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Hu Y, Bao J, Gao Z, Ye L, Wang L. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Protein 2 Inhibitors: Novel Application for the Treatment of Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:407-415. [PMID: 38292009 PMCID: PMC10826576 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s446904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent in China and worldwide and is closely related to the development of hypertension. The pathophysiology of obesity-associated hypertension is complex, including an overactive sympathetic nervous system (SNS), activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, renal dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and endothelial function, which complicates treatment. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, novel hypoglycemic agents, have been shown to reduce body weight and blood pressure and may serve as potential novel agents for the treatment of obesity-associated hypertension. This review discusses the beneficial mechanisms of SGLT-2 inhibitors for the treatment of obesity-associated hypertension. SGLT-2 inhibitors can inhibit SNS activity, reduce RAAS activation, ameliorate insulin resistance, reduce leptin secretion, improve renal function, and inhibit inflammatory responses. SGLT-2 inhibitors can, therefore, simultaneously target multiple mechanisms of obesity-associated hypertension and may serve as an effective treatment for obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Bao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifang Ye
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihong Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Paes-Leme B, Monteiro LDRN, Gholami K, Hoe SZ, Ferguson AV, Murphy D, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Rorato R, Reis LC, Mecawi AS. Fasting increases circulating angiotensin levels and brain Agtr1a expression in male rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13334. [PMID: 37667574 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being recognised for involvement in cardiovascular control and hydromineral balance, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has also been associated with the neuroendocrine control of energy balance. One of the main brain sites for angiotensin II (ANG II)/type 1 receptor (AT1 R) signalling is the subfornical organ (SFO), a circumventricular organ related to the control of autonomic functions, motivated behaviours and energy metabolism. Thus, we hypothesised that circulating ANG II may act on the SFO AT1 R receptors to integrate metabolic and hydromineral balance. We evaluated whether food deprivation can modulate systemic RAS activity and Agrt1a brain expression, and if ANG II/AT1 R signalling influences the hypothalamic expression of mRNAs encoding neuropeptides and food and water ingestion in fed and fasted Wistar rats. We found a significant increase in both ANG I and ANG II plasma levels after 24 and 48 h of fasting. Expression of Agrt1a mRNA in the SFO and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) also increased after food deprivation for 48 h. Treatment of fasted rats with low doses of losartan in drinking water attenuated the decrease in glycemia and meal-associated water intake without changing the expression in PVN or arcuate nucleus of mRNAs encoding selected neuropeptides related to energy homeostasis control. These findings point to a possible role of peripheral ANG II/SFO-AT1 R signalling in the control of refeeding-induced thirst. On the other hand, intracerebroventricular losartan treatment decreased food and water intake over dark time in fed but not in fasted rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Paes-Leme
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia da Rocha Natalino Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Khadijeh Gholami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - See Ziau Hoe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alastair Victor Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Reis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Angiotensin II Blood Serum Levels in Piglets, after Intra-Dermal or Intra-Muscular Vaccination against PRRSV. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090496. [PMID: 36136712 PMCID: PMC9503611 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection causes massive financial losses in pig production worldwide. Vaccination is still the most cost-effective tool to handle PRRSV infection. PRRSV induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) participates in the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. The objective of the current study was to assess the concentration of Ang II in the serum of piglets following immunization against PRRSV through intradermal (ID) or intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a commercial PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. The results indicated differences in viremia of tested piglets at 7 weeks of age, while piglets at 10 weeks of age were all found qRT-PCR positive for PRRSV. Moreover, significant differences were noticed in Ang II in 7-week-old piglets. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that ID vaccination induces less tissue damage, based on the lower measurements of Ang II in the serum of ID vaccinated piglets. Abstract The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system and participates in apoptosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in piglet serum Ang II levels following intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a commercial PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. The trial was conducted in a commercial pig farm, including 104 piglets which were randomly allocated to four groups: Group A—Porcilis PRRS ID, Group B—Porcilis PRRS IM, Group C—Diluvac ID and Group D—Diluvac IM. The study piglets were either vaccinated or injected at 2 weeks of age and they were tested by qRT-PCR for PRRSV and by ELISA for Ang II. The results indicated differences in viremia of tested piglets at 7 weeks of age, while piglets at 10 weeks of age were all found qRT-PCR positive for PRRSV. In addition, significant differences were noticed in Ang II in 7-week-old piglets. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that ID vaccination induces less tissue damage, based on the lower measurements of Ang II in the serum of ID vaccinated piglets.
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Highlights of mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2022; 36:785-793. [PMID: 35001082 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased two to three times from 1975 to 2015. Large-scale epidemiological and longitudinal prospective studies link obesity with hypertension. Research suggests that excessive weight gain, particularly when associated with visceral adiposity, may account for as much as 65% to 75% of the risk of incident hypertension. Also, exercise and bariatric/metabolic surgery significantly lowers blood pressure, whereas weight gain increases blood pressure, thus establishing a firm link between these two factors. The mechanisms underpinning obesity-related hypertension are complex and multifaceted, and include, but are not limited to, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system/sympathetic nervous system overactivation, overstimulation of adipokines, insulin resistance, immune dysfunction, structural/functional renal, cardiac, and adipocyte changes. Though weight loss is the mainstay of treatment for obesity-related hypertension, it is often not a feasible long-term solution. Therefore, it is recommended that aggressive treatment with multiple antihypertensive medications combined with diet and exercise be used to lower blood pressure and prevent complications. The research regarding the mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension has moved at a blistering pace over the past ten years. Therefore, the purpose of this expert review is two-fold: to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying obesity-related hypertension, and to revisit pharmacotherapies that have been shown to be efficacious in patients with obesity-related hypertension.
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Sasaki S, Oba K, Kodera Y, Itakura M, Shichiri M. ANGT_HUMAN[448–462], an Anorexigenic Peptide Identified using Plasma Peptidomics. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac082. [PMID: 35702602 PMCID: PMC9184509 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The discovery of bioactive peptides is an important research target that enables the elucidation of the pathophysiology of human diseases and provides seeds for drug discovery. Using a large number of native peptides previously identified using plasma peptidomics technology, we sequentially synthesized selected sequences and subjected them to functional screening using human cultured cells. A 15-amino-acid residue proangiotensinogen-derived peptide, designated ANGT_HUMAN[448–462], elicited cellular responses and bound to cultured human cells. Synthetic fluorescent-labeled and biotinylated ANGT_HUMAN[448–462] peptides were rendered to bind to cell- and tissue-derived proteins and peptide-cell protein complexes were retrieved and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, revealing the β-subunit of ATP synthase as its cell-surface binding protein. Because ATP synthase mediates the effects of anorexigenic peptides, the ability of ANGT_HUMAN[448–462] to modulate eating behavior in mice was investigated. Both intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular injections of low doses of ANGT_HUMAN[448–462] suppressed spontaneous food and water intake throughout the dark phase of the diurnal cycle without affecting locomotor activity. Immunoreactive ANGT_HUMAN[448–462], distributed throughout human tissues and in human-derived cells, is mostly co-localized with angiotensin II and is occasionally present separately from angiotensin II. In this study, an anorexigenic peptide, ANGT_HUMAN[448–462], was identified by exploring cell surface target proteins of the human native peptides identified using plasma peptidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Sasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Oba
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kodera
- Department of Physics, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
- Center for Disease Proteomics, Kitasato University School of Science, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shichiri
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Kyosai Hospital, Tokyo 153-8934, Japan
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Huo Z, Ye H, Ye P, Xiao G, Zhang Z, Kong Y. Comparative efficacy of different renin angiotensin system blockade therapies in patients with IgA nephropathy: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of 17 RCTs. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11661. [PMID: 34268008 PMCID: PMC8269645 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is still one of the most prevalent forms of primary glomerulonephritis globally. However, no guidelines have clearly indicated which kinds of renin angiotensin system blockade therapies (ACEIs or ARBs or their combination) in patients with IgAN result in a greater reduction in proteinuria and a better preservation of kidney function. Thus, we conducted a Bayesian network analysis to evaluate the relative effects of these three therapy regimens in patients with IgAN. Methods The protocol was registered in PROSPERO with ID CRD42017073726. We comprehensively searched the PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, China Biology Medicine disc, WanFang and CNKI databases for studies published since 1993 as well as some grey literature according to PICOS strategies. Pairwise meta-analysis and Bayesian network analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect of different regimens. Results Seventeen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1,006 patients were analyzed. Co-administration of ACEIs and ARBs had the highest probability (92%) of being the most effective therapy for reducing proteinuria and blood pressure, but ACEIs would be the most appropriate choice for protecting kidney function in IgAN. Conclusion The combination of ACEIs and ARBs seems to have a significantly better antiproteinuric effect and a greater reduction of blood pressure than ACEI or ARB monotherapy in IgAN. ACEIs appear to be a more renoprotective therapy regimen among three therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Huo
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Ye
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.,Staff Health Care Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyi Ye
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Guanqing Xiao
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yaozhong Kong
- Nephrology Department, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
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7
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Abdel Ghafar MT. An overview of the classical and tissue-derived renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its genetic polymorphisms in essential hypertension. Steroids 2020; 163:108701. [PMID: 32717198 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a specific hormonal cascade implicated in the blood pressure control and sodium balance regulation. Several components of this pathway have been identified including renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensins with a wide range of distinct subtypes and receptors, and aldosterone. The RAAS is not only confined to the systemic circulation but also exists locally in specific tissues such as the heart, brain, and blood vessels with a particular paracrine action. Alteration of RAAS function can contribute to the development of hypertension and the emergence of its associated end-organ damage. Genotypic variations of the different genes of RAAS cascade have been linked to the susceptibility to essential hypertension. Accordingly, to understand the pathogenesis of essential hypertension and its related complications, deep insight into the physiological and genetic aspects of RAAS with its different components and pathways is necessary. In this review, we aimed to illustrate the physiological and genetic aspects of RAAS and the underlying mechanisms which link this system to the predisposition to essential hypertension.
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8
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Michaud V, Deodhar M, Arwood M, Al Rihani SB, Dow P, Turgeon J. ACE2 as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19; its Role in Infectious Processes and Regulation by Modulators of the RAAS System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2096. [PMID: 32635289 PMCID: PMC7408699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the recognized host cell receptor responsiblefor mediating infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ACE2bound to tissue facilitates infectivity of SARS-CoV-2; thus, one could argue that decreasing ACE2tissue expression would be beneficial. However, ACE2 catalytic activity towards angiotensin I (AngI) and II (Ang II) mitigates deleterious effects associated with activation of the renin-angiotensinaldosteronesystem (RAAS) on several organs, including a pro-inflammatory status. At the tissuelevel, SARS-CoV-2 (a) binds to ACE2, leading to its internalization, and (b) favors ACE2 cleavage toform soluble ACE2: these actions result in decreased ACE2 tissue levels. Preserving tissue ACE2activity while preventing ACE2 shredding is expected to circumvent unrestrained inflammatoryresponse. Concerns have been raised around RAAS modulators and their effects on ACE2expression or catalytic activity. Various cellular and animal models report conflicting results invarious tissues. However, recent data from observational and meta-analysis studies in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients have concluded that RAAS modulators do not increase plasma ACE2 levels orsusceptibility to infection and are not associated with more severe diseases. This review presentsour current but evolving knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection, ACE2levels, modulators of RAAS activity and the effects of RAAS modulators on ACE2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Michaud
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Malavika Deodhar
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Meghan Arwood
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Sweilem B Al Rihani
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Pamela Dow
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Tabula Rasa HealthCare Precision Pharmacotherapy Research & Development Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (V.M.); (M.D.); (M.A.); (S.B.A.R.); (P.D.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Bardsley EN, Paterson DJ. Neurocardiac regulation: from cardiac mechanisms to novel therapeutic approaches. J Physiol 2020; 598:2957-2976. [PMID: 30307615 PMCID: PMC7496613 DOI: 10.1113/jp276962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac sympathetic overactivity is a well-established contributor to the progression of neurogenic hypertension and heart failure, yet the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of acutely regulated cyclic nucleotides and their effectors in the control of intracellular calcium and exocytosis. Emerging evidence now suggests that a significant component of sympathetic overactivity and enhanced transmission may arise from impaired cyclic nucleotide signalling, resulting from compromised phosphodiesterase activity, as well as alterations in receptor-coupled G-protein activation. In this review, we address some of the key cellular and molecular pathways that contribute to sympathetic overactivity in hypertension and discuss their potential for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. N. Bardsley
- Wellcome Trust OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and DiseaseOxfordUK
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
| | - D. J. Paterson
- Wellcome Trust OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and DiseaseOxfordUK
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordOX1 3PTUK
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10
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Bryson TD, Pandrangi TS, Khan SZ, Xu J, Pavlov TS, Ortiz PA, Peterson E, Harding P. The deleterious role of the prostaglandin E 2 EP 3 receptor in angiotensin II hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H867-H882. [PMID: 32142358 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00538.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II) plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signals through four different G protein-coupled receptors, eliciting a variety of effects. We reported that activation of the EP3 receptor reduces cardiac contractility. More recently, we have shown that overexpression of the EP4 receptor is protective in a mouse myocardial infarction model. We hypothesize in this study that the relative abundance of EP3 and EP4 receptors is a major determinant of end-organ damage in the diseased heart. Thus EP3 is detrimental to cardiac function and promotes inflammation, whereas antagonism of the EP3 receptor is protective in an ANG II hypertension (HTN) model. To test our hypothesis, male 10- to 12-wk-old C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and osmotic minipumps containing ANG II were implanted subcutaneously for 2 wk. We found that antagonism of the EP3 receptor using L798,106 significantly attenuated the increase in blood pressure with ANG II infusion. Moreover, antagonism of the EP3 receptor prevented a decline in cardiac function after ANG II treatment. We also found that 10- to 12-wk-old EP3-transgenic mice, which overexpress EP3 in the cardiomyocytes, have worsened cardiac function. In conclusion, activation or overexpression of EP3 exacerbates end-organ damage in ANG II HTN. In contrast, antagonism of the EP3 receptor is beneficial and reduces cardiac dysfunction, inflammation, and HTN.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to show that systemic treatment with an EP3 receptor antagonist (L798,106) attenuates the angiotensin II-induced increase in blood pressure in mice. The results from this project could complement existing hypertension therapies by combining blockade of the EP3 receptor with antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Bryson
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Teja S Pandrangi
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Safa Z Khan
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jiang Xu
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tengis S Pavlov
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo A Ortiz
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Edward Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pamela Harding
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Liang X, Qi Y, Dai F, Gu J, Yao W. PVAT: an important guardian of the cardiovascular system. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:779-787. [PMID: 32080826 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) had long been considered to serve only structural, vessel-supporting purposes, but today PVAT is recognized to be an endocrine organ with important physiological and pathological effects. The expansion of PVAT in vascular homeostasis and vascular disease has attracted much interest. PVAT has been shown to release a wide spectrum of molecules, such as PVAT-derived relaxing factors (PVATRFs) and PVAT-derived contracting factors (PVATCFs). PVAT dysfunction may lead to obesity, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases. This review describes recent advances in our understanding of PVAT's important effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fan Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingya Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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12
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Bardsley EN, Neely OC, Paterson DJ. Angiotensin peptide synthesis and cyclic nucleotide modulation in sympathetic stellate ganglia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 138:234-243. [PMID: 31836539 PMCID: PMC7049903 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronically elevated angiotensin II is a widely-established contributor to hypertension and heart failure via its action on the kidneys and vasculature. It also augments the activity of peripheral sympathetic nerves through activation of presynaptic angiotensin II receptors, thus contributing to sympathetic over-activity. Although some cells can synthesise angiotensin II locally, it is not known if this machinery is present in neurons closely coupled to the heart. Using a combination of RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrate evidence for a renin-angiotensin synthesis pathway within human and rat sympathetic stellate ganglia, where significant alterations were observed in the spontaneously hypertensive rat stellate ganglia compared with Wistar stellates. We also used Förster Resonance Energy Transfer to demonstrate that administration of angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7 peptides significantly elevate cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the rat stellate ganglia. Whether the release of angiotensin peptides from the sympathetic stellate ganglia alters neurotransmission and/or exacerbates cardiac dysfunction in states associated with sympathetic over activity remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Bardsley
- Wellcome Trust OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Disease, Oxford, UK; Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; British Heart Foundation, Centre of Research Excellence, UK.
| | - Oliver C Neely
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; British Heart Foundation, Centre of Research Excellence, UK
| | - David J Paterson
- Wellcome Trust OXION Initiative in Ion Channels and Disease, Oxford, UK; Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; British Heart Foundation, Centre of Research Excellence, UK.
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13
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Lóry V, Balážová L, Kršková K, Horváthová Ľ, Olszanecki R, Suski M, Zórad Š. Obesity and aging affects skeletal muscle renin-angiotensin system and myosin heavy chain proportions in pre-diabetic Zucker rats. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:351-365. [PMID: 31197649 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a gap in the knowledge regarding regulation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in skeletal muscle during development of obesity and insulin resistance in vivo. This study evaluates the obesity- and age-related changes in the expression of local RAS components. Since RAS affects skeletal muscle remodelling, we also evaluated the muscle fibre type composition, defined by myosin heavy chain (MyHC) mRNAs and protein content. Gene expressions were determined by qPCR and/or Western blot analysis in musculus quadriceps of 3- and 8-month-old male obese Zucker rats and their lean controls. The enzymatic activity of aminopeptidase A (APA) was determined flourometrically. Activation of renin receptor (ReR)/promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger (PLZF) negative feedback mechanism was observed in obesity. The expression of angiotensinogen and AT1 was downregulated by obesity, while neutral endopeptidase and AT2 expressions were upregulated in obese rats with aging. Skeletal muscle APA activity was decreased by obesity, which negatively correlated with the increased plasma APA activity and plasma cholesterol. The expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) positively correlated with MyHC mRNAs characteristic for fast-twitch muscle fibres. The obesity- and age-related alterations in the expression of both classical and alternative RAS components suggest an onset of a new equilibrium between ACE/AngII/AT1 and ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas at lower level accompanied by increased renin/ReR/PLZF activation. Increased APA release from the skeletal muscle in obesity might contribute to increased plasma APA activity. There is a link between reduced ACE expression and altered muscle MyHC proportion in obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Lóry
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Balážová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Kršková
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Horváthová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia
| | - Rafal Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Suski
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531, Krakow, Poland
| | - Štefan Zórad
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava 4, Slovakia
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14
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Agabiti-Rosei C, Paini A, De Ciuceis C, Withers S, Greenstein A, Heagerty AM, Rizzoni D. Modulation of Vascular Reactivity by Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT). Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:44. [PMID: 29736674 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the modulation of vascular contractility and arterial pressure, focusing on the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and oxidative stress/inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS PVAT possesses a relevant endocrine-paracrine activity, which may be altered in several pathophysiological and clinical conditions. During the last two decades, it has been shown that PVAT may modulate vascular reactivity. It has also been previously demonstrated that inflammation in adipose tissue may be implicated in vascular dysfunction. In particular, adipocytes secrete a number of adipokines with various functions, as well as several vasoactive factors, together with components of the renin-angiotensin system which may act at local or at systemic level. It has been shown that the anti-contractile effect of PVAT is lost in obesity, probably as a consequence of the development of adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Adipose tissue dysfunction is interrelated with inflammation and oxidative stress, thus contributing to endothelial dysfunction observed in several pathological and clinical conditions such as obesity and hypertension. Decreased local adiponectin level, macrophage recruitment and infiltration, and activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system could play an important role in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Agabiti-Rosei
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK. .,Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Paini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carolina De Ciuceis
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sarah Withers
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Greenstein
- Department of Medicine, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Damiano Rizzoni
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, c/o 2a Medicina Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazza Spedali Civili 1, 25100, Brescia, Italy
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15
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Schütten MTJ, Houben AJHM, de Leeuw PW, Stehouwer CDA. The Link Between Adipose Tissue Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Signaling and Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 32:197-209. [PMID: 28404736 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese individuals frequently develop hypertension, which is for an important part attributable to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivity. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on the involvement of dysfunctional adipose tissue in RAAS activation and on the renal, central, and vascular mechanisms linking RAAS components to obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T J Schütten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J H M Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W de Leeuw
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Coen D A Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key regulator of blood pressure and blood volume homeostasis. The RAS is primarily comprised of the precursor protein angiotensinogen and the two proteases, renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin I (Ang I) is derived from angiotensinogen by renin, but appears to have no biological activity. In contrast, angiotensin II (Ang II) that has a variety of biological functions in the cells is converted from Ang I through removal of two-C-terminal residues by ACE. The physiological effects of Ang II are due to Ang II signaling through specific receptor binding, resulting in muscle contraction leading to increased blood pressure and volume. To modulate RAS, three classes of drugs have been developed: (1) renin inhibitors to prevent angiotensinogen conversion to Ang I, (2) ACE inhibitors, to prevent Ang I processing to Ang II and (3) angiotensin receptor blockers, to inhibit Ang II signaling through its receptor. Studies using the RAS inhibitors and Ang II demonstrated that RAS signaling mediates actions of Ang II in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of specific hematopoietic cell types, especially in the red blood cell lineage. Accumulating evidence indicates that RAS regulates EPO, an essential mediator of red cell production, for human anemia and erythropoiesis in vivo and in vitro. The regulation of EPO expression by Ang II may be responsible for maintaining red blood cell homeostasis. This review highlights the biological roles of RAS for blood cell and EPO homeostasis through Ang II signaling. The molecular mechanism for Ang II-induced EPO production of the cell or tissue type-specific expression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chul Kim
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ognoon Mungunsukh
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Regina M Day
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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17
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Sharma AM, Engeli S. The renin-angiotensin system in obesity hypertension. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2017; 2:S114-S119. [PMID: 28095231 DOI: 10.1177/14703203010020012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arya M Sharma
- Franz-Volhard-Klinik at the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany,
| | - Stefan Engeli
- Franz-Volhard-Klinik at the Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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18
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Gabriele LG, Morandini AC, Dionísio TJ, Santos CF. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Knockdown Impairs Interleukin-1β-Induced Cytokines in Human Periodontal Fibroblasts. J Periodontol 2017; 88:e1-e11. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Palumbo
- Centro de Asistencia a la Reproducción Humana de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julio Ávila
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UDI de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Frederick Naftolin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT 1R) regulates expansion, differentiation, and functional capacity of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35997. [PMID: 27782175 PMCID: PMC5080615 DOI: 10.1038/srep35997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptor AT1 (AT1R), an important effector axis of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), have been demonstrated to regulate T-cell responses. However, these studies characterized Ang II and AT1R effects using pharmacological tools, which do not target only Ang II/AT1R axis. The specific role of AT1R expressed by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells is unknown. Then we immunized transgenic mice expressing a T-cell receptor specific for SIINFEKL epitope (OT-I mice) with sporozoites of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei expressing the cytotoxic epitope SIINFEKL. Early priming events after immunization were not affected but the expansion and contraction of AT1R-deficient (AT1R-/-) OT-I cells was decreased. Moreover, they seemed more activated, express higher levels of CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, and have decreased functional capacity during the effector phase. Memory AT1R-/- OT-I cells exhibited higher IL-7Rα expression, activation, and exhaustion phenotypes but less cytotoxic capacity. Importantly, AT1R-/- OT-I cells show better control of blood parasitemia burden and ameliorate mice survival during lethal disease induced by blood-stage malaria. Our study reveals that AT1R in antigen-specific CD8+ T cells regulates expansion, differentiation, and function during effector and memory phases of the response against Plasmodium, which could apply to different infectious agents.
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21
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Baumert P, Lake MJ, Stewart CE, Drust B, Erskine RM. Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1595-625. [PMID: 27294501 PMCID: PMC4983298 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged unaccustomed exercise involving muscle lengthening (eccentric) actions can result in ultrastructural muscle disruption, impaired excitation-contraction coupling, inflammation and muscle protein degradation. This process is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness and is referred to as exercise-induced muscle damage. Although a certain amount of muscle damage may be necessary for adaptation to occur, excessive damage or inadequate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage can increase injury risk, particularly in older individuals, who experience more damage and require longer to recover from muscle damaging exercise than younger adults. Furthermore, it is apparent that inter-individual variation exists in the response to exercise-induced muscle damage, and there is evidence that genetic variability may play a key role. Although this area of research is in its infancy, certain gene variations, or polymorphisms have been associated with exercise-induced muscle damage (i.e. individuals with certain genotypes experience greater muscle damage, and require longer recovery, following strenuous exercise). These polymorphisms include ACTN3 (R577X, rs1815739), TNF (-308 G>A, rs1800629), IL6 (-174 G>C, rs1800795), and IGF2 (ApaI, 17200 G>A, rs680). Knowing how someone is likely to respond to a particular type of exercise could help coaches/practitioners individualise the exercise training of their athletes/patients, thus maximising recovery and adaptation, while reducing overload-associated injury risk. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical analysis of the literature concerning gene polymorphisms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage, both in young and older individuals, and to highlight the potential mechanisms underpinning these associations, thus providing a better understanding of exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baumert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark J Lake
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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22
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Rattan S, Singh J, Kumar S, Phillips B. Nature of extracellular signal that triggers RhoA/ROCK activation for the basal internal anal sphincter tone in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G924-33. [PMID: 25882611 PMCID: PMC4451323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00017.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular signal that triggers activation of rho-associated kinase (RhoA/ROCK), the major molecular determinant of basal internal anal sphincter (IAS) smooth muscle tone, is not known. Using human IAS tissues, we identified the presence of the biosynthetic machineries for angiotensin II (ANG II), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). These end products of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (ANG II) and arachidonic acid (TXA2 and PGF2α) pathways and their effects in human IAS vs. rectal smooth muscle (RSM) were studied. A multipronged approach utilizing immunocytochemistry, Western blot analyses, and force measurements was implemented. Additionally, in a systematic analysis of the effects of respective inhibitors along different steps of biosynthesis and those of antagonists, their end products were evaluated either individually or in combination. To further describe the molecular mechanism for the IAS tone via these pathways, we monitored RhoA/ROCK activation and its signal transduction cascade. Data showed characteristically higher expression of biosynthetic machineries of RAS and AA pathways in the IAS compared with the RSM. Additionally, specific inhibition of the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway caused ~80% decrease in the IAS tone, whereas that of RAS lead to ~20% decrease. Signal transduction studies revealed that the end products of both AA and RAS pathways cause increase in the IAS tone via activation of RhoA/ROCK. Both AA and RAS (via the release of their end products TXA2, PGF2α, and ANG II, respectively), provide extracellular signals which activate RhoA/ROCK for the maintenance of the basal tone in human IAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Rattan
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Sumit Kumar
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Benjamin Phillips
- 2Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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23
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Silva-Filho JL, Souza MC, Henriques MG, Morrot A, Savino W, Caruso-Neves C, Pinheiro AAS. Renin-angiotensin system contributes to naive T-cell migration in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 573:1-13. [PMID: 25752953 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays an important role in the regulation of the T-cell response during inflammation. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the regulation of lymphocytes under physiologic conditions have not yet been studied. Here, we tested the influence of Ang II on T-cell migration using T cells from BALB/c mice. The results obtained in vivo showed that when Ang II production or the AT1 receptor were blocked, T-cell counts were enhanced in blood but decreased in the spleen. The significance of these effects was confirmed by observing that these cells migrate, through fibronectin to Ang II via the AT1 receptor. We also observed a gradient of Ang II from peripheral blood to the spleen, which explains its chemotactic effect on this organ. The following cellular mechanisms were identified to mediate the Ang II effect: upregulation of the chemokine receptor CCR9; upregulation of the adhesion molecule CD62L; increased production of the chemokines CCL19 and CCL25 in the spleen. These results indicate that the higher levels of Ang II in the spleen and AT1 receptor activation contribute to migration of naive T cells to the spleen, which expands our understanding on how the Ang II/AT1 receptor axis contributes to adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Silva-Filho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M C Souza
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M G Henriques
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A Morrot
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - W Savino
- Departamento de Imunologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - C Caruso-Neves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia e Bioimagem, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCT, Brazil
| | - A A S Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCT, Brazil.
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24
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Fang F, Pan J, Xu L, Su G, Li G, Wang J. Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and pancreatitis risk: A meta-analysis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2014; 16:820-6. [PMID: 25070351 DOI: 10.1177/1470320314539827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies have focused on the relationship between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and pancreatitis risk, but the results remain inconsistent. Thus, a meta-analysis was carried out to derive a more precise estimation of the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk. METHODS Relevant publications were searched in several widely used databases and seven studies from six eligible articles were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk. RESULTS Significant associations between ACE I/D polymorphism and pancreatitis risk were observed in both overall meta-analysis for DI versus II (OR=0.80, 95% CI=0.67-0.96) and DD + DI versus II (OR=0.83, 95% CI=0.70-0.98), and acute pancreatitis subgroup for DI versus II (OR=0.65, 95% CI=0.44-0.95). However, no significant pancreatitis risk variation was detected for all genetic models in the subgroup meta-analysis based on ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of our meta-analysis, the ACE I/D polymorphism probably associates with pancreatitis risk, especially acute pancreatitis risk, with the I allele acting as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Lixiao Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Guanghao Su
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, China
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25
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Angiotensin II inhibits iron uptake and release in cultured neurons. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:893-900. [PMID: 24682751 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on the well-confirmed roles of angiotensin II (ANGII) in iron transport of peripheral organs and cells, the causative link of excess brain iron with and the involvement of ANGII in neurodegenerative disorders, we speculated that ANGII might also have an effect on expression of iron transport proteins in the brain. In the present study, we investigated effects of ANGII on iron uptake and release using the radio-isotope methods as well as expression of cell iron transport proteins by Western blot analysis in cultured neurons. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that ANGII significantly reduced transferrin-bound iron and non-transferrin bound iron uptake and iron release as well as expression of two major iron uptake proteins transferrin receptor 1 and divalent metal transporter 1 and the key iron exporter ferroportin 1 in cultured neurons. The findings suggested that endogenous ANGII might have a physiological significance in brain iron metabolism.
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26
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Nevelsteen I, Van den Bergh A, Van der Mieren G, Vanderper A, Mubagwa K, Bult H, Herijgers P. NO-dependent endothelial dysfunction in type II diabetes is aggravated by dyslipidemia and hypertension, but can be restored by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and weight loss. J Vasc Res 2013; 50:486-97. [PMID: 24192582 DOI: 10.1159/000355221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension are independent mediators of endothelial dysfunction. It is incompletely defined whether dyslipidemia and hypertension in addition to diabetes mellitus type II (DMII), as seen in the metabolic syndrome (MS), worsen diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, it is unclear whether treatment influences endothelial dysfunction similarly in MS and DMII. Therefore, we studied vascular reactivity and the effect of in vivo treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACE-I) or hypocaloric diet in LDL receptor- and leptin-deficient (ob/ob), double knockout mice (DKO), featuring MS and in ob/ob mice with DMII. METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular reactivity was studied in isolated aortic ring segments. Maximum vasorelaxant response to acetylcholine (Ach) was more depressed in DKO than in ob/ob mice, whereas response to bradykinin (BK) was equally attenuated in both genotypes (52 ± 3 and 23 ± 9% reversal of preconstriction induced by 10(-7) M phenylephrine in DKO vs. 76 ± 3 and 23 ± 8% reversal of preconstriction in ob/ob mice, respectively). ACE-I and hypocaloric diet improved ACh-induced vasorelaxation significantly (89 ± 2 and 59 ± 2% reversal of preconstriction in DKO vs. 80 ± 3 and 84 ± 4% in ob/ob mice, respectively), but not the response to BK. CONCLUSION These results indicate a differential impact of DMII and MS on endothelial function. ACE-I and hypocaloric diet improved ACh-, but not BK-induced vasorelaxation in these mouse models of DMII and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Nevelsteen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Research Unit of Experimental Cardiac Surgery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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King VL, English VL, Bharadwaj K, Cassis LA. Angiotensin II Stimulates Sympathetic Neurotransmission to Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rep 2013; 1. [PMID: 24224084 PMCID: PMC3818081 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) facilitates sympathetic neurotransmission by regulating norepinephrine (NE) synthesis, release, and uptake. These effects of AngII contribute to cardiovascular control. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that chronic AngII infusion decreased body weight of rats. We hypothesized that AngII facilitates sympathetic neurotransmission to adipose tissue and may thereby decrease body weight. The effect of chronic AngII infusion on the NE uptake transporter and NE turnover was examined in metabolic (interscapular brown adipose tissue, ISBAT; epididymal fat, EF) and cardiovascular tissues (left ventricle, LV; kidney) of rats. To examine the uptake transporter saturation isotherms were performed using [3H]nisoxetine (NIS). At doses that lowered body weight, AngII significantly increased ISBAT [3H]NIS binding density. To quantify NE turnover, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) was injected in saline-infused, AngII-infused, or saline-infused rats that were pair-fed to food intake of AngII-infused rats. AngII significantly increased the rate of NE decline in all tissues compared to saline. The rate of NE decline in EF was increased to a similar extent by AngII and by pair feeding. In rats administered AngII and propranolol, reductions in food and water intake and body weight were eliminated. These data support the hypothesis that AngII facilitates sympathetic neurotransmission to adipose tissue. Increased sympathetic neurotransmission to adipose tissue following AngII exposure is suggested to contribute to reductions in body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L King
- Division of Cardiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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Lim HJ, Lee SK, Lim DY. Influence of Fimasartan (a Novel AT(1) Receptor Blocker) on Catecholamine Release in the Adrenal Medulla of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:99-109. [PMID: 23441003 PMCID: PMC3579112 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether fimasartan, a newly developed AT1 receptor blocker, can affect the CA release in the isolated perfused model of the adrenal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Fimasartan (5~50 µM) perfused into an adrenal vein for 90 min produced dose- and time-dependently inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high K+ (56 mM, a direct membrane depolarizer), DMPP (100 µM) and McN-A-343 (100 µM). Fimasartan failed to affect basal CA output. Furthermore, in adrenal glands loaded with fimasartan (15 µM), the CA secretory responses evoked by Bay-K-8644 (10 µM, an activator of L-type Ca2+ channels), cyclopiazonic acid (10 µM, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase), and veratridine (100 µM, an activator of Na+ channels) as well as by angiotensin II (Ang II, 100 nM), were markedly inhibited. In simultaneous presence of fimasartan (15 µM) and L-NAME (30 µM, an inhibitor of NO synthase), the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high K+, DMPP, Ang II, Bay-K-8644, and veratridine was not affected in comparison of data obtained from treatment with fimasartan (15 µM) alone. Also there was no difference in NO release between before and after treatment with fimasartan (15 µM). Collectively, these experimental results suggest that fimasartan inhibits the CA secretion evoked by Ang II, and cholinergic stimulation (both nicotininc and muscarinic receptors) as well as by membrane depolarization from the rat adrenal medulla. It seems that this inhibitory effect of fimasartan may be mediated by blocking the influx of both Na+ and Ca2+ through their ion channels into the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells as well as by inhibiting the Ca2+ release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which is relevant to AT1 receptor blockade without NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jeong Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 710-744, Korea
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Wright JW, Harding JW. Importance of the brain Angiotensin system in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2012; 2012:860923. [PMID: 23213621 PMCID: PMC3503402 DOI: 10.1155/2012/860923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has become a major health problem affecting 1.5% of the world's population over 65 years of age. As life expectancy has increased so has the occurrence of PD. The primary direct consequence of this disease is the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum. As the intensity of motor dysfunction increases, the symptomatic triad of bradykinesia, tremors-at-rest, and rigidity occur. Progressive neurodegeneration may also impact non-DA neurotransmitter systems including cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic, often leading to the development of depression, sleep disturbances, dementia, and autonomic nervous system failure. L-DOPA is the most efficacious oral delivery treatment for controlling motor symptoms; however, this approach is ineffective regarding nonmotor symptoms. New treatment strategies are needed designed to provide neuroprotection and encourage neurogenesis and synaptogenesis to slow or reverse this disease process. The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met receptor system is a member of the growth factor family and has been shown to protect against degeneration of DA neurons in animal models. Recently, small angiotensin-based blood-brain barrier penetrant mimetics have been developed that activate this HGF/c-Met system. These compounds may offer a new and novel approach to the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology and Programs in Neuroscience and Biotechnology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644820, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA
| | - Joseph W. Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology and Programs in Neuroscience and Biotechnology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644820, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA
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Morris KL, Zemel MB. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3Modulation of Adipocyte Glucocorticoid Function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:670-7. [PMID: 15897475 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently increases intracellular calcium in human adipocytes. We have demonstrated that suppression of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels by increasing dietary calcium reduces adipocyte intracellular calcium and reduces adiposity in both humans and rodents, with preferential loss of trunk fat. Autocrine production of cortisol by adipocytes of mice overexpressing 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) in adipose tissue increases visceral adiposity, whereas knockout of 11beta-HSD 1 appears to attenuate truncal obesity. Accordingly, our objective was to investigate the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the modulation of adipocyte glucocorticoid metabolism. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We examined the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or angiotensin II on cortisol production and expression using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of 11beta-HSD 1, angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), and AT2 receptor in human adipocytes. RESULTS Adipocytes produced negligible cortisol in the absence of substrate (cortisone). In the presence of cortisone (1 to 10 nM), there was significant cortisol production, which was dose dependently augmented (2- to 6-fold, p < 0.001) by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.1 to 10 nM). 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently increased 11beta-HSD 1 expression up to 2-fold (p < 0.01) in both the presence and absence of cortisone. In contrast, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 dose dependently decreased adipocyte AT1 expression (by 30% to 50%, p < 0.001) in both the presence and absence of cortisone, suggesting compensatory down-regulation of AT(1). DISCUSSION We conclude that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 directly regulates adipocyte 11beta-HSD 1 expression and, consequently, local cortisol levels and that this may contribute to the preferential loss of visceral adiposity by high-calcium diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Morris
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Room 229, Jessie Harris Building, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Wen H, Gwathmey JK, Xie LH. Oxidative stress-mediated effects of angiotensin II in the cardiovascular system. World J Hypertens 2012; 2:34-44. [PMID: 24587981 PMCID: PMC3936474 DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v2.i4.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), an endogenous peptide hormone, plays critical roles in the pathophysiological modulation of cardiovascular functions. Ang II is the principle effector of the renin-angiotensin system for maintaining homeostasis in the cardiovascular system, as well as a potent stimulator of NAD(P)H oxidase, which is the major source and primary trigger for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in various tissues. Recent accumulating evidence has demonstrated the importance of oxidative stress in Ang II-induced heart diseases. Here, we review the recent progress in the study on oxidative stress-mediated effects of Ang II in the cardiovascular system. In particular, the involvement of Ang II-induced ROS generation in arrhythmias, cell death/heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy and hypertension are discussed. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is an important molecule linking Ang II, ROS and cardiovascular pathological conditions.
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Severe acute pancreatitis is associated with upregulation of the ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas axis and promotes increased circulating angiotensin-(1-7). Pancreatology 2012; 12:451-7. [PMID: 23127535 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), its product angiotensin-(1-7) and its receptor Mas may counteract the adverse effects of the ACE-angiotensin receptor II-AT(1) axis in many diseases. We examined the expression of these novel components of the rennin-angiotensin system in an experimental mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). METHODS SAP was induced by six intraperitoneal injections of caerulein, and mice were sacrificed at 2, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post disease-induction (normal control group mice were sacrificed at 2 h post disease-induction). Tissue and blood were collected for biochemical detection, gene and protein expression by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistology detection. RESULTS Pancreatic ACE2 gene and protein expression, plasma and pancreatic angiotensin-(1-7) levels and Mas receptor gene and protein expression were significantly increased (p < 0.05) following SAP induction compared with the normal control group. CONCLUSIONS Severe acute pancreatitis is associated with upregulation of the ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas axis and promotes increased circulating angiotensin-(1-7). These results support the presence of an ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas axis in pancreatitis.
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Influence of chronic ethanol intake on mouse synaptosomal aspartyl aminopeptidase and aminopeptidase A: relationship with oxidative stress indicators. Alcohol 2012; 46:481-7. [PMID: 22440693 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase A (APA) and aspartyl aminopeptidase (ASAP) not only act as neuromodulators in the regional brain renin-angiotensin system, but also release N-terminal acidic amino acids (glutamate and aspartate). The hyperexcitability of amino acid neurotransmitters is responsible for several neurodegenerative processes affecting the central nervous system. The purpose of the present work was to study the influence of chronic ethanol intake, a well known neurotoxic compound, on APA and ASAP activity under resting and K(+)-stimulated conditions at the synapse level. APA and ASAP activity were determined against glutamate- and aspartate-β-naphthylamide respectively in mouse frontal cortex synaptosomes and in their incubation supernatant in a Ca(2+)-containing or Ca(2+)-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The neurotoxic effects were analyzed by determining free radical generation, peroxidation of membrane lipids and the oxidation of synaptosomal proteins. In addition, the bioenergetic behavior of synaptosomes was analyzed under different experimental protocols. We obtained several modifications in oxidative stress parameters and a preferential inhibitor effect of chronic ethanol intake on APA and ASAP activities. Although previous in vitro studies failed to show signs of neurodegeneration, these in vivo modifications in oxidative stress parameters do not seem to be related to changes in APA and ASAP, invalidating the idea that an excess of free acidic amino acids released by APA and ASAP induces neurodegeneration.
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LI NING, CAI RUIJUN, NIU YI, SHEN BIN, XU JIAN, CHENG YUANXIONG. Inhibition of angiotensin II-induced contraction of human airway smooth muscle cells by angiotensin-(1-7) via downregulation of the RhoA/ROCK2 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:811-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Smirnova TY, Spivak DL, Yakupova GS, Zakharchuk AG, Spivak IM. Distribution of structural polymorphisms of angiotensin converting enzyme and serotonin receptor (5-HT2A) genes among long-living individuals from northwestern Russia. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057012030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tobu S, Noguchi M, Hatada T, Mori KI, Matsuo M, Sakai H. Changes in angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in the rat bladder by bladder outlet obstruction. Urol Int 2012; 89:241-5. [PMID: 22777104 DOI: 10.1159/000339373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the change in the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) in the rat bladder with partial bladder outlet obstruction (P-BOO). MATERIALS AND METHODS Bladder specimens were obtained from 12-week-old Wistar female rats that were divided into two groups, a P-BOO group and a control group. The rats of the P-BOO group were divided into six groups: a sham-operated control group, 1 day postoperatively, 2 days postoperatively, 4 days postoperatively, 7 days postoperatively and 14 days postoperatively. The cystometric findings and immunohistochemical staining of the detrusor muscle with the AT1 antibody were compared in each group. RESULTS AT1 localized on the cell membrane of the detrusor smooth muscle and in cytoplasm of suburothelial myofibroblasts in the control rats. The expression of AT1 disappeared in the detrusor muscle and suburothelial myofibroblasts in P-BOO, but AT1 was highly expressed in urothelial cells 1 day after surgery. The expression of AT1 in urothelial cells gradually decreased with time after surgery. AT1 completely disappeared in urothelial cells 14 days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that the site of AT1 expression changes in response to the mechanical stress caused by P-BOO, and finally there was no expression of AT1 in rat bladder tissue following P-BOO. These data suggest the change in AT1 expression may play a role in bladder function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Tobu
- Division of Nephro-Urology, Unit of Translational Medicine, Department of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan. toubu7 @ hotmail.com
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Wree A, Mayer A, Westphal S, Beilfuss A, Canbay A, Schick RR, Gerken G, Vaupel P. Adipokine expression in brown and white adipocytes in response to hypoxia. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:522-7. [PMID: 21952510 DOI: 10.3275/7964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue has emerged as an important endocrine regulator by secreting hormones referred to as adipokines. Recent studies showed that adipose tissue considerably responds to hypoxia. Although the impact of white adipose tissue on regulative processes is established, the importance of brown adipose tissue in adults has emerged just recently. METHODS Brown (BA) and white adipocytes (WA) were cultured either in the presence of chemical hypoxia-mimetics or under hypoxic atmosphere of 1% oxygen. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF- 1α) was assessed by western blot. The expression levels of several known HIF-1α-regulated proteins [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leptin, adiponectin, and angiotensinogen (AGT)] were quantified. RESULTS Both chemical hypoxia-mimetics and physical hypoxia led to increased nuclear HIF-1α expression and to decreased cytoplasmatic adiponectin in both cell types. In contrast, VEGF and AGT expression did not change upon hypoxic stimulation. Leptin was exclusively detectable in WA, while uncoupling-protein 1 (UCP-1) was expressed in BA only. CONCLUSIONS WA and BA are sensitive to hypoxia, in which HIF-1α expression is induced. Protein expression of adiponectin is hypoxia-dependent, whereas AGT, VEGF, leptin, and UCP-1 expression do not change secondary to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wree
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Tavares T, Sevilla MÁ, Montero MJ, Carrón R, Malcata FX. Acute effect of whey peptides upon blood pressure of hypertensive rats, and relationship with their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:316-24. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Tavares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Oeiras; Portugal
| | - María-Ángeles Sevilla
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Salamanca; Salamanca; Spain
| | - María-José Montero
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Salamanca; Salamanca; Spain
| | - Rosalía Carrón
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología; Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad de Salamanca; Salamanca; Spain
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Vargas F, Rodríguez-Gómez I, Vargas-Tendero P, Jimenez E, Montiel M. The renin-angiotensin system in thyroid disorders and its role in cardiovascular and renal manifestations. J Endocrinol 2012; 213:25-36. [PMID: 22043064 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine diseases and affect virtually all physiological systems, with an especially marked impact on cardiovascular and renal systems. This review summarizes the effects of thyroid hormones on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the participation of the RAS in the cardiovascular and renal manifestations of thyroid disorders. Thyroid hormones are important regulators of cardiac and renal mass, vascular function, renal sodium handling, and consequently blood pressure (BP). The RAS acts globally to control cardiovascular and renal functions, while RAS components act systemically and locally in individual organs. Various authors have implicated the systemic and local RAS in the mediation of functional and structural changes in cardiovascular and renal tissues due to abnormal thyroid hormone levels. This review analyzes the influence of thyroid hormones on RAS components and discusses the role of the RAS in BP, cardiac mass, vascular function, and renal abnormalities in thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Vargas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Abstract
Much evidence now suggests that angiotensin II has roles in normal functions of the breast that may be altered or attenuated in cancer. Both angiotensin type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors are present particularly in the secretory epithelium. Additionally, all the elements of a tissue renin-angiotensin system, angiotensinogen, prorenin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), are also present and distributed in different cell types in a manner suggesting a close relationship with sites of angiotensin II activity. These findings are consistent with the concept that stromal elements and myoepithelium are instrumental in maintaining normal epithelial structure and function. In disease, this system becomes disrupted, particularly in invasive carcinoma. Both AT1 and AT2 receptors are present in tumours and may be up-regulated in some. Experimentally, angiotensin II, acting via the AT1 receptor, increases tumour cell proliferation and angiogenesis, both these are inhibited by blocking its production or function. Epidemiological evidence on the effect of expression levels of ACE or the distribution of ACE or AT1 receptor variants in many types of cancer gives indirect support to these concepts. It is possible that there is a case for the therapeutic use of high doses of ACE inhibitors and AT1 receptor blockers in breast cancer, as there may be for AT2 receptor agonists, though this awaits full investigation. Attention is drawn to the possibility of blocking specific AT1-mediated intracellular signalling pathways, for example by AT1-directed antibodies, which exploit the possibility that the extracellular N-terminus of the AT1 receptor may have previously unsuspected signalling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Vinson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Nahmod KA, Walther T, Cambados N, Fernandez N, Meiss R, Tappenbeck N, Wang Y, Raffo D, Simian M, Schwiebs A, Pozner RG, Fuxman Bass JI, Pozzi AG, Geffner JR, Kordon EC, Schere-Levy C. AT1 receptor blockade delays postlactational mammary gland involution: a novel role for the renin angiotensin system. FASEB J 2012; 26:1982-94. [PMID: 22286690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-191932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII), the main effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), participates in multiple biological processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, and tissue remodeling. Since AngII activates, in different cell types, signal transducing pathways that are critical for mammary gland postlactational regression, we investigated the role of the RAS during this process. We found that exogenous administration of AngII in mammary glands of lactating Balb/c mice induced epithelium apoptosis [2.9±0.5% (control) vs. 9.6±1.1% (AngII); P < 0.001] and activation of the proapoptotic factor STAT3, an effect inhibited by irbesartan, an AT(1) receptor blocker. Subsequently, we studied the expression kinetics of RAS components during involution. We found that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA expression peaked 6 h after weaning (5.7-fold; P<0.01), while induction of angiotensinogen and AT(1) and AT(2) receptors expression was detected 96 h after weaning (6.2-, 10-, and 6.2-fold increase, respectively; P<0.01). To assess the role of endogenously generated AngII, mice were treated with losartan, an AT(1) receptor blocker, during mammary involution. Mammary glands from losartan-treated mice showed activation of the survival factors AKT and BCL-(XL), significantly lower LIF and TNF-α mRNA expression (P<0.05), reduced apoptosis [12.1±2.1% (control) vs. 4.8±0.7% (losartan); P<0.001] and shedding of epithelial cells, inhibition of MMP-9 activity in a dose-dependent manner (80%; P<0.05; with losartan IC(50) value of 6.9 mg/kg/d] and lower collagen deposition and adipocyte invasion causing a delayed involution compared to vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, mammary glands of forced weaned AT(1A)- and/or AT(1B)-deficient mice exhibited retarded apoptosis of epithelial cells [6.3±0.95% (WT) vs. 3.3±0.56% (AT(1A)/AT(1B) DKO); P<0.05] with remarkable delayed postlactational regression compared to wild-type animals. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that AngII, via the AT(1) receptor, plays a major role in mouse mammary gland involution identifying a novel role for the RAS. angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Nahmod
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Local renin–angiotensin systems in the genitourinary tract. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 385:13-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Veerappan A, Reid AC, O'Connor N, Mora R, Brazin JA, Estephan R, Kameue T, Chen J, Felsen D, Seshan SV, Poppas DP, Maack T, Silver RB. Mast cells are required for the development of renal fibrosis in the rodent unilateral ureteral obstruction model. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F192-204. [PMID: 21957176 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00562.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Whether they protect against or contribute to renal fibrosis is unclear. Based on our previous findings that mast cells can express and secrete active renin, and that angiotensin (ANG II) is profibrotic, we hypothesized that mast cells play a critical role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis. We tested this hypothesis in the 14-day unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model in rats and mast cell-deficient (MCD) mice (WBB6F1-W/Wv) and their congenic controls (CC). In the 14-day UUO rat kidney, mast cell number is increased and they express active renin. Stabilizing mast cells in vivo with administration of cromolyn sodium attenuated the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which was confirmed by measuring newly synthesized pepsin-soluble collagen and blind scoring of fixed trichrome-stained kidney sections accompanied by spectral analysis. Fibrosis was absent in UUO kidneys from MCD mice unlike that observed in the CC mice. Losartan treatment reduced the fibrosis in the CC UUO kidneys. The effects of mast cell degranulation and renin release were tested in the isolated, perfused kidney preparation. Mast cell degranulation led to renin-dependent protracted flow recovery. This demonstrates that mast cell renin is active in situ and the ensuing ANG II can modulate intrarenal vascular resistance in the UUO kidney. Collectively, the data demonstrate that mast cells are critical to the development of renal fibrosis in the 14-day UUO kidney. Since renin is present in human kidney mast cells, our work identifies potential targets in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Veerappan
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., Box 75, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Punkt K, Kusche T, Günther S, Adams V, Jones LR, Neumann J. Changes in metabolic profile and population of skeletal muscle fibers of mice overexpressing calsequestrin: influence of losartan. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:547-55. [PMID: 20619444 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In heart failure, exertional fatigue of skeletal muscles can occur. A transgenic mouse overexpressing calsequestrin can be regarded as an animal model of heart failure. The aims of the present study were to investigate, whether at the time of cardiac failure the composition of fiber types of skeletal muscles was altered, what kind of alterations in glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities occurred in different muscle fiber types and whether these were affected by the administration of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, losartan. Hemodynamic parameters were determined using a working heart preparation. Four groups of mice were investigated: wild-type (WT) mice and transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing calsequestrin, with and without losartan treatment. Enzyme activities were measured in homogenates of Rectus femoris muscle and in muscle fibers, which were typed by their metabolic profile. Calcineurin expression was measured by Western blotting. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was increased by 275% in R. femoris muscle homogenates of TG compared to WT mice. This was due to a 57% increase in slow oxidative fibers, which was accompanied by an increased calcineurin expression in TG muscles. This increase was attenuated by losartan treatment. With respect to glycerol-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GPDH), no difference was evident comparing WT and TG. Treatment with losartan resulted in a down-regulation of GPDH in WT and TG. In conclusion, changes in skeletal muscles occur in this mouse model of heart failure and these changes were antagonized by losartan. In contrast to heart failure patients, in the mouse model a shift to the oxidative phenotype of skeletal muscle was noted, possibly due to enhanced calcineurin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Punkt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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Hoshino K, Ishiguro H, Teranishi JI, Yoshida SI, Umemura S, Kubota Y, Uemura H. Regulation of androgen receptor expression through angiotensin II type 1 receptor in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2011; 71:964-75. [PMID: 21541973 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) of the prostate gland is related to cell proliferation and angiogenesis, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. We examined the effects of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) on androgen receptor (AR) expression in prostate cancer cells. METHODS AR modulation by AT1R was examined by Western blot analysis, luciferase assay, and Immunocytochemical staining. The influence of AR expression by angiotensin II (Ang-II) and AT1R inhibition using siRNA was determined. Furthermore, using angiotensinogen or AT1R knockout (KO) mice, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to investigate the expression of AR. RESULTS Ang-II induced cell proliferation with enhancement of AR, prostate specific antigen (PSA), NF-κB, and c-myc, and the activity of AR and PSA promoter. Cell proliferation of LNCaP transfected with AT1R siRNA was decreased by 75% at 7 days by inhibition of AR, PSA, NF-κB, and c-myc. Immunocytochemical staining confirmed the suppression of AR translocation into the nucleus in AT1R siRNA cells. AT1R KO mice showed a decrease in AR expression in the prostate gland. We also found that the expression level of AT1R could modulate the transcriptional level of AR by affecting NF-κB and c-myc expression. CONCLUSIONS Knocking down of the AT1R protein resulted in significant inhibition of cell growth, associated with a marked decrease of AR protein. These results indicate that inhibition of AT1R has the potential to influence AR expression in prostate cells, and is anticipated to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents for prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hoshino
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Yang R, Smolders I, Dupont AG. Blood pressure and renal hemodynamic effects of angiotensin fragments. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:674-83. [PMID: 21412242 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II, the main effector peptide of the renin-Ang system, increases arterial blood pressure through Ang II type 1A (AT(1a)) receptor-dependent arterial vasoconstriction and by decreasing renal salt and water excretion through extrarenal and intrarenal mechanisms. AT(2) receptors are assumed to oppose these responses mediated by AT(1) receptors, thereby attenuating the pressor effects of Ang II. Nevertheless, a possible role of AT(2) receptors in the regulation of renal hemodynamics and sodium homeostasis remains to be unclear. Several other Ang fragments such as Ang III, Ang IV, Ang-(1-7) and Ang A have also been shown to display biological activity. In this review, we focus on the effects of these Ang on blood pressure, renal hemodynamics and sodium water handling, and discuss the receptors involved in these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Brussels, Belgium
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Wu C, Lu H, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Molecular and Pathophysiological Features of Angiotensinogen: A Mini Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:183-190. [PMID: 22389749 DOI: 10.7156/v4i4p183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is an essential regulatory system for blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Angiotensinogen is the only known precursor of all the peptides generated in this system. While many of the basic understandings of angiotensinogen have come from research efforts to define its role in blood pressure regulation, novel pathophysiological functions of angiotensinogen have been discovered in the last two decades including kidney developmental abnormalities, atherosclerosis, and obesity. Despite the impressive advance in the understanding of angiotensinogen gene structure and protein functions, some fundamental questions remain unanswered. In this short review, we provide contemporary insights into the molecular characteristics of angiotensinogen and its pathophysiological features. In light of the recent progress, we emphasize some newly recognized functional features of angiotensinogen other than its regulation on blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Goyal R, Leitzke A, Goyal D, Gheorghe CP, Longo LD. Antenatal maternal hypoxic stress: adaptations in fetal lung Renin-Angiotensin system. Reprod Sci 2010; 18:180-9. [PMID: 20978179 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110385134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal maternal hypoxia (AMH) can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), as well as idiopathic pulmonary hypertension of newborn and adult, the latter of which may be a consequence of alterations in the local pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Little is known of these adaptations, however. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that antenatal maternal hypoxia is associated with alterations in gene and protein expression of the pulmonary renin-angiotensin system, which may play an important role in pulmonary disorders in the offspring. In FVB/NJ mice, we studied messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression, as well as promoter DNA methylation and microRNA (miRNA) levels in response to 48 hours hypoxia (10.5% O(2)) at 15.5 day post coitum (DPC). In response to AMH, the pulmonary mRNA levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 1.2, ACE-2, and angiotensin II type 1b (AT-1b) receptors were increased significantly, as compared to controls (N = 4). In response to antenatal hypoxia, pulmonary protein levels of renin and ACE-2 also were increased significantly, whereas ACE-1 protein expression was reduced. In fetal lungs, we also observed reduced expression of the miRNAs: mmu-mir -199b, -27b, -200b, and -468 that putatively increase the translation of renin, ACE-1, ACE-2, and AT-1 receptors, respectively. In response to AMH, promoter methylation of ACE was unchanged. We conclude that AMH leads to changes in expression of pulmonary RAS of fetal mice. The possible implications of these changes for the regulation of pulmonary vascular contractility in later life remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Goyal
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Wang X, Wang J, Lin Y, Ding Y, Wang Y, Cheng X, Lin Z. QSAR study on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor oligopeptides based on a novel set of sequence information descriptors. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1599-606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lim HJ, Kim SY, Lim DY. Inhibitory effects of olmesartan on catecholamine secretion from the perfused rat adrenal medulla. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:241-8. [PMID: 20827339 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present sutdy aimed to determine whether olmesartan, an angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT(1)) receptor blocker, can influence the CA release from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla. Olmesartan (5~50 µM) perfused into an adrenal vein for 90 min produced dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high K(+) (56 mM, a direct membrane-depolarizer), DMPP (100 µM) and McN-A-343 (100 µM). Olmesartan did not affect basal CA secretion. Also, in adrenal glands loaded with olmesartan (15 µM), the CA secretory responses evoked by Bay-K-8644 (10 µM, an activator of voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channels), cyclopiazonic acid (10 µM, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) -ATPase), veratridine (100 µM, an activator of voltage-dependent Na(+) channels), and Ang II (100 nM) were markedly inhibited. However, at high concentrations (150~300 µM), olmesartan rather enhanced the ACh-evoked CA secretion. Taken together, these results show that olmesartan at low concentrations inhibits the CA secretion evoked by cholinergic stimulation (both nicotininc and muscarinic receptors) as well as by direct membrane depolarization from the rat adrenal medulla, but at high concentrations it rather potentiates the ACh-evoked CA secretion. It seems that olmesartan has a dual action, acting as both agonist and antagonist at nicotinic receptors of the isolated perfused rat adrenal medulla, which might be dependent on the concentration. It is also thought that this inhibitory effect of olmesartan may be mediated by blocking the influx of both Na(+) and Ca(2+) into the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells as well as by inhibiting the Ca(2+) release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which is thought to be relevant to the AT(1) receptor blockade, in addition to its enhancement on the CA secreton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jeong Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 710-744, Korea
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