Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure

Multimodal modulation of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury by phytochemical agents: A mechanistic evaluation of hepatoprotective potential and safety profiles

BACKGROUND

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a clinically fundamental phenomenon that occurs through liver resection surgery, trauma, shock, and transplantation.

AIMS OF THE REVIEW

This review article affords an expanded and comprehensive overview of various natural herbal ingredients that have demonstrated hepatoprotective effects against I/R injury through preclinical studies in animal models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the objective of this investigation, an extensive examination was carried out utilizing diverse scientific databases involving PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB), and Research Gate. The investigation was conducted based on specific identifiable terms, such as hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, liver resection and transplantation, cytokines, inflammation, NF-kB, interleukins, herbs, plants, natural ingredients, phenolic extract, and aqueous extract.

RESULTS

Bioactive ingredients derived from ginseng, curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, lycopene, punicalagin, crocin, celastrol, andrographolide, silymarin, and others and their effects on hepatic IRI were discussed. The specific mechanisms of action, signaling pathways, and clinical relevance for attenuation of liver enzymes, cytokine production, immune cell infiltration, oxidative damage, and cell death signaling in rodent studies are analyzed in depth. Their complex molecular actions involve modulation of pathways like TLR4, NF-κB, Nrf2, Bcl-2 family proteins, and others.

CONCLUSION

The natural ingredients have promising values in the protection and treatment of various chronic aggressive clinical conditions, and that need to be evaluated on humans by clinical studies.

Saffron, a Potential Bridge between Nutrition and Disease Therapeutics: Global Health Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities

Plants are an important source of essential bioactive compounds that not only have a beneficial role in human health and nutrition but also act as drivers for shaping gut microbiome. However, the mechanism of their functional attributes is not fully understood despite their significance. One such important plant is Crocus sativus, also known as saffron, which possesses huge medicinal, nutritional, and industrial applications like food and cosmetics. The importance of this plant is grossly attributed to its incredible bioactive constituents such as crocins, crocetin, safranal, picrocrocin, and glycosides. These bioactive compounds possess a wide range of therapeutic activities against multiple human ailments. Since a huge number of studies have revealed negative unwanted side effects of modern-day drugs, the scientific communities at the global level are investigating a large number of medicinal plants to explore natural products as the best alternatives. Taken into consideration, the available research findings indicate that saffron has a huge scope to be further explored to establish alternative natural-product-based drugs for health benefits. In this review, we are providing an update on the role of bioactive compounds of saffron as therapeutic agents (human disorders and antimicrobial activity) and its nutritional values. We also highlighted the role of omics and metabolic engineering tools for increasing the content of key saffron bioactive molecules for its mass production. Finally, pre-clinical and clinical studies seem to be necessary to establish its therapeutic potential against human diseases.

n-Acetylcysteine protects against diazinon-induced histopathological damage and apoptosis in renal tissue of rats

Diazinon (DZN) is a member of organophosphorus insecticides that has cytotoxic effects on different organs. n-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a widely used antioxidant in clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies. We evaluated the protective role of NAC against DZN-induced toxicity in kidney tissue of Wistar rats. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of control, single dose of DZN, continuous dose of DZN, single doses of DZN + NAC and continuous doses of DZN + NAC. Kidney function test (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid) was provided. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total sulfhydryl (T-SH) were determined in renal tissues. Renal cells apoptosis was detected using TUNEL assay. The mRNA expressions of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, including B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 were analyzed in kidney tissues using Real Time PCR method. Chronic exposure to DZN was associated with severe morphological changes in the kidney, as well as impairment of its function and decreased kidney weights. Continues treatment with DZN significantly decreased the percentage of renal apoptotic cells as compared to rats treated with continuous dose of DZN alone (17.69 ± 3.67% vs. 39.46% ± 2.44%; p < 0.001). Continuous exposure to DZN significantly decreased TAC and T-SH contents, as well as SOD and CAT expression, but increased MDA contents in the kidney tissues (p < 0.001). A significant increase was observed in mRNA expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, as well as TNF-α following exposure to DZN, but the expression of IL-10 and Bcl2 was significantly decreased. NAC can protect kidney tissue against DZN-induced toxicity by elevating antioxidants capacity, mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

Rats' testicular toxicity induced by bisphenol A is lessened by crocin via an antiapoptotic mechanism and bumped P-glycoprotein expression

Bisphenol A (BPA) engenders testicular toxicity via hydroxyl free radical genesis in rat striatum and depletion of the endogenous antioxidants in the epididymal sperms. The multi-drug resistance efflux carrier; P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expel the BPA from the testis and is responsible for the testicular protection through the deactivation of numerous xenobiotics. In our study, we investigated whether the BPA-induced testicular toxicity could be circumvented through administration of an antioxidant; crocin (Cr). Implication of P-gp expression was also investigated. Rats administered BPA (10 mg/kg b.w. orally for 14 days), dropped the body weight, testes/body weight ratio, total protein content, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and sperm motility & count, total antioxidant status, glutathione content and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), concomitant with the elevation of the percentage abnormal sperm morphology, as well as testicular lipid peroxides and nitrite/nitrate levels. Histopathological examination showed spermatogenesis disorders after the BPA rats exposure. The immunohistochemical study showed up-regulation of the P-gp as evident by increasing immunoreactivity in interstitial cells, with positive localization in some spermatogonia cells. The BPA-treated rats showed positive immunoreactivity against caspase-3. The co-intake of Cr (200 mg/kg b.w./day, i.p. 14 days) along with the BPA, significantly ameliorated all the mentioned parameters, boosted histopathological image, fell the caspase-3 up-regulation, and perched the P-gp expression. We showed that, Cr promotes P-gp as an approach to nurture the testicles against the BPA toxicity. In conclusion; Cr lessens the oxidative stress conditions to safeguard rats from the BPA-induced testicular toxicity and sex hormones abnormalities, reducing apoptosis and up-regulating P-gp.

Does crocin create new hope for the treatment of oral problems? A focus on periodontitis

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) reports, oral health has an indispensable role in the maintenance of human public health. However, oral problems, especially periodontitis, are known as bad players in this issue. Periodontitis, as the most prevalent oral disease, is a type of chronic illness mediated by bacterial pathogens and immune system reactions, which is linked with the destruction of tooth-protecting tissues, such as alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. Periodontitis has a high prevalence (over 40% in the United States) and can be associated with other systemic ailments, for instance, arthritis, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, cancer, respiratory diseases, chronic kidney disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The common treatments for periodontitis are classified into invasive (surgical) and noninvasive (antibiotic therapy, scaling, and root planning) methods; however, these therapies have not reflected enough effectiveness for related patients. New documents inform the beneficial effects of plant-based compounds in healing various disorders, like periodontitis. In conjunction with this subject, it has been revealed that crocin, as an active component of saffron, regulates the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and has a stroking role in the accumulation of the most common collagen in teeth and bone (type 1 collagen). Besides, this carotenoid compound possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, which can be associated with the therapeutic processes of crocin in this oral disease. Hence, this narrative review study was performed to reflect the reparative/regenerative aspects of crocin agonist periodontitis.

Ferulago angulata extract alleviates testicular toxicity in male mice exposed to diazinon and lead

In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Ferulago angulata extract (FAE) against the reproductive toxicants Diazinon (DZN) and Lead (Pb) in mice. These pollutants are known to induce oxidative stress (OS), while FAE acts as a natural antioxidant. Adult male NMRI mice were exposed to DZN, Pb, and DZN+Pb, with or without FAE treatment for six weeks. We evaluated OS markers, testicular histology, and expression of mRNA related to enzymatic antioxidants. Exposure to DZN and Pb led to increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the testes, along with a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Furthermore, the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was altered. However, when FAE was administered concurrently, it restored the biochemical parameters to normal levels, reduced the toxic effects of DZN and Pb, and provided protection against testicular histopathological injury. These findings suggest that FAE has the potential to serve as a protective agent against oxidative damage caused by contaminants in reproductive organs, specifically in the testes.

A review of therapeutic impacts of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its constituents

Application of herbal medicines in the treatment of diseases is in the center of attention of medical scientific societies. Saffron (Cricus sativus L.) is a medicinal plant belonging to the Iridaceae family with different therapeutic properties. The outcomes of human and animal experiments indicate that therapeutic impacts of saffron and its constituents, crocin, crocetin, and safranal, mainly are mediated via inhibiting the inflammatory reactions and scavenging free radicals. It has been suggested that saffron and crocin extracted from it also up-regulate the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), down-regulate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and untimely improve the body organs dysfunction. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) also is attributed to crocin. The current review narrates the therapeutic effects of saffron and its constituents on various body systems through looking for the scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from the beginning of 2010 until the end of 2022.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of an Unani Polyherbal Formulation: Dawa ul Kurkum by HPTLC

Background: Dawa ul Kurkum (Duk) is a widely used Unani formulation. It consists of seven plant herbs, including stigmas of Crocus sativus L., rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC., the bark of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl., shoot of Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones ex Roxb.) Schult., the resin of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, roots of Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip., and bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. However, no study has been previously conducted to characterize this formulation. Thus, the present study was designed to carry out the pharmacognostic and phytochemical characterization of Duk. Methods: Duk was prepared following the protocols in Bayaz e Kabeer and The National Formulary of Unani Medicine Part-I. The characterization included organoleptic properties, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, and active constituent profiling using HPTLC. Results: Evaluation of Duk showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, quinones, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, coumarin, steroids, and phytosterols. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was 5.75 ± 0.23 mg GAE/g and 10 ± 0.18 mg QUE/g, respectively. HPTLC of Duk showed the presence of p-coumaric acid, cinnamaldehyde, citral, crocin, isovaleric acid, guggulsterone, and dehydrocostus lactone. Conclusions: Our findings supported the use of Duk as a conventional medicine, and these results could be used as a reference for the standardization of Duk.

Role of biotransformation in the diazinon-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells and antioxidant protection by tetrahydrocurcumin

Diazinon (DZN) is an insecticide extensively used to control pests in crops and animals. However, its indicriminated use may lead to liver damage in animals and humans. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of DZN (25-150 µM) on human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells after 24 and 48 h of exposure and the role of its biotransformation on the toxicological potential. We also tested the protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), an antioxidant agent, in the DZN-induced citotoxicity. DZN caused cytotoxicity in the HepG2 cells, inhibiting cell proliferation and reducing cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The pre-incubation of HepG2 cells with chemical inducers of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital resulted in a further decrease of cell viability associated with DZN exposure. In addition, the metabolite diazoxon was more toxic than DZN. Our results also revealed that THC alleviated DZN-induced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generation in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, our data provide novel insights into the involvement of biotransformation in the mechanisms of DZN-induced cytotoxicity and suggest that amelioration of RONS accumulation might be involved in the protective effect of THC on DZN-induced liver injury.

The significance of thymoquinone administration on liver toxicity of diazinon and cholinesterase activity; a recommendation for prophylaxis among individuals at risk

BACKGROUND

Diazinon (DZN), a widely used chemical herbicide for controlling agricultural pests, is an important organophosphorus pesticide and an environmental pollutant which induces toxic effects on living organisms during long-term exposure. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a phytochemical bioactive compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to evaluate the protective effects of TQ against DZN-induced hepatotoxicity through alleviating oxidative stress and enhancing cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activity.

METHODS

Rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 8); a negative control group receiving corn oil; a group only receiving DZN (20 mg/kg/day); a group treated with TQ (10 mg/kg/day), and three treatment groups as TQ + DZN, receiving different doses of TQ (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day). All experimental animals were orally treated for 28 consecutive days. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. In addition, ChE activity and histopathological changes were evaluated.

RESULTS

The results showed that DZN decreased GSH level (p < 0.01) and SOD activity (p < 0.01) in parallel to an increase in MDA level (p < 0.01) and increased the activity of AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH (p < 0.01) in comparison to the negative control group. Our findings demonstrated that TQ administration could diminish hepatotoxicity and reduce oxidative damage in DZN-treated rats, which could be linked to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. It was also observed that TQ 10 mg/kg remarkably increased the activity of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and SOD enzymes, elevated GSH, decreased MDA, and reduced pathological alternations of the liver induced by DZN.

CONCLUSION

Thymoquinone 10 mg/kg increased the activity of plasma and blood cholinesterases and reduced DZN-induced alternations of the liver. Improvement of butyryl- and acetylcholinesterase activity suggests that maybe TQ supplement could be beneficial as pre-exposure prophylaxis among farm workers spraying pesticides.

Analysis of Anti-Arrhythmic Impacts of Crocin through Estimation of Expression of Cx43 in Myocardial Infarction Using a Rat Animal Model

Arrhythmia is an important cause of death after myocardial infarction (MI). Different substances have been evaluated for their anti-arrhythmic effect in MI. This study was performed to evaluate the anti-arrhythmic impacts of crocin in an MI animal model (rat) by estimation of the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43). Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into 5 groups, each composed of 10 rats. The first group was regarded as the normal control group and the second one was considered as the MI group, which was caused by ligation of the left anterior descending artery. The other three groups received crocin 50 or 10 mg/kg/day or metoprolol 100 mg/kg/day for 1 week, following ligation of the left anterior descending artery. Evaluated outcomes were cardiac Cx43 expression, arrhythmia incidence, histological findings, and myocyte resting potential. Crocin-treated MI groups showed a significantly lower arrhythmia score than the non-treated MI group, 10 mg/kg/day (1.85 ± 0.55, p < 0.01) and 50 mg/kg/day (1.70 ± 0.33, p < 0.01). Groups that received crocin 10 mg/kg/day (66.30 ± 2.59, p < 0.01), crocin 50 mg/kg/day (68.10 ± 2.43, p < 0.01), and metoprolol 100 mg/kg/day (-63.54 ± 0.63 mV, p < 0.01) significantly prevented depolarization in comparison with the non-treated MI group. Expression of Cx43 mRNA in crocin 10 mg/kg/day (1.54 ± 0.24, p < 0.01), crocin 50 mg/kg/day (1.73 ± 0.09, p < 0.01), and metoprolol 100 mg/kg/day (1.75 ± 0.14, p < 0.01) treatment groups was significantly higher in comparison with the non-treated MI group. Crocin showed a preventive effect on the arrhythmogenic impact of MI in an experimental model of ischemic injury through an increase in expression of Cx43.

Crocin molecular signaling pathways at a glance: A comprehensive review

Crocin is a hydrophilic carotenoid that is synthesized in the flowers of the Crocus genus. Numerous in vitro and in vivo research projects have been published about the biological and pharmacological properties and toxicity of crocin. Crocin acts as a memory enhancer, anxiolytic, aphrodisiac, antidepressant, neuroprotective, and so on. Here, we introduce an updated and comprehensive review of crocin molecular mechanisms based on previously examined and mentioned in the literature. Different studies confirmed the significant effect of crocin to control pathological conditions, including oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The neuroprotective effect of crocin could be related to the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Notch, and cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein signaling pathways. The crocin also protects the cardiovascular system through the inhibitory effect on toll-like receptors. The regulatory effect of crocin on PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMP-activated protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathways can play an effective role in the treatment of metabolic disorders. The crocin has anticancer activity through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, vascular endothelial growth factor, Wnt/β-catenin, and Janus kinases-signal transducer and activator of transcription suppression. Also, the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 and p53 signaling pathway activation may be effective in the anticancer effect of crocin. Finally, among signaling pathways regulated by crocin, the most important ones seem to be those related to the regulatory effect on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

An evaluation on potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocin

Crocin, an active ingredient derived from saffron, is one of the herbal components that has recently been considered by researchers. Crocin has been shown to have many anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and therefore can be used to treat various diseases. It has been shown that Crocin has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and kidney disease. In addition, the role of this substance in COVID-19 pandemic has been identified. In this review article, we tried to have a comprehensive review of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocin in different diseases and different tissues. In conclusion, Crocin may be helpful in pathological conditions that are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.

Comparative study of oral versus parenteral crocin in mitigating acrolein-induced lung injury in albino rats

Acrolein (Ac) is the second most commonly inhaled toxin, produced in smoke of fires, tobacco smoke, overheated oils, and fried foods; and usually associated with lung toxicity. Crocin (Cr) is a natural carotenoid with a direct antioxidant capacity. Yet, oral administration of crocin as a natural rout is doubtful, because of poor absorbability. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the potential protective effect of oral versus intraperitoneal (ip) crocin in mitigating Ac-induced lung toxicity. 50 Adult rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups; Control (oral-saline and ip-saline) group, Cr (oral-Cr and ip-Cr) group, Ac group, oral-Cr/Ac group, and ip-Cr/Ac group; for biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical investigations. Results indicated increased oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in lungs of Ac-treated group. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed lung edema, infiltration, fibrosis, and altered expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers. Compared to oral-Cr/Ac group, the ip-Cr/Ac group demonstrated remarkable improvement in the oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic biomarkers, as well as the histopathological alterations. In conclusion, intraperitoneal crocin exerts a more protective effect on acrolein-induced lung toxicity than the orally administered crocin.

An In Vitro Study of Saffron Carotenoids: The Effect of Crocin Extracts and Dimethylcrocetin on Cancer Cell Lines

Crocus sativus L. has various pharmacological properties, known for over 3600 years. These properties are attributed mainly to biologically active substances, which belong to the terpenoid group and include crocins, picrocrocin and safranal. The aim of the current work was to examine the effects of crocins (CRCs) and their methyl ester derivate dimethylcrocetin (DMCRT) on glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, in terms of cytotoxicity and gene expression, implicated in proapoptotic and cell survival pathways. Cell cytotoxicity was assessed with Alamar Blue fluorescence assay after treatment with saffron carotenoids for 24, 48 and 72 h and concentrations ranging from 22.85 to 0.18 mg/mL for CRCs and 11.43 to 0.09 mg/mL for DMCRT. In addition, BAX, BID, BCL2, MYCN, SOD1, and GSTM1 gene expression was studied by qRT-PCR analysis. Both compounds demonstrated cytotoxic effects against glioblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. They induced apoptosis, via BAX and BID upregulation, MYCN and BCL-2, SOD1, GSTM1 downregulation. The current research denotes the possible anticancer properties of saffron carotenoids, which are considered safe phytochemicals, already tested in clinical trials for their health promoting properties.

Crocin Protects Malathion-Induced Striatal Biochemical Deficits by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Increasing α-Synuclein in Rats' Striatum

Long-term exposure to organophosphates might result in neurodegenerative diseases, comprising Parkinson's disease. Malathion is an organophosphate pesticide with high neurotoxicity. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and α-synuclein accumulation are important underlying mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. According to studies, crocin, an active constituent of saffron, has anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Thus, the effect of crocin on malathion-induced striatal biochemical deficits in rats was investigated in this study. Six groups of male Wistar rats were used: 1. control (normal saline); 2. malathion (100 mg/kg/day, i.p.); 3. crocin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) + malathion; 4. levodopa (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) + malathion; 5. crocin (40 mg/kg/day, i.p.); and 6. polyethylene glycol (PEG) (vehicle of levodopa) groups. The drugs were administered for 28 days. The amounts of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspases 3, 8, and 9 proteins in the striatum were measured by western blotting. Also, the amounts of protein and mRNA level of the α-synuclein in striatum tissue were measured by western blotting and RT-qPCR methods. Malathion induced apoptosis by increasing the amount of Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspases 3 and 9 proteins in rat striatum tissue. It also increased the protein and mRNA level of α-synuclein in striatal tissue. Co-administration of crocin or levodopa with malathion inhibited the toxic effects of malathion on striatal tissue. Crocin ameliorates the neurotoxic effect of malathion by its anti-apoptotic activity and regulating the expression of proteins involved in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. As a result, crocin has the potential to be used as a treatment for malathion-induced neurotoxicity.

Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of taxifolin and vitamin C against diazinone-induced myocardial injury in rats

In Iraq, excessive exposure to insecticides is increasingly becoming uncontrollable, the objective of this work was to assess the possible ameliorative role of taxifolin and vitamin c against diazinon-induced myocardial injury in rats. 36 sprague female rats divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 received diazinone 20 mg/kg gavaged for 30 days. Group 2 received taxifolin (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) co-administered together and gavaged daily for 30 days before oral diazinone (20 mg/kg). Group 3 and group 4 were treated with taxifoline (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) respectively, gavaged separately for 30 days before diazinone (20 mg/kg) administration. group 5 was considered as control 1 received taxifolin (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) co-administered together and gavaged daily for 30 days. The last group, group 6 considered as control 2 which received vehicle of diazinon. Rats' weights, water and food intake were measured and the general vital signs of rats were observed and noted. At the end of study, rats are sacrificed, blood withdrawn for biochemical analysis and heart were excised for glutathione peroxidase and pathological evaluation. Significant increase in body weights in all treated and control groups except group 1. Troponin, LDH, AST and ALT levels were significantly increased in group 1 revealing the existence of ischemia and damage in hearts. Treatment with taxifolin and vitamin C combination reduced their levels significantly to concentrations comparable to that in the control groups. Such finding supported by histopathological observation. Moreover, this study showed that diazinon administration significantly deteriorated lipid profile, co-administration of taxifolin and vitamin C was resulted in a significant improvement in lipid profile associated with increased in glutathione peroxidase values showing significant improvement in antioxidant levels. Sub-acute administration of pharmacological doses of taxifolin and vitamin C exerts cardioprotective effects against diazinon-induced myocardial injury in rats.

Sensing of oxidative stress biomarkers: The cardioprotective effect of taurine & grape seed extract against the poisoning induced by an agricultural pesticide aluminum phosphide

Aluminum phosphide is a well-known hazardous agent used as an agricultural pesticide to protect stored grains from insect damage. However, accidental consumption of a trivial amount of it caused irreversible damage to the human body or even death in acute cases. The present study used taurine and grape seed extract as a natural cardioprotective medicine against aluminum phosphide poisoning by decreasing oxidative stress. The activity of oxidative stress biomarkers (Malondialdehyde, Catalase, Protein carbonyl, and Superoxide dismutase) were evaluated in the cell line model on Human Cardiac Myocyte cells. In the beginning, to clarify the pure impact of aluminum phosphide poison, taurine, and grape seed extract on the human heart cells, their effects on the biomarkers quantity in cell line were measured. Subsequently, the effect of taurine and grape seed extract with various concentrations as a treatment on the oxidative stress biomarkers of the poisoned heart cells were studied. Data analysis reveals that taurine and grape seed extract treatment can successfully diminish the poisoning effect by their antioxidant properties. The oxidative markers values of the poisoned cells were recovered by taurine and grape seed extracts treatment. Taurine (2 g/l) can recover Malondialdehyde, Catalase, Protein carbonyl, and Superoxide dismutase by 56%, 78%, 88%, 78%, when the recovering power of grape seed extract (100 g/l) for the aforementioned enzymes are 56%, 0.71%,74%, 51%, respectively. Therefore, it is clear that the performance of taurine in the recovery of the biomarkers' value is better than grape seed extract.

The Effect of Resistance Training and Berberine Chloride on the Apoptosis-related Unfolded Protein Response Signaling Pathway in the Hippocampus of Diazinon-poisoned Rats

Introduction:

Diazinon is one of the most widely-used organophosphate pesticides in the world. This toxin enters the body in various ways and induces oxidative stress in various tissues. It has been proved that activation of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) under oxidative stress is a steady mechanism for maintaining cell function and survival. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the effect of Resistance Training (RT) and Berberine Chloride (BC) on the apoptosis-related UPR signaling pathway in the hippocampus of diazinon-poisoned rats.

Methods:

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats weighing 250 ±50 g were randomly divided into eight groups of five rats of 1) diazinon + 2 mg/kg BC + RT, 2) diazinon + 15 mg/kg BC + RT, 3) diazinon, 4) diazinon + RT, 5) diazinon + 2 mg/kg BC, 6) diazinon + 15 mg/kg BC, 7) healthy control, and 8) sham. The groups were treated for 5 weeks. At the end of the fifth week, ATF-4, ATF-6, and CHOP gene expression in hippocampus tissue were measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR.

Results:

Diazinon significantly increased the expression of ATF-4, ATF-6, and CHOP in the hippocampus tissue of rats. Administrating 15 mg/kg BC with RT significantly decreased these genes, indicating a decrease in the rate of apoptosis in the hippocampus.

Conclusion:

This study showed that RT and BC have a protective effect against diazinon-induced toxicity in the hippocampus.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of crocin against doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a well-known chemotherapeutic drug for most malignancies including breast cancer and leukemia whilst the usage of DOX is limited owing to its cardiotoxicity. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of crocin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups: (a) control [received normal saline as a dose of 1 ml/kg by intraperitoneal injection (ip) for 15 days], (b) crocin (received crocin as a dose of 40 mg/kg/24h by ip for 15 days), (c) DOX (received DOX as a dose of 2 mg/kg/48h by ip in six injection, cumulative dose 12 mg/kg), and (d) DOX+crocin (received DOX as a dose of 2 mg/kg/48h by ip in six injection, and crocin as a dose of 40 mg/kg/24h i.p for 15 days). As compared to the controls, the results showed that DOX administration caused significant increases in lipid indices [triglyseride (TG), low-dencity lipoproteins (LDL) (p<0.001), and very low-dencity lipoproteins (VLDL) (p<0.005)], oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) (p<0.001)] and cardiac markers [creatine kinase-muscle/brain (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (p<0.001)]. Besides, significant decreases in antioxidant defense systems [glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant status (TAS) (p<0.001)] were observed. The present study also demonstrated that co-administration of crocin with DOX significantly ameliorated the lipid profile (p<0.005), cardiac markers (p<0.005), and oxidative stress indices (p<0.001) as compared to DOX group. Histopathologically, significant increase in the mean histopathological damage score (MHDS) was found in the DOX group as compared to the controls (p<0.001). In contrast, the administration of crocin with DOX alleviated MHDS in myocardium (p<0.001). Taken together, our results reveal that crocin might be a cardioprotective agent in DOX-treated patients for cancer.

Protective Effect of Crocin against Mitochondrial Damage and Memory Deficit Induced by Beta-amyloid in the Hippocampus of Rats

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among the elderly. This progressive neurodegenerative disorder affects brain regions that control cognition, memory, language, speech, and awareness. As a potent antioxidant, crocin has been proposed to effectively manage the neurodegenerative disease. In this study, the recovery effects of crocin on the memory deficits caused by the intra-hippocampal injection of amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) were evaluated in rats. We also considered the protective effects of crocin on the mitochondrial damage caused by Aβ1-42. We examined the memory deficits of rats with the help of the Morris water maze. Then, we determined different mitochondrial toxicity endpoints caused by Aβ1-42, including mitochondrial ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, mitochondrial outer membrane integrity, and cytochrome c release. Our results demonstrated that the behavioral signs of memory deficiency caused by Aβ1-42 significantly (P < 0.01) reduced by both pretreatment and post-treatment with crocin (30 mg/kg). Furthermore, crocin prevented all the Aβ1-42 induced above referenced mitochondrial upstream toxic events leading to neuronal apoptosis. These results demonstrated that crocin is a promising preventive candidate for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, it seems that the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of crocin are better seen when the compound is pretreated beforehand rather than introduced afterward in Aβ1-42 exposed mitochondria.

Protective Effect of Crocin on Malathion-induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats: A Biochemical, Histopathological and Proteomics Study

In this study, the protective effect of crocin on malathion (MTN) induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subacute exposure was evaluated. Rats were divided into 6 groups; control (normal saline); MTN (100 mg/kg); MTN + crocin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and MTN + vitamin E 200 IU/kg. Treatments were continued for two weeks. Creatine phosphokinase MB (CK-MB), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were evaluated in heart tissue at the end of treatments. The effect of crocin and MTN on histopathological changes in rat cardiac tissue was also investigated. The alteration of protein profile in the heart of the animals exposed to MTN was evaluated by proteomic approach through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) software. MTN induced histopathological damages and elevated the level of cardiac marker CK-MB (P < 0.01). The level of MDA increased and the level of GSH reduced (P < 0.001). MDA levels were reduced in all crocin plus MTN groups (P < 0.001) and vitamin E plus MTN (P < 0.001) groups as compared to MTN groups. However, in the crocin (10 mg/kg) + MTN group, the content of GSH compared to MTN treated rats increased (P < 0.001). Protein abundance analysis identified proteins implicated in cardiac necrosis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, cellular energy homeostasis, arrhythmias, heart development, heart failure and cardiovascular homeostasis to be affected by MTN. In summary, MTN may induce damage in the heart tissue of rats following subacute exposure and crocin, as an antioxidant, showed protective effects against MTN cardiotoxicity.

Cardiotoxicity of some pesticides and their amelioration

Pesticides are used to control pests that harm plants, animals, and humans. Their application results in the contamination of the food and water systems. Pesticides may cause harm to the human body via occupational exposure or the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Once a pesticide enters the human body, it may create health consequences such as cardiotoxicity. There is not enough information about pesticides that cause cardiotoxicity in the literature. Currently, there are few reports that summarized the cardiotoxicity due to some pesticide groups. This necessitates reviewing the current literature regarding pesticides and cardiotoxicity and to summarize them in a concrete review. The objectives of this review article were to summarize the advances in research related to pesticides and cardiotoxicity, to classify pesticides into certain groups according to cardiotoxicity, to discuss the possible mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, and to present the agents that ameliorate cardiotoxicity. Approximately 60 pesticides were involved in cardiotoxicity: 30, 13, and 17 were insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, respectively. The interesting outcome of this study is that 30 and 13 pesticides from toxicity classes II and III, respectively, are involved in cardiotoxicity. The use of standard antidotes for pesticide poisoning shows health consequences among users. Alternative safe medical management is the use of cardiotoxicity-ameliorating agents. This review identifies 24 ameliorating agents that were successfully used to manage 60 cases. The most effective agents were vitamin C, curcumin, vitamin E, quercetin, selenium, chrysin, and garlic extract. Vitamin C showed ameliorating effects in a wide range of toxicities. The exposure mode to pesticide residues, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 are aerial exposure to pesticide drift, home and/or office exposure, exposure due to drinking contaminated water, and consumption of contaminated food, respectively. General cardiotoxicity is represented by 5, whereas 6, 7, 8 and 9 are electrocardiogram (ECG) of hypotension due to exposure to OP residues, ECG of myocardial infraction due to exposure to OPs, ECG of hypertension due to exposure to OC and/or PY, and normal ECG respectively.

The cardiovascular-protective properties of saffron and its potential pharmaceutical applications: A critical appraisal of the literature

Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., is used in traditional medicine for its healing properties and the treatment of various pathological conditions. The present literature review aimed to summarize and evaluate the preclinical and clinical data regarding the protective effects and mechanisms of saffron and its main components (crocin, crocetin, safranal) on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. Many in vitro and animal studies have been conducted implicating antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-diabetic, and antiinflammatory impact of saffron and its constituents. Notably, there is evidence of direct atherosclerosis regression and stabilization in valid atherosclerosis-prone animal models. However, current clinical trials have shown mostly weak effects of saffron and its constituents on cardiovascular risk factors: (a) Modest lowering of fasting blood glucose, without significant reduction of HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients, (b) moderate/controversial hypolipidemic effects, (c) negligible hypotensive effect, and (d) inconsistent modification of metabolic syndrome parameters. There are important drawbacks in clinical trial design, including the absence of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic tests, the wide variance of doses and cohorts' characteristics, the small number of patients, the short duration. Therefore, large, properly designed, high-quality clinical trials, focusing on specific conditions are required to evaluate the biological/pharmacological activities and firmly establish the clinical efficacy of saffron and its possible therapeutic uses in cardiovascular diseases.

Recent Progress in Environmental Toxins-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Protective Potential of Natural Products

Humans are unconsciously exposed to environmental toxins including heavy metals as well as various pesticides, which have deleterious effects on human health. Accumulating studies pointed out that exposure to environmental toxins was associated with various cardiopathologic effects. This review summarizes the main mechanisms of cardiotoxicity induced by environmental toxins (cadmium, arsenic and pesticides) and discusses the potential preventive effects of natural products. These findings will provide a theoretical basis and novel agents for the prevention and treatment of environmental toxins-induced cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, the limitations of current studies, future needs and priorities are discussed.

In Vivo and In Vitro Protective Effects of Rosmarinic Acid against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer medicine that may trigger cardiomyopathy. Rosmarinic acid (RA) has shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. This investigation assessed the cardioprotective effect of RA on DOX-induced-toxicity in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Male rats were randomized on 7 groups: (1) control, (2) DOX (2 mg/kg, per 48 h, 12d, i.p), (3) RA (40 mg/kg, 12d, i.p.), (4-6) RA (10, 20, 40 mg/kg, 16d, i.p.)+ DOX, (7) Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, per 48 h, 16d, i.p.) + DOX and then indices of cardiac function were estimated. Also, DOX and rosmarinic acid effects were examined on MCF7 cells (breast cancer cells line) to clarify that both cardiotoxicity and anticancer effects were analyzed. DOX increased heart to body weight ratio, RRI, QA, STI, QRS duration and voltage, attenuated HR, blood pressure, Max dP/dt, Min dP/dt, LVDP, enhanced MDA, declined GSH amount, and caused fibrosis and necrosis in cardiac tissue. Administration of RA ameliorated the toxic effects of DOX. In vitro studies showed that RA did not affect the cytotoxic effect of DOX. RA as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective compound could be a promising compound to help minimize DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Crocin attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in myocardial infarction induced by isoprenaline via PPARγ activation in diabetic rats

Background and purpose

Hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress and inflammation lead to development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetic patients are more at risk for myocardial infarction than non-diabetics. The current study has investigated the involvement of PPARγ activation in effects of crocin as a natural carotenoid against cardiac infarction in diabetic rats.

Materials and methods

Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by streptozotocin injection (55 mg/kg, i.p) 15 min after the administration of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg). Then saline, crocin (40 mg/kg, orally) and GW9662 (1 mg/kg, as PPARγ antagonist) were injected for 4 weeks. Isoprenaline was administrated on the 27th and 28th days to induce infarction. Cardiac injury markers, antioxidant enzymes content, blood glucose level, lipid profile, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and PPARγ gene expression were measured.

Results

GSH, CAT content, CK-MB isoenzyme, LDH level, IL-10 and PPARγ gene expression in myocardial tissue were decreased in diabetic rats receiving isoprenaline and inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 and also plasma lipids were increased. Crocin administration significantly ameliorated inflammatory cytokines levels, CK-MB, and LDH contents and also it could enhance antioxidant capacity and PPARγ expression. However, GW9662 administration reversed the effects of crocin.

Conclusion

Overexpression of PPARγ in crocin treated rats and inhibition of crocin effects by GW9662 reflected the potential involvement of PPARγ pathway in the protective effects of crocin.

Graphical abstract

Study of the cardioprotective effects of crocin on Human Cardiac Myocyte cells and reduction of oxidative stress produced by aluminum phosphide poisoning

OBJECTIVES

The effects of Crocin as a cardioprotective material against Aluminum phosphide poisoning by reducing the oxidative stress is investigated.

METHODS

The level of biomarkers of oxidative stress (Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Malondialdehyde and Protein carbonyl) were measured in the cell culture model on Human Cardiac Myocyte cells to detect the protective effect of crocin. Initially, to define the pure impact of aluminum phosphide poison and crocin on the heart cells, their effects on the biomarkers quantity in cell line were measured, separately, using the standard related kits. Later the effect of crocin with different concentration as a treatment on the oxidative stress biomarkers of the poisoned heart cells were monitored. Note that in pre-treatment case, the crocin was initially added to the cells before poisoning them. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance method.

KEY FINDINGS

Results showed that crocin treatment reduced the aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning effect significantly. The treatment resulted in substantial deviation in the biomarkers of oxidative stress at the pre- and post-treatment phases for all groups. The oxidative markers values of the poisoned cells were recovered by crocin treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Crocin is proposed as a potentially powerful antioxidant to treat the cardiotoxicity caused by aluminum phosphide poisoning.

The Beneficial Effects of Saffron Extract on Potential Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases

Saffron is commonly used in traditional medicines and precious perfumes. It contains pharmacologically active compounds with notably potent antioxidant activity. Saffron has a variety of active components, including crocin, crocetin, and safranal. Oxidative stress plays an important role in many cardiovascular diseases, and its uncontrolled chain reaction is related to myocardial injury. Numerous studies have confirmed that saffron exact exhibits protective effects on the myocardium and might be beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In view of the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease, people have shown considerable interest in the potential role of saffron extract as a treatment for a range of cardiovascular diseases. This review analyzed the use of saffron in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases through antioxidant stress from four aspects: antiatherosclerosis, antimyocardial ischemia, anti-ischemia reperfusion injury, and improvement in drug-induced cardiotoxicity, particularly anthracycline-induced. Although data is limited in humans with only two clinically relevant studies, the results of preclinical studies regarding the antioxidant stress effects of saffron are promising and warrant further research in clinical trials. This review summarized the protective effect of saffron in cardiovascular diseases and drug-induced cardiotoxicity. It will facilitate pharmacological research and development and promote utilization of saffron.

Pesticides-induced Cardiovascular Dysfunctions: Prevalence and Associated Mechanisms

Increased applications of pesticides, mainly in agriculture and public health, have resulted in increased chances of human exposure to pesticides. Chronic exposure to pesticides has been implicated in several human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are broadly used for various heart pathological conditions, including a defect in blood vessels, and they include myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, stroke, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, etc. In this review, the association between human exposure to pesticides and the development of cardiovascular diseases was discussed using epidemiological and laboratory data. The toxicokinetics of pesticides in humans was reviewed, as well as the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The important role of oxidative stress principally the induction of reactive oxygen species as the signaling molecules for various signaling pathways involved in pesticides-induced cardiovascular disease, was discussed.

Effect of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on cardiac parameters in male Wistar rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide in rat hearts. Exposure was through rat food that was nebulized with the herbicide. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (200-300 g) were used. The diet was exposed to 2,4-D in two different doses (CG: control group 10 ml distilled water; LCG: low concentration group 3.71 × 10^-3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml saline at 0.9% and HCG: High concentration group 9.28 × 10^-3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml 0.9% saline). After 6 months of exposure, blood samples were collected for CKMB evaluation, and left ventricular fragments were analyzed by histological evaluation, fibrosis measurements, fractal dimension and immunohistochemistry (BAX, Bcl2, TNF-α and NF-kB). There were no significant changes in CK-MB concentration, histological parameters, fibrosis measurements and fractal dimension. Long-term oral consumption of food nebulized by the herbicide 2,4-D promoted an increase in BAX, Bcl-2/BAX, and cytoplasmic NF-kB in the nuclear area of the group that received the highest dose of the herbicide. This suggests that the herbicide induces cardiotoxicity.

Tebuconazole induces ROS-dependent cardiac cell toxicity by activating DNA damage and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway

Tebuconazole (TEB) is a common triazole fungicide that is widely used throughout the world in agriculture applications. We previously reported that TEB induces cardiac toxicity in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of the toxicity induced by TEB in cardiac cells. TEB induced dose-dependent cell death in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts and in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM). The comet assay and western blot analysis showed a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage and in p53 and p21 protein levels 24 h after TEB treatment. Our findings also showed that TEB triggered the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis as evidenced by a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), an increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, an activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, a cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and an increase in the proportion of cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, TEB promoted ROS production in cardiac cells and consequently increased the amounts of MDA, the end product of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine reduced TEB-induced DNA damage and activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. These results indicate that the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of TEB are mediated through a ROS-dependent pathway in cardiac cells.

Diazinon impairs bioenergetics and induces membrane permeability transition on mitochondria isolated from rat liver

Diazinon (DZN) is a broad-spectrum insecticide extensively used to control pests in crops and animals. Several investigators demonstrated that DZN produced tissue toxicity especially to the liver. In addition, the mitochondrion was implicated in DZN-induced toxicity, but the precise role of this organelle remains to be determined. The aim of this study was thus to examine the effects of DZN (50 to 150 μM) on the bioenergetics and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) associated processes in isolated rat liver mitochondria. DZN inhibited state-3 respiration in mitochondria energized with glutamate plus malate, substrates of complex I, and succinate, substrate of complex II of the respiratory chain and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in inhibition of ATP synthesis. MPT was estimated by the extent of mitochondrial swelling, in the presence of 10 µM Ca²⁺. DZN elicited MPT in a concentration-dependent manner, via a mechanism sensitive to cyclosporine A, EGTA, ruthenium red and N-ethylmaleimide, which was associated with mitochondrial Ca²⁺ efflux and cytochrome c release. DZN did not result in hydrogen peroxide accumulation or glutathione oxidation, but this insecticide oxidized endogenous NAD(P)H and protein thiol groups. Data suggest the involvement of mitochondria, via apoptosis, in the hepatic cytotoxicity attributed to DZN.

Crocin ameliorates arsenic trioxide‑induced cardiotoxicity via Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 pathway: Reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an excellent therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia; however, its use is limited due to its cardiotoxicity. Crocin (CRO) possesses abundant pharmacological and biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic. This study examined the cardioprotective effects of crocin and explored their mechanistic involvement in ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. Forty-eight male rats were treated with ATO to induce cardiotoxicity. In combination with ATO, CRO were given to evaluate its cardioprotection. The results demonstrated that CRO administration not only diminished QTc prolongation, myocardial enzymes and Troponin T levels but also improved histopathological results. CRO administration reduced reactive oxygen species generation. However, the CRO administration caused an increase in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and total sulphydryl levels and a decrease in malondialdehyde content, gamma glutamyl transferase and lipid hydroperoxides levels and proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, immunohistochemical analysis, real time PCR and western blotting showed a reduction in Caspase-3 and Bcl-2-associated X protein expressions and enhancement of B cell lymphoma-2 expression. Real time PCR and western blotting showed a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, CRO caused an activation in nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2, leading to enhanced Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, heme oxygenase-1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide quinone dehydrogenase 1 expressions involved in Nrf2 signaling during ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. CRO was shown to ameliorate ATO-induced cardiotoxicity. The mechanisms for CRO amelioration of cardiotoxicity due to inflammation, oxidative damage, and apoptosis may occur via an up-regulated Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Effects of crocin and saffron aqueous extract on gene expression of SIRT1, AMPK, LOX1, NF-κB, and MCP-1 in patients with coronary artery disease: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

This trial evaluated the potential impacts of saffron aqueous extract (SAE) and its main carotenoid on some of the atherosclerosis-related gene expression and serum levels of oxidized low-density cholesterol (ox-LDL) and Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Participants of this randomized controlled trial included 84 CAD patients who categorized into three groups: Group 1 received crocin (30 mg/day), Group 2 SAE (30 mg/day), and Group 3 placebo for 8 weeks. Gene expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and MCP-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells assessed by real-time PCR. Furthermore, serum ox-LDL and MCP-1 levels measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Compared with the placebo group, gene expression of SIRT1 and AMPK increased significantly in the crocin group (p = .001), and the expression of LOX1 and NF-κB decreased significantly (p = .016 and .004, respectively). Serum ox-LDL levels decreased significantly in the crocin group after the intervention (p = .002) while MCP-1 levels decreased both in crocin and SAE groups (p = .001). Crocin may have beneficial effects on CAD patients by increasing the gene expression of SIRT1 and AMPK and decreasing the expression of LOX1 and NF-κB.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Diazinon in Aqueous Solutions Using Immobilized MgO Nanoparticles on Concrete

Photocatalytic degradation of diazinon in the aqueous solution using UV light and MgO nanoparticle (NPs) immobilized on the concrete was investigated. Prepared catalyst was characterized using TEM, XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques. The results showed that the average particle size of immobilized MgO NPs was 38.3 nm and NPs appropriately was coated on the concrete surface. The performance of degradation and mineralization of diazinon was evaluated by HPLC and TOC techniques, respectively. The effect of operational parameters including pH value, initial pesticide concentration, and contact time were studied on the removal and mineralization of diazinon by a photocatalytic process. The results showed that the MgO NPs and UV light had little effect in removing pesticide when used individually. On the other hand, diazinon can be effectively degraded by immobilized MgO NPs in the presence of UV light. Degradation products of diazinon using the proposed photocatalytic technique were identified by the GC-MS analysis. The maximum diazinon removal (99.46 %) was obtained under the conditions; pH 7, diazinon concentration of 5 mg/L, and contact time of 120 minutes. Also, the lowest energy consumption conditions were as follow; pH 7, diazinon concentration of 5 mg/L, and contact time of 30 minutes.

Modulatory effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf extract against oxidative stress and hepatic TNF-α gene expression in acute diazinon-induced liver injury in rats

Background Diazinon (DZN) causes serious liver damage in both humans and animals. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effects of Cynara scolymus L. leaf extract against DZN-induced liver injury were examined. Methods Forty male rats were divided into five groups. The control group received a normal diet. The DZN group received DZN only (25 mg/kg, po). The DZN + Syl group received DZN (25 mg/kg, po) and silymarin (Syl) (50 mg/kg, po). The DZN + Art group received DZN (25 mg/kg, po) and artichoke (Art) leaf extract (1500 mg/kg, po). The Art group received Art leaf extract only (1500 mg/kg, po). After 15 days, serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lipid profile, protein carbonyl content, serum and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), hepatic TNF-α gene expression, hepatic catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and vitamin C (Vit C) were measured and histopathological examination was performed. Results DZN caused a significant elevation in serum ALP, AST, ALT, MDA, TNF-α, protein carbonyl, hepatic MDA, and TNF-α gene expression in the DZN group as opposed to the control group. Also, DZN led to the reduction of hepatic CAT, SOD, and Vit C in the DZN group relative to the control group. The administration of Art extract resulted in not only a significant reduction in serum ALP, AST, ALT, MDA, TNF-α, and protein carbonyl but also an improvement of liver histopathological changes and hepatic CAT and SOD activities as opposed to the DZN group. Conclusions This study confirmed that Art leaf extract has liver protective effects and causes downregulation of oxidative stress in acute DZN-induced liver injury in rats.

Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. against natural toxins, chemical toxicities, and radiation: A comprehensive review

Nowadays in our developing and industrial world, humans' health or even their life is threatened by exposure to poisons. In this situation, detecting a protective compound could be helpful and interesting. In the present article, we collected and reviewed all studies, which have been conducted so far about the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. (GB), one of the most ancient medicinal tree species, against toxicities induced by chemical toxic agents, natural toxins, and also radiation. In overall, investigations showed that GB exerts the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antigenotoxicity effects in different toxicities. There are also some special mechanisms about its protective effects against some specific toxic agents, such as acetylcholine esterase inhibition in the aluminium neurotoxicity or membrane-bond phosphodiesterase activation in the triethyltin toxicity. Ginkgolide A was the most investigated active ingredient of G. biloba leaf extract as a protective compound against toxicities, which had the similar effects of total extract. A few clinical studies have been conducted in this field, which demonstrated the beneficial effects of GB against toxic agents. However, the promising effects of this valuable herbal extract will practically remain useless without carrying out more clinical studies and proving its effects on human beings.

Antidiabetic Potential of Flavonoids from Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders in which high blood sugar levels occur over a prolonged period. Approximately 4% of the global population is affected by DM. Western medical treatment methods for diabetes including injection or oral hypoglycemic drugs have some toxic or side effects, economic pressures, and so on. Many researchers turn to discover new drugs from natural products or Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, and many studies have shown that flavonoids possess antidiabetic properties, exhibiting not only well-recognized antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activities but also activity in the treatment of diabetic complications. In this review, we systematically summarized anti-diabetic flavonoid compounds based on structure classification by examining the PubMed, Springer Link, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. There are 13 flavonoid compounds listed which have been studied extensively and have antidiabetic features respectively. Apigenin, baicalein, and catechin mainly reduces blood glucose via anti-oxidation; hesperidin is good for diabetic neuropathy; glycyrrhiza flavonoids have a significant effect on gestational DM; quercetin takes advantage of crossing the blood–brain barrier and improving renal function. Some compounds have protective and preventive effects on diabetic complications, such as kaempferol and puerarin which are beneficial to cardiomyopathy; myricetin has therapeutic potential in the treatment of DN; dihydromyricetin might improve CI. It is a pity or might be a pointcut that most studies remain in the animal experimental stage, and further investigation should be carried out.

Effect of saffron (stigma of Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract on ethanol toxicity in rats: A biochemical, histopathological and molecular study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is considered in the Iranian traditional medicine because of many therapeutic properties such as sedative agent, strengthen the stomach and liver, improving the uterus disorders and infectious wounds. The detoxification of alcohol was one of the most important of saffron effects in ancient medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In the current research, the protective effects of saffron aqueous extract (Aq. Ext.) versus oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, histopathological and biochemical abnormalities induced by ethanol were evaluated.

MATERIALS & METHODS

The male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups consisted of 6 rats in control (distilled water), ethanol (5 g/kg - 50% v/v), Aq. Ext. (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) plus ethanol, Aq. Ext. 80 and 160 mg/kg. Animals were treated for four weeks and at the end of treatment period, histopathological damages, biochemical markers, apoptosis, levels of MDA and GSH, TNF-α and IL-6 were evaluated.

RESULTS

Ethanol induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity as evidenced by histopathological damages and biochemical abnormalities. The level of MDA was significantly enhanced while GSH content was remarkably reduced in ethanol-treated rats, but protective groups restored them. Also, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were regulated by Aq. Ext. Furthermore, the effects of ethanol on histopathological and biochemical parameters were improved by Aq. Ext. The ethanol increased the expression of Bax/Bcl₂ ratio, caspase-3, -8, and -9. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis proved that Aq. Ext. treatment inhibited apoptosis induced by ethanol through decreasing the Bax/Bcl₂ ratio (mRNA and protein) and caspases-3, -8, and -9 levels in the kidney and liver.

CONCLUSION

The results of this research demonstrated that Aq. Ext. could exert protective effects against ethanol toxicity in rat kidney and liver via antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory effects.

The Effect of Diazinon on Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis in Testicular Tissue of Rats and The Protective Effect of Vitamin E

Background

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate pesticide, and nowadays this pesticide is mostly used in agri- culture. In this study, we analyzed the effects of DZN and vitamin E (Vit E) on apoptosis and the proliferation of germ cells in rat testis.

Materials and Methods

In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=6 per group) consisting of control, sham (received olive oil), experimental group i (60 mg/kg DZN), experimental group ii (60 mg/kg DZN and 200 mg/kg Vit E), and experimental group iii (200 mg/kg Vit E). After six weeks, left testis of rats was removed for the detection of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase end-labeling (TUNEL).

Results

Compared with the control group, DZN in the experimental group i decreased the number of PCNA-positive cells and increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells (P<0.001). Vit E improved detrimental changes by the de- crease in the rate of apoptosis and the increase in the proliferation of testicular germ cells (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Vit E can decrease the number of TUNEL-positive cells and increase the number of PCNA-positive cells by the neutralization of the toxicity caused by DZN in the testicular tissue.

The protective activity of nanomicelle curcumin in bisphenol A-induced cardiotoxicity following subacute exposure in rats

Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic compound, is used in manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric, is a potent protective compound against cardiac diseases. In this study the protective effect of nanomicelle curcumin on BPA-induced subchronic cardiotoxicity in rats was evaluated. Rats were divided into 6 groups including control, nanomicelle curcumin (50 mg/kg, gavage), BPA (50 mg/kg, gavage), nanomicelle curcumin (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) plus BPA. The treatments were continued for 4 weeks. Results revealed that BPA significantly induced histophatological injuries including focal lymphatic inflammation, nuclear degenerative changes and cytoplasmic vacuolation, increased body weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, malondialdehyde and Creatine phosphokinase-MB level and decreased glutathione content in comparison with control group. In addition, in electrocardiographic graph, RR, QT, and PQ intervals were increased by BPA. Western blot analysis showed that BPA up-regulated phosphorylated p38 (p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase) and JNK (c-jun NH2 terminal kinases), while down-regulated phosphorylated AKT (Protein Kinase B) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2). However, nanomicelle curcumin (50 mg/kg) significantly improved these toxic effects of BPA in rat heart tissue. The results provide evidence that nanomicelle curcumin showed preventive effects on subchronic exposure to BPA induced toxicity in the heart tissue in rats.

Pharmacokinetic Properties of Saffron and its Active Components

Saffron as a medicinal plant has many therapeutic effects. Phytochemical studies have reported that saffron is composed of at least four active ingredients which include crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal. The carotenoids of saffron are sensitive to oxygen, light, heat and enzymatic oxidization. However, regulation of these factors is required for saffron quality. Some pharmacologic effects of saffron and its active compounds include cardioprotective, neuroprotective, memory enhancer, antidepressant and anxiolytic. Among more than 150 chemicals of saffron, the most biologically active components are two carotenoids including crocin and crocetin. Most of the pharmacokinetic studies are related to these compounds. The pharmacokinetic studies have shown that crocin is not available after oral administration in blood circulation. Crocin is converted to crocetin in intestine but after intravenous injection, the level of crocetin in plasma is low. Crocetin can distribute in different tissues because of weak interaction between crocetin and albumin. Also it can penetrate blood-brain barrier and reach CNS by passive transcellular diffusion; thus it can be effective in neurodegenerative disorders. The large portion of crocin is eliminated via feces.