1
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Wu J, Li Y, Tian S, Na S, Wei H, Wu Y, Yang Y, Shen Z, Ding J, Bao S, Liu S, Li L, Feng R, Zhu Y, He C, Yue J. CYP1B1 affects the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and oxidative stress in the striatum: An investigation of manganese-induced neurotoxicity. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14633. [PMID: 38429921 PMCID: PMC10907825 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Excessive influx of manganese (Mn) into the brain across the blood-brain barrier induces neurodegeneration. CYP1B1 is involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) that affects vascular homeostasis. We aimed to investigate the effect of brain CYP1B1 on Mn-induced neurotoxicity. METHOD Brain Mn concentrations and α-synuclein accumulation were measured in wild-type and CYP1B1 knockout mice treated with MnCl2 (30 mg/kg) and biotin (0.2 g/kg) for 21 continuous days. Tight junctions and oxidative stress were analyzed in hCMEC/D3 and SH-SY5Y cells after the treatment with MnCl2 (200 μM) and CYP1B1-derived AA metabolites (HETEs and EETs). RESULTS Mn exposure inhibited brain CYP1B1, and CYP1B1 deficiency increased brain Mn concentrations and accelerated α-synuclein deposition in the striatum. CYP1B1 deficiency disrupted the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increased the ratio of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to dopamine in the striatum. HETEs attenuated Mn-induced inhibition of tight junctions by activating PPARγ in endothelial cells. Additionally, EETs attenuated Mn-induced up-regulation of the KLF/MAO-B axis and down-regulation of NRF2 in neuronal cells. Biotin up-regulated brain CYP1B1 and reduced Mn-induced neurotoxicity in mice. CONCLUSIONS Brain CYP1B1 plays a critical role in both cerebrovascular and dopamine homeostasis, which might serve as a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of Mn-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of PharmacyTaikang Tongji (Wuhan) HospitalWuhuChina
| | - Yueran Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of PharmacyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Shuwei Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shufang Na
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan UniversityTransplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on TransplantationWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hongyan Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yafei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yafei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zixia Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiayue Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shenglan Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Rongling Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chunyan He
- Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and ImmunologyWuhanChina
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Monsivais H, Yeh CL, Edmondson A, Harold R, Snyder S, Wells EM, Schmidt-Wilcke T, Foti D, Zauber SE, Dydak U. Whole-brain mapping of increased manganese levels in welders and its association with exposure and motor function. Neuroimage 2024; 288:120523. [PMID: 38278427 PMCID: PMC11124758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although manganese (Mn) is a trace metal essential for humans, chronic exposure to Mn can cause accumulation of this metal ion in the brain leading to an increased risk of neurological and neurobehavioral health effects. This is a concern for welders exposed to Mn through welding fumes. While brain Mn accumulation in occupational settings has mostly been reported in the basal ganglia, several imaging studies also revealed elevated Mn in other brain areas. Since Mn functions as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 contrast agent, we developed a whole-brain MRI approach to map in vivo Mn deposition differences in the brains of non-exposed factory controls and exposed welders. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 23 non-exposed factory controls and 36 exposed full-time welders from the same truck manufacturer. We collected high-resolution 3D MRIs of brain anatomy and R1 relaxation maps to identify regional differences using voxel-based quantification (VBQ) and statistical parametric mapping. Furthermore, we investigated the associations between excess Mn deposition and neuropsychological and motor test performance. Our results indicate that: (1) Using whole-brain MRI relaxometry methods we can generate excess Mn deposition maps in vivo, (2) excess Mn accumulation due to occupational exposure occurs beyond the basal ganglia in cortical areas associated with motor and cognitive functions, (3) Mn likely diffuses along white matter tracts in the brain, and (4) Mn deposition in specific brain regions is associated with exposure (cerebellum and frontal cortex) and motor metrics (cerebellum and hippocampus).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-Lin Yeh
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex Edmondson
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Roslyn Harold
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sandy Snyder
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ellen M Wells
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Public Health, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tobias Schmidt-Wilcke
- Department of Neurology, St. Mauritius Therapieklinik, Meerbusch, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dan Foti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - S Elizabeth Zauber
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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3
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Gu Y, Pan Y, Fang Z, Ma L, Zhu Y, Androjna C, Zhong K, Yu X, Shen D. Deep learning-assisted preclinical MR fingerprinting for sub-millimeter T 1 and T 2 mapping of entire macaque brain. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:1149-1164. [PMID: 37929695 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical MR fingerprinting (MRF) suffers from long acquisition time for organ-level coverage due to demanding image resolution and limited undersampling capacity. This study aims to develop a deep learning-assisted fast MRF framework for sub-millimeter T1 and T2 mapping of entire macaque brain on a preclinical 9.4 T MR system. METHODS Three dimensional MRF images were reconstructed by singular value decomposition (SVD) compressed reconstruction. T1 and T2 mapping for each axial slice exploited a self-attention assisted residual U-Net to suppress aliasing-induced quantification errors, and the transmit-field (B1 + ) measurements for robustness against B1 + inhomogeneity. Supervised network training used MRF images simulated via virtual parametric maps and a desired undersampling scheme. This strategy bypassed the difficulties of acquiring fully sampled preclinical MRF data to guide network training. The proposed fast MRF framework was tested on experimental data acquired from ex vivo and in vivo macaque brains. RESULTS The trained network showed reasonable adaptability to experimental MRF images, enabling robust delineation of various T1 and T2 distributions in the brain tissues. Further, the proposed MRF framework outperformed several existing fast MRF methods in handling the aliasing artifacts and capturing detailed cerebral structures in the mapping results. Parametric mapping of entire macaque brain at nominal resolution of 0.35× $$ \times $$ 0.35× $$ \times $$ 1 mm3 can be realized via a 20-min 3D MRF scan, which was sixfold faster than the baseline protocol. CONCLUSION Introducing deep learning to MRF framework paves the way for efficient organ-level high-resolution quantitative MRI in preclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Gu
- School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Pan
- School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghan Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lei Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuran Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Charlie Androjna
- Cleveland Clinic Pre-Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kai Zhong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Baj J, Flieger W, Barbachowska A, Kowalska B, Flieger M, Forma A, Teresiński G, Portincasa P, Buszewicz G, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Flieger J. Consequences of Disturbing Manganese Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14959. [PMID: 37834407 PMCID: PMC10573482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element with unique functions in the body; it acts as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism, the endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems, neurotransmitter production, and the regulation of reproductive hormones. However, overexposure to Mn is toxic, particularly to the central nervous system (CNS) due to it causing the progressive destruction of nerve cells. Exposure to manganese is widespread and occurs by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact. Associations have been observed between Mn accumulation and neurodegenerative diseases such as manganism, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. People with genetic diseases associated with a mutation in the gene associated with impaired Mn excretion, kidney disease, iron deficiency, or a vegetarian diet are at particular risk of excessive exposure to Mn. This review has collected data on the current knowledge of the source of Mn exposure, the experimental data supporting the dispersive accumulation of Mn in the brain, the controversies surrounding the reference values of biomarkers related to Mn status in different matrices, and the competitiveness of Mn with other metals, such as iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), calcium (Ca). The disturbed homeostasis of Mn in the body has been connected with susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases, fertility, and infectious diseases. The current evidence on the involvement of Mn in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus/insulin resistance, osteoporosis, obesity, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, was collected and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Aleksandra Barbachowska
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 21-010 Łęczna, Poland;
| | - Beata Kowalska
- Department of Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Flieger
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (W.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Grzegorz Teresiński
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica A. Murri, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.F.); (G.T.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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5
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Aguilar-Moreno A, Ortiz J, Concha L, Alcauter S, Paredes RG. Brain circuits activated by female sexual behavior evaluated by manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272271. [PMID: 35913950 PMCID: PMC9342731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows obtaining anatomical and functional information of the brain in the same subject at different times. Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) uses manganese ions to identify brain activity, although in high doses it might produce neurotoxic effects. Our aims were to identify a manganese dose that does not affect motivated behaviors such as sexual behavior, running wheel and the rotarod test. The second goal was to determine the optimal dose of chloride manganese (MnCl2) that will allow us to evaluate activation of brain regions after females mated controlling (pacing) the sexual interaction. To achieve that, two experiments were performed. In experiment 1 we evaluated the effects of two doses of MnCl2, 8 and 16 mg/kg. Subjects were injected with one of the doses of MnCl2 24 hours before the test on sessions 1, 5 and 10 and immediately thereafter scanned. Female sexual behavior, running wheel and the rotarod were evaluated once a week for 10 weeks. In experiment 2 we followed a similar procedure, but females paced the sexual interaction once a week for 10 weeks and were injected with one of the doses of MnCl2 24 hours before the test and immediately thereafter scanned on sessions 1, 5 and 10. The results of experiment 1 show that neither dose of MnCl2 induces alterations on sexual behavior, running wheel and rotarod. Experiment 2 demonstrated that MEMRI allow us to detect activation of different brain regions after sexual behavior, including the olfactory bulb (OB), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), the amygdala (AMG), the medial preoptic area (MPOA), the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), the striatum (STR) and the hippocampus (Hipp) allowing the identification of changes in brain circuits activated by sexual behavior. The socio sexual circuit showed a higher signal intensity on session 5 than the reward circuit and the control groups indicating that even with sexual experience the activation of the reward circuit requires the activation of the socio sexual circuit. Our study demonstrates that MEMRI can be used repeatedly in the same subject to evaluate the activation of brain circuits after motivated behaviors and how can this activation change with experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Ortiz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Luis Concha
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Sarael Alcauter
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Raúl G Paredes
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Juriquilla, UNAM, Querétaro, México
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6
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The Potential Roles of Blood-Brain Barrier and Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier in Maintaining Brain Manganese Homeostasis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061833. [PMID: 34072120 PMCID: PMC8227615 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a trace nutrient necessary for life but becomes neurotoxic at high concentrations in the brain. The brain is a “privileged” organ that is separated from systemic blood circulation mainly by two barriers. Endothelial cells within the brain form tight junctions and act as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which physically separates circulating blood from the brain parenchyma. Between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the choroid plexus (CP), which is a tissue that acts as the blood–CSF barrier (BCB). Pharmaceuticals, proteins, and metals in the systemic circulation are unable to reach the brain and spinal cord unless transported through either of the two brain barriers. The BBB and the BCB consist of tightly connected cells that fulfill the critical role of neuroprotection and control the exchange of materials between the brain environment and blood circulation. Many recent publications provide insights into Mn transport in vivo or in cell models. In this review, we will focus on the current research regarding Mn metabolism in the brain and discuss the potential roles of the BBB and BCB in maintaining brain Mn homeostasis.
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7
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Edmondson DA, Yeh CL, Hélie S, Dydak U. Whole-brain R1 predicts manganese exposure and biological effects in welders. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3409-3420. [PMID: 32875357 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a neurotoxicant that, due to its paramagnetic property, also functions as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 contrast agent. Previous studies in Mn toxicity have shown that Mn accumulates in the brain, which may lead to parkinsonian symptoms. In this article, we trained support vector machines (SVM) using whole-brain R1 (R1 = 1/T1) maps from 57 welders and 32 controls to classify subjects based on their air Mn concentration ([Mn]Air), Mn brain accumulation (ExMnBrain), gross motor dysfunction (UPDRS), thalamic GABA concentration (GABAThal), and total years welding. R1 was highly predictive of [Mn]Air above a threshold of 0.20 mg/m3 with an accuracy of 88.8% and recall of 88.9%. R1 was also predictive of subjects with GABAThal having less than or equal to 2.6 mM with an accuracy of 82% and recall of 78.9%. Finally, we used an SVM to predict age as a method of verifying that the results could be attributed to Mn exposure. We found that R1 was predictive of age below 48 years of age with accuracies ranging between 75 and 82% with recall between 94.7% and 76.9% but was not predictive above 48 years of age. Together, this suggests that lower levels of exposure (< 0.20 mg/m3 and < 18 years of welding on the job) do not produce discernable signatures, whereas higher air exposures and subjects with more total years welding produce signatures in the brain that are readily identifiable using SVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Edmondson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Dr., Hampton Hall of Civil Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chien-Lin Yeh
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Dr., Hampton Hall of Civil Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sébastien Hélie
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Dr., Hampton Hall of Civil Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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8
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Balachandran RC, Mukhopadhyay S, McBride D, Veevers J, Harrison FE, Aschner M, Haynes EN, Bowman AB. Brain manganese and the balance between essential roles and neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6312-6329. [PMID: 32188696 PMCID: PMC7212623 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.009453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient required for the normal development of many organs, including the brain. Although its roles as a cofactor in several enzymes and in maintaining optimal physiology are well-known, the overall biological functions of Mn are rather poorly understood. Alterations in body Mn status are associated with altered neuronal physiology and cognition in humans, and either overexposure or (more rarely) insufficiency can cause neurological dysfunction. The resultant balancing act can be viewed as a hormetic U-shaped relationship for biological Mn status and optimal brain health, with changes in the brain leading to physiological effects throughout the body and vice versa. This review discusses Mn homeostasis, biomarkers, molecular mechanisms of cellular transport, and neuropathological changes associated with disruptions of Mn homeostasis, especially in its excess, and identifies gaps in our understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying Mn homeostasis and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somshuvra Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Danielle McBride
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Jennifer Veevers
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Fiona E Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | | | - Erin N Haynes
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Aaron B Bowman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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9
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Kysenius K, Hilton JB, Paul B, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ. Anatomical redistribution of endogenous copper in embryonic mice overexpressing SOD1. Metallomics 2020; 11:141-150. [PMID: 30255176 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00242h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the copper (Cu)- and zinc (Zn)-binding metalloenzyme Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Transgenic over-expression of mutant SOD1 produces a robust ALS-like phenotype in mice. Despite being ubiquitously expressed from the moment of conception, the mechanisms underlying the CNS-selective phenotype of mutant SOD1 expression remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that the physiological requirement for copper in SOD1 is unsatiated in the CNS of adult mice overexpressing mutant SOD1 and that suboptimal delivery of Cu to SOD1 in these mice progressively worsens with age. An age-related impediment to Cu availability may therefore contribute to the adult onset of disease in cases of ALS caused by mutant SOD1. Here, we have extended the age-related investigation of Cu in SOD1 overexpressing transgenic mice to the embryonic stage of development. We used the quantitative in situ elemental imaging method, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), to assess the endogenous distribution of Cu, Zn and other endogenous elements (carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, magnesium, manganese and iron) in the embryonic day 14 (E14) embryos of transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type human SOD1 (hSOD1Wt) or mutant human SOD1 (hSOD1G37R). We show that in contrast to adult mice, SOD1 overexpression (both wild-type and mutant) is associated with an overt redistribution of Cu from the liver to the CNS during embryonic development. Also in contrast to adult mice, Zn redistribution to the CNS in response to SOD1 over-expression is relatively modest in embryonic mice, being limited to the brainstem. No other elemental changes between genotypes were observed. Our application of quantitative LA-ICP-MS in situ imaging details the first anatomical mapping of endogenous elements in embryonic mice. The observed redistribution of Cu from the liver to the CNS in response to SOD1 overexpression during embryogenesis indicates that the impediment of Cu delivery to SOD1, which is evident in adult mutant SOD1 overexpressing mice, only occurs at a later stage in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kysenius
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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10
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Edmondson DA, Ma RE, Yeh CL, Ward E, Snyder S, Azizi E, Zauber SE, Wells EM, Dydak U. Reversibility of neuroimaging markers influenced by lifetime occupational manganese exposure. Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:181-190. [PMID: 31388678 PMCID: PMC6813746 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a neurotoxicant that many workers are exposed to daily. There is limited knowledge about how changes in exposure levels impact measures in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that changes in Mn exposure would be reflected by changes in the MRI relaxation rate R1 and thalamic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAThal). As part of a prospective cohort study, 17 welders were recruited and imaged on two separate occasions approximately two years apart. MRI relaxometry was used to assess changes of Mn accumulation in the brain. Additionally, GABA was measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in the thalamic and striatal regions of the brain. Air Mn exposure ([Mn]Air) and cumulative exposure indexes of Mn (Mn-CEI) for the past three months (Mn-CEI3M), past year (Mn-CEI12M), and lifetime (Mn-CEILife) were calculated using personal air sampling and a comprehensive work history, while toenails were collected for analysis of internal Mn body burden. Finally, welders' motor function was examined using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Median exposure decreased for all exposure measures between the first and second scan. ΔGABAThal was significantly correlated with ΔMn-CEI3M (ρ = 0.66, adjusted p = 0.02), ΔMn-CEI12M (ρ = 0.70, adjusted p = 0.006) , and Δ[Mn]Air (ρ = 0.77, adjusted p = 0.002). ΔGABAThal significantly decreased linearly with ΔMn-CEI3M (quantile regression, β = 15.22, p = 0.02) as well as Δ[Mn]Air (β = 1.27, p = 0.04). Finally, Mn-CEILife interacted with Δ[Mn]Air in the substantia nigra where higher Mn-CEILife lessened the ΔR1 per Δ[Mn]Air (F-test, p = 0.005). While R1 and GABA changed with Mn exposure, UPDRS was unaffected. In conclusion, our study shows that effects from changes in Mn exposure are reflected in thalamic GABA levels and brain Mn levels, as measured by R1, in most brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Edmondson
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ruoyun E Ma
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Chien-Lin Yeh
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Eric Ward
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Sandy Snyder
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Elham Azizi
- Department of Neurology, Ochsner Medical Center, Kenner, LA
| | - S Elizabeth Zauber
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ellen M Wells
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Public Health Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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11
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Sudarshana DM, Nair G, Dwyer JT, Dewey B, Steele SU, Suto DJ, Wu T, Berkowitz BA, Koretsky AP, Cortese ICM, Reich DS. Manganese-Enhanced MRI of the Brain in Healthy Volunteers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1309-1316. [PMID: 31371354 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The manganese ion is used as an intracellular MR imaging contrast agent to study neuronal function in animal models, but it remains unclear whether manganese-enhanced MR imaging can be similarly useful in humans. Using mangafodipir (Teslascan, a chelated manganese-based contrast agent that is FDA-approved), we evaluated the dynamics of manganese enhancement of the brain and glandular structures in the rostral head and neck in healthy volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We administered mangafodipir intravenously at a rate of 1 mL/minute for a total dose of 5 μmol/kg body weight. Nine healthy adult volunteers (6 men/3 women; median age, 43 years) completed baseline history and physical examination, 3T MR imaging, and blood work. MR imaging also followed mangafodipir administration at various time points from immediate to 7 days, with delayed scans at 1-3 months. RESULTS The choroid plexus and anterior pituitary gland enhanced within 10 minutes of infusion, with enhancement persisting up to 7 and 30 days, respectively. Exocrine (parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal) glands also enhanced avidly as early as 1 hour postadministration, generally resolving by 1 month; 3 volunteers had residual exocrine gland enhancement, which resolved by 2 months in 1 and by 3 months in the other 2. Mangafodipir did not affect clinical parameters, laboratory values, or T1-weighted signal in the basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS Manganese ions released from mangafodipir successfully enable noninvasive visualization of intra- and extracranial structures that lie outside the blood-brain barrier without adverse clinical effects, setting the stage for future neuroradiologic investigation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Sudarshana
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University (D.M.S.), Cleveland, Ohio
| | - G Nair
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J T Dwyer
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - B Dewey
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - S U Steele
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - D J Suto
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - T Wu
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - B A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology (B.A.B.), Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - A P Koretsky
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - I C M Cortese
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - D S Reich
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (D.M.S., G.N., J.T.D., B.D., S.U.S., D.J.S., T.W., A.P.K., I.C.M.C., D.S.R.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Das S, Khatua K, Rakshit A, Carmona A, Sarkar A, Bakthavatsalam S, Ortega R, Datta A. Emerging chemical tools and techniques for tracking biological manganese. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7047-7061. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00508k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This frontier article discusses chemical tools and techniques for tracking and imaging Mn ions in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Colaba
- India
| | - Kaustav Khatua
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Colaba
- India
| | - Ananya Rakshit
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Colaba
- India
| | - Asuncion Carmona
- Chemical Imaging and Speciation
- CENBG
- University of Bordeaux
- UMR 5797
- 33175 Gradignan
| | - Anindita Sarkar
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | | | - Richard Ortega
- Chemical Imaging and Speciation
- CENBG
- University of Bordeaux
- UMR 5797
- 33175 Gradignan
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Colaba
- India
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13
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Cloyd RA, Koren SA, Abisambra JF. Manganese-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Overview and Central Nervous System Applications With a Focus on Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:403. [PMID: 30618710 PMCID: PMC6300587 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) rose to prominence in the 1990s as a sensitive approach to high contrast imaging. Following the discovery of manganese conductance through calcium-permeable channels, MEMRI applications expanded to include functional imaging in the central nervous system (CNS) and other body systems. MEMRI has since been employed in the investigation of physiology in many animal models and in humans. Here, we review historical perspectives that follow the evolution of applied MRI research into MEMRI with particular focus on its potential toxicity. Furthermore, we discuss the more current in vivo investigative uses of MEMRI in CNS investigations and the brief but decorated clinical usage of chelated manganese compound mangafodipir in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Cloyd
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Shon A Koren
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience & Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jose F Abisambra
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience & Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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14
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Ghersi-Egea JF, Strazielle N, Catala M, Silva-Vargas V, Doetsch F, Engelhardt B. Molecular anatomy and functions of the choroidal blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:337-361. [PMID: 29368213 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The barrier between the blood and the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is located at the choroid plexuses. At the interface between two circulating fluids, these richly vascularized veil-like structures display a peculiar morphology explained by their developmental origin, and fulfill several functions essential for CNS homeostasis. They form a neuroprotective barrier preventing the accumulation of noxious compounds into the CSF and brain, and secrete CSF, which participates in the maintenance of a stable CNS internal environment. The CSF circulation plays an important role in volume transmission within the developing and adult brain, and CSF compartments are key to the immune surveillance of the CNS. In these contexts, the choroid plexuses are an important source of biologically active molecules involved in brain development, stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and brain repair. By sensing both physiological changes in brain homeostasis and peripheral or central insults such as inflammation, they also act as sentinels for the CNS. Finally, their role in the control of immune cell traffic between the blood and the CSF confers on the choroid plexuses a function in neuroimmune regulation and implicates them in neuroinflammation. The choroid plexuses, therefore, deserve more attention while investigating the pathophysiology of CNS diseases and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- Fluid Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France.
| | - Nathalie Strazielle
- Fluid Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University Lyon-1, Lyon, France
- Brain-i, Lyon, France
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15
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Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF. Potential Pathways for CNS Drug Delivery Across the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 22:5463-5476. [PMID: 27464721 PMCID: PMC5421134 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666160726112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain interfaces restrict the cerebral bioavailability of pharmacological compounds. Various drug delivery strategies have been developed to improve drug penetration into the brain. Most strategies target the microvascular endothelium forming the blood-brain barrier proper. Targeting the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier formed by the epithelium of the choroid plexuses in addition to the blood-brain barrier may offer added-value for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. For instance, targeting the CSF spaces, adjacent tissue, or the choroid plexuses themselves is of interest for the treatment of neuroinflammatory and infectious diseases, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, selected brain tumors, hydrocephalus or neurohumoral dysregulation. Selected CSF-borne materials seem to reach deep cerebral structures by mechanisms that need to be understood in the context of chronic CSF delivery. Drug delivery through both barriers can reduce CSF sink action towards parenchymal drugs. Finally, targeting the choroid plexus-CSF system can be especially relevant in the context of neonatal and pediatric diseases of the central nervous system. Transcytosis appears the most promising mechanism to target in order to improve drug delivery through brain barriers. The choroid plexus epithelium displays strong vesicular trafficking and secretory activities that deserve to be explored in the context of cerebral drug delivery. Folate transport and exosome release into the CSF, plasma protein transport, and various receptor-mediated endocytosis pathways may prove useful mechanisms to exploit for efficient drug delivery into the CSF. This calls for a clear evaluation of transcytosis mechanisms at the blood-CSF barrier, and a thorough evaluation of CSF drug delivery rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Strazielle
- Blood-Brain Interfaces Exploratory Platform BIP, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of medicine Laennec, Rue G Paradin, 69008, Lyon, France.
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16
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Haynes EN, Sucharew H, Hilbert TJ, Kuhnell P, Spencer A, Newman NC, Burns R, Wright R, Parsons PJ, Dietrich KN. Impact of air manganese on child neurodevelopment in East Liverpool, Ohio. Neurotoxicology 2017; 64:94-102. [PMID: 28888663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND East Liverpool, Ohio, the site of a hazardous waste incinerator and a manganese (Mn) processor, has had air Mn concentrations exceeding United States Environmental Protection Agency reference levels for over a decade. Save Our County, Inc., a community organization, was formed to address community environmental health concerns related to local industry. Researchers from the University of Cincinnati partnered with Save Our County to determine if air Mn had an impact on the neurocognitive function of children in the community. METHODS Children 7-9 years of age from East Liverpool and its surrounding communities, were enrolled (N=106) in the Communities Actively Researching Exposure Study from between March 2013-June 2014. Blood and hair were analyzed for Mn and lead, and serum was analyzed for cotinine. We used linear regression to assess associations between biological measures and IQ subscale scores. RESULTS Geometric mean blood lead (n=67), blood Mn (n=66), hair Mn (n=98), and serum cotinine (n=69) concentrations were 1.13±1.96μg/dL, 10.06±1.30μg/L, and 360.22±2.17ng/g, 0.76±6.12μg/L respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, hair Mn was negatively associated with Full Scale IQ. CONCLUSIONS Hair Mn was negatively associated with child IQ scores. Community partners were instrumental in the conception and implementation of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Haynes
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Heidi Sucharew
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Timothy J Hilbert
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Pierce Kuhnell
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | | | - Nicholas C Newman
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of General and Community Pediatrics, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Roxanne Burns
- Kent State University East Liverpool Campus, 400 E 4th St, East Liverpool, OH, 43920, USA
| | - Robert Wright
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA; University of Albany, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| | - Kim N Dietrich
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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17
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Chan KC, Zhou IY, Liu SS, van der Merwe Y, Fan SJ, Hung VK, Chung SK, Wu WT, So KF, Wu EX. Longitudinal Assessments of Normal and Perilesional Tissues in Focal Brain Ischemia and Partial Optic Nerve Injury with Manganese-enhanced MRI. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43124. [PMID: 28230106 PMCID: PMC5322351 DOI: 10.1038/srep43124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although manganese (Mn) can enhance brain tissues for improving magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments, the underlying neural mechanisms of Mn detection remain unclear. In this study, we used Mn-enhanced MRI to test the hypothesis that different Mn entry routes and spatiotemporal Mn distributions can reflect different mechanisms of neural circuitry and neurodegeneration in normal and injured brains. Upon systemic administration, exogenous Mn exhibited varying transport rates and continuous redistribution across healthy rodent brain nuclei over a 2-week timeframe, whereas in rodents following photothrombotic cortical injury, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, or neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, Mn preferentially accumulated in perilesional tissues expressing gliosis or oxidative stress within days. Intravitreal Mn administration to healthy rodents not only allowed tracing of primary visual pathways, but also enhanced the hippocampus and medial amygdala within a day, whereas partial transection of the optic nerve led to MRI detection of degrading anterograde Mn transport at the primary injury site and the perilesional tissues secondarily over 6 weeks. Taken together, our results indicate the different Mn transport dynamics across widespread projections in normal and diseased brains. Particularly, perilesional brain tissues may attract abnormal Mn accumulation and gradually reduce anterograde Mn transport via specific Mn entry routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Chan
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,New York University (NYU) Langone Eye Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iris Y Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Stanley S Liu
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yolandi van der Merwe
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,UPMC Eye Center, Eye and Ear Institute, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Shu-Juan Fan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Victor K Hung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sookja K Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wu-Tian Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ed X Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Desmond KL, Al-Ebraheem A, Janik R, Oakden W, Kwiecien JM, Dabrowski W, Rola R, Geraki K, Farquharson MJ, Stanisz GJ, Bock NA. Differences in iron and manganese concentration may confound the measurement of myelin from R1 and R2 relaxation rates in studies of dysmyelination. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:985-998. [PMID: 27226282 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A model of dysmyelination, the Long Evans Shaker (les) rat, was used to study the contribution of myelin to MR tissue properties in white matter. A large region of white matter was identified in the deep cerebellum and was used for measurements of the MR relaxation rate constants, R1 = 1/T1 and R2 = 1/T2 , at 7 T. In this study, R1 of the les deep cerebellar white matter was found to be 0.55 ± 0.08 s (-1) and R2 was found to be 15 ± 1 s(-1) , revealing significantly lower R1 and R2 in les white matter relative to wild-type (wt: R1 = 0.69 ± 0.05 s(-1) and R2 = 18 ± 1 s(-1) ). These deviated from the expected ΔR1 and ΔR2 values, given a complete lack of myelin in the les white matter, derived from the literature using values of myelin relaxivity, and we suspect that metals could play a significant role. The absolute concentrations of the paramagnetic transition metals iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) were measured by a micro-synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (μSRXRF) technique, with significantly greater Fe and Mn in les white matter than in wt (in units of μg [metal]/g [wet weight tissue]: les: Fe concentration,19 ± 1; Mn concentration, 0.71 ± 0.04; wt: Fe concentration,10 ± 1; Mn concentration, 0.47 ± 0.04). These changes in Fe and Mn could explain the deviations in R1 and R2 from the expected values in white matter. Although it was found that the influence of myelin still dominates R1 and R2 in wt rats, there were non-negligible changes in the contribution of the metals to relaxation. Although there are already problems with the estimation of myelin from R1 and R2 changes in disease models with pathology that also affects the relaxation rate constants, this study points to a specific pitfall in the estimation of changes in myelin in diseases or models with disrupted concentrations of paramagnetic transition metals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Desmond
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alia Al-Ebraheem
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, Medical Radiation Sciences program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rafal Janik
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Oakden
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacek M Kwiecien
- Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Radoslaw Rola
- Neurosurgery & Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Michael J Farquharson
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, Medical Radiation Sciences program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Greg J Stanisz
- Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Neurosurgery & Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lublin Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Nicholas A Bock
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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19
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Manganese-Disrupted Interaction of Dopamine D1 and NMDAR in the Striatum to Injury Learning and Memory Ability of Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6745-6758. [PMID: 26660110 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is widely regarded as a neurotoxic heavy metal that causes learning and memory deficits. Recently, it has been proved that the striatum is related to memory and learning ability. However, no previous study focused on the effect of Mn-induced learning and memory deficits on the striatum. This study aims to investigate the probable interaction of dopamine D1 receptor (DR1) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), two cognition-related receptors in the striatum during Mn exposure. Mice are randomly divided into four groups, including control group, 12.5 mg/kg MnCl2 group, 25 mg/kg MnCl2 group, and 50 mg/kg MnCl2 group. The mice receive intraperitoneal injections of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg MnCl2 once daily for 2 weeks. Then, learning and memory ability, pathological changes, expression, and interaction of DR1 and NMDAR are determined. It has been found that Mn disrupted spatial learning and memory ability of mice by Morris water maze test and the passive avoidance test. Pathological and ultrastructure were injured. Mn decreased the immunohistochemical activities, protein levels, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of DR1, NR1, and NR2A. Mn exposure inhibited interaction between DR1 and NMDAR in striatum by double immunofluorescent staining and co-immunoprecipitation. In conclusion, our study illustrated that Mn caused learning and memory dysfunction via injury of striatum and inhibition of interaction between DR1 and NMDAR in striatum.
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20
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Activity-induced manganese-dependent MRI (AIM-MRI) and functional MRI in awake rabbits during somatosensory stimulation. Neuroimage 2015; 126:72-80. [PMID: 26589332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-induced manganese-dependent MRI (AIM-MRI) is a powerful tool to track system-wide neural activity using high resolution, quantitative T1-weighted MRI in animal models and has significant advantages for investigating neural activity over other modalities including BOLD fMRI. With AIM-MRI, Mn(2+) ions enter neurons via voltage-gated calcium channels preferentially active during the time of experimental exposure. A broad range of AIM-MRI studies using different species studying different phenomena have been performed, but few of these studies provide a systematic evaluation of the factors influencing the detection of Mn(2+) such as dosage and the temporal characteristics of Mn(2+) uptake. We identified an optimal dose of Mn(2+) (25 mg/kg, s.c.) in order to characterize the time-course of Mn(2+) accumulation in active neural regions in the rabbit. T1-weighted MRI and functional MRI were collected 0-3, 6-9, and 24-27 h post-Mn(2+) injection while the vibrissae on the right side were vibrated. Significant BOLD activation in the left somatosensory (SS) cortex and left ventral posteromedial (VPM) thalamic nucleus was detected during whisker vibration. T1-weighted signal intensities were extracted from these regions, their corresponding contralateral regions and the visual cortex (to serve as controls). A significant elevation in T1-weighted signal intensity in the left SS cortex (relative to right) was evident 6-9 and 24-27 h post-Mn(2+) injection while the left VPM thalamus showed a significant enhancement (relative to the right) only during the 24-27 h session. Visual cortex showed no hemispheric difference at any timepoint. Our results suggest that studies employing AIM-MRI would benefit by conducting experimental manipulations 6-24 h after subcutaneous MnCl2 injections to optimize the concentration of contrast agent in the regions active during the exposure.
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Demain B, Davoust C, Plas B, Bolan F, Boulanouar K, Renaud L, Darmana R, Vaysse L, Vieu C, Loubinoux I. Corticospinal Tract Tracing in the Marmoset with a Clinical Whole-Body 3T Scanner Using Manganese-Enhanced MRI. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138308. [PMID: 26398500 PMCID: PMC4580626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) has been described as a powerful tool to depict the architecture of neuronal circuits. In this study we investigated the potential use of in vivo MRI detection of manganese for tracing neuronal projections from the primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy marmosets (Callithrix Jacchus). We determined the optimal dose of manganese chloride (MnCl2) among 800, 400, 40 and 8 nmol that led to manganese-induced hyperintensity furthest from the injection site, as specific to the corticospinal tract as possible, and that would not induce motor deficit. A commonly available 3T human clinical MRI scanner and human knee coil were used to follow hyperintensity in the corticospinal tract 24h after injection. A statistical parametric map of seven marmosets injected with the chosen dose, 8 nmol, showed the corticospinal tract and M1 connectivity with the basal ganglia, substantia nigra and thalamus. Safety was determined for the lowest dose that did not induce dexterity and grip strength deficit, and no behavioral effects could be seen in marmosets who received multiple injections of manganese one month apart. In conclusion, our study shows for the first time in marmosets, a reliable and reproducible way to perform longitudinal ME-MRI experiments to observe the integrity of the marmoset corticospinal tract on a clinical 3T MRI scanner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Demain
- Inserm, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, F-31024, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
- CNRS-LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Carole Davoust
- Inserm, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, F-31024, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Benjamin Plas
- Inserm, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, F-31024, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
- Pôle Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Faye Bolan
- Inserm, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, F-31024, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Kader Boulanouar
- Inserm, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, F-31024, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Luc Renaud
- CNRS, Centre de Recherche Cerveau & Cognition, UMR 5549, F-31024, Toulouse, France
| | - Robert Darmana
- Inserm, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, F-31024, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Vaysse
- Inserm, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, F-31024, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Vieu
- CNRS-LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- Inserm, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, F-31024, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Imagerie cérébrale et handicaps neurologiques, UMR 825, CHU Purpan, Place du Dr Baylac, F-31059, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
- * E-mail:
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Malheiros JM, Paiva FF, Longo BM, Hamani C, Covolan L. Manganese-Enhanced MRI: Biological Applications in Neuroscience. Front Neurol 2015. [PMID: 26217304 PMCID: PMC4498388 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent non-invasive tool to investigate biological systems. The administration of the paramagnetic divalent ion manganese (Mn2+) enhances MRI contrast in vivo. Due to similarities between Mn2+ and calcium (Ca2+), the premise of manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) is that the former may enter neurons and other excitable cells through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. As such, MEMRI has been used to trace neuronal pathways, define morphological boundaries, and study connectivity in morphological and functional imaging studies. In this article, we provide a brief overview of MEMRI and discuss recently published data to illustrate the usefulness of this method, particularly in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline Moraes Malheiros
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP , São Paulo , Brazil ; Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia In vivo por Ressonância Magnética, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Fernando Fernandes Paiva
- Centro de Imagens e Espectroscopia In vivo por Ressonância Magnética, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo , São Carlos , Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Clement Hamani
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP , São Paulo , Brazil ; Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Luciene Covolan
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP , São Paulo , Brazil
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Ding Y, Li Y, Lin J, Wen C. Effects of zirconium and strontium on the biocorrosion of Mg-Zr-Sr alloys for biodegradable implant applications. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3714-3729. [PMID: 32262846 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The successful applications of magnesium (Mg) alloys as biodegradable orthopedic implants are mainly restricted due to their rapid degradation rate in the physiological environment, leading to a loss of mechanical integrity. This study systematically investigated the degradation behaviors of novel Mg-Zr-Sr alloys using electrochemical techniques, hydrogen evolution, and weight loss in simulated body fluid (SBF). The microstructure and degradation behaviors of the alloys were characterized using optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, and EDX. The results indicate that Zr and Sr concentrations in Mg alloys strongly affected the degradation rate of the alloys in SBF. A high concentration of 5 wt% Zr led to acceleration of anodic dissolution, which significantly decreased the biocorrosion resistance of the alloys and their biocompatibility. A high volume fraction of Mg17Sr2 phases due to the addition of excessive Sr (over 5 wt%) resulted in enhanced galvanic effects between the Mg matrix and Mg17Sr2 phases, which reduced the biocorrosion resistance. The average Sr release rate is approximately 0.15 mg L-1 day-1, which is much lower than the body burden and proves its good biocompatibility. A new biocorrosion model has been established to illustrate the degradation of alloys and the formation of degradation products on the surface of the alloys. It can be concluded that the optimal concentration of Zr and Sr is less than 2 wt% for as-cast Mg-Zr-Sr alloys used as biodegradable orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Ding
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
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24
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Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases III: Manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:45. [PMID: 25883837 PMCID: PMC4392553 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.153876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an often overlooked but important nutrient, required in small amounts for multiple essential functions in the body. A recent study on cows fed genetically modified Roundup(®)-Ready feed revealed a severe depletion of serum Mn. Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup(®), has also been shown to severely deplete Mn levels in plants. Here, we investigate the impact of Mn on physiology, and its association with gut dysbiosis as well as neuropathologies such as autism, Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, anxiety syndrome, Parkinson's disease (PD), and prion diseases. Glutamate overexpression in the brain in association with autism, AD, and other neurological diseases can be explained by Mn deficiency. Mn superoxide dismutase protects mitochondria from oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature of autism and Alzheimer's. Chondroitin sulfate synthesis depends on Mn, and its deficiency leads to osteoporosis and osteomalacia. Lactobacillus, depleted in autism, depend critically on Mn for antioxidant protection. Lactobacillus probiotics can treat anxiety, which is a comorbidity of autism and chronic fatigue syndrome. Reduced gut Lactobacillus leads to overgrowth of the pathogen, Salmonella, which is resistant to glyphosate toxicity, and Mn plays a role here as well. Sperm motility depends on Mn, and this may partially explain increased rates of infertility and birth defects. We further reason that, under conditions of adequate Mn in the diet, glyphosate, through its disruption of bile acid homeostasis, ironically promotes toxic accumulation of Mn in the brainstem, leading to conditions such as PD and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Samsel
- Research Scientist and Consultant, Deerfield, NH 03037, USA
| | - Stephanie Seneff
- Spoken Language Systems Group, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
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25
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Hong L, Xu C, O'Neal S, Bi HC, Huang M, Zheng W, Zeng S. Roles of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein in transporting para-aminosalicylic acid and its N-acetylated metabolite in mice brain. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1577-85. [PMID: 25418377 PMCID: PMC4261121 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) is effective in the treatment of manganism-induced neurotoxicity (manganism). In this study we investigated the roles of P-glycoprotein (MDR1a) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) in transporting PAS and its N-acetylated metabolite AcPAS through blood-brain barrier. METHODS MDR1a-null or wild-type mice were intravenously injected with PAS (200 mg/kg). Thirty minutes after the injection, blood samples and brains were collected, and the concentrations of PAS and AcPAS in brain capillaries and parenchyma were measured using HPLC. Both MDCK-MDR1 and MDCK-MRP1 cells that overexpressed P-gp and MRP1, respectively, were used in two-chamber Transwell transport studies in vitro. RESULTS After injection of PAS, the brain concentration of PAS was substantially higher in MDR1a-null mice than in wild-type mice, but the brain concentration of AcPAS had no significant difference between MDR1a-null mice and wild-type mice. Concomitant injection of PAS with the MRP-specific inhibitor MK-571 (50 mg/kg) further increased the brain concentration of PAS in MDR1a-null mice, and increased the brain concentration of AcPAS in both MDR1a-null mice and wild-type mice. Two-chamber Transwell studies with MDCK-MDR1 cells demonstrated that PAS was not only a substrate but also a competitive inhibitor of P-gp, while AcPAS was not a substrate of P-gp. Two-chamber Transwell studies with the MDCK-MRP1 cells showed that MRP1 had the ability to transport both PAS and AcPAS across the BBB. CONCLUSION P-gp plays a major role in the efflux of PAS from brain parenchyma into blood in mice, while MRP1 is involved in both PAS and AcPAS transport in the brain.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Acetylation
- Aminosalicylic Acid/administration & dosage
- Aminosalicylic Acid/blood
- Aminosalicylic Acid/pharmacokinetics
- Aminosalicylic Acids/blood
- Aminosalicylic Acids/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Biotransformation
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Capillary Permeability
- Dogs
- Injections, Intravenous
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Male
- Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology
- Mice, Knockout
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Stefanie O'Neal
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hui-chang Bi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Su Zeng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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26
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Wang F, Wang C, Jiang Y, Deng X, Lu J, Ou S. Protective role of sodium para-amino salicylic acid against manganese-induced hippocampal neurons damage. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1071-1078. [PMID: 24769799 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element of human. However, excessive Mn can cause manganism. Mn selectively accumulated in Mn-exposed workers' hippocampus which is crucial for higher brain functions such as learning, memory, and motivation during our postnatal life. Studies suggested sodium para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) appeared to be therapeutic for manganism. We aimed to explore whether PAS could block Mn-induced neuronal injury in hippocampus in vitro. Hippocampal neurons were exposed to 50 μM manganese chloride (MnCl(2)) for 24 h, following by 50, 500, or 5000 μM PAS treatment for 24 h. Cell viability, apoptosis rate, mean fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial and DNA damage were respectively performed. MnCl(2) significantly decreased neurons' viability and fluorescence intensity of comet head of DNA, while increasing the apoptosis rate, mean fluorescence intensity of mitochondrial, percentage of tail DNA, and Olive tail moment of DNA. PAS reduced the percentage of tail DNA and Olive tail moment of Mn-exposed neurons. These data suggested that Mn caused hippocampal neurons' injury, and 50-5000 μM PAS could inhibit Mn-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Chan Wang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xiangfa Deng
- Department of Health Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China; Department of Human Anatomy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Jipei Lu
- Department of Health Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shiyan Ou
- Department of Health Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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27
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Long Z, Jiang YM, Li XR, Fadel W, Xu J, Yeh CL, Long LL, Luo HL, Harezlak J, Murdoch JB, Zheng W, Dydak U. Vulnerability of welders to manganese exposure--a neuroimaging study. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45:285-92. [PMID: 24680838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increased manganese (Mn) exposure is known to cause cognitive, psychiatric and motor deficits. Mn exposure occurs in different occupational settings, where the airborne Mn level and the size of respirable particulates may vary considerably. Recently the importance of the role of the cerebral cortex in Mn toxicity has been highlighted, especially in Mn-induced neuropsychological effects. In this study we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate brain Mn accumulation using T1 signal intensity indices and to examine changes in brain iron content using T2* contrast, as well as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to measure exposure-induced metabolite changes non-invasively in cortical and deep brain regions in Mn-exposed welders, Mn-exposed smelter workers and control factory workers with no measurable exposure to Mn. MRS data as well as T1 signal intensity indices and T2* values were acquired from the frontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. Smelters were exposed to higher air Mn levels and had a longer duration of exposure, which was reflected in higher Mn levels in erythrocytes and urine than in welders. Nonetheless, welders had more significant metabolic differences compared to controls than did the smelter workers, especially in the frontal cortex. T1 hyperintensities in the globus pallidus were observed in both Mn-exposed groups, but only welders showed significantly higher thalamic and hippocampal T1 hyperintensities, as well as significantly reduced T2* values in the frontal cortex. Our results indicate that (1) the cerebral cortex, in particular the frontal cortex, is clearly involved in Mn neurotoxic effects and (2) in spite of the lower air Mn levels and shorter duration of exposure, welders exhibit more extensive neuroimaging changes compared to controls than smelters, including measurable deposition of Mn in more brain areas. These results indicate that the type of exposure (particulate sizes, dust versus fume) and route of exposure play an important role in the extent of Mn-induced toxic effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyang Long
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Jiang
- Department of Health Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Xiang-Rong Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - William Fadel
- Department of Biostatistics, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chien-Lin Yeh
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Li-Ling Long
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hai-Lan Luo
- Department of Health Toxicology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jaroslaw Harezlak
- Department of Biostatistics, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James B Murdoch
- Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Mayfield Village, OH, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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28
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Daoust A, Saoudi Y, Brocard J, Collomb N, Batandier C, Bisbal M, Salomé M, Andrieux A, Bohic S, Barbier EL. Impact of manganese on primary hippocampal neurons from rodents. Hippocampus 2014; 24:598-610. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Daoust
- Inserm; U836 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
| | - Yasmina Saoudi
- Inserm; U836 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
| | - Jacques Brocard
- Inserm; U836 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
| | - Nora Collomb
- Inserm; U836 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
| | - Cécile Batandier
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée; Grenoble France
| | - Mariano Bisbal
- Inserm; U836 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
| | - Murielle Salomé
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Grenoble France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Inserm; U836 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
| | - Sylvain Bohic
- Inserm; U836 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Grenoble France
| | - Emmanuel L. Barbier
- Inserm; U836 Grenoble France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
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29
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Rugless F, Bhattacharya A, Succop P, Dietrich KN, Cox C, Alden J, Kuhnell P, Barnas M, Wright R, Parsons PJ, Praamsma ML, Palmer CD, Beidler C, Wittberg R, Haynes EN. Childhood exposure to manganese and postural instability in children living near a ferromanganese refinery in Southeastern Ohio. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 41:71-9. [PMID: 24370548 PMCID: PMC3943914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Airborne manganese (Mn) exposure can result in neurotoxicity and postural instability in occupationally exposed workers, yet few studies have explored the association ambient exposure to Mn in children and postural stability. The goal of this study was to determine the association between Mn and lead (Pb) exposure, as measured by blood Pb, blood and hair Mn and time weighted distance (TWD) from a ferromanganese refinery, and postural stability in children. A subset of children ages 7-9 years enrolled in the Marietta Community Actively Researching Exposure Study (CARES) were invited to participate. Postural balance was conducted on 55 children residing in Marietta, Ohio and the surrounding area. Samples of blood were collected and analyzed for Mn and Pb, and samples of hair were analyzed for Mn. Neuromotor performance was assessed using postural balance testing with a computer force platform system. Pearson correlations were calculated to identify key covariates. Associations between postural balance testing conditions and Mn and Pb exposure were estimated with linear regression analyses adjusting for gender, age, parent IQ, and parent age. Mean blood Mn was 10 μg/L (SEM=0.36), mean blood Pb was 0.85 μg/dL (SEM=0.05), and mean hair Mn was 0.76 μg/g (SEM=0.16). Mean residential distance from the refinery was 11.5 km (SEM=0.46). All three measures of Mn exposure were significantly associated with poor postural balance. In addition, low-level blood Pb was also negatively associated with balance outcomes. We conclude that Mn exposure and low-level blood Pb are significantly associated with poor postural balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedoria Rugless
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3223 Eden Ave., PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3223 Eden Ave., PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
| | - Paul Succop
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3223 Eden Ave., PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
| | - Kim N Dietrich
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3223 Eden Ave., PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
| | - Cyndy Cox
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3223 Eden Ave., PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
| | - Jody Alden
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3223 Eden Ave., PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
| | - Pierce Kuhnell
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3223 Eden Ave., PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
| | - Mary Barnas
- Marietta College, 215 5th Street, Marietta, OH 45740, United States.
| | - Robert Wright
- Harvard University, Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; University at Albany, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Albany, NY, United States.
| | - Meredith L Praamsma
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; University at Albany, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Albany, NY, United States.
| | - Christopher D Palmer
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; University at Albany, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Albany, NY, United States.
| | | | - Richard Wittberg
- Mid-Ohio Valley Health Department, 211 6th St., Parkersburg, WV 26101, United States.
| | - Erin N Haynes
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3223 Eden Ave., PO Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
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Ding Y, Wen C, Hodgson P, Li Y. Effects of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium alloys: a review. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:1912-1933. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review elaborates the effects of alloying elements on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion and biocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Ding
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- Faculty of Science
- Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Peter Hodgson
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong, Australia
| | - Yuncang Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials
- Deakin University
- Geelong, Australia
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Brain deposition and neurotoxicity of manganese in adult mice exposed via the drinking water. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:47-64. [PMID: 23832297 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural leaching processes and/or anthropogenic contamination can result in ground water concentrations of the essential metal manganese (Mn) that far exceed the current regulatory standards. Neurological consequences of Mn drinking water (DW) overexposure to experimental animals, i.e., mice, including its brain deposition/distribution and behavioral effects are understudied. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to Mn via the DW for 8 weeks. After 5 weeks of Mn exposure, magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant Mn deposition in all examined brain regions; the degree of Mn deposition did not increase further a week later. Behaviorally, early hyperactivity and more time spent in the center of the arenas in an open field test, decreased forelimb grip strength and less time swimming in a forced swim test were observed after 6 weeks of Mn DW exposure. Eight-week Mn DW exposure did not alter striatal dopamine, its metabolites, or the expression of key dopamine homeostatic proteins, but it significantly increased striatal 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (a serotonin metabolite) levels, without affecting the levels of serotonin itself. Increased expression (mRNA) of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, an astrocyte activation marker), heme oxygenase-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, respectively) were observed 8 weeks post-Mn DW exposure in the substantia nigra. Besides mRNA increases, GFAP protein expression was increased in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. In summary, the neurobehavioral deficits, characterized by locomotor and emotional perturbations, and nigral glial activation associated with significant brain Mn deposition are among the early signs of Mn neurotoxicity caused by DW overexposure.
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Abstract
Human exposure to neurotoxic metals is a global public health problem. Metals which cause neurological toxicity, such as lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn), are of particular concern due to the long-lasting and possibly irreversible nature of their effects. Pb exposure in childhood can result in cognitive and behavioural deficits in children. These effects are long-lasting and persist into adulthood even after Pb exposure has been reduced or eliminated. While Mn is an essential element of the human diet and serves many cellular functions in the human body, elevated Mn levels can result in a Parkinson's disease (PD)-like syndrome and developmental Mn exposure can adversely affect childhood neurological development. Due to the ubiquitous presence of both metals, reducing human exposure to toxic levels of Mn and Pb remains a world-wide public health challenge. In this review we summarize the toxicokinetics of Pb and Mn, describe their neurotoxic mechanisms, and discuss common themes in their neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas R Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF. Physiology of blood-brain interfaces in relation to brain disposition of small compounds and macromolecules. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1473-91. [PMID: 23298398 DOI: 10.1021/mp300518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain develops and functions within a strictly controlled environment resulting from the coordinated action of different cellular interfaces located between the blood and the extracellular fluids of the brain, which include the interstitial fluid and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As a correlate, the delivery of pharmacologically active molecules and especially macromolecules to the brain is challenged by the barrier properties of these interfaces. Blood-brain interfaces comprise both the blood-brain barrier located at the endothelium of the brain microvessels and the blood-CSF barrier located at the epithelium of the choroid plexuses. Although both barriers develop extensive surface areas of exchange between the blood and the neuropil or the CSF, the molecular fluxes across these interfaces are tightly regulated. Cerebral microvessels acquire a barrier phenotype early during cerebral vasculogenesis under the influence of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and of recruited pericytes. Later in development, astrocytes also play a role in blood-brain barrier maintenance. The tight choroid plexus epithelium develops very early during embryogenesis. It is specified by various signaling molecules from the embryonic dorsal midline, such as bone morphogenic proteins, and grows under the influence of Sonic hedgehog protein. Tight junctions at each barrier comprise a distinctive set of claudins from the pore-forming and tightening categories that determine their respective paracellular barrier characteristics. Vesicular traffic is limited in the cerebral endothelium and abundant in the choroidal epithelium, yet without evidence of active fluid phase transcytosis. Inorganic ion transport is highly regulated across the barriers. Small organic compounds such as nutrients, micronutrients and hormones are transported into the brain by specific solute carriers. Other bioactive metabolites, lipophilic toxic xenobiotics or pharmacological agents are restrained from accumulating in the brain by several ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters, multispecific solute carriers, and detoxifying enzymes. These various molecular effectors differently distribute between the two barriers. Receptor-mediated endocytotic and transcytotic mechanisms are active in the barriers. They enable brain penetration of selected polypeptides and proteins, or inversely macromolecule efflux as it is the case for immnoglobulins G. An additional mechanism specific to the BCSFB mediates the transport of selected plasma proteins from blood into CSF in the developing brain. All these mechanisms could be explored and manipulated to improve macromolecule delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Strazielle
- Brain-i, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France.
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Manganese enhanced MRI in rat hippocampus: a correlative study with synchrotron X-ray microprobe. Neuroimage 2012; 64:10-8. [PMID: 22995778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese enhanced MRI (MEMRI) offers many possibilities such as tract tracing and functional imaging in vivo. Mn is however neurotoxic and may induce symptoms similar to those associated with Parkinson's disease (manganism). The mechanisms of Mn-induced neurotoxicity are not clear. In this study, we combine synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe (SR-XRF) and MEMRI techniques to investigate spatial distribution of Mn within the rat hippocampus and how Mn interacts with Ca, Fe and Zn at a cellular level. Images were acquired in the rat hippocampus (n=23) and using two injection routes: intra-cerebral (MnCl(2): 50 mM, 10 μL) and intra-peritoneal (MnCl(2): 100 mM, 30 mg/kg). For both injection routes, Mn is found in dentate gyrus and in CA3: control: 2.5 ± 1.6, intra-peritoneal: 5.0 ± 2.4, and intra-cerebral: 25.1 ± 9.2 μg/g. Mn follows Zn distribution and has a negative impact on the total amount of Zn and Fe. The Mn-enhanced MRI contrast is well correlated with the total Mn amount measured with SR-XRF (R(2)=0.93; p<0.002). After intra-cerebral injection, the hippocampal fissure is found to accumulate a large amount of Mn and yields a hypointense MRI signal, which may be ascribed to a reduction in T2. This study shows that SR-XRF is well suited to investigate Mn distribution at a mesoscale and that MRI is sensitive to low Mn concentrations. As perturbations in metal homeostasis may alter brain function, the injected dose of Mn in MEMRI studies needs to be carefully adjusted to obtain reliable functional information.
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35
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Roos PM, Lierhagen S, Flaten TP, Syversen T, Vesterberg O, Nordberg M. Manganese in cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:803-10. [PMID: 22859739 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.011396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxic properties of manganese (Mn) are well documented. It is less known that Mn contributes to the development of neurodegenerative disorders in the general population. This study presents Mn data from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a well-defined cohort diagnosed by electrophysiological methods. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were collected from patients and controls. Mn concentrations were analyzed by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Concentrations of Mn were significantly higher in ALS CSF (median 5.67 μg/L) than in CSF from controls (median 2.08 μg/L). Also, ALS CSF Mn concentrations were higher than ALS plasma Mn concentrations (median 0.91 μg/L), suggesting transport of Mn into the central nervous system. The properties of barrier systems between blood and the brain are discussed and the possibility of Mn accumulation contributing to the relentless course of ALS is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per M Roos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Aghion E, Levy G, Ovadia S. In vivo behavior of biodegradable Mg-Nd-Y-Zr-Ca alloy. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:805-812. [PMID: 22190200 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the this study is to evaluate the in vivo behavior of Mg-1.5%Nd-0.5%Y-0.5%Zr implants with and without 0.4%Ca in comparison with inert Ti-6Al-4V reference implants. This was carried out by implanting cylindrical disks at the back midline of Wister male rats within the subcutaneous layer of the skin for up to 12 weeks. The degradation of magnesium-based implants in terms of hydrogen gas bubble formation was evaluated by radiography assessment; corrosion rate was analyzed by visual examination and weight loss measurements. The physiological response of the rats post-implantation was obtained by evaluating their wellbeing behavior and blood biochemical analysis including serum Mg, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine. In addition, histological analyses of the soft tissue around the implants were carried out to assess local lesions relating to the implants such as inflammation, tissue necrosis, granulation, mineralization, and tumor development. The results obtained clearly indicate that apart from the normal degradation characteristics and subsequent formation of hydrogen gas bubbles, the in vivo behavior of Mg implants was adequate and comparable to that of Ti-6Al-4V reference alloy. In addition, it was evident that the corrosion degradation of the magnesium alloys was strongly related to the location of the implant within the animal's body. The addition of 0.4%Ca improves the biodegradation corrosion resistance of the tested magnesium implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aghion
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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37
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Silva AC. Using manganese-enhanced MRI to understand BOLD. Neuroimage 2012; 62:1009-13. [PMID: 22245640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1990s were designated "The Decade of the Brain" by U.S. Congress, perhaps in great anticipation of the impact that functional neuroimaging techniques would have on advancing our understanding of how the brain is functionally organized. While it is impossible to overestimate the impact of functional MRI in neuroscience, many aspects of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast remain poorly understood, in great part due to the complex relationship between neural activity and hemodynamic changes. To better understand such relationship, it is important to probe neural activity independently. Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI), when used to monitor neural activity, is a technique that uses the divalent manganese ion, Mn(2+), as a surrogate measure of calcium influx. A major advantage of using Mn(2+) as a functional marker is that the contrast obtained is directly related to the accumulation of the ion in excitable cells in an activity dependent manner. As such, the contrast in MEMRI is more directly related to neural activity then hemodynamic-based fMRI techniques. In the present work, the early conceptualization of MEMRI is reviewed, and the comparative experiments that have helped provide a better understanding of the spatial specificity of BOLD signal changes in the cortex is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso C Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Unit, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1065, USA.
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Khan K, Wasserman GA, Liu X, Ahmed E, Parvez F, Slavkovich V, Levy D, Mey J, van Geen A, Graziano JH, Factor-Litvak P. Manganese exposure from drinking water and children's academic achievement. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:91-7. [PMID: 22182530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water manganese (WMn) is a potential threat to children's health due to its associations with a wide range of outcomes including cognitive, behavioral and neuropsychological effects. Although adverse effects of Mn on cognitive function of the children indicate possible impact on their academic achievement little evidence on this issue is available. Moreover, little is known regarding potential interactions between exposure to Mn and other metals, especially water arsenic (WAs). In Araihazar, a rural area of Bangladesh, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 840 children to investigate associations between WMn and WAs and academic achievement in mathematics and languages among elementary school-children, aged 8-11 years. Data on As and Mn exposure were collected from the participants at the baseline of an ongoing longitudinal study of school-based educational intervention. Annual scores of the study children in languages (Bangla and English) and mathematics were obtained from the academic achievement records of the elementary schools. WMn above the WHO standard of 400μg/L was associated with 6.4% score loss (95% CI=-12.3 to -0.5) in mathematics achievement test scores, adjusted for WAs and other sociodemographic variables. We did not find any statistically significant associations between WMn and academic achievement in either language. Neither WAs nor urinary As was significantly related to any of the three academic achievement scores. Our finding suggests that a large number of children in rural Bangladesh may experience deficits in mathematics due to high concentrations of Mn exposure in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Khan
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, United States
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39
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Lehallier B, Andrey P, Maurin Y, Bonny JM. Iterative algorithm for spatial and intensity normalization of MEMRI images. Application to tract-tracing of rat olfactory pathways. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29:1304-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rivera-Mancía S, Ríos C, Montes S. Manganese accumulation in the CNS and associated pathologies. Biometals 2011; 24:811-25. [PMID: 21533671 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal for life. It is a key constituent of clue enzymes in the central nervous system, contributing to antioxidant defenses, energetic metabolism, ammonia detoxification, among other important functions. Until now, Mn transport mechanisms are partially understood; however, it is known that it shares some mechanisms of transport with iron. CNS is susceptible to Mn toxicity because it possesses mechanisms that allow Mn entry and favor its accumulation. Cases of occupational Mn exposure have been extensively reported in the literature; however, there are other ways of exposure, such as long-term parental nutrition and liver failure. Manganism and hepatic encephalopathy are the most common pathologies associated with the effects of Mn exposure. Both pathologies are associated with motor and psychiatric disturbances, related in turn to mechanisms of damage such as oxidative stress and neurotransmitters alterations, the dopaminergic system being one of the most affected. Although manganism and Parkinson's disease share some characteristics, they differ in many aspects that are discussed here. The mechanisms for Mn transport and its participation in manganism and hepatic encephalopathy are also considered in this review. It is necessary to find an effective therapeutic strategy to decrease Mn levels in exposed individuals and to treat Mn long term effects. In the case of patients with chronic liver failure it would be worthwhile to test a low-Mn diet in order to ameliorate symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy possibly related to Mn accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rivera-Mancía
- Neurochemistry Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery 'Manuel Velasco Suárez', Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
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Schmitt C, Strazielle N, Richaud P, Bouron A, Ghersi-Egea JF. Active transport at the blood-CSF barrier contributes to manganese influx into the brain. J Neurochem 2011; 117:747-56. [PMID: 21395586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Manganese is an essential trace element, and a contrast agent of potential interest for brain magnetic resonance imaging. Brain overexposure to manganese, however induces a neurodegenerative syndrome. Imaging data suggest that manganese appearance into the CSF precedes its accumulation into the cerebral parenchyma. We therefore investigated manganese uptake and transport at the blood-CSF barrier. Like lead, the non protein-bound divalent manganese accumulated into the rat choroid plexus. The metal accumulation was especially high in developing animals. Using a differentiated cellular model of the blood-CSF barrier, we demonstrated that manganese crosses the choroid plexus epithelium by a concentrating, unidirectional blood-to-CSF transport mechanism. This transport was inhibited by calcium, which is also transported into the CSF against its concentration gradient. The permeability barrier function towards lipid-insoluble compound and the organic anion transport property of the blood-brain interface were affected by exposure of the blood-facing membrane of choroidal cells to micromolar concentrations of manganese, but its antioxidant capacity was not. The unidirectional transport of manganese across the choroid plexus provides the anatomo-functional basis linking the systemic exposure to manganese with the spreading pattern of manganese accumulation observed in brain imaging, and explains the polarized sensitivity of choroidal epithelial cells to manganese toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Schmitt
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
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Sen S, Flynn MR, Du G, Tröster AI, An H, Huang X. Manganese accumulation in the olfactory bulbs and other brain regions of "asymptomatic" welders. Toxicol Sci 2011; 121:160-7. [PMID: 21307282 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Welding-generated metallic fumes contain a substantial amount of manganese (Mn), making welders susceptible to Mn toxicity. Although overt Mn toxicity manifests as a type of parkinsonism, the consequences of chronic, low-level Mn exposure are unknown. To explore region-specific Mn accumulation and its potential functional consequences at subclinical levels of Mn exposure, we studied seven welders without obvious neurological deficits and seven age- and gender-matched controls. Mn exposure for welders was estimated by an occupational questionnaire. High-resolution brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Grooved Pegboard performance of both hands, Trail making, and olfactory function tests were obtained from all subjects. Compared with controls, the welders had a significantly higher T1 relaxation rate (R1) in the olfactory bulb (OB, p = 0.02), mean T1-weighted intensity at frontal white matter (FWM; p = 0.01), bilateral globus pallidus (GP; p = 0.03), and putamen (p = 0.03). The welders scored worse than the controls on the Grooved Pegboard test for both dominant (p = 0.06) and nondominant hand (p = 0.03). The dominant hand Grooved Pegboard scores correlated best with mean MRI intensity of FWM (R² = 0.51, p = 0.004), GP (R² = 0.51, p = 0.004), putamen (R² = 0.49, p= 0.006), and frontal gray matter (R² = 0.42, p = 0.01), whereas the nondominant hand scores correlated best with intensity of FWM (R² = 0.37, p = 0.02) and GP (R² = 0.28, p = 0.05). No statistical differences were observed in either the Trail-making test or the olfactory test between the two groups. This study suggests that Mn accumulates in OB and multiple other brain regions in "asymptomatic" welders and that MRI abnormalities correlate with fine motor but not cognitive deficits. Further investigations of subclinical Mn exposure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sen
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Dydak U, Jiang YM, Long LL, Zhu H, Chen J, Li WM, Edden RAE, Hu S, Fu X, Long Z, Mo XA, Meier D, Harezlak J, Aschner M, Murdoch JB, Zheng W. In vivo measurement of brain GABA concentrations by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in smelters occupationally exposed to manganese. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:219-24. [PMID: 20876035 PMCID: PMC3040609 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to excessive levels of manganese (Mn) is known to induce psychiatric and motor disorders, including parkinsonian symptoms. Therefore, finding a reliable means for early detection of Mn neurotoxicity is desirable. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to determine whether in vivo brain levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and other brain metabolites in male smelters were altered as a consequence of Mn exposure. METHODS We used T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize Mn deposition in the brain. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to quantify concentrations of NAA, glutamate, and other brain metabolites in globus pallidus, putamen, thalamus, and frontal cortex from a well-established cohort of 10 male Mn-exposed smelters and 10 male age-matched control subjects. We used the MEGA-PRESS MRS sequence to determine GABA levels in a region encompassing the thalamus and adjacent parts of the basal ganglia [GABA-VOI (volume of interest)]. RESULTS Seven of 10 exposed subjects showed clear T1-hyperintense signals in the globus pallidus indicating Mn accumulation. We found a significant increase (82%; p = 0.014) in the ratio of GABA to total creatine (GABA/tCr) in the GABA-VOI of Mn-exposed subjects, as well as a distinct decrease (9%; p = 0.04) of NAA/tCr in frontal cortex that strongly correlated with cumulative Mn exposure (R = -0.93; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated elevated GABA levels in the thalamus and adjacent basal ganglia and decreased NAA levels in the frontal cortex, indicating neuronal dysfunction in a brain area not primarily targeted by Mn. Therefore, the noninvasive in vivo MRS measurement of GABA and NAA may prove to be a powerful tool for detecting presymptomatic effects of Mn neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Abstract
The use of manganese ions (Mn(2+)) as an MRI contrast agent was introduced over 20 years ago in studies of Mn(2+) toxicity in anesthetized rats (1). Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) evolved in the late nineties when Koretsky and associates pioneered the use of MEMRI for brain activity measurements (2) as well as neuronal tract tracing (3). Currently, MEMRI has three primary applications in biological systems: (1) contrast enhancement for anatomical detail, (2) activity-dependent assessment and (3) tracing of neuronal connections or tract tracing. MEMRI relies upon the following three main properties of Mn(2+): (1) it is a paramagnetic ion that shortens the spin lattice relaxation time constant (T(1)) of tissues, where it accumulates and hence functions as an excellent T(1) contrast agent; (2) it is a calcium (Ca(2+)) analog that can enter excitable cells, such as neurons and cardiac cells via voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels; and (3) once in the cells Mn(2+) can be transported along axons by microtubule-dependent axonal transport and can also cross synapses trans-synaptically to neighboring neurons. This chapter will emphasize the methodological approaches towards the use of MEMRI in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Massaad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) relies on contrasts that are due to the shortening of the T (1) relaxation time of tissue water protons that become exposed to paramagnetic manganese ions. In experimental animals, the technique combines the high spatial resolution achievable by MRI with the biological information gathered by tissue-specific or functionally induced accumulations of manganese. After in vivo administration, manganese ions may enter cells via voltage-gated calcium channels. In the nervous system, manganese ions are actively transported along the axon. Based on these properties, MEMRI is increasingly used to delineate neuroanatomical structures, assess differences in functional brain activity, and unravel neuronal connectivities in both healthy animals and models of neurological disorders. Because of the cellular toxicity of manganese, a major challenge for a successful MEMRI study is to achieve the lowest possible dose for a particular biological question. Moreover, the interpretation of MEMRI findings requires a profound knowledge of the behavior of manganese in complex organ systems under physiological and pathological conditions. Starting with an overview of manganese pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of toxicity, this chapter covers experimental methods and protocols for applications in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Boretius
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Bohic S, Ghersi-Egea JF, Gibon J, Paoletti P, Arnaud J, Hunot S, Boom A, Bouron A. [Biological roles of trace elements in the brain with special focus on Zn and Fe]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2010; 167:269-79. [PMID: 21056442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many metals like iron (Fe), copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn) fulfil various essential biological functions and are thus vital for all living organisms. For instance, they play important roles in nervous tissue, participating in a wide range of processes such as neurotransmitter synthesis, myelination or synaptic transmission. STATE OF THE ART As in other tissues, brain cells tightly control the concentration of metals but any excess or deficit can lead to deleterious responses and alter cognitive functions. Of note, certain metals such as Zn, Fe or Cu accumulate in specific brain structures over lifespan and several neurodegenerative diseases are associated with a dysregulation of the homeostatic mechanisms controlling the concentration of these cations. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES This review will address some of the cellular and molecular processes controlling the entry and distribution of selected metals (mainly Zn and Fe) in the brain, as well as their roles in synaptic transmission, in the pathogenesis of some neurologic diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, and their impact on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bohic
- Inserm U836, équipe 6 Rayonnement synchrotron et recherches médicales, Grenoble institut des neurosciences, 38054 Grenoble, France
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Behavioral, electrophysiological and histopathological consequences of systemic manganese administration in MEMRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 28:1165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lee LW, So PW, Price AN, Parkinson JRC, Larkman DJ, Halliday J, Poucher SM, Pugh JAT, Cox AG, McLeod CW, Bell JD. Manganese enhancement in non-CNS organs. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:931-938. [PMID: 20878971 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) is a novel imaging technique capable of monitoring calcium influx, in vivo. Manganese (Mn2+) ions, similar to calcium ions (Ca2+), are taken up by activated cells where their paramagnetic properties afford signal enhancement in T(1)-weighted MRI methodologies. In this study we have assessed Mn2+ distribution in mice using magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE) based MRI, by measuring changes in T(1)-effective relaxation times (T(1)-eff), effective R(1)-relaxation rates (R(1)-eff) and signal intensity (SI) profiles over time. The manganese concentration in the tissue was also determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Our results show a strong positive correlation between infused dose of MnCl2 and the tissue manganese concentration. Furthermore, we demonstrate a linear relationship between R(1)-eff and tissue manganese concentration and tissue-specific Mn2+ distribution in murine tissues following dose-dependent Mn2+ administration. This data provides an optimized MnCl2 dose regimen for an MP-RAGE based sequence protocol for specific target organs and presents a potential 3D MRI technique for in vivo imaging of Ca2+ entry during Ca2+-dependent processes in a wide range of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Lee
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Ghersi-Egea JF, Mönkkönen KS, Schmitt C, Honnorat J, Fèvre-Montange M, Strazielle N. Blood-brain interfaces and cerebral drug bioavailability. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2010; 165:1029-38. [PMID: 19913860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The low cerebral bioavailability of various drugs is a limiting factor in the treatment of neurological diseases. The restricted penetration of active compounds into the brain is the result of the same mechanisms that are central to the maintenance of brain extracellular fluid homeostasis, in particular from the strict control imposed on exchanges across the blood-brain interfaces. Direct drug entry into the brain parenchyma occurs across the cerebral microvessel endothelium that forms the blood-brain barrier. In addition, local drug concentration measurements and cerebral imaging have clearly shown that the choroid plexuses - the main site of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier - together with the CSF circulatory system also play a significant role in setting the cerebral bioavailability of drugs and contrast agents. The entry of water-soluble therapeutic compounds into the brain is impeded by the presence of tight junctions that seal the cerebral endothelium and the choroidal epithelium. The cerebral penetration of many of the more lipid-soluble molecules is also restricted by various classes of efflux transporters that are differently distributed among both blood-brain interfaces, and comprise either multidrug resistance proteins of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily or transporters belonging to several solute carrier families. Expression of these transporters is regulated in various pathophysiological situations, such as epilepsy and inflammation, with pharmacological consequences that have yet to be clearly elucidated. As for brain tumour treatments, their efficacy may be affected not only by the intrinsic resistance of tumour cells, but also by endothelial efflux transporters which exert an even greater impact than the integrity of the endothelial tight junctions. Relevant to paediatric neurological treatments, both blood-brain interfaces are known to develop a tight phenotype very early on in postnatal development, but the developmental profile of efflux transporters still needs to be assessed in greater detail. Finally, the exact role of the ependyma and pia-glia limitans in controlling drug exchanges between brain parenchyma and CSF deserves further attention to allow more precise predictions of cerebral drug disposition and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Ghersi-Egea
- Inserm, U842, faculté de médecine Laennec, université de Lyon, université Lyon-1, UMR-S842, 69008 Lyon, France.
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Eschenko O, Canals S, Simanova I, Beyerlein M, Murayama Y, Logothetis N. Mapping of functional brain activity in freely behaving rats during voluntary running using manganese-enhanced MRI: Implication for longitudinal studies. Neuroimage 2010; 49:2544-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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