1
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A comprehensive review on microextraction techniques for sampling and analysis of fuel ether oxygenates in different matrices. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2
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Patel VD, Shamsi SA, Sutherland K. Capillary electromigration techniques coupled to mass spectrometry: Applications to food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Elbashir AA, Elgorashe REE, Alnajjar AO, Aboul-Enein HY. Application of Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (CE-C 4D): 2017-2020. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:535-543. [PMID: 32835492 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1809340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) has emerged as influential to detect analytes that do not have chromogenic or fluorogenic functional group. Since our last review several new capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods coupled with (CE-C4D) have been communicated. The aim of this review is to give an update of the almost all the new applications of CE-C4D in the field of pharmaceutical, food and biomedical analysis covering the period from 2017 to April 2020. The utilization of CE with C4D in the areas of pharmaceutical, food and biomedical analysis is presented. Finally, concluding remarks and outlooks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Ahmed Elbashir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed O Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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4
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Hamidi S. Recent Progresses in Sensitive Determination of Drugs of Abuse by Capillary Electrophoresis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190115153531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Today, “drugs of abuse” pose serious social problems such as many crimes,
medical treatment costs, and economic repercussions. Several worldwide clinical laboratories use analytical
separation methods to analyze their patient samples for drugs and poisons. In this way, they
provide qualitative and quantitative data on the substances in various biological matrices (e.g., urine,
plasma or serum, saliva, and breath).
Methods:
An extensive review of the published articles indicates that the use of Capillary Electrophoresis
(CE) coupled with sensitivity enhancing methods is a very attractive area of interest in the
assay of drugs of abuse.
Results:
This review was prepared to have a comprehensive study on applications of sensitivity enhancing
methods on the determination of drugs of abuse especially from 2007 to present. The sample
preconcentration approaches almost address all methods from online preconcentration (both electrophoretic
and chromatographic-based methods) to offline preconcentration. Furthermore, detection
system modification and capillary column fabrications were investigated in order to increase the detection
sensitivity of complex samples in CE.
Conclusion:
The present review summarizes the most recent developments in the detection of drugs
of abuse using CE. Although CE still has a limitation in sensitive detection, several publications in
recent years have proposed valuable methods to overcome this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hamidi
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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5
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Kadmi Y, Favier L, Yehya T, Soutrel I, Simion AI, Vial C, Wolbert D. Controlling contamination for determination of ultra-trace levels of priority pollutants chlorophenols in environmental water matrices. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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6
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Duan XY, Zhang Y, Yan JQ, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Progress in Pretreatment and Analysis of Cephalosporins: An Update Since 2005. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:55-86. [PMID: 31646873 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1676194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Duan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Qing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Campos CDM, Reyes FGR, Manz A, da Silva JAF. On-line electroextraction in capillary electrophoresis: Application on the determination of glutamic acid in soy sauces. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:322-329. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix G. R. Reyes
- Department of Food Science; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas SP Brazil
| | | | - José A. F. da Silva
- Chemistry Institute; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio); Campinas SP Brazil
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8
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Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-Gonzalez JA, Fernández-Torres RM, Llobera A, Bello-López MÁ. Recent trends in capillary electrophoresis for complex samples analysis: A review. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:111-125. [PMID: 28791719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CE has been a continuously evolving analytical methodology since its first introduction in the 1980s of the last century. The development of new CE separation procedures, the coupling of these systems to more sensitive and versatile detection systems, and the advances in miniaturization technology have allowed the application of CE to the resolution of new and complex analytical problems, overcoming the traditional disadvantages associated with this method. In the present work, different recent trends in CE and their application to the determination of high complexity samples (as biological fluids, individual cells, etc.) will be reviewed: capillary modification by different types of coatings, microfluidic CE, and online microextraction CE. The main advantages and disadvantages of the different proposed approaches will be discussed with examples of most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan A Ocaña-Gonzalez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Llobera
- Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Technology & Innovation, Aalen, Germany
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9
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Sebaiy MM, Colyer CL. Polymer-Enhanced Capillary Transient Isotachophoresis with Boronic Acid-Functionalized Squarylium Dyes for the Fluorescent Determination of Digoxin and Digoxigenin. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1312426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Sebaiy
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Christa L. Colyer
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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10
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Adam V, Vaculovicova M. Nanomaterials for sample pretreatment prior to capillary electrophoretic analysis. Analyst 2017; 142:849-857. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are, in analytical science, used for a broad range of purposes, covering the area of sample pretreatment as well as separation, detection and identification of target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology
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11
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A Novel Automated Online SPE-Coupled CE System for the Analysis of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Wastewater. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Baciu T, Borrull F, Neusüß C, Aguilar C, Calull M. Capillary electrophoresis combined in-line with solid-phase extraction using magnetic particles as new adsorbents for the determination of drugs of abuse in human urine. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1232-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Baciu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | | | - Carme Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
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13
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Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2013-2015. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:35-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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14
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del Mar LópezGuerrero M, Hernández-Mesa M, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM. On-line preconcentration strategy for the simultaneous quantification of three local anesthetics in human urine using CZE. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2961-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Carmen Cruces-Blanco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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15
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Ribeiro C, Ribeiro AR, Maia AS, Gonçalves VMF, Tiritan ME. New trends in sample preparation techniques for environmental analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 44:142-85. [PMID: 25391434 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.833850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental samples include a wide variety of complex matrices, with low concentrations of analytes and presence of several interferences. Sample preparation is a critical step and the main source of uncertainties in the analysis of environmental samples, and it is usually laborious, high cost, time consuming, and polluting. In this context, there is increasing interest in developing faster, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly sample preparation techniques. Recently, new methods have been developed and optimized in order to miniaturize extraction steps, to reduce solvent consumption or become solventless, and to automate systems. This review attempts to present an overview of the fundamentals, procedure, and application of the most recently developed sample preparation techniques for the extraction, cleanup, and concentration of organic pollutants from environmental samples. These techniques include: solid phase microextraction, on-line solid phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Ribeiro
- a CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , Gandra , Portugal
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16
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Medina-Casanellas S, Tak YH, Benavente F, Sanz-Nebot V, Sastre Toraño J, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Evaluation of fritless solid-phase extraction coupled on-line with capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the analysis of opioid peptides in cerebrospinal fluid. Electrophoresis 2015; 35:2996-3002. [PMID: 25074562 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fritless SPE on-line coupled to CE with UV and MS detection (SPE-CE-UV and SPE-CE-MS) was evaluated for the analysis of opioid peptides. A microcartridge of 150 μm id was packed with a C18 sorbent (particle size > 50 μm), which was retained between a short inlet capillary and a separation capillary (50 μm id). Several experimental parameters were optimized by SPE-CE-UV using solutions of dynorphin A (DynA), endomorphin 1 (End1), and methionine-enkephaline (Met). A microcartridge length of 4 mm was selected, sample was loaded for 10 min at 930 mbar and the retained peptides were eluted with 67 nL of an acidic hydro-organic solution. Using SPE-CE-MS, peak area and migration time repeatabilities for the three opioid peptides were 12-27% and 4-5%, respectively. SPE recovery was lower for the less hydrophobic DynA (22%) than for End1 (66%) and Met (78%) and linearity was satisfactory in all cases between 5 and 60 ng/mL. The LODs varied between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL which represent an enhancement of two orders of magnitude when compared with CE-MS. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples spiked with the opioid peptides were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability to biological samples. Peak area and migration time repeatabilities were similar to the standard solutions and the opioid peptides could be detected down to 1.0 ng/mL.
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17
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Black WA, Stocks BB, Mellors JS, Engen JR, Ramsey JM. Utilizing Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization for Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6280-7. [PMID: 25992468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen exchange (HX) mass spectrometry (MS) of complex mixtures requires a fast, reproducible, and high peak capacity separation prior to MS detection. The current paradigm relies on liquid chromatography (LC) with fast gradients performed at low temperatures to minimize back exchange. Unfortunately, under these conditions, the efficiency of LC is limited due to resistance to mass transfer, reducing the capability to analyze complex samples. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), on the other hand, is not limited by resistance to mass transfer, enabling very rapid separations that are not adversely affected by low temperature. Previously, we have demonstrated an integrated microfluidic device coupling CE with electrospray ionization (ESI) capable of very rapid and high efficiency separations. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of this microchip CE-ESI device for HX MS. High speed CE-ESI of a bovine hemoglobin pepsin digestion was performed in 1 min with a peak capacity of 62 versus a similar LC separation performed in 7 min with peak capacity of 31. A room temperature CE method performed in 1.25 min provided similar deuterium retention as an 8.5 min LC method conducted at 0 °C. Separation of a complex mixture with CE was done with considerably better speed and nearly triple the peak capacity than the equivalent separation by LC. Overall, the results indicate the potential utility of microchip CE-ESI for HX MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley B Stocks
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - John R Engen
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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18
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Moreno-González D, Lara FJ, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM. Molecularly imprinted polymer as in-line concentrator in capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry for the determination of quinolones in bovine milk samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Hernández-Mesa M, Airado-Rodríguez D, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM. Novel cation selective exhaustive injection-sweeping procedure for 5-nitroimidazole determination in waters by micellar electrokinetic chromatography using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1341:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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21
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BOTELLO I, BORRULL F, AGUILAR C, CALULL M. In-line Solid-phase Extraction–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for the Determination of Barbiturate Drugs in Human Urine. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:971-7. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor BOTELLO
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
| | - Francesc BORRULL
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
| | - Carme AGUILAR
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
| | - Marta CALULL
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
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22
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Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2011-2013. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:128-37. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry; VU University; Amsterdam the Netherlands
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23
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Felhofer JL, Scida K, Penick M, Willis PA, Garcia CD. Simultaneous solid phase extraction and derivatization of aliphatic primary amines prior to separation and UV-absorbance detection. Talanta 2013; 115:688-93. [PMID: 24054648 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the problem of poor sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis-UV absorbance for the detection of aliphatic amines, a solid phase extraction and derivatization scheme was developed. This work demonstrates successful coupling of amines to a chromophore immobilized on a solid phase and subsequent cleavage and analysis. Although the analysis of many types of amines is relevant for myriad applications, this paper focuses on the derivatization and separation of amines with environmental relevance. This work aims to provide the foundations for future developments of an integrated sample preparation microreactor capable of performing simultaneous derivatization, preconcentration, and sample cleanup for sensitive analysis of primary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Felhofer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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24
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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25
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Incorporation of polyamidoamine sweeping and electrokinetic supercharging for in-line DNA fragment preconcentration. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Kubalczyk P, Bald E. Methods of Analyte Concentration in a Capillary. SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35043-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Polo-Luque ML, Simonet BM, Valcárcel M. Solid-phase extraction of nitrophenols in water by using a combination of carbon nanotubes with an ionic liquid coupled in-line to CE. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:304-8. [PMID: 23161422 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the combined use of carbon nanotubes and an ionic liquid directly coupled in-line to commercial CE equipment for sample treatment. The extraction unit operates as a spin column to preconcentrate the analytes. The extraction unit is inserted into the sample vial. The elution is performed in-line, placing the vial on the carrousel of the CE equipment. The joint use of carbon nanotubes and ionic liquids as sorbent is based on the high adsorption capacity of these materials, which makes them highly suitable for microextraction purposes. The LOQ of analytes were within the range of 0.65-0.83 μg/L with a RSD of less than 7%. The values of recovery range between 90 and 112%. The absolute recovery obtained from samples containing 1 μg/L of analytes was 38%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari L Polo-Luque
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Córdoba, Spain
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28
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Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. CE-MS for metabolomics: developments and applications in the period 2010-2012. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:86-98. [PMID: 23161106 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE-MS has emerged as a powerful technique for the profiling of (highly) polar and charged metabolites in biological samples. This review provides an update of the most recent developments in CE-MS for metabolomics covering the scientific literature from July 2010 to June 2012. The present paper is an update of two previous review papers covering the years 2000-2010 (Electrophoresis 2009, 30, 276-291; Electrophoresis 2011, 32, 52-65). Emerging technological developments used in CE-MS for metabolomics are discussed, such as the use of novel interfacing techniques for coupling CE to MS. Representative examples illustrate the applicability of CE-MS in the fields of biomedical, clinical, microbial, plant, environmental and food metabolomics. Concerning targeted and non-targeted approaches, a comprehensive overview of recent CE-MS-based metabolomics studies is given in a table. Information on sample type and pretreatment, capillary coatings and MS detection mode is provided. Finally, general conclusions and perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Wen Y, Li J, Ma J, Chen L. Recent advances in enrichment techniques for trace analysis in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2933-52. [PMID: 23019127 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CE is gaining great popularity as a well-established separation technique for many fields such as pharmaceutical research, clinical application, environmental monitoring, and food analysis, owing to its high resolving power, rapidity, and small amount of samples and reagents required. However, the sensitivity in CE analysis is still considered as being inferior to that in HPLC analysis. Diverse enrichment methods and techniques have been increasingly developed for overcoming this issue. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in enrichment techniques containing off-line preconcentration (sample preparation) and on-line concentration (sample stacking) to enhancing sensitivity in CE for trace analysis over the last 5 years. Some relatively new cleanup and preconcentration methods involving the use of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, etc., and the continued use and improvement of conventional SPE, have been comprehensively reviewed and proved effective preconcentration alternatives for liquid, semisolid, and solid samples. As for CE on-line stacking, we give an overview of field amplication, sweeping, pH regulation, and transient isotachophoresis, and the coupling of multiple modes. Moreover, some limitations and comparisons related to such methods/techniques are also discussed. Finally, the combined use of various enrichment techniques and some significant attempts are proposed to further promote analytical merits in CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research-YIC, Chinese Academy of Sciences-CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, P. R. China
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30
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Kohler I, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Microextraction techniques combined with capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:125-41. [PMID: 22965532 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many environmentally sustainable sample-preparation techniques have been proposed, with the objective of reducing the use of toxic organic solvents or substituting these with environmentally friendly alternatives. Microextraction techniques (MEs), in which only a small amount of organic solvent is used, have several advantages, including reduced sample volume, analysis time, and operating costs. Thus, MEs are well adapted in bioanalysis, in which sample preparation is mandatory because of the complexity of a sample that is available in small quantities (mL or even μL only). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful and efficient separation technique in which no organic solvents are required for analysis. Combination of CE with MEs is regarded as a very attractive environmentally sustainable analytical tool, and numerous applications have been reported over the last few decades for bioanalysis of low-molecular-weight compounds or for peptide analysis. In this paper we review the use of MEs combined with CE in bioanalysis. The review is divided into two sections: liquid and solid-based MEs. A brief practical and theoretical description of each ME is given, and the techniques are illustrated by relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kohler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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31
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Bratkowska D, Davies A, Fontanals N, Cormack PA, Borrull F, Sherrington DC, Marcé RM. Hypercrosslinked strong anion-exchange resin for extraction of acidic pharmaceuticals from environmental water. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2621-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Bratkowska
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescelades Marcel·lí Domingo; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Arlene Davies
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; Thomas Graham Building; Glasgow; Scotland
| | - Núria Fontanals
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescelades Marcel·lí Domingo; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Peter A.G. Cormack
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; Thomas Graham Building; Glasgow; Scotland
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescelades Marcel·lí Domingo; Tarragona; Spain
| | - David C. Sherrington
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde; Thomas Graham Building; Glasgow; Scotland
| | - Rosa M. Marcé
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Campus Sescelades Marcel·lí Domingo; Tarragona; Spain
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32
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Single-drop microextraction as a powerful pretreatment tool for capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 739:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Guijarro-Díez M, Paniagua G, Fernández P, Crego AL, Marina ML. Molecularly imprinted SPE and MEKC with in-capillary sample preconcentration for the determination of digoxin in human urine. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1582-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Guijarro-Díez
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
| | - Gema Paniagua
- Departamento de Ciencias Analíticas; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED); Madrid; Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Analíticas; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED); Madrid; Spain
| | - Antonio Luis Crego
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Química; Universidad de Alcalá; Madrid; Spain
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34
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Review of recent developments of on-line sample stacking techniques and their application in capillary electrophoresis. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) has become one of the most useful tools in separation science because of its high separation efficiency, low cost, versatility, ease of sample preparation and automation. However, some limitations of CE, such as poor concentration sensitivity due to its lower sample loading and shorter optical path length, limits its further applications in separation science. In order to solve this problem, various on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as transient isotachophoresis preconcentration, field-enhanced sample stacking, micelle to solvent stacking, micelle collapse, dynamic pH junction, sweeping, solid phase extraction, single drop microextraction and liquid phase microextraction have been combined with CE. Recent developments, applications and some variants together with different combinations of these techniques integrating in CE are reviewed here and our discussions will be confined to the past three years (2008–2011).
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35
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Botello I, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Investigation of in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in water samples. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:528-35. [PMID: 22287181 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used as an enrichment technique in combination with CE for the preconcentration and separation of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine (COC), codeine (COD) and 6-acetylmorphine (6AM). The separation buffer (BGE) used was 80 mM disodium phosphate anhydrous and 6 mM of HCl (final BGE pH of 3). The SPE extractor consists of a small segment of capillary filled with Oasis HLB sorbent and inserted into the inlet section of the electrophoretic capillary. Different parameters affecting preconcentration were evaluated, such as sample pH, the volume of the elution plug and sample injection time. The detection limits (LODs) reached for standard samples by in-line SPE-CE-UV ranged between 50 and 200 ng/L, with sensitivity enhancement factors ranging from 2300 to 5300. Reproducibility values (expressed in terms of relative standard deviation) were below 7.6% for standard samples. This is a simple and an effective method for the determination of the studied drugs of abuse and their metabolites. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated in tap and river water samples which were directly analyzed without any off-line pretreatment. Analytical parameters were evaluated and LODs were between 70 and 270 ng/L with relative recoveries between 85 and 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Botello
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo, Tarragona, Spain
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36
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Mai TD, Bomastyk B, Duong HA, Pham HV, Hauser PC. Automated capillary electrophoresis with on-line preconcentration by solid phase extraction using a sequential injection manifold and contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 727:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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In-line solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry for determination of drugs of abuse in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:777-84. [PMID: 22370589 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In-line solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometric detection (SPE-CE-MS) has been used for determination of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), codeine (COD), hydrocodeine (HCOD), and 6-acetylmorphine (6AM) in urine. The preconcentration system consists of a small capillary filled with Oasis HLB sorbent and inserted into the inlet section of the electrophoresis capillary. The SPE-CE-MS experimental conditions were optimized as follows: the sample (adjusted to pH 6.0) was loaded at 930 mbar for 60 min, elution was performed with methanol at 50 mbar for 35 s, 60 mmol L(-1) ammonium acetate at pH 3.8 was used as running buffer, the separation voltage was 30 kV, and the sheath liquid at a flow rate of 5.0 μL min(-1) was isopropanol-water 50:50 (v/v) containing 0.5% acetic acid. Analysis of urine samples spiked with the four drugs and diluted 1:1 (v/v) was studied in the linear range 0.08-10 ng mL(-1). Detection limits (LODs) (S/N = 3) were between 0.013 and 0.210 ng mL(-1). Repeatability (expressed as relative standard deviation) was below 7.2%. The method developed enables simple and effective determination of these drugs of abuse in urine samples at the levels encountered in toxicology and doping.
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38
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Ramautar R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2009-2011. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:243-50. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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39
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Purge and trap with monolithic sorbent for gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides in honey. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:955-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5468-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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40
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Bubble cell for magnetic bead trapping in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3239-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Gao W, Chen G, Chen Y, Li N, Chen T, Hu Z. Selective extraction of alkaloids in human urine by on-line single drop microextraction coupled with sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5712-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Maijó I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. An in-line SPE strategy to enhance sensitivity in CE for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in river water samples. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2114-22. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Elci L, Kolbe N, Elci SG, Anderson JT. Solid phase extractive preconcentration coupled to gas chromatography–atomic emission detection for the determination of chlorophenols in water samples. Talanta 2011; 85:551-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Determination of trace bisphenol A in complex samples using selective molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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The trace analysis of microorganisms in real samples by combination of a filtration microcartridge and capillary isoelectric focusing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:3133-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Kataoka H, Saito K. Recent advances in SPME techniques in biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:926-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Xu Z, Nakamura K, Timerbaev AR, Hirokawa T. Another Approach Toward over 100 000-Fold Sensitivity Increase in Capillary Electrophoresis: Electrokinetic Supercharging with Optimized Sample Injection. Anal Chem 2010; 83:398-401. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kentaro Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China, and Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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48
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Breadmore MC, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2008-2010). Electrophoresis 2010; 32:127-48. [PMID: 21171119 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has been alive for over two decades now; yet, its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with an update published in 2009 and covers material published through to June 2010. It includes developments in the fields of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to ITP, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to on-line or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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49
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Synthesis and application of hypercrosslinked polymers with weak cation-exchange character for the selective extraction of basic pharmaceuticals from complex environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1575-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Mikus P, Maráková K. Advanced CE for chiral analysis of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological samples. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2773-802. [PMID: 19653234 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of recent trends indicates that CE can show real advantages over chromatographic methods in ultratrace enantioselective determination of biologically active compounds in complex biological matrices. It is due to high separation efficiency and many applicable in-capillary electromigration effects in CE (countercurrent migration, stacking effects) enhancing significantly (enantio)separability and enabling effective sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, analyte derivatization). Other possible on-line combinations of CE, such as column coupled CE-CE techniques and implementation of nonelectrophoretic techniques (extraction, membrane filtration, flow injection) into CE, offer additional approaches for highly effective sample preparation and separation. CE matured to a highly flexible and compatible technique enabling its hyphenation with powerful detection systems allowing extremely sensitive detection (e.g. LIF) and/or structural characterization of analytes (e.g. MS). Within the last decade, more as well as less conventional analytical on-line approaches have been effectively utilized in this field and their practical potentialities are demonstrated on many new application examples in this article. Here, three basic areas of (enantioselective) drug bioanalysis are highlighted and supported by a brief theoretical description of each individual approach in a compact review structure (to create integrated view on the topic), including (i) progressive enantioseparation approaches and new enantioselective agents, (ii) in-capillary sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, derivatization), and (iii) detection possibilities related to enhanced sensitivity and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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