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Ouyang C, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Zhao J, Ren H, Zhai H. Lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals enhanced electrospun polylactic acid-based nanofibrous mats: Strengthen and toughen. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135617. [PMID: 39278433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous mats prepared by electrospinning serve as suitable packaging materials. However, their practical applications are limited by their weak mechanical properties, poor thermal stability, and high cost. In this study, green and low-cost lignin-containing cellulose nanocrystals (LCNCs) with different lignin contents were developed and employed as reinforced materials to synergistically enhance the thermal, mechanical, and hydrophobic properties of PLA electrospun nanofibrous mats. The presence of moderate lignin improved the interfacial compatibility between the LCNCs and PLA, resulting in excellent mechanical properties of the nanofibrous mats. Compared to pure PLA mats, the tensile strength of the composites reached up to 21.0 MPa, representing a 6.6-fold increase. Its toughness was synchronously enhanced by 16 times, reaching a maximum of 3.6 MJ/m3. The maximum decomposition temperature of PLA/LCNCs electrospun nanofibrous mats increased from 339 °C to 365 °C. Furthermore, the increase in lignin in the LCNCs positively contributed to improving the hydrophobicity of the PLA/LCNCs electrospun nanofibrous mats. This bio-based strategy of LCNCs employed in the enhancement of fully bio-based PLA nanofibrous mats offers a viable approach for the advancement of packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ouyang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yanchen Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Huamin Zhai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Wang Z, Zang C, Hu G, Li J, Yu Y, Yang W, Hu Y. PCL/Locust bean gum nanofibers loaded with HP-β-CD/Epicatechin clathrate compounds for fruit packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133940. [PMID: 39025179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)/Epicatechin (EC) clathrate compounds were rapidly prepared based on an ultrasound-mediated method, and Polycaprolactone (PCL)/Locust bean gum (LBG) nanofibers loaded clathrate compounds were fabricated by electrostatic spinning (ELS) for fruit packaging. The results of infrared spectrum and crystal type analysis proved that clathrate compounds were successfully prepared. With the addition of clathrate compounds, the diameter of fibers increased from 553.43 to 1273.47 nm, and hydrogen bonds were formed between clathrate compounds and fibrous membranes, which improved the thermal stability, reduced the crystallinity, and enhanced the hydrophilicity and gas permeability of fibrous membranes. The fibrous membranes indicated sustained release of EC for 240 h, retaining the activity of EC and demonstrating good bacteriostatic ability in vitro and in vivo. The test results showed that the antibacterial fibrous membranes prepared in this work have a positive application prospect for fruit packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao Zang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Guoxing Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jixiang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yiyang Yu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wenge Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yonghong Hu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Hedayati R, Alavi M, Sadighi M. Effect of Degradation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) on Dynamic Mechanical Response of 3D Printed Lattice Structures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3674. [PMID: 39124338 PMCID: PMC11312661 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Material-extrusion-based 3D printing with polylactic acid (PLA) has transformed the production of lightweight lattice structures with a high strength-to-weight ratio for various industries. While PLA offers advantages such as eco-friendliness, affordability, and printability, its mechanical properties degrade due to environmental factors. This study investigated the impact resistance of PLA lattice structures subjected to material degradation under room temperature, humidity, and natural light exposure. Four lattice core types (auxetic, negative-to-positive (NTP) gradient in terms of Poisson's ratio, positive-to-negative (PTN) gradient in terms of Poisson's ratio, and honeycomb) were analyzed for variations in mechanical properties due to declines in yield stress and failure strain. Mechanical testing and numerical simulations at various yield stress and failure strain levels evaluated the degradation effect, using undegraded material as a reference. The results showed that structures with a negative Poisson's ratio exhibited superior resistance to local crushing despite material weakening. Reducing the material's brittleness (failure strain) had a greater impact on impact response compared to reducing its yield stress. This study also revealed the potential of gradient cores, which exhibited a balance between strength (maintaining similar peak force to auxetic cores around 800 N) and energy absorption (up to 40% higher than auxetic cores) under moderate degradation (yield strength and failure strain at 60% and 80% of reference values). These findings suggest that gradient structures with varying Poisson's ratios employing auxetic designs are valuable choices for AM parts requiring both strength and resilience in variable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hedayati
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Melikasadat Alavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (M.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Mojtaba Sadighi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 15875-4413, Iran; (M.A.); (M.S.)
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Massijaya SY, Lubis MAR, Nissa RC, Nurhamiyah Y, Kusumaningrum WB, Marlina R, Ningrum RS, Sutiawan J, Hidayat I, Kusumah SS, Karlinasari L, Hartono R. Thermal Properties' Enhancement of PLA-Starch-Based Polymer Composite Using Sucrose. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1028. [PMID: 38674948 PMCID: PMC11053613 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polylactic-acid-starch-based polymer composite (PLA/TPS) has good thermal stability for biocomposites. However, the physical and mechanical properties of PLA/TPS do not meet the standards. It needed additives to enhance its physical and mechanical properties. The aim was to improve the physical and mechanical properties of PLA/thermoplastic starch using sucrose. In addition, this study evaluated the enhancement of thermal properties of PLA/thermoplastic starch using sucrose. This study used sucrose as an additive to enhance the PLA/TPS composite. The addition of sucrose inhibits the degradation of biocomposites. This means that thermal stability increases. The thermal stability increased because the degree of crystallinity increased with the addition of sucrose, which was also proven in the XRD result. The addition of sucrose caused the morphology of the biocomposite to have pores. The FESEM results showed that biocomposites with the addition of sucrose had pores and gaps. These gaps result from low adhesion between polymers, causing a decrease in the mechanical and physical properties of the sample. Based on the FTIR spectra, biocomposite PLA/TPS blends with the addition of sucrose still have many hydroxyl groups that will lead to attracting other molecules or ions, such as oxygen or water. This phenomenon affects the physical and mechanical properties of materials. The physical and mechanical properties increased with sucrose addition. The best composite was prepared using 3% sucrose. This is because sucrose has a crystalline structure that affects the properties of biocomposites. However, the addition of 3% sucrose was not as effective as that of neat PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Yustikasari Massijaya
- Forest Products Department, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (S.Y.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Rossy Choerun Nissa
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Yeyen Nurhamiyah
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Wida Banar Kusumaningrum
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Resti Marlina
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Riska Surya Ningrum
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Jajang Sutiawan
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Iman Hidayat
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Sukma Surya Kusumah
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; (M.A.R.L.); (R.C.N.); (Y.N.); (W.B.K.); (R.M.); (R.S.N.); (J.S.); (I.H.); (S.S.K.)
| | - Lina Karlinasari
- Forest Products Department, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; (S.Y.M.); (L.K.)
| | - Rudi Hartono
- Forest Products Department, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20353, Indonesia
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Rader C, Grillo L, Weder C. Water and Oxygen Barrier Properties of All-Cellulose Nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1906-1915. [PMID: 38394342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is potentially interesting as a biobased, rigid food packaging material, but its stiffness and strength are somewhat low, and its water and oxygen transport rates are too high. To improve these characteristics, we investigated nanocomposites of HPC and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). These high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles display high stiffness and strength, and their high crystallinity renders them virtually impermeable. Exchanging the counterions of sulfate-ester decorated CNCs with cetyltrimethylammonium ions affords particles that are dispersible in ethanol (CTA.CNC) and allows solvent casting of HPC/CTA.CNC nanocomposite films, which, even at a CTA.CNC content of 90 wt %, are highly transparent. The introduction of CTA.CNC considerably increases the Young's modulus (Ey) and upper tensile strength (σUTS). For example, in the nanocomposite with 90% CTA.CNC, Ey = 7.6 GPa is increased 20-fold and σUTS = 42.7 MPa is more than doubled in comparison to HPC, whereas the extensibility (1.1%) remains appreciable. Composites with a CTA.CNC content of 70 wt % or less show a lower water vapor permeability (6.4-9.2 × 10-5 g μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1) than the neat HPC (1.5 × 10-4 g μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1), whereas the oxygen permeability (5.6 × 10-7-1.3 × 10-6 cm3 μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1) is reduced by 1 order of magnitude compared to HPC (3.2 × 10-6 cm3 μm m-2 s-1 Pa-1). The biobased nanocomposites retain their mechanical integrity at a relative humidity of 75% but readily disintegrate in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rader
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Luca Grillo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
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Elsaeed S, Zaki E, Diab A, Tarek MA, Omar WAE. New polyvinyl alcohol/gellan gum-based bioplastics with guava and chickpea extracts for food packaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22384. [PMID: 38104220 PMCID: PMC10725440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic is a fossil-based synthetic polymer that has become an essential material in our daily life. Plastic pollution resulting from the accumulation of plastic objects has become problematic for our environment. Bioplastic can be a biodegradable environmentally friendly alternative for the synthetic plastic. In this paper, bioplastics based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/gellan gum (GG) blend have been produced in three different compositions and their chemical structure, mechanical, morphological and thermal properties have been studied. Glycerol has been used as a plasticizer. To add extra features to the PVA/GG bioplastic, Psidium guajava (guava) leaves, GL, and chickpea, CP, extracts have been added to the PVA/GG (30/70) blend. Water and aqueous ethanol have been used in the extraction of GL and CP, respectively. The addition of the plant's extracts enhanced the tensile properties of the PVA/GG bioplastic. Weathering acceleration tests have been carried out to examine the degradation of the prepared bioplastics. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that the prepared bioplastic is safe to be used in food packaging applications. Water and oxygen permeability for the new PVA/GG bioplastic have also been studied. The addition of the plant extracts (GL and CP extracts) increased the oxygen and water permeability to different extents. Bioplastic life cycle assessment (LCA) and CO2 emissions in comparison to fossil-based plastic have been investigated. From all the results, PVA/GG based bioplastic proved to be a degradable, safe and effective alternative for fossil-based plastics in food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Elsaeed
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Naser City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed Zaki
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Naser City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
| | - Ayman Diab
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Menna-Alla Tarek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Walaa A E Omar
- Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, P.O.Box: 43221, Suez, Egypt.
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7
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Dai Y, Yu K, Zhu HY, Li H, Xie J, Luo YC, Nie DP, Du HJ, Zhu CX, Xu YM. Determination of the water vapor transmission rate of cellulose-based papers by multiple headspace extraction analysis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1710:464404. [PMID: 37769425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a multiple headspace extraction (MHE) analysis technique to determine the water vapor transmission rate of cellulose-based papers. The water vapor passing through the sample in a closed headspace vial is determined by MHE-gas chromatography. The results show that the employed method offers good precision (the relative standard deviation < 3.49 %) and good accuracy. The method is rapid and accurate, and is promising for the determination of the water vapor transmission rate of cellulose-based papers in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong-Yue Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiao Xie
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Ying-Chun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Deng-Pan Nie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hai-Jun Du
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chu-Xing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Ming Xu
- Cigarette Factory, HongyunHonghe Tobacco (Group) Co., Ltd., Qujing, China.
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Lo Faro E, Bonofiglio A, Barbi S, Montorsi M, Fava P. Polycaprolactone/Starch/Agar Coatings for Food-Packaging Paper: Statistical Correlation of the Formulations' Effect on Diffusion, Grease Resistance, and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3921. [PMID: 37835970 PMCID: PMC10574950 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper is one of the most promising materials for food packaging and wrapping due to its low environmental impact, but surface treatments are often needed to improve its performance, e.g., the resistance to fats and oils. In this context, this research is focused on the formulation of a new paper bio-coating. Paper was coated with liquids containing poly(hexano-6-lactone) (PCL), glycerol and variable percentages of starch (5-10% w/w PCL dry weight), agar-agar (0-1.5% w/w PCL dry weight), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) (5% or 15% w/w PCL dry weight) to improve coating uniformity and diffusion. A design of experiments approach was implemented to find statistically reliable results in terms of the best coating formulation. Coated paper was characterized through mechanical and physical properties. Results showed that agar content (1.5% w/w PCL dry weight) has a beneficial effect on increasing the resistance to oil. Furthermore, the best coating composition has been calculated, and it is 10% w/w PCL dry weight of starch, 1.5% w/w PCL dry weight of agar, and 15% w/w PCL dry weight of PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Lo Faro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (E.L.F.); (A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Angela Bonofiglio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (E.L.F.); (A.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Silvia Barbi
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Monia Montorsi
- Department of Sciences and Methods for Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Industrial Research and Technology Transfer in the Field of Integrated Technologies for Sustainable Research, Efficient Energy Conversion, Energy Efficiency of Buildings, Lighting and Home Automation (EN&TECH), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1a, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fava
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (E.L.F.); (A.B.); (P.F.)
- Interdepartmental Centre BIOGEST SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Piazzale Europa 1a, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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9
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Qin CC, Abdalkarim SYH, Yang MC, Dong YJ, Yu HY, Ge D. All-naturally structured tough, ultrathin, and washable dual-use composite for fruits preservation with high biosafety evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125828. [PMID: 37453633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This work develops a sustainable and global strategy to enhance fruit preservation efficacy. The dual-use composite coating or film comprises silk fibroin/cellulose nanocrystals (SF/CNC) with superior ductility through a synergistic plasticizing effect of glycerol and natural aloe-emodin powder (AE) as antimicrobial agents. To confirm our strategy, two common fruit preservation materials (edible surface coating-SCA-CS; packaging film-SCA-PF) and five different fruits (strawberries, bananas, apples, blueberries, and guavas) have been used. Moreover, SCA-CS coating with antibacterial and antioxidant activities formed an ultrathin layer on the fruit's surfaces with a thickness of 7.7 μm and could be easily washable. Therefore, bananas and strawberries' shelf-life with SCA-CS coating can be extended for 9 days and 6 days, respectively. The discharge water of SCA-CS has excellent biosafety in an indoor environment with no threat to plant health (microgreens bean sprouts germination as a case study). The plant exhibited positive results within 15 days, and leaves maintained their green color with a germination rate of 97.6 %. The toughness of SCA-PF film increased by 14,685.7 % with a water vapor transmission rate (WPTR) of 17 g mm m-2 day-1, which confirms that the concept of SCA-PF film and SCA-CS coating are feasible to be used for fruit preservation/packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cong Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xia sha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Somia Yassin Hussain Abdalkarim
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xia sha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Ming Chen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xia sha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yan Juan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xia sha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hou-Yong Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xia sha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Dan Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xia sha Higher Education Park Avenue 2 No.928, Hangzhou 310018, China
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10
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Park DI, Dong Y, Wang S, Lee SJ, Choi HJ. Rheological Characteristics of Starch-Based Biodegradable Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081953. [PMID: 37112100 PMCID: PMC10146951 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch was blended with commercially available biodegradable polyesters of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for its improved performance and processability. The morphology and elemental composition of these biodegradable polymer blends were observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively, while their thermal properties were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal calorimetry. For rheological analysis, the steady shear and dynamic oscillation tests of three samples at various temperatures were investigated using a rotational rheometer. All three samples exhibited significant shear thinning at all measured temperatures, and their shear viscosity behavior was plotted using the Carreau model. The frequency sweep tests showed that the thermoplastic starch sample exhibited a solid state at all temperatures tested, whereas both starch/PBAT and starch/PBAT/PLA blend samples exhibited viscoelastic liquid behavior after the melting temperature such that their loss modulus at low frequencies was greater than the storage modulus, and inversion occurred at high frequencies (storage modulus > loss modulus).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuzhen Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Shizhao Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhong G, Qiu M, Zhang J, Jiang F, Yue X, Huang C, Zhao S, Zeng R, Zhang C, Qu Y. Fabrication and characterization of PVA@PLA electrospinning nanofibers embedded with Bletilla striata polysaccharide and Rosmarinic acid to promote wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123693. [PMID: 36806778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel nanofiber material with Polylactic acid (PLA), natural plant polysaccharides-Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) and Rosmarinic acid (RA) as the raw materials to facilitate wound healing was well prepared through coaxial electrospinning. The morphology of RA-BSP-PVA@PLA nanofibers was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the successful formation of core-shell structure was verified under confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). RA-BSP-PVA@PLA exhibited suitable air permeability for wound healing, as indicated by the result of the water vapor permeability (WVTR) study. The results of tension test results indicated the RA-BSP-PVA@PLA nanofiber exhibited excellent flexibility and better accommodates wounds. Moreover, the biocompatibility of RA-BSP-PVA@PLA was examined through MTT assay. Lastly, RA-BSP-PVA@PLA nanofibers can induce wound tissue growth, as verified by the rat dorsal skin wound models and tissue sections. Furthermore, RA-BSP-PVA@PLA can facilitate the proliferation and transformation of early wound macrophages, and down-regulate MPO+ expression of on the wound, thus facilitating wound healing, as confirmed by the result of immunohistochemical. Thus, RA-BSP-PVA@PLA nanofibers show great potential as wound dressings in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Mengyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fuchen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shiyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Yan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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12
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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13
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Synthesis of Transparent Electrospun Composite Nanofiber Membranes by Asymmetric Solvent Evaporation Process. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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14
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Tan J, Zhu Q, Li D, Huang N, Wang Z, Liu Z, Cao Y. Recyclable, UV-shielding, and biodegradable chitosan-based cardanol glycidyl ether as excellent water and oil resistance as well as gas barrier coating for paper. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:1305-1316. [PMID: 36473532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing a feasible and low-cost approach to fabricate recyclable, UV-shielding, biodegradable as well as water- and oil-resistant coating for paper substance is still a challenge. Herein, novel full-biobased chitosan-derived cardanol glycidyl ether (CS-xCGE, x = 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, and 1) coatings with different contents of cardanol glycidyl ether (CGE) were developed for paper substance via the ethoxylation of cardanol and sequent addition with chitosan in a one-pot process. Benefiting from the hydrophobicity and ultraviolet resistance of CGE, the resultant CS-CGE (x = 1) coated paper exhibited not only remarkable oil resistance (kit rating value of 11/12), but also water resistance (Cobb 60 value of 5.78 g/m2), UV shielding and excellent recyclability. Compared with the uncoated paper, the mechanical properties of CS-CGE coated paper including tensile strength, folding strength, and resistance of water vapor permeability were improved 25 %, 63 %, and 73.4 %, respectively, which could be ascribed to the flexible long-alkyl chain in the structure of CS-CGE and the continuous and homogeneous CS-CGE derived film covered in paper substance. Most importantly, CS-CGE film is biodegradable when it is only buried in soil. This study affords a feasible and sustainable strategy for large-scale fabrication of full-biobased, recyclable, UV-shielding, water and oil resistant, as well as biodegradable coating for green paper-derived packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihuai Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Light Industry and Food Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qinghao Zhu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Nengkun Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhulan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yunfeng Cao
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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15
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Yan C, Hou DF, Zhang K, Yang MB. Effects of PDLA molecular weight on the crystallization behaviors and rheological properties of asymmetric PDLA/PLLA blends. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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16
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Baishya P, Bhasney SM, Katiyar V. Excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties exhibited by bamboo fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) - epoxy composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Ferrari F, Striani R, Fico D, Alam MM, Greco A, Esposito Corcione C. An Overview on Wood Waste Valorization as Biopolymers and Biocomposites: Definition, Classification, Production, Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245519. [PMID: 36559886 PMCID: PMC9787771 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polymers, obtained from natural biomass, are nowadays considered good candidates for the replacement of traditional fossil-derived plastics. The need for substituting traditional synthetic plastics is mainly driven by many concerns about their detrimental effects on the environment and human health. The most innovative way to produce bioplastics involves the use of raw materials derived from wastes. Raw materials are of vital importance for human and animal health and due to their economic and environmental benefits. Among these, wood waste is gaining popularity as an innovative raw material for biopolymer manufacturing. On the other hand, the use of wastes as a source to produce biopolymers and biocomposites is still under development and the processing methods are currently being studied in order to reach a high reproducibility and thus increase the yield of production. This study therefore aimed to cover the current developments in the classification, manufacturing, performances and fields of application of bio-based polymers, especially focusing on wood waste sources. The work was carried out using both a descriptive and an analytical methodology: first, a description of the state of art as it exists at present was reported, then the available information was analyzed to make a critical evaluation of the results. A second way to employ wood scraps involves their use as bio-reinforcements for composites; therefore, the increase in the mechanical response obtained by the addition of wood waste in different bio-based matrices was explored in this work. Results showed an increase in Young's modulus up to 9 GPa for wood-reinforced PLA and up to 6 GPa for wood-reinforced PHA.
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18
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dos Santos JWS, Garcia VADS, Venturini AC, de Carvalho RA, da Silva CF, Yoshida CMP. Sustainable Coating Paperboard Packaging Material Based on Chitosan, Palmitic Acid, and Activated Carbon: Water Vapor and Fat Barrier Performance. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244037. [PMID: 36553777 PMCID: PMC9778014 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic polymer coatings impact the biodegradable behavior of cellulosic packaging material. The environmental consequences of food packaging disposal have increased consumer concern. The present study aimed to use natural polymer coatings incorporating palmitic acid and activated carbon applied to paperboard surfaces as a sustainable alternative to improve cellulosic packaging material's moisture and fat barrier properties, minimizing the environmental impact. The coating formulation was defined using a Factorial Experimental Design with independent variables: chitosan, palmitic acid, activated carbon concentrations, and the number of coating layers. The highest concentration of chitosan (2.0% w/w) filled the pores of the cellulosic paperboard network, supporting the compounds incorporated into the filmogenic matrix and improving the fat resistance. The water vapor permeability of the coated paperboard material (range: 101 ± 43 to 221 ± 13 g·d-1·m-2) was influenced by the hydrophobicity effect of palmitic acid, the non-polar characteristic of activated carbon, and the number of applied layers. The coating formulation selected was a chitosan concentration of 2.0% (w/w), a palmitic acid concentration of 1.8% (w/w), an activated carbon concentration of 1.2% (w/w), and an application of three layers. The coating provides the potential for a paperboard surface application, improving the cellulosic packaging material's fat and moisture barrier properties and maintaining biodegradability and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Cecilia Venturini
- Institute of Ambiental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Rosemary Aparecida de Carvalho
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13630-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3565-4355
| | - Classius Ferreira da Silva
- Institute of Ambiental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil
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19
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Zhang Y, Liao J, Li J, Guo S, Mo L, Liu Z, Xiong Q. Synthesis of a robust, water-stable, and biodegradable pulp foam by poly-lactic acid coating towards a zero-plastic earth. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119450. [PMID: 35561800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable cellulosic pulp foams with robustness and water resistance are urgently needed in nowadays to replace petroleum-based plastic foams for environmental sustainability. In this work, a facile protocol to fabricate robust poly-lactic acid (PLA) coated cellulose foams (PCCF) was developed through a combined water-based foaming and PLA melt-coating process using pulp as the raw material. In the synthesis, the so-called PLA coating was realized through melting PLA powders dispersed between fibers by an in-situ heating and post cooling process. Performance tests revealed that the incorporation of PLA coating significantly enhances mechanical strength, water stability, and biodegradability of the synthesized PCCF samples compared with conventional cellulosic foams. Specifically, the low-density PCCF were observed with mechanical strength up to 81.24 kPa, high water stability, and more than 95% degradation in 56 days. As the fabrication process is simple and pulp is highly cost competitive, our proposed synthesis strategy makes the PCCF a promising substitute for petroleum-based plastic foams at large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jianming Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Shasha Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Lihuan Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Qingang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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20
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Vijay P, Batchelor W, Saito K. Preparation of coumarin polymer grafted nanocellulose films to form high performance, photoresponsive barrier layers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Vijay
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Warren Batchelor
- Chemical Engineering Department Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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21
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Perumal AB, Nambiar RB, Moses J, Anandharamakrishnan C. Nanocellulose: Recent trends and applications in the food industry. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Zhang Y, Qian Y, Liu Y, Lei C, Qiu G, Chen G. Multivalent Metal Ion Cross-Linked Lignocellulosic Nanopaper with Excellent Water Resistance and Optical Performance. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1920-1927. [PMID: 35452236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanopaper is an attractive film material exhibiting huge potential in various fields, while its terrible water stability greatly hinders practical applications. Previous efforts on addressing this issue usually sacrifice the sustainability or material performance of film. In this study, we report a high-performing lignocellulosic nanopaper with superior water resistance and excellent optical properties. The strategy involves preparing a lignin-containing cellulose nanopaper (LCNP) first, and then infiltrating metal ions into the film to build cross-linking interactions within the fiber networks. Owing to the coordination bonds formed between metal ions and lignocellulosic components, the resulting metal ions cross-linked LCNP (M+-LCNP) displays outstanding water resistance, including the highest wet mechanical strength of ∼52 MPa after immersing in water for 24 h, which retains nearly 47% of the dry mechanical strength of the film. The ultralow water uptake ratio of ∼35% also confirms it possesses a superior wet dimensional stability. Moreover, these nanopapers also showcase the desired optical performances, including both high visible transmittance (>85%) and total ultraviolet-blocking efficiency (>91%, only transmitting a little of UVA). Overall, this fully degradable film is a promising alternative to replacing conventional plastics that are applied in multiple areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yangyang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,College of Tea (Pu'er), West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Pu'er 665000, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Chunfa Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ge Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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23
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Jiang Z, Ngai T. Recent Advances in Chemically Modified Cellulose and Its Derivatives for Food Packaging Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081533. [PMID: 35458283 PMCID: PMC9032711 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of cellulose in the food packaging field has gained increasing attention in recent years, driven by the desire for sustainable products. Cellulose can replace petroleum-based plastics because it can be converted to biodegradable and nontoxic polymers from sustainable natural resources. These products have increasingly been used as coatings, self-standing films, and paperboards in food packaging, owing to their promising mechanical and barrier properties. However, their utilization is limited because of the high hydrophilicity of cellulose. With the presence of a large quantity of functionalities within pristine cellulose and its derivatives, these building blocks provide a unique platform for chemical modification via covalent functionalization to introduce stable and permanent functionalities to cellulose. A primary aim of chemical attachment is to reduce the probability of component leaching in wet and softened conditions and to improve the aqueous, oil, water vapor, and oxygen barriers, thereby extending its specific use in the food packaging field. However, chemical modification may affect the desirable mechanical, thermal stabilities and biodegradability exhibited by pristine cellulose. This review exhaustively reports the research progress on cellulose chemical modification techniques and prospective applications of chemically modified cellulose for use in food packaging, including active packaging.
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24
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Adibi A, Valdesueiro D, Mok J, Behabtu N, Lenges C, Simon L, Mekonnen TH. Sustainable barrier paper coating based on alpha-1,3 glucan and natural rubber latex. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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26
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Cherian RM, Tharayil A, Varghese RT, Antony T, Kargarzadeh H, Chirayil CJ, Thomas S. A review on the emerging applications of nano-cellulose as advanced coatings. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Li Y, Zhang L, Li F, Wang K, Wu X, Liu H, Long B, Zhao Y, Xie D, Chen J. Fabrication and the barrier characterization of the cellulose nanofibers/organic montmorillonite/poly lactic acid nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Fayong Li
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Ke Wang
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xiaoru Wu
- Department of Material Chemistry South China Normal University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Hailu Liu
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Bibo Long
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Dong Xie
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Junjia Chen
- Guangdong Biomaterials Engineering Technology Research Center, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering Guangdong Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Guangdong China
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28
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Tian X, Wu M, Wang Z, Zhang J, Lu P. A high-stable soybean-oil-based epoxy acrylate emulsion stabilized by silanized nanocrystalline cellulose as a sustainable paper coating for enhanced water vapor barrier. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 610:1043-1056. [PMID: 34872721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Soybean-oil-based polymer is a promising bio-based water barrier coating on paper packaging but the application is challenged due to its poor water dispersibility. In this present study, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was used to implement a stable dispersion of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) in water and thus synergistically improved the water vapor barrier properties after coating on paper. APTES-NCC was successfully prepared, and displayed a better interface compatibility with AESO through the Michael addition reaction. Compared with NCC, APTES-NCC displayed an improved hydrophobicity and wettability with AESO, with an increase of contact angle from 38.0° to 76.4°, and a decrease of interfacial tension from 91.5 ± 3.5 mN/m to 82.9 ± 1.8 mN/m. As an emulsifier, APTES-NCC can be more effectively adsorbed on the oil-water interface to form a more stable emulsion than NCC, with a decrease of AESO droplets size from 4.8 µm to 3.1 µm, and a remarkable improvement in static and centrifugal stability. In rheological measurement, the APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion showed a wider linear viscoelastic region (3.4%), better viscoelasticity and thermal curing properties than that of NCC/AESO emulsion, which further explained that the stability of APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion were improved. Therefore, APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion as a coating on paper cured into a continuous barrier film can effectively improve the water vapor barrier properties of paper, and the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of paper can be reduced from 1392.8 g/m2•24 h (NCC/AESO emulsion-coated) to 1286.3 g/m2 24 h (APTES-NCC/AESO emulsion-coated), both are significantly lower than that of base paper (1926.7 g/m2•24 h). CLSM testing showed that APTES-NCC could interact effectively with AESO to forming a tight barrier on paper surface and at the same time, sealing the pores inside the paper to resist water vapor penetration. The high-stable AESO emulsion prepared by APTES-NCC is expected to facilitate the utilization of NCC and AESO as a value-added material in making sustainable barrier packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwang Tian
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Papermaking Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, Liaoning 116034, China
| | - Peng Lu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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Ponnusamy PG, Sharma S, Mani S. Cotton noil based cellulose microfibers reinforced polylactic acid composite films for improved water vapor and ultraviolet light barrier properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suraj Sharma
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising, and Interiors University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Sudhagar Mani
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
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Abstract
Paper substrate has many advantages, such as low cost, bendable, foldable, printable, and environmentally friendly recycling. Nowadays, paper has been further extended as a flexible platform to deliver electronic information with the integration of organic optoelectronic devices, such as organic thin-film transistor, organic solar cell, organic electrochromic device, and organic light-emitting device. It has great potential to become the new generation of flexible substrate. Given rough surface and porous of paper, many efforts have been underway in recent years to enable the compatibility between optoelectronics and paper substrate. In this review, we present the development history of paper and its physicochemical properties, and summarize the current development of paper-based organic optoelectronic devices. We also discuss the challenges that need to be addressed before practical uses of paper-based organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronics Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronics Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Letian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronics Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenfa Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronics Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Demir GC, Erdemli Ö, Keskin D, Tezcaner A. Xanthan-gelatin and xanthan-gelatin-keratin wound dressings for local delivery of Vitamin C. Int J Pharm 2021; 614:121436. [PMID: 34974152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, functional dressings that can protect the wound area from dehydration and bacterial infection and support healing have gained importance in place of passive dressings. This study aimed to develop temporary and regenerative xanthan/gelatin (XGH) and keratin/xanthan/gelatin hydrogels (KXGHs) that have high absorption capacity and applicability as a wound dressing that can provide local delivery of Vitamin C (VC). Firstly, xanthan/gelatin hydrogels were produced by crosslinking with different glycerol concentrations and characterized to determine the hydrogel composition. According to their weight ratios, xanthan, gelatin, and glycerol hydrogels are named. If their weight ratio is 1:1:2 (w/w/w), the group name is selected as X1:GEL1:GLY2. X1:GEL1:GLY2 hydrogel was selected for biocompatibility, mechanical property, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and porosity. The addition of keratin to X1:GEL1:GLY2 improved L929 fibroblasts viability and increased protein release. Water vapor transmission of XGHs and KXGHs was between 3059.09 ± 126 and 4523 ± 133 g m-2 d-1; therefore, they can be suitable for granulating, low to moderate exudate wounds. XGH and KXGHs loaded with VC had higher water uptake, making it more convenient for exudate wounds. VC was released for 100 h, and VC containing XGHs and KXGHs increased the collagen synthesis of L929 fibroblasts. All of the hydrogels (XGH, KXGH, and VC-KXGHs) inhibited the bacteria transmission. In conclusion, our results suggest that VC-XGH and VC-KXGH can be candidates for temporary wound dressing materials for skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Cigdem Demir
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Özge Erdemli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Başkent University, Turkey
| | - Dilek Keskin
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey; BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Tezcaner
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey; BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Middle East Technical University, Turkey.
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33
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Lee EJ, Lim KH. Preparation of eco-friendly wax-coated paper and its rheological and water-resistant characteristics. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Delyanee M, Solouk A, Akbari S, Daliri M. Hemostatic Electrospun Nanocomposite Containing Poly(lactic acid)/Halloysite Nanotube Functionalized by Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer for Wound Healing Application: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100313. [PMID: 34644007 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge in treating injuries is excessive bleeding whereas intervention is required if the body's hemostatic systems fail to control the bleeding. Herein, a novel nanocomposite consisting of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer functionalized halloysite nanotube (HNT) with a highly porous structure via electrospinning is developed. HNT is functionalized by PAMAM via divergent synthetic routes from zero to third-generation numbers. The effect of different percentages and generation numbers of PAMAM dendrimer (G1, G2, and G3) functionalized HNT on PLA is studied using physicochemical nanocomposite characteristics. These resultant nanocomposites provide a nanofibrous structure with appropriate physicochemical characteristics such as mechanical properties, surface wettability, and water permeability. The hemostatic assays indicate that nanocomposite with PAMAM G3 functionalized HNT have the quickest blood clotting time due to the abundant amino functional group. Furthermore, the nanocomposites with 10 wt% of nanoparticles significantly promote cellular behavior in vitro. The in vivo study demonstrates that PLA/PAMAM G3 functionalized HNT promotes angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization in the wound sites of the rat model, as well as inhibiting inflammatory response. The findings indicate that nanofibrous structure and the presence of dendrimer functionalized HNT have a synergetic effect on the enhanced nanocomposite wound healing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Delyanee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Solouk
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Akbari
- Textile Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Daliri
- Department of Animal and Marine Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Preparation of Breathable Cellulose Based Polymeric Membranes with Enhanced Water Resistance for the Building Industry. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154310. [PMID: 34361503 PMCID: PMC8347151 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the development of advanced water-resistant bio-based membranes with enhanced vapour permeability for use within building envelopes. Building walls are vulnerable to moisture damage and mold growth due to water penetration, built-in moisture, and interstitial condensation. In this work, breathable composite membranes were prepared using micro-fibrillated cellulose fiber (CF) and polylactic acid (PLA). The chemical composition and physical structure of CF is responsible for its hydrophilic nature, which affects its compatibility with polymers and consequently its performance in the presence of excessive moisture conditions. To enhance the dispersibility of CF in the PLA polymer, the fibers were treated with an organic phosphoric acid ester-based surfactant. The hygroscopic properties of the PLA-CF composites were improved after surfactant treatment and the membranes were resistant to water yet permeable to vapor. Morphological examination of the surface showed better interfacial adhesion and enhanced dispersion of CF in the PLA matrix. Thermal analysis revealed that the surfactant treatment of CF enhanced the glass transition temperature and thermal stability of the composite samples. These bio-based membranes have immense potential as durable, eco-friendly, weather resistant barriers for the building industry as they can adapt to varying humidity conditions, thus allowing entrapped water vapor to pass through and escape the building, eventually prolonging the building life.
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37
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Yu F, Fei X, He Y, Li H. Poly(lactic acid)-based composite film reinforced with acetylated cellulose nanocrystals and ZnO nanoparticles for active food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:770-779. [PMID: 34284052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composite films reinforced with acetylated cellulose nanocrystals (ACNC) (1 wt%) and ZnO nanoparticles at different content (1, 3, 5 and 7 wt%) were prepared by solution-casting method. The surface acetylation of cellulose nanocrystals improved its dispersion in the PLA matrix. The morphologies, optical, mechanical, barrier, thermal and antibacterial properties of PLA/ACNC/ZnO ternary composite films were investigated. SEM images showed that ACNC and ZnO were evenly distributed in the PLA matrix to form homogenous film when the content of ZnO was ≤5 wt%. The PLA/ACNC/ZnO composite films showed improved UV blocking, mechanical strength, oxygen and water vapor barrier. This ternary composite also exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The migration amounts of Zn2+ from PLA/ACNC/ZnO composite film to food simulants were below the specific migration limit (5 mg/kg). Overall, the desirable properties of the resulting PLA/ACNC/ZnO ternary composite film highlighted the potential application as a promising option for active food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyou Yu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650600, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650600, China
| | - Yunqing He
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650600, China
| | - Hui Li
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650600, China.
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38
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Chandrasekaran S, Castaing R, Cruz-Izquierdo A, Scott LJ. Influence of Calcium Silicate and Hydrophobic Agent Coatings on Thermal, Water Barrier, Mechanical and Biodegradation Properties of Cellulose. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061488. [PMID: 34199769 PMCID: PMC8226986 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thin films of cellulose and cellulose–CaSiO3 composites were prepared using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) as the dissolution medium and the composites were regenerated from an anti-solvent. The surface hydrophilicity of the resultant cellulose composites was lowered by coating them with three different hydrophobizing agents, specifically, trichloro(octadecyl)silane (TOS), ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (E2CA) and octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA), using a simple dip-coating technique. The prepared materials were subjected to flame retardancy, water barrier, thermal, mechanical and biodegradation properties analyses. The addition of CaSiO3 into the cellulose increased the degradation temperature and flame retardant properties of the cellulose. The water barrier property of cellulose–CaSiO3 composites under long term water exposure completely depends on the nature of the hydrophobic agents used for the surface modification process. All of the cellulose composites behaved mechanically as a pure elastic material with a glassy state from room temperature to 250 °C, and from 20% to 70% relative humidity (RH). The presence of the CaSiO3 filler had no effect on the elastic modulus, but it seemed to increase after the TOS surface treatment. Biodegradability of the cellulose was evaluated by enzyme treatments and the influence of CaSiO3 and hydrophobic agents was also derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering, Presidency University, Rajanukunte, Itgalpura, Bangalore 560064, India
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Remi Castaing
- Material and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Alvaro Cruz-Izquierdo
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - L. Janet Scott
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (J.L.S.)
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39
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Wu F, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Challenges and new opportunities on barrier performance of biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Liu T, Cai C, Ma R, Deng Y, Tu L, Fan Y, Lu D. Super-hydrophobic Cellulose Nanofiber Air Filter with Highly Efficient Filtration and Humidity Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24032-24041. [PMID: 33978395 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-air humidity, especially condensation into droplets under the influence of temperature, can pose a serious threat to air purification filters. This report introduces the use of methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) for the silanization hydrophobic modification of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and obtains an air filter with super-hydrophobicity (CA = 152.4°) and high-efficiency filtration of particulate matter (PM) through the freeze-drying technology. The antihumidity performance of CNFs filters that undergo hydrophobic modification in high-humidity air is improved. Especially in the case of high-humidity air forming condensed water droplets, the increase in the rate of filtration resistance of the hydrophobically modified CNFs filter is much lower than that of the unmodified filter. In addition, the water-vapor-transmission rate of the hydrophobically modified filter is improved. More importantly, adding MTMS can regulate the porous structure of CNFs filters and improve the filtration performance. The specific surface area and the porosity of the filter are 26.54 m2/g and 99.21%, respectively, and the filtering effects of PM1.0 and PM2.5 reach 99.31 and 99.75%, respectively, while a low-filtration resistance (42 Pa) and a quality factor of up to 0.122 Pa-1 are achieved. This work has improved the application potential of high-performance air-purification devices to remove particulate pollution and may provide useful insights to design next-generation air filters suitable for application in high-air humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chenchen Cai
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ruijia Ma
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yongfei Deng
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lingyun Tu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yifeng Fan
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dengjun Lu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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41
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Delyanee M, Solouk A, Akbari S, Daliri Joupari M. Engineered hemostatic bionanocomposite of poly(lactic acid) electrospun mat and amino‐modified halloysite for potential application in wound healing. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Delyanee
- Biomedical Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Atefeh Solouk
- Biomedical Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Somaye Akbari
- Textile Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Morteza Daliri Joupari
- Department of Animal and Marine Biotechnology National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Tehran Iran
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42
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Zielińska D, Szentner K, Waśkiewicz A, Borysiak S. Production of Nanocellulose by Enzymatic Treatment for Application in Polymer Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092124. [PMID: 33922118 PMCID: PMC8122419 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, the scientific community around the world has devoted a lot of attention to the search for the best methods of obtaining nanocellulose. In this work, nanocellulose was obtained in enzymatic reactions with strictly defined dispersion and structural parameters in order to use it as a filler for polymers. The controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide was carried out in the presence of cellulolytic enzymes from microscopic fungi-Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus sp. It has been shown that the efficiency of bioconversion of cellulose material depends on the type of enzymes used. The use of a complex of cellulases obtained from a fungus of the genus Trichoderma turned out to be an effective method of obtaining cellulose of nanometric dimensions with a very low polydispersity. The effect of cellulose enzymatic reactions was assessed using the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a refractometric detector, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the second stage, polypropylene composites with nanometric cellulose were obtained by extrusion and injection. It was found by means of X-ray diffraction, hot stage optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry that nanocellulose had a significant effect on the supermolecular structure, nucleation activity and the course of phase transitions of the obtained polymer nanocomposites. Moreover, the obtained nanocomposites are characterized by very good strength properties. This paper describes for the first time that the obtained cellulose nanofillers with defined parameters can be used for the production of polymer composites with a strictly defined polymorphic structure, which in turn may influence future decision making about obtaining materials with controllable properties, e.g., high flexibility, enabling the thermoforming process of packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Zielińska
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Kinga Szentner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Poznan, Poland; (K.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60625 Poznan, Poland; (K.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Sławomir Borysiak
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-616-653-549
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43
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Ahankari S, Paliwal P, Subhedar A, Kargarzadeh H. Recent Developments in Nanocellulose-Based Aerogels in Thermal Applications: A Review. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3849-3874. [PMID: 33710860 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Naturally derived nanocellulose (NC) is a renewable, biodegradable nanomaterial with high strength, low density, high surface area, and tunable surface chemistry, which allows its interaction with other polymers and nanomaterials in a controlled manner. In recent years, NC aerogel has gathered a lot of attention due to environmental concerns. This review presents recent developments of NC-based aerogels and their controlled interactions with other polymers and nanomaterials for thermal applications that include electronic devices, the apparel industry, superinsulating materials, and flame-retardant smart building materials. After going through the distinctive properties of NC aerogels, they are orderly categorized and discussed as thermally insulated, thermally conductive, and flame-retardant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Ahankari
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Pradyumn Paliwal
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Aditya Subhedar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Hanieh Kargarzadeh
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Seinkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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Yang B, Chen Q, Ding M, Pan Y, Zhang P, Wang S, Qian J, Miao J, Xia R, Chen P, Shi Y, Tu Y. Facile way of dynamically tailoring microporous structures in polyvinylidene fluoride films prepared by thermally induced phase separation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Qinting Chen
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Mengya Ding
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Jiasheng Qian
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Jibin Miao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Ru Xia
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Polymeric Materials Anhui University Hefei China
| | - You Shi
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Youlei Tu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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45
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The Influence of Starch Origin on the Properties of Starch Films: Packaging Performance. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051146. [PMID: 33671033 PMCID: PMC7957477 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Starch films can be used as materials for food packaging purposes. The goal of this study is to compare how the starch origin influence the selected starch film properties. The films were made from various starches such as that from maize, potato, oat, rice, and tapioca using 50%w of glycerine as a plasticizer. The obtained starch-based films were made using the well-known casting method from a starch solution in water. The properties of the films that were evaluated were tensile strength, water vapour transition rate, moisture content, wettability, and their surface free energy. Surface free energy (SFE) and its polar and dispersive components were calculated using the Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelbe approach. The values of SFE in the range of 51.64 to 70.81 mJ∙m−2 for the oat starch-based film and the maize starch-based film. The films revealed worse mechanical properties than those of conventional plastics for packaging purposes. The results indicated that the poorest tensile strength was exhibited by the starch-based films made from oat (0.36 MPa) and tapioca (0.78 MPa) and the greatest tensile strength (1.49 MPa) from potato.
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Sun L, Zhang X, Liu H, Liu K, Du H, Kumar A, Sharma G, Si C. Recent Advances in Hydrophobic Modification of Nanocellulose. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201210191041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of renewable nanomaterial, nanocellulose displays excellent performances
and exhibits wide application potentials. In general, nanocellulose has strong hydrophilicity
due to the presence of abundant hydroxyl groups or the hydrophilic functional groups
introduced during the preparation process. Although these hydrophilic groups benefit the
nanocellulose with great application potential that is used in aqueous media (e.g., rheology
modifier, hydrogels), they do hinder the performance of nanocellulose used as reinforcing
agents for hydrophobic polymers and reduce the stability of the self-assembled nanostructure
(e.g., nanopaper, aerogel) in a high-humidity environment. Thus, this review aims to summarize
recent advances in the hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose, mainly in three aspects:
physical adsorption, surface chemical modification (e.g., silylation, alkanoylation, esterification),
and polymer graft copolymerization. In addition, the current limitations and future prospects of hydrophobic
modification of nanocellulose are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huayu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haishun Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Chuanling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Pai YH, Chen CH. Long-term can-sealing protection: a stable black phosphorus nanoassembly achieved through heterogeneous hydrophobic functionalization. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:763-775. [PMID: 33367356 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08364j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP), a promising 2D material, has sparked a research boom in various areas, while its fatal atmospheric instability seriously obstructs the progress of most practical applications. To realize the novel scalable concept of can-sealing protection, the selective deposition of a series of hydrophobically- or hydrophilically-functionalized Al2O3 nanostructured capping layers has been successfully achieved to seal the top surface of the exfoliated BP flake assemblies on Ag-patterned substrates. The hydrophobic Al2O3 columnar capping is evidenced as the most promising candidate to provide comprehensive protection against the severe rapid degradation of pristine BP even under a very high-humidity environment (RH = 85%) for a long period of time. The present work provides valuable insight into the distinct anisotropic degradation of the sealed BP flake assemblies evidently induced by the deposited hydrophobically- or hydrophilically-functionalized Al2O3 capping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hao Pai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsin-Chu, 30010 Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Hua Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsin-Chu, 30010 Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Olonisakin K, Li R, Zhang XX, Xiao F, Gao J, Yang W. Effect of TDI-Assisted Hydrophobic Surface Modification of Microcrystalline Cellulose on the Tensile Fracture of MCC/PLA Composite, and Estimation of the Degree of Substitution by Linear Regression. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:793-801. [PMID: 33404257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was modified using toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The reaction was set up for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 24 h at 75 °C. The study was aimed at hydrophobic modification of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to improve its dispersion in PLA matrix. Data from the elemental analysis were used to develop a statistical model to predict the degree of substitution (DS) of the OH on the surface of the MCC using both the water contact angle (WCA) and the time of carbamation as the independent variables. Composite was fabricated at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% fiber loading. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the MCC and to confirm the successful graft of TDI to the MCC surface. The morphology and elemental analysis of the modified samples were examined with SEM-EDX. The samples' wettability was analyzed with a contact angle meter to measure the water contact angle (WCA). The tensile properties of composites were analyzed on a universal testing machine. The result showed that, after 1 h of carbamation, the minimum DS recorded was 0.11, and the maximum DS after 24 h was 0.16. The SEM revealed that the modified MCC had homogeneous dispersion in the polymer matrix. At 3% fiber loading, the tensile strength (TS) and elongation were at a maximum and had improvements of 80.67% and 79.44% as compared to neat PLA. The fractured tensile surface from SEM analysis showed that surface modification enhanced fiber-matrix adhesion and significantly improved the composite's strength and toughness. The proposed model that was developed in this study had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 93% to show that the model has a near-perfect goodness of fit and can well be an effective approach to predict the DS of OH from WCA and the time of reaction at similar or the same reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Olonisakin
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ran Li
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Zhang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fuchuan Xiao
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Banerjee R, Ray SS. An overview of the recent advances in polylactide‐based sustainable nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritima Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering Calcutta Institute of Technology Howrah India
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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Balasubramaniam SL, Patel AS, Nayak B. Surface modification of cellulose nanofiber film with fatty acids for developing renewable hydrophobic food packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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