful information for the future application of G4/hemin DNAzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Maitra D, Byun J, Andreana PR, Abdulhamid I, Diamond MP, Saed GM, Pennathur S, Abu-Soud HM. Reaction of hemoglobin with HOCl: mechanism of heme destruction and free iron release. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:374-86. [PMID: 21549834 PMCID: PMC3863628 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is generated by myeloperoxidase using chloride and hydrogen peroxide as substrates. HOCl and its conjugate base (OCl(-)) bind to the heme moiety of hemoglobin (Hb) and generate a transient ferric species whose formation and decay kinetics indicate it can participate in protein aggregation and heme destruction along with subsequent free iron release. The oxidation of the Hb heme moiety by OCl(-) was accompanied by marked heme destruction as judged by the decrease in and subsequent flattening of the Soret absorbance peak at 405 nm. HOCl-mediated Hb heme depletion was confirmed by HPLC analysis and in-gel heme staining. Exposure of Hb to increasing concentrations of HOCl produced a number of porphyrin degradation products resulting from oxidative cleavage of one or more of the carbon-methene bridges of the tetrapyrrole ring, as identified by their characteristic HPLC fluorescence and LC-MS. A nonreducing denaturing SDS-PAGE showed several degrees of protein aggregation. Similarly, porphyrin degradation products were identified after exposure of red blood cells to increasing concentrations of HOCl, indicating biological relevance of this finding. This work provides a direct link between Hb heme destruction and subsequent free iron accumulation, as occurs under inflammatory conditions where HOCl is formed in substantial amounts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Maitra
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jaeman Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ibrahim Abdulhamid
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Michael P. Diamond
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ghassan M. Saed
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Husam M. Abu-Soud
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Corresponding Author: Husam M. Abu-Soud, Ph.D., Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI 48201, Tel: 313 577-6178; Fax: 313 577-8554;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang Z, Matsuo T, Nagao S, Hirota S. Peroxidase activity enhancement of horse cytochrome c by dimerization. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4766-9. [PMID: 21625690 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05552f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The peroxidase activity of horse cytochrome c was enhanced by its dimerization, where its Compound III (oxy-form) and Compound I (oxoferryl porphyrin π-cation radical) species were detected in the reactions with hydrogen peroxide and meta-chloroperbenzoic acid, respectively. These results show that oligomeric cytochrome c can contribute as a proapoptotic conformer by the increased peroxidase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Wang
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stocks BB, Konermann L. Time-dependent changes in side-chain solvent accessibility during cytochrome c folding probed by pulsed oxidative labeling and mass spectrometry. J Mol Biol 2010; 398:362-73. [PMID: 20230834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current work employs a novel approach for characterizing structural changes during the refolding of acid-denatured cytochrome c (cyt c). At various time points (ranging from 10 ms to 5 min) after a pH jump from 2 to 7, the protein is exposed to a microsecond hydroxyl radical (.OH) pulse that induces oxidative labeling of solvent-exposed side chains. Most of the covalent modifications appear as +16-Da adducts that are readily detectable by mass spectrometry. The overall extent of labeling decreases as folding proceeds, reflecting dramatic changes in the accessibility of numerous residues. Peptide mapping and tandem mass spectrometry reveal that the side chains of C14, C17, H33, F46, Y48, W59, M65, Y67, Y74, M80, I81, and Y97 are among the dominant sites of oxidation. Temporal changes in the accessibility of these residues are consistent with docking of the N- and C-terminal helices as early as 10 ms. However, structural reorganization at the helix interface takes place up to at least 1 s. Initial misligation of the heme iron by H33 leads to distal crowding, giving rise to low solvent accessibility of the displaced (native) M80 ligand and the adjacent I81. W59 retains a surprisingly high level of accessibility long into the folding process, indicating the presence of packing defects in the hydrophobically collapsed core. Overall, the results of this work are consistent with previous hydrogen/deuterium exchange studies that proposed a foldon-mediated mechanism. The structural data obtained by .OH labeling monitor the packing and burial of side chains, whereas hydrogen/deuterium exchange primarily monitors the formation of secondary structure elements. Hence, the two approaches yield complementary information. Considering the very short time scale of pulsed oxidative labeling, an extension of the approach used here to sub-millisecond folding studies should be feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B Stocks
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kagan VE, Bayir HA, Belikova NA, Kapralov O, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Jiang J, Stoyanovsky DA, Wipf P, Kochanek PM, Greenberger JS, Pitt B, Shvedova AA, Borisenko G. Cytochrome c/cardiolipin relations in mitochondria: a kiss of death. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1439-53. [PMID: 19285551 PMCID: PMC2732771 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, phospholipid peroxidation products gained a reputation as key regulatory molecules and participants in oxidative signaling pathways. During apoptosis, a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), interacts with cytochrome c (cyt c) to form a peroxidase complex that catalyzes CL oxidation; this process plays a pivotal role in the mitochondrial stage of the execution of the cell death program. This review is focused on redox mechanisms and essential structural features of cyt c's conversion into a CL-specific peroxidase that represent an interesting and maybe still unique example of a functionally significant ligand change in hemoproteins. Furthermore, specific characteristics of CL in mitochondria--its asymmetric transmembrane distribution and mechanisms of collapse, the regulation of its synthesis, remodeling, and fatty acid composition--are given significant consideration. Finally, new concepts in drug discovery based on the design of mitochondria-targeted inhibitors of cyt c/CL peroxidase and CL peroxidation with antiapoptotic effects are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zu Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, Hu N. Electrochemical detection of in situ DNA damage with layer-by-layer films containing DNA and glucose oxidase and protection effect of catalase layers against DNA damage. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Feng W, Mnuskin A, Jiang J, Tang M, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Kochanek PM, Clark RSB, Bayir H, Kagan VE. Mass-spectrometric characterization of phospholipids and their primary peroxidation products in rat cortical neurons during staurosporine-induced apoptosis. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1614-33. [PMID: 19014376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular diversity of phospholipids is essential for their structural and signaling functions in cell membranes. In the current work, we present, the results of mass spectrometric characterization of individual molecular species in major classes of phospholipids -- phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), sphingomyelin (CerPCho), and cardiolipin (Ptd(2)Gro) -- and their oxidation products during apoptosis induced in neurons by staurosporine (STS). The diversity of molecular species of phospholipids in rat cortical neurons followed the order Ptd(2)Gro > PtdEtn >> PtdCho >> PtdSer > PtdIns > CerPCho. The number of polyunsaturated oxidizable species decreased in the order Ptd(2)Gro >> PtdEtn > PtdCho > PtdSer > PtdIns > CerPCho. Thus a relatively minor class of phospholipids, Ptd(2)Gro, was represented in cortical neurons by the greatest variety of both total and peroxidizable molecular species. Quantitative fluorescence HPLC analysis employed to assess the oxidation of different classes of phospholipids in neuronal cells during intrinsic apoptosis induced by STS revealed that three anionic phospholipids -- Ptd(2)Gro >> PtdSer > PtdIns -- underwent robust oxidation. No significant oxidation in the most dominant phospholipid classes -- PtdCho and PtdEtn -- was detected. MS-studies revealed the presence of hydroxy-, hydroperoxy- as well as hydroxy-/hydroperoxy-species of Ptd(2)Gro, PtdSer, and PtdIns. Experiments in model systems where total cortex Ptd(2)Gro and PtdSer fractions were incubated in the presence of cytochrome c (cyt c) and H(2)O(2), confirmed that molecular identities of the products formed were similar to the ones generated during STS-induced neuronal apoptosis. The temporal sequence of biomarkers of STS-induced apoptosis and phospholipid peroxidation combined with recently demonstrated redox catalytic properties of cyt c realized through its interactions with Ptd(2)Gro and PtdSer suggest that cyt c acts as a catalyst of selective peroxidation of anionic phospholipids yielding Ptd(2)Gro and PtdSer peroxidation products. These oxidation products participate in mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and in PtdSer externalization leading to recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by professional phagocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yurkova I, Huster D, Arnhold J. Free radical fragmentation of cardiolipin by cytochrome c. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 158:16-21. [PMID: 18983994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of cytochrome c (cyt c) on degradation of cardiolipin in its polar part was investigated in cardiolipin/phosphatidylcholine (CL/PC) liposomes incubated with cyt c/H(2)O(2)/and (or) ascorbate by high-performance thin layer chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. It has been shown that phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylhydroxyacetone (PHA) were formed in the system under conditions where hydrogen peroxide favours a release of heme iron from cyt c. The formation of PA and PHA occurs via an OH-induced fragmentation taking place in the polar moiety of cardiolipin. Formation of fragmentation products correlated with the loss of CL in CL/PC liposomes incubated with cyt c/H(2)O(2)/ascorbate or with Cu(2+)/H(2)O(2)/ascorbate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yurkova
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stepuro AI, Adamchuk RI, Oparin AY, Stepuro II. Thiamine inhibits formation of dityrosine, a specific marker of oxidative injury, in reactions catalyzed by oxoferryl forms of hemoglobin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 73:1031-41. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297908090113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
32
|
Friebolin W, Jannack B, Wenzel N, Furrer J, Oeser T, Sanchez CP, Lanzer M, Yardley V, Becker K, Davioud-Charvet E. Antimalarial Dual Drugs Based on Potent Inhibitors of Glutathione Reductase from Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1260-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7009292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Friebolin
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Beate Jannack
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Nicole Wenzel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Julien Furrer
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Thomas Oeser
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Cecilia P. Sanchez
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Michael Lanzer
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Hygiene Institut, Abt. Parasitologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Department of Infections and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, U.K., Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lu H, Rusling JF, Hu N. Protecting peroxidase activity of multilayer enzyme-polyion films using outer catalase layers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:14378-86. [PMID: 18052272 PMCID: PMC2546493 DOI: 10.1021/jp076036w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Films constructed layer-by-layer on electrodes with architecture {protein/hyaluronic acid (HA)}n containing myoglobin (Mb) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were protected against protein damage by H2O2 by using outer catalase layers. Peroxidase activity for substrate oxidation requires activation by H2O2, but {protein/HA}n films without outer catalase layers are damaged slowly and irreversibly by H2O2. The rate and extent of damage were decreased dramatically by adding outer catalase layers to decompose H2O2. Comparative studies suggest that protection results from catalase decomposing a fraction of the H2O2 as it enters the film, rather than by an in-film diffusion barrier. The outer catalase layers controlled the rate of H2O2 entry into inner regions of the film, and they biased the system to favor electrocatalytic peroxide reduction over enzyme damage. Catalase-protected {protein/HA}n films had an increased linear concentration range for H2O2 detection. This approach offers an effective way to protect biosensors from damage by H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, U-60, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Naifei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Fujita K, Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR, Reid RW, Elliott GD. Unexpected improvement in stability and utility of cytochrome c by solution in biocompatible ionic liquids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:1209-13. [PMID: 16615145 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proteins generally are only stable in vitro for short periods of time. This results in challenges during isolation and purification of recombinant proteins and reduces the shelf life of protein-based pharmaceuticals. Here we show that certain novel, biocompatible ionic liquids provide a stabilizing solvent for proteins, for example, cytochrome c, such that structure and activity are maintained even after 6 months of storage at room temperature. Normally, this protein would be rendered inactive after only 1 week in buffered aqueous solution. The effect of the ionic liquid solvent appears to be related to protection against hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Fujita
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vladimirov YA, Proskurnina EV, Izmailov DY, Novikov AA, Brusnichkin AV, Osipov AN, Kagan VE. Mechanism of activation of cytochrome c peroxidase activity by cardiolipin. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:989-97. [PMID: 17009953 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906090070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the actions of bovine heart cardiolipin, synthetic tetraoleyl cardiolipin, and a nonspecific anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on cytochrome c (Cyt c) peroxidase activity recorded by chemiluminescence in the presence of luminol and on the Fe...S(Met80) bond whose presence was estimated by a weak absorption band amplitude with peak at 695-700 nm (A(695)) were compared. A strict concurrency between Fe...S(Met80) breaking (A(695)) and cytochrome peroxidase activity enhancement was shown to exist at cardiolipin/Cyt c and SDS/Cyt c molar ratios of 0 : 1 to 50 : 1 (by chemiluminescence). Nevertheless, when A(695) completely disappeared, Cyt c peroxidase activity under the action of cardiolipin was 20 times more than that under the action of SDS, and at low ligand/protein molar ratios (=4), SDS failed to activate peroxidase activity while cardiolipin enhanced Cyt c peroxidase activity 16-20-fold. A(695) did not change on Cyt c binding with liposomes consisting of tetraoleyl cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine (1 : 10 : 10), while peroxidase activity was enhanced by a factor of 8. Breaking of 70% of the Fe...S(Met80) bonds resulted in only threefold enhancement of peroxidase activity. Cardiolipin-activated Cyt c peroxidase activity was reduced by high ionic strength solution (1 M KCl). The aggregated data suggest that cardiolipin activating action is caused, first, by a nonspecific effect of Fe...S(Met80) breaking as the result of conformational changes in the protein globule caused by the protein surface electrostatic recharging by an anionic amphiphilic molecule, and second, by a specific acceleration of the peroxidation reaction which is most likely due to enhanced heme accessibility for H(2)O(2) as a result of the hydrophobic interaction between cardiolipin and cytochrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Vladimirov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 117192, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Heme proteins play a major role in various biological functions, such as oxygen sensing, electron transport, signal transduction, and antioxidant defense enzymes. Most of these reactions are carried out by redox reactions of heme iron. As the heme is not recycled, most cells containing heme proteins have the microsomal mixed function oxygenase, heme oxygenase, which enzymatically degrades heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and iron. However, the red cell with the largest pool of heme protein, hemoglobin, contains no heme oxygenase, and enzymatic degradation of the red cell heme occurs only after the senescent red cells are removed by the reticuloendothelial system. Therefore, only nonenzymatic heme degradation initiated when the heme iron undergoes redox reactions in the presence of oxygen-producing reactive oxygen species takes place in the red cell. Unlike enzymatic degradation, which specifically attacks the alpha-methene bridge, reactive oxygen species randomly attack all the carbon methene bridges of the tetrapyrrole rings, producing various pyrrole products in addition to releasing iron. This review focuses on the literature related to nonenzymatic heme degradation with special emphasis on hemoglobin, the dominant red cell heme protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enika Nagababu
- Molecular Dynamics Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nukuna BN, Sun G, Anderson VE. Hydroxyl radical oxidation of cytochrome c by aerobic radiolysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1203-13. [PMID: 15451060 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of radiolytically generated *OH with cytochrome c was investigated by mass spectrometry. Tryptic digestion and characterization of the oxidized peptides by MALDI-TOF and ESI tandem mass spectrometry identified eight different amino acid residues with oxidized side chains with no cleavage of the protein detected. Solvent-accessible aromatic and methionine residues are the most susceptible to oxidation by *OH. These results support the careful use of *OH in characterizing protein surfaces. Dose-response studies identified the residues most prone to oxidation to be Phe-36, Phe-46, and Met-80. Hydroxylation of Phe-36 and Phe-46 should serve as indicators of the presence of *OH in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Using solutions containing 50 at.% (18)O, our study also provides a novel method of determining the source of oxygen during *OH-mediated oxidation of proteins and contributes to identification of the modified residue type, with Phe>Tyr>Met in (18)O incorporation. During aerobic radiolysis, UV-vis spectroscopy indicates that ferrocytochrome c reaches a steady state concomitant with reduction of the heme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedicta N Nukuna
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Suruga K, Nagasawa N, Yamada S, Satoh T, Kawachi R, Nishio T, Kume T, Oku T. Radiation-induced enhancement of nitrite reducing activity of cytochrome c. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6835-6843. [PMID: 14582983 DOI: 10.1021/jf0345651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Commercial cytochrome c (Cyt c) was irradiated with Co-60 gamma-rays in the dose range of up to 3.0 kGy to investigate the enhancement of the nitrite reducing activity of Cyt c. The optimum irradiation dose to induce nitrite reducing activity for 30 muM Cyt c solution was 1.0 kGy under an O(2) atmosphere. The nitrite reducing activity of Cyt c irradiated at this dose was approximately 45-fold that of unirradiated Cyt c and ca. 1.2-fold that of nitrite reductase. The irradiation treatment resulted in unfolding of the peptide chain, exposure of the heme group, oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide, dissociation of the sixth ligand (Met), and occurrence of autoxidation in Cyt c. Sepharose-immobilized irradiated Cyt c had a similar activity to that in solution. The resin retained the activity after five uses even after 1 year of storage. The irradiated Cyt c will be able to be used as a substitute for nitrite reductase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Suruga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gruss-Fischer T, Fabian I. Protection by ascorbic acid from denaturation and release of cytochrome c, alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of multiple caspases induced by H(2)O(2), in human leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1325-35. [PMID: 11960609 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated peroxide and superoxide accumulation, cytochrome c nature and release from mitochondria, as well as caspase activation during exposure of HL-60 cells to H(2)O(2) and the protective effect of ascorbic acid. Exposure of the cells to 100 microM H(2)O(2) resulted in intracellular accumulation of peroxides, denaturation of cytochrome c that was identified in the mitochondria and cytosol, release of native cytochrome c to the cytosol and fall in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). Loading of cells with ascorbic acid before exposure to H(2)O(2) resulted in a dose-dependent protective effect against: intracellular accumulation of peroxides, DeltaPsi(m) alteration, cytochrome c denaturation and release. The accumulation of peroxides induced processings and activations of procaspase-8, -9 and -3. Double staining with antiserum which recognizes the p18 subunit of cleaved caspase-3 and with Hoechst had shown that a high percentage of cells exposed to 100 microM H(2)O(2) stained positively with the antibody and showed features of apoptosis. Ascorbic acid loading prevented caspase activation induced by H(2)O(2). We conclude that ascorbic acid protects against activation of apoptotic cascades in HL-60 cells exposed to H(2)O(2) and against apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gruss-Fischer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gebicka L. Peroxidase-like activity of cytochrome c in the presence of anionic surfactants. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2001. [DOI: 10.1163/15685670152621988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Diederix RE, Ubbink M, Canters GW. The peroxidase activity of cytochrome c-550 from Paracoccus versutus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:4207-16. [PMID: 11488914 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Next to their natural electron transport capacities, c-type cytochromes possess low peroxidase and cytochrome P-450 activities in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. These catalytic properties, in combination with their structural robustness and covalently bound cofactor make cytochromes c potentially useful peroxidase mimics. This study reports on the peroxidase activity of cytochrome c-550 from Paracoccus versutus and the loss of this activity in presence of H2O2. The rate-determining step in the peroxidase reaction of cytochrome c-550 is the formation of a reactive intermediate, following binding of peroxide to the haem iron. The reaction rate is very low compared to horseradish peroxidase (approximately one millionth), because of the poor accessibility of the haem iron for H2O2, and the lack of a base catalyst such as the distal His of the peroxidases. This is corroborated by the linear dependence of the reaction rate on the peroxide concentration up to at least 1 M H2O2. Steady-state conversion of a reducing substrate, guaiacol, is preceded by an activation phase, which is ascribed to the build-up of amino-acid radicals on the protein. The inactivation kinetics in the absence of reducing substrate are mono-exponential and shown to be concurrent with haem degradation up to 25 mM H2O2 (pH 8.0). At still higher peroxide concentrations, inactivation kinetics are biphasic, as a result of a remarkable protective effect of H2O2, involving the formation of superoxide and ferrocytochrome c-550.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Diederix
- Gorlaeus Laboratories, Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
In aqueous solution, ascorbate potently prevents bleaching of cytochrome c on exposure to excess H2O2 or t-butyl hydroperoxide. Ascorbate failed to protect cytochrome c in the presence of liposomes of mitochondrial membranelike composition. Like the redox mediator N,N,N,'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD), however, the bioflavonoids epicatechin and quercetin restored the protection afforded by ascorbate in the presence of liposomes and gave further protection. The quercetin glycoside, rutin, was much less effective, as was the vitamin E analog Trolox. In the presence of liposomes, quercetin alone was relatively ineffective, but cooperated with ascorbate to extend protection synergistically. The results bear specific implications in antioxidant protection of cytochrome c and in moderation of its hydroperoxidase activities in biological membranes. The data also reveal a situation where ascorbate is without effect except in the presence of a bioflavonoid, and substantiate a possibly vital role for certain bioflavonoids in mediating electron transfer from ascorbate into a hydrophobic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bandy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Obataya I, Kotaki T, Sakamoto S, Ueno A, Mihara H. Design, synthesis and peroxidase-like activity of 3alpha-helix proteins covalently bound to heme. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2719-22. [PMID: 11133076 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a model of artificial peroxidase, de novo designed three-alpha-helix proteins, 3alpha-H9 and 3alpha-H12, covalently bound to Fe(III)-mesoporphyrin IX were synthesized and examined for a peroxidase-like activity. The activity was regulated according to the positions of His residues in the proteins, and the His residues played a role in an acid-base catalytic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Obataya
- Graduate School ot Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cassina AM, Hodara R, Souza JM, Thomson L, Castro L, Ischiropoulos H, Freeman BA, Radi R. Cytochrome c nitration by peroxynitrite. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21409-15. [PMID: 10770952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909978199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), the product of superoxide (O(2)) and nitric oxide (.NO) reaction, inhibits mitochondrial respiration and can stimulate apoptosis. Cytochrome c, a mediator of these two aspects of mitochondrial function, thus represents an important potential target of ONOO(-) during conditions involving accelerated rates of oxygen radical and.NO generation. Horse heart cytochrome c(3+) was nitrated by ONOO(-), as indicated by spectral changes, Western blot analysis, and mass spectrometry. A dose-dependent loss of cytochrome c(3+) 695 nm absorption occurred, inferring that nitration of a critical heme-vicinal tyrosine (Tyr-67) promoted a conformational change, displacing the Met-80 heme ligand. Nitration was confirmed by cross-reactivity with a specific antibody against 3-nitrotyrosine and by increased molecular mass compatible with the addition of a nitro-(-NO(2)) group. Mass analysis of tryptic digests indicated the preferential nitration of Tyr-67 among the four conserved tyrosine residues in cytochrome c. Cytochrome c(3+) was more extensively nitrated than cytochrome c(2+) because of the preferential oxidation of the reduced heme by ONOO(-). Similar protein nitration patterns were obtained by ONOO(-) reaction in the presence of carbon dioxide, whereupon secondary nitrating species arise from the decomposition of the nitroso-peroxocarboxylate (ONOOCO(2)(-)) intermediate. Peroxynitrite-nitrated cytochrome c displayed significant changes in redox properties, including (a) increased peroxidatic activity, (b) resistance to reduction by ascorbate, and (c) impaired support of state 4-dependent respiration in intact rat heart mitochondria. These results indicate that cytochrome c nitration may represent both oxidative and signaling events occurring during .NO- and ONOO(-)-mediated cell injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Cassina
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina and Laboratorio de Enzimologia, Instituto de Quimica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Villegas JA, Mauk AG, Vazquez-Duhalt R. A cytochrome c variant resistant to heme degradation by hydrogen peroxide. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2000; 7:237-44. [PMID: 10780923 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(00)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome c has peroxidase-like activity and can catalyze the oxidation of a variety of organic substrates, including aromatic, organosulfur and lipid compounds. Like peroxidases, cytochrome c is inactivated by hydrogen peroxide. During this inactivation the heme prosthetic group is destroyed. RESULTS Variants of the iso-1-cytochrome c were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and were found to be more stable in the presence of hydrogen peroxide than the wild type. No heme destruction was detected in a triple variant (Tyr67-->Phe/Asn52-->Ile/Cys102-->Thr) with the catalytic hydrogen peroxide concentration of 1 mM, even following the loss of catalytic activity, whereas both double variants Tyr67-->Phe/Cys102-->Thr and Asn52-->Ile/Cys102-->Thr showed a greater rate of peroxide-induced heme destruction than observed with the wild-type protein. CONCLUSIONS Heme destruction and catalytic inactivation are two independent processes. An internal water molecule (Wat166) is shown to be important in the heme destruction process. The absence of a protein radical in the resistant variant suggests that the protein radical is necessary in the heme destruction process, but presumably is not involved in the reactions leading up to the protein inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Villegas
- Instituto de Biotecnologia UNAM, Cuernavaca, 62250, México
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Abstract
Lignin peroxidase (LiP) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium catalyzes irreversible oxidative damage to ferricytochrome c (Cc3+) in the presence of H2O2 and 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl (veratryl) alcohol (VA). Atomic absorption analysis and UV/vis spectroscopy indicate that the oxidation of Cc3+ is accompanied by a loss of heme iron from the protein and probably oxidation of the porphyrin ring. At H2O2 concentrations of 7.5 microM or higher, this oxidation of Cc3+ by LiP is strictly dependent on the presence of VA. The latter is not oxidized to veratraldehyde at a significant rate in the presence of either ferrocytochrome c (Cc2+) or Cc3+, indicating it is not stimulating the reactions by specifically reducing LiP compound II. LiP is inactivated rapidly in 100 microM H2O2, and the presence of 500 microM VA protects LiP from this inactivation. Neither 20 microM Cc3+ nor 20 microM VA alone can protect LiP from inactivation; however, 20 microM each of VA and Cc3+ together protect LiP fully. This and other results strongly suggest that VA is acting as a protein-bound redox mediator in the oxidation of Cc3+. SDS-PAGE analysis of the Cc3+ oxidation products demonstrates the formation of some covalently linked dimer of Cc3+ in addition to the oxidized Cc3+ monomer. Amino acid analysis of the dimeric and monomeric products indicates the presence of oxidized Met and Tyr residues. This suggests that Tyr residues on the surface of the protein are oxidized to Tyr radicals during LiP oxidation and that some of these radicals subsequently undergo intermolecular radical coupling, resulting in dimerization of some of the Cc3+ molecules. However, most of the Cc3+ molecules appear to be irreversibly oxidized without dimerization. These results demonstrate that Cc3+ can serve as a useful polymeric model of the lignin substrate in studying the enzymatic mechanism of lignin oxidation and the role of VA in the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Portland 97291-1000, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Barr DP, Gunther MR, Deterding LJ, Tomer KB, Mason RP. ESR spin-trapping of a protein-derived tyrosyl radical from the reaction of cytochrome c with hydrogen peroxide. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:15498-503. [PMID: 8663160 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of horse heart cytochrome c with hydrogen peroxide was investigated using the ESR spin-trapping technique and the nitroso spin traps 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonic acid (DBNBS) and 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane (MNP). The ESR spectra obtained using both spin traps were typical of an immobilized nitroxide and indicated that the adduct was a macromolecule. The intensity of the ESR spectrum corresponding to the DBNBS/*cytochrome c radical adduct was greatly enhanced by performing the reaction under anaerobic conditions, which suggested that the spin trap was competing with O2 for reaction with the radical site(s). Nonspecific proteolysis of either the DBNBS or the MNP adducts revealed isotropic three-line spectra. In addition, a high resolution ESR spectrum for the protease-treated MNP cytochrome c-derived protein radical adduct was obtained. The superhyperfine couplings detected in this spectra were identical to those detected from an authentic MNP/tyrosyl adduct. Carbon-13 labeling of the aromatic ring positions of tyrosine yielded additional hyperfine coupling, demonstrating that the radical site was definitely located on the ring of tyrosine. Mass spectrometry detected as many as four DBNBS/.cytochrome c-derived adducts from the reaction of cytochrome with H2O2. Thus, it would appear four radical sites are formed during the reaction, at least one of which is tyrosine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Barr
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|