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Li C, Jia YR, Gou Q, Ju ZJ. Connexin 43 regulates pyroptosis by influencing intracellular calcium levels in X-ray induced vascular endothelial cell damage. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024:CH242381. [PMID: 39213056 DOI: 10.3233/ch-242381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our prior research has established that X-ray exposure induces pyroptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), with Cx43 playing a regulatory role in this process. However, the precise mechanism by which Cx43 regulates pyroptosis remains unclear. The objective of this study is to assess the involvement of the calcium signaling pathway in Cx43-mediated regulation of X-ray-induced pyroptosis in HUVECs. METHODS HUVECs were exposed to 10 Gy X-ray radiation either alone or combined with Cx43 overexpression or knockdown. Calcium ions (Ca2+) were stained using Fluo-4/AM and analyzed via flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Pyroptosis was assessed through flow cytometry by staining with FLICA (fluorescent-labeled inhibitor of caspase) and propidium iodide (PI). Calcium signaling was inhibited using BAPTA/AM, 2-APB, or nifedipine. Protein expression levels were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS X-ray irradiation induced an increase in intracellular calcium levels in HUVECs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The results demonstrated that regulating calcium release with BAPTA/AM, 2-APB, or nifedipine significantly reduced pyroptosis. Also, the overexpression of Cx43 significantly attenuated the increase in intracellular calcium. Conversely, Cx43 knockdown via siRNA significantly increased the intracellular calcium levels. Also, interfering with calcium signaling using BAPTA/AM, 2-APB, or nifedipine reduced the raised pyroptosis levels induced by Cx43 knockdown. CONCLUSION Individual HUVECs exposed to high-dose X-ray irradiation exhibited an increase in intracellular calcium, leading to pyroptosis. Also, upregulating Cx43 expression reduced the pyroptosis levels by inhibiting intracellular calcium concentration. This study introduces new concepts for identifying targets for the prophylaxis and therapy of radiation-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Rui Jia
- Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Gou
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Ju
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Chen CY, Wang YF, Lei L, Zhang Y. Impacts of microbiota and its metabolites through gut-brain axis on pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Life Sci 2024; 351:122815. [PMID: 38866215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a high rate of recurrence and disability, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. That's why a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of MDD pathology is an urgent task, and some studies have found that intestinal symptoms accompany people with MDD. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, which was found to have a strong association with the pathogenesis of MDD. Previous studies have focused more on the communication between the gut and the brain through neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and autonomic pathways, and the role of gut microbes and their metabolites in depression is unclear. Metabolites of intestinal microorganisms (e.g., tryptophan, kynurenic acid, indole, and lipopolysaccharide) can participate in the pathogenesis of MDD through immune and inflammatory pathways or by altering the permeability of the gut and blood-brain barrier. In addition, intestinal microbes can communicate with intestinal neurons and glial cells to affect the integrity and function of intestinal nerves. However, the specific role of gut microbes and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of MDD is not well understood. Hence, the present review summarizes how gut microbes and their metabolites are directly or indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Ya Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Lan Lei
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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3
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Almeida PP, Brito ML, Thomasi B, Mafra D, Fouque D, Knauf C, Tavares-Gomes AL, Stockler-Pinto MB. Is the enteric nervous system a lost piece of the gut-kidney axis puzzle linked to chronic kidney disease? Life Sci 2024; 351:122793. [PMID: 38848938 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates numerous functional and immunological attributes of the gastrointestinal tract. Alterations in ENS cell function have been linked to intestinal outcomes in various metabolic, intestinal, and neurological disorders. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a challenging intestinal environment due to gut dysbiosis, which further affects patient quality of life. Although the gut-related repercussions of CKD have been thoroughly investigated, the involvement of the ENS in this puzzle remains unclear. ENS cell dysfunction, such as glial reactivity and alterations in cholinergic signaling in the small intestine and colon, in CKD are associated with a wide range of intestinal pathways and responses in affected patients. This review discusses how the ENS is affected in CKD and how it is involved in gut-related outcomes, including intestinal permeability, inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Lima Brito
- Pathology Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University (MSU), East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Physiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denis Fouque
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hopitalier Lyon Sud, INSERM 1060, CENS, Université de Lyon, France
| | - Claude Knauf
- INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares-Gomes
- Neurosciences Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Pathology Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; INSERM U1220 Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, CHU Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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4
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Morales-Soto W, Thomasi B, Gulbransen BD. Endocannabinoids regulate enteric neuron-glia networks and visceral hypersensitivity following inflammation through a glial-dependent mechanism. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39132860 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation induces neuroplasticity that produces long-lasting changes in gut motor function and pain. The endocannabinoid system is an attractive target to correct pain and dysmotility, but how inflammation changes endocannabinoid control over cellular communication in enteric neurocircuits is not understood. Enteric glia modulate gut neurons that control motility and pain and express monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) which controls endocannabinoid availability. We used a combination of in situ calcium imaging, chemogenetics, and selective drugs to study how endocannabinoid mechanisms affect glial responses and subsequent enteric neuron activity in health and following colitis in Wnt1Cre;GCaMP5g-tdT;GFAP::hM3Dq mice. Trpv1Cre;GCaMP5gtdT mice were used to study nociceptor sensitivity and Sox10CreERT2;Mgllf/f mice were used to test the role of glial MAGL in visceral pain. The data show that endocannabinoid signaling regulates neuro-glial signaling in gut neurocircuits in a sexually dimorphic manner. Inhibiting MAGL in healthy samples decreased glial responsiveness but this effect was lost in females following colitis and converted to an excitatory effect in males. Manipulating CB1 and CB2 receptors revealed further sex differences amongst neuro-glia signaling that were impacted following inflammation. Inflammation increased gut nociceptor sensitivity in both sexes but only females exhibited visceral hypersensitivity in vivo. Blocking MAGL normalized nociceptor responses in vitro and deleting glial Mgll in vivo rescued visceral hypersensitivity in females. These results show that sex and inflammation impact endocannabinoid mechanisms that regulate intercellular enteric glia-neuron communication. Further, targeting glial MAGL could provide therapeutic benefits for visceral nociception in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmarie Morales-Soto
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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5
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Topczewska PM, Savvopoulou A, Cosovanu C, Klose CSN. Transcriptional profiling identifies IL-33-expressing intestinal stromal cells as a signaling hub poised to interact with enteric neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1420313. [PMID: 39149516 PMCID: PMC11325031 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1420313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in mucosal immunology have unveiled a complex network of intercellular connections within diverse tissues, shedding light on the unique properties of different cell types. Central to this intricate network is the cytokine IL-33, which has gained significant attention for its critical role in various diseases, from allergy to cancer, triggering type 2 immune responses, among others. Recent research has challenged the prior assumptions attributing IL-33 expression to epithelial cells, highlighting stromal cells as the predominant source in adipose tissue and the lungs. However, in the complex landscape of the intestine, where IL-33 plays a crucial role in mediating immune surveillance and tolerance and is implicated in many gut-related disorders, its primary source, regulation, and main characteristics need more exploration. This study identifies stromal cells as the primary IL-33-expressing cell type in the small intestine. By investigating their transcriptome and intrinsic signaling pathways, we have uncovered a possible role of IL-33+ stromal cells in maintaining the stem cell niche and their potential crosstalk with neurons relevant to the regulation of axonogenesis. Importantly, our experiments have demonstrated that vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of a primary intestinal stromal cell culture significantly amplifies IL-33 expression on mRNA and protein level. Therefore, our study represents a significant leap forward in understanding the plethora of interactions IL-33+ intestinal stromal cells maintain in the intestine, paving the way for future investigations into stromal-neuro crosstalk in the gut. These findings hold great promise for developing targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at harnessing the potential of IL-33 across a spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja M Topczewska
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Savvopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catalina Cosovanu
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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D'Antongiovanni V, Pellegrini C, Antonioli L, Ippolito C, Segnani C, Benvenuti L, D'Amati A, Errede M, Virgintino D, Fornai M, Bernardini N. Enteric Glia and Brain Astroglia: Complex Communication in Health and Disease along the Gut-Brain Axis. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:493-510. [PMID: 37052336 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231163460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have provided interesting evidence about the role of the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain in the onset and development of several pathologic conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), neurodegenerative diseases, and related comorbidities. Indeed, patients with IBD can experience neurologic disorders, including depression and cognitive impairment, besides typical intestinal symptoms. In parallel, patients with neurodegenerative disease, such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease, are often characterized by the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders. In this context, enteric glial cells and brain astrocytes are emerging as pivotal players in the initiation/maintenance of neuroinflammatory responses, which appear to contribute to the alterations of intestinal and neurologic functions observed in patients with IBD and neurodegenerative disorders. The present review was conceived to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the available knowledge on the morphologic, molecular, and functional changes occurring in the enteric glia and brain astroglia in IBDs and neurologic disorders. In addition, our intent is to identify whether such alterations could represent a common denominator involved in the onset of comorbidities associated with the aforementioned disorders. This might help to identify putative targets useful to develop novel pharmacologic approaches for the therapeutic management of such disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D'Antongiovanni
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Amati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Schneider L, Schneider R, Hamza E, Wehner S. Extracellular matrix substrates differentially influence enteric glial cell homeostasis and immune reactivity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401751. [PMID: 39119341 PMCID: PMC11306135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enteric glial cells are important players in the control of motility, intestinal barrier integrity and inflammation. During inflammation, they switch into a reactive phenotype enabling them to release inflammatory mediators, thereby shaping the inflammatory environment. While a plethora of well-established in vivo models exist, cell culture models necessary to decipher the mechanistic pathways of enteric glial reactivity are less well standardized. In particular, the composition of extracellular matrices (ECM) can massively affect the experimental outcome. Considering the growing number of studies involving primary enteric glial cells, a better understanding of their homeostatic and inflammatory in vitro culture conditions is needed. Methods We examined the impact of different ECMs on enteric glial culture purity, network morphology and immune responsiveness. Therefore, we used immunofluorescence and brightfield microscopy, as well as 3' bulk mRNA sequencing. Additionally, we compared cultured cells with in vivo enteric glial transcriptomes isolated from Sox10iCreERT2Rpl22HA/+ mice. Results We identified Matrigel and laminin as superior over other coatings, including poly-L-ornithine, different lysines, collagens, and fibronectin, gaining the highest enteric glial purity and most extended glial networks expressing connexin-43 hemichannels allowing intercellular communication. Transcriptional analysis revealed strong similarities between enteric glia on Matrigel and laminin with enrichment of gene sets supporting neuronal differentiation, while cells on poly-L-ornithine showed enrichment related to cell proliferation. Comparing cultured and in vivo enteric glial transcriptomes revealed a 50% overlap independent of the used coating substrates. Inflammatory activation of enteric glia by IL-1β treatment showed distinct coating-dependent gene expression signatures, with an enrichment of genes related to myeloid and epithelial cell differentiation on Matrigel and laminin coatings, while poly-L-ornithine induced more gene sets related to lymphocyte differentiation. Discussion Together, changes in morphology, differentiation and immune activation of primary enteric glial cells proved a strong effect of the ECM. We identified Matrigel and laminin as pre-eminent substrates for murine enteric glial cultures. These new insights will help to standardize and improve enteric glial culture quality and reproducibility between in vitro studies in the future, allowing a better comparison of their functional role in enteric neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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8
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Jamka JR, Gulbransen BD. Mechanisms of enteric neuropathy in diverse contexts of gastrointestinal dysfunction. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024:e14870. [PMID: 39038157 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) commands moment-to-moment gut functions through integrative neurocircuitry housed in the gut wall. The functional continuity of ENS networks is disrupted in enteric neuropathies and contributes to major disturbances in normal gut activities including abnormal gut motility, secretions, pain, immune dysregulation, and disrupted signaling along the gut-brain axis. The conditions under which enteric neuropathy occurs are diverse and the mechanistic underpinnings are incompletely understood. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize the current understanding of the cell types involved, the conditions in which neuropathy occurs, and the mechanisms implicated in enteric neuropathy such as oxidative stress, toll like receptor signaling, purines, and pre-programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Jamka
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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van Baarle L, De Simone V, Schneider L, Santhosh S, Abdurahiman S, Biscu F, Schneider R, Zanoletti L, Siqueira de Mello R, Verbandt S, Hu Z, Stakenborg M, Ke BJ, Stakenborg N, Salvador Laureano R, García-Reyes B, Henn J, Toma M, Vanmechelen M, Boeckxstaens G, De Smet F, Garg AD, Ibiza S, Tejpar S, Wehner S, Matteoli G. IL-1R signaling drives enteric glia-macrophage interactions in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6079. [PMID: 39030280 PMCID: PMC11271635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteric glia have been recently recognized as key components of the colonic tumor microenvironment indicating their potential role in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Although enteric glia modulate immune responses in other intestinal diseases, their interaction with the colorectal cancer immune cell compartment remains unclear. Through a combination of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing, both in murine models and patients, here we find that enteric glia acquire an immunomodulatory phenotype by bi-directional communication with tumor-infiltrating monocytes. The latter direct a reactive enteric glial cell phenotypic and functional switch via glial IL-1R signaling. In turn, tumor glia promote monocyte differentiation towards pro-tumorigenic SPP1+ tumor-associated macrophages by IL-6 release. Enteric glia cell abundancy correlates with worse disease outcomes in preclinical models and colorectal cancer patients. Thereby, our study reveals a neuroimmune interaction between enteric glia and tumor-associated macrophages in the colorectal tumor microenvironment, providing insights into colorectal cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies van Baarle
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veronica De Simone
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sneha Santhosh
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Saeed Abdurahiman
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Biscu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Reiner Schneider
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa Zanoletti
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Renata Siqueira de Mello
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Verbandt
- Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zedong Hu
- Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Stakenborg
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bo-Jun Ke
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Stakenborg
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raquel Salvador Laureano
- Cell Stress and Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (MSSO ABCD), University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Henn
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marieta Toma
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maxime Vanmechelen
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Single-Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Laboratory for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Single-Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Stress and Immunity (CSI) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sales Ibiza
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Institute for Single-Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Yip JLK, Balasuriya GK, Hill-Yardin EL, Spencer SJ. The gut-brain and gut-macrophage contribution to gastrointestinal dysfunction with systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:867-877. [PMID: 38750700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is one of the main organs affected during systemic inflammation and disrupted gastrointestinal motility is a major clinical manifestation. Many studies have investigated the involvement of neuroimmune interactions in regulating colonic motility during localized colonic inflammation, i.e., colitis. However, little is known about how the enteric nervous system and intestinal macrophages contribute to dysregulated motility during systemic inflammation. Given that systemic inflammation commonly results from the innate immune response against bacterial infection, we mimicked bacterial infection by administering lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rats and assessed colonic motility using ex vivo video imaging techniques. We utilized the Cx3cr1-Dtr rat model of transient depletion of macrophages to investigate the role of intestinal macrophages in regulating colonic motility during LPS infection. To investigate the role of inhibitory enteric neurotransmission on colonic motility following LPS, we applied the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA). Our results confirmed an increase in colonic contraction frequency during LPS-induced systemic inflammation. However, neither the depletion of intestinal macrophages, nor the suppression of inhibitory enteric nervous system activity impacted colonic motility disruption during inflammation. This implies that the interplay between the enteric nervous system and intestinal macrophages is nuanced, and complex, and further investigation is needed to clarify their joint roles in colonic motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L K Yip
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gayathri K Balasuriya
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Long P, Xiong L, Ding C, Kuang Y, He Y, Li G, Xiao J, Li S. Connexin43 reduces LPS-induced inflammation in hDPCs through TLR4-NF-κB pathway via hemichannels. Oral Dis 2024; 30:3239-3249. [PMID: 37811593 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Connexin43 (Cx43) is involved in the inflammation of many tissue types. Dental caries is infectious disease resulting from mineralized tissue dissolution by a specific bacterial population, causing pulp inflammation. However, Cx43's role in dental pulp remains unclear. Here, we investigated the function of Cx43 during pulp inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed a dentin injury model in Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate changes in Cx43 expression during pulp inflammation. Cx43 was inhibited in human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) that had been stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to investigate the effect of Cx43 on inflammatory response. Promotion of TLR4-NF-κB pathway activity and special Cx43 channel inhibitors were used to clarify the function of Cx43 in hDPCs. RESULTS Dentin injury led to low-level inflammation in dental pulp. Following dentin injury, Cx43 expression initially decreased before gradually recovering to normal levels. Cx43 inhibition reduced LPS-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB pathway activity. Promotion of NF-κB pathway activity counteracted the effect of Cx43 in hDPCs. Furthermore, inhibition of Cx43 hemichannels reduced LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression. CONCLUSIONS Cx43 is involved in inflammation of dental pulp, while its inhibition reduced LPS-induced inflammation in hDPCs through NF-κB pathway via blockage of hemichannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Long
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Cancan Ding
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Yanli Kuang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
- Department of Stomatology, Chengdu Children's Specialized Hospital, Cheng Du, China
| | - Yuanpei He
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Guangwen Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Jingang Xiao
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
| | - Shiting Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Lu Zhou, China
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12
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Santhosh S, Zanoletti L, Stamp LA, Hao MM, Matteoli G. From diversity to disease: unravelling the role of enteric glial cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1408744. [PMID: 38957473 PMCID: PMC11217337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1408744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are an essential component of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and play key roles in gastrointestinal development, homeostasis, and disease. Derived from neural crest cells, EGCs undergo complex differentiation processes regulated by various signalling pathways. Being among the most dynamic cells of the digestive system, EGCs react to cues in their surrounding microenvironment and communicate with various cell types and systems within the gut. Morphological studies and recent single cell RNA sequencing studies have unveiled heterogeneity among EGC populations with implications for regional functions and roles in diseases. In gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), infections and cancer, EGCs modulate neuroplasticity, immune responses and tumorigenesis. Recent evidence suggests that EGCs respond plastically to the microenvironmental cues, adapting their phenotype and functions in disease states and taking on a crucial role. They exhibit molecular abnormalities and alter communication with other intestinal cell types, underscoring their therapeutic potential as targets. This review delves into the multifaceted roles of EGCs, particularly emphasizing their interactions with various cell types in the gut and their significant contributions to gastrointestinal disorders. Understanding the complex roles of EGCs in gastrointestinal physiology and pathology will be crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Santhosh
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Zanoletti
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lincon A. Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marlene M. Hao
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Institute for Single-cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Ando T, Takazawa I, Spencer ZT, Ito R, Tomimori Y, Mikulski Z, Matsumoto K, Ishitani T, Denson LA, Kawakami Y, Kawakami Y, Kitaura J, Ahmed Y, Kawakami T. Ileal Crohn's Disease Exhibits Reduced Activity of Phospholipase C-β3-Dependent Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:986. [PMID: 38891118 PMCID: PMC11171731 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic, debilitating, inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we report a critical role of phospholipase C-β3 (PLC-β3) in intestinal homeostasis. In PLC-β3-deficient mice, exposure to oral dextran sodium sulfate induced lethality and severe inflammation in the small intestine. The lethality was due to PLC-β3 deficiency in multiple non-hematopoietic cell types. PLC-β3 deficiency resulted in reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is essential for homeostasis and the regeneration of the intestinal epithelium. PLC-β3 regulated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) at transcriptional, epigenetic, and, potentially, protein-protein interaction levels. PLC-β3-deficient IECs were unable to respond to stimulation by R-spondin 1, an enhancer of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Reduced expression of PLC-β3 and its signature genes was found in biopsies of patients with ileal Crohn's disease. PLC-β regulation of Wnt signaling was evolutionally conserved in Drosophila. Our data indicate that a reduction in PLC-β3-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of ileal Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ando
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (T.A.)
- Atopy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takazawa
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Zachary T. Spencer
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (Z.T.S.)
| | - Ryoji Ito
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (T.A.)
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tomimori
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Imaging Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-0044, Gunma, Japan
| | - Lee A. Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yu Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Yuko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (T.A.)
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Atopy Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yashi Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; (Z.T.S.)
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (T.A.)
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14
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Gonzales J, Dharshika C, Mazhar K, Morales-Soto W, McClain JL, Moeser AJ, Nault R, Price TJ, Gulbransen BD. Early life adversity promotes gastrointestinal dysfunction through a sex-dependent phenotypic switch in enteric glia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596805. [PMID: 38895433 PMCID: PMC11185517 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome and related disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are common and exhibit a complex, poorly understood etiology that manifests as abnormal gut motility and pain. Risk factors such as biological sex, stressors during critical periods, and inflammation are thought to influence DGBI vulnerability by reprogramming gut-brain circuits, but the specific cells affected are unclear. Here, we used a model of early life stress to understand cellular mechanisms in the gut that produce DGBIs. Our findings identify enteric glia as a key cellular substrate in which stress and biological sex converge to dictate DGBI susceptibility. Enteric glia exhibit sexual dimorphism in genes and functions related to cellular communication, inflammation, and disease susceptibility. Experiencing early life stress has sex-specific effects on enteric glia that cause a phenotypic switch in male glia toward a phenotype normally observed in females. This phenotypic transformation is followed by physiological changes in the gut, mirroring those observed in DGBI in humans. These effects are mediated, in part, by alterations to glial prostaglandin and endocannabinoid signaling. Together, these data identify enteric glia as a cellular integration site through which DGBI risk factors produce changes in gut physiology and suggest that manipulating glial signaling may represent an attractive target for sex-specific therapeutic strategies in DGBIs.
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15
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Costa DVS, Pham N, Loureiro AV, Yang SE, Behm BW, Warren CA. Clostridioides difficile infection promotes gastrointestinal dysfunction in human and mice post-acute phase of the disease. Anaerobe 2024; 87:102837. [PMID: 38527650 PMCID: PMC11180562 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the US, Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection (CDI) is the 8th leading cause of hospital readmission and 7th for mortality among all gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Here, we investigated GI dysfunction post-CDI in humans and mice post-acute infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS From March 2020 to July 2021, we reviewed the clinical records of 67 patients referred to the UVA Complicated C. difficile clinic for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) eligibility. C57BL/6 mice were infected with C. difficile and clinical scores were determined daily. Stool samples from mice were collected to measure the shedding of C. difficile and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels. On day 21 post-infection, Evans's blue and FITC-70kDa methods were performed to evaluate GI motility in mice. RESULTS Of the 67 patients evaluated at the C. difficile clinic, 40 patients (59.7%) were confirmed to have CDI, and 22 patients (32.8%) with post-CDI IBS (diarrhea-type, constipation-type, and mixed-type). In infected mice, levels of MPO in stools and clinical score were higher on day 3. On day 21, mice recovered from body weight loss induced by CDI, and fecal MPO was undetectable. The total GI transit time (TGITT) and FITC-70kDa levels on the proximal colon were increased in infected mice (p = 0.002), suggesting a constipation phenotype post-acute phase of CDI. A positive correlation intestinal inflammation on day 3 and TGITT on day 21 was observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, post-infection intestinal dysfunction occurs in humans and mice post-CDI. Importantly, we have validated in the mouse model that CDI causes abnormal GI transit in the recovery phase of the disease, indicating the potential utility of the model in exploring the underlying mechanisms of post-infectious IBS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deiziane V S Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Natalie Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrea V Loureiro
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Suemin E Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian W Behm
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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16
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McKay DM, Defaye M, Rajeev S, MacNaughton WK, Nasser Y, Sharkey KA. Neuroimmunophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G712-G725. [PMID: 38626403 PMCID: PMC11376980 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00075.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Gut physiology is the epicenter of a web of internal communication systems (i.e., neural, immune, hormonal) mediated by cell-cell contacts, soluble factors, and external influences, such as the microbiome, diet, and the physical environment. Together these provide the signals that shape enteric homeostasis and, when they go awry, lead to disease. Faced with the seemingly paradoxical tasks of nutrient uptake (digestion) and retarding pathogen invasion (host defense), the gut integrates interactions between a variety of cells and signaling molecules to keep the host nourished and protected from pathogens. When the system fails, the outcome can be acute or chronic disease, often labeled as "idiopathic" in nature (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease). Here we underscore the importance of a holistic approach to gut physiology, placing an emphasis on intercellular connectedness, using enteric neuroimmunophysiology as the paradigm. The goal of this opinion piece is to acknowledge the pace of change brought to our field via single-cell and -omic methodologies and other techniques such as cell lineage tracing, transgenic animal models, methods for culturing patient tissue, and advanced imaging. We identify gaps in the field and hope to inspire and challenge colleagues to take up the mantle and advance awareness of the subtleties, intricacies, and nuances of intestinal physiology in health and disease by defining communication pathways between gut resident cells, those recruited from the circulation, and "external" influences such as the central nervous system and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M McKay
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manon Defaye
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sruthi Rajeev
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Li HY, Yan WX, Li J, Ye J, Wu ZG, Hou ZK, Chen B. Global research status and trends of enteric glia: a bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1403767. [PMID: 38855748 PMCID: PMC11157232 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1403767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric glia are essential components of the enteric nervous system. Previously believed to have a passive structural function, mounting evidence now suggests that these cells are indispensable for maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis and exert pivotal influences on both wellbeing and pathological conditions. This study aimed to investigate the global status, research hotspots, and future directions of enteric glia. Methods The literature on enteric glia research was acquired from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer software (v1.6.19) was employed to visually represent co-operation networks among countries, institutions, and authors. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords and co-citation analysis of references were conducted using CiteSpace (v6.1.R6). Simultaneously, cluster analysis and burst detection of keywords and references were performed. Results A total of 514 publications from 36 countries were reviewed. The United States was identified as the most influential country. The top-ranked institutions were University of Nantes and Michigan State University. Michel Neunlist was the most cited author. "Purinergic signaling" was the largest co-cited reference cluster, while "enteric glial cells (EGCs)" was the cluster with the highest number of co-occurring keywords. As the keyword with the highest burst strength, Crohns disease was a hot topic in the early research on enteric glia. The burst detection of keywords revealed that inflammation, intestinal motility, and gut microbiota may be the research frontiers. Conclusion This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of enteric glia research. EGCs have emerged as a crucial link between neurons and immune cells, attracting significant research attention in neurogastroenterology. Their fundamental and translational studies on inflammation, intestinal motility, and gut microbiota may promote the treatment of some gastrointestinal and parenteral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Yu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Xin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Wu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Robertson K, Hahn O, Robinson BG, Faruk AT, Janakiraman M, Namkoong H, Kim K, Ye J, Bishop ES, Hall RA, Wyss-Coray T, Becker LS, Kaltschmidt JA. Gpr37 modulates the severity of inflammation-induced GI dysmotility by regulating enteric reactive gliosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588619. [PMID: 38645163 PMCID: PMC11030428 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is contained within two layers of the gut wall and is made up of neurons, immune cells, and enteric glia cells (EGCs) that regulate gastrointestinal (GI) function. EGCs in both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) change in response to inflammation, referred to as reactive gliosis. Whether EGCs restricted to a specific layer or region within the GI tract alone can influence intestinal immune response is unknown. Using bulk RNA-sequencing and in situ hybridization, we identify G-protein coupled receptor Gpr37 , as a gene expressed only in EGCs of the myenteric plexus, one of the two layers of the ENS. We show that Gpr37 contributes to key components of LPS-induced reactive gliosis including activation of NF-kB and IFN-y signaling and response genes, lymphocyte recruitment, and inflammation-induced GI dysmotility. Targeting Gpr37 in EGCs presents a potential avenue for modifying inflammatory processes in the ENS.
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19
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Thomasi B, Valdetaro L, Gulbransen B, Tavares-Gomes AL. Neuroimmune Connectomes in the Gut and Their Implications in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2081-2098. [PMID: 37840070 PMCID: PMC11151216 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ and it receives dense innervation from intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatosensory) neurons. The immune and neural systems of the gut communicate with each other and their interactions shape gut defensive mechanisms and neural-controlled gut functions such as motility and secretion. Changes in neuroimmune interactions play central roles in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is a multicentric disorder that is heterogeneous in its manifestation and pathogenesis. Non-motor and premotor symptoms of PD are common in the gastrointestinal tract and the gut is considered a potential initiation site for PD in some cases. How the enteric nervous system and neuroimmune signaling contribute to PD disease progression is an emerging area of interest. This review focuses on intestinal neuroimmune loops such as the neuroepithelial unit, enteric glial cells and their immunomodulatory effects, anti-inflammatory cholinergic signaling and the relationship between myenteric neurons and muscularis macrophages, and the role of α-synuclein in gut immunity. Special consideration is given to the discussion of intestinal neuroimmune connectomes during PD and their possible implications for various aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building - Gulbransen lab, 567, Wilson Rd, Room 3199, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building - Gulbransen lab, 567, Wilson Rd, Room 3199, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares-Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Acciarino A, Diwakarla S, Handreck J, Bergola C, Sahakian L, McQuade RM. The role of the gastrointestinal barrier in obesity-associated systemic inflammation. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13673. [PMID: 38111141 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a key contributor to the onset and progression of several obesity-associated diseases and is thought to predominantly arise from the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of white adipose tissue. However, a growing body of works suggests that early changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) barrier may contribute to both local, within the GI lining, and systemic inflammation in obesity. Intestinal barrier dysfunction is well-characterized in inflammatory GI disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and is known to contribute to systemic inflammation. Thus, drawing parallels between GI disorders, where intestinal permeability and systemic inflammation are prominent features, and obesity-induced GI manifestations may provide insights into the potential role of the intestinal barrier in systemic inflammation in obesity. This review summarizes the current literature surrounding intestinal barrier dysfunction in obesity and explores the potential role of intestinal hyperpermeability and intestinal barrier dysfunction in the development of systemic inflammation and GI dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Acciarino
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Handreck
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cedrick Bergola
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren Sahakian
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Gut Barrier and Disease Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Kumar KP, Wilson JL, Nguyen H, McKay LD, Wen SW, Sepehrizadeh T, de Veer M, Rajasekhar P, Carbone SE, Hickey MJ, Poole DP, Wong CHY. Stroke Alters the Function of Enteric Neurons to Impair Smooth Muscle Relaxation and Dysregulates Gut Transit. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033279. [PMID: 38258657 PMCID: PMC11056134 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut dysmotility is common after ischemic stroke, but the mechanism underlying this response is unknown. Under homeostasis, gut motility is regulated by the neurons of the enteric nervous system that control contractile/relaxation activity of muscle cells in the gut wall. More recently, studies of gut inflammation revealed interactions of macrophages with enteric neurons are also involved in modulating gut motility. However, whether poststroke gut dysmotility is mediated by direct signaling to the enteric nervous system or indirectly via inflammatory macrophages is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined these hypotheses by using a clinically relevant permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion experimental model of stroke. At 24 hours after stroke, we performed in vivo and ex vivo gut motility assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and transcriptomic analysis. Stroke-induced gut dysmotility was associated with recruitment of muscularis macrophages into the gastrointestinal tract and redistribution of muscularis macrophages away from myenteric ganglia. The permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion model caused changes in gene expression in muscularis macrophages consistent with an altered phenotype. While the size of myenteric ganglia after stroke was not altered, myenteric neurons from post-permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion mice showed a reduction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression, and this response was associated with enhanced intestinal smooth muscle contraction ex vivo. Finally, chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine prevented the loss of myenteric neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and stroke-induced slowed gut transit. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that activation of the sympathetic nervous system after stroke is associated with reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in myenteric neurons, resulting in impaired smooth muscle relaxation and dysregulation of gut transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jenny L. Wilson
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Huynh Nguyen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Liam D. McKay
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shu Wen Wen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Michael de Veer
- Monash Biomedical ImagingMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pradeep Rajasekhar
- Centre for Dynamic ImagingWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Simona E. Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michael J. Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Daniel P. Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Connie H. Y. Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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22
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Wang H, Huo R, He K, Cheng L, Zhang S, Yu M, Zhao W, Li H, Xue J. Perineural invasion in colorectal cancer: mechanisms of action and clinical relevance. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:1-17. [PMID: 37610689 PMCID: PMC10899381 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the significance of the nervous system in the tumor microenvironment has gained increasing attention. The bidirectional communication between nerves and cancer cells plays a critical role in tumor initiation and progression. Perineural invasion (PNI) occurs when tumor cells invade the nerve sheath and/or encircle more than 33% of the nerve circumference. PNI is a common feature in various malignancies and is associated with tumor invasion, metastasis, cancer-related pain, and unfavorable clinical outcomes. The colon and rectum are highly innervated organs, and accumulating studies support PNI as a histopathologic feature of colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, it is essential to investigate the role of nerves in CRC and comprehend the mechanisms of PNI to impede tumor progression and improve patient survival. CONCLUSION This review elucidates the clinical significance of PNI, summarizes the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, introduces various experimental models suitable for studying PNI, and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting this phenomenon. By delving into the intricate interactions between nerves and tumor cells, we hope this review can provide valuable insights for the future development of CRC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Huo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
| | - Kexin He
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Minhao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200217, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China.
| | - Junli Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P.R. China.
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23
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Rajasekhar P, Carbone SE, Johnston ST, Nowell CJ, Wiklendt L, Crampin EJ, She Y, DiCello JJ, Saito A, Sorensen L, Nguyen T, Lee KM, Hamilton JA, King SK, Eriksson EM, Spencer NJ, Gulbransen BD, Veldhuis NA, Poole DP. TRPV4 is expressed by enteric glia and muscularis macrophages of the colon but does not play a prominent role in colonic motility. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.09.574831. [PMID: 38260314 PMCID: PMC10802399 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Mechanosensation is an important trigger of physiological processes in the gastrointestinal tract. Aberrant responses to mechanical input are associated with digestive disorders, including visceral hypersensitivity. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a mechanosensory ion channel with proposed roles in visceral afferent signaling, intestinal inflammation, and gut motility. While TRPV4 is a potential therapeutic target for digestive disease, current mechanistic understanding of how TRPV4 may influence gut function is limited by inconsistent reports of TRPV4 expression and distribution. Methods In this study we profiled functional expression of TRPV4 using Ca2+ imaging of wholemount preparations of the mouse, monkey, and human intestine in combination with immunofluorescent labeling for established cellular markers. The involvement of TRPV4 in colonic motility was assessed in vitro using videomapping and contraction assays. Results The TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A evoked Ca2+ signaling in muscularis macrophages, enteric glia, and endothelial cells. TRPV4 specificity was confirmed using TRPV4 KO mouse tissue or antagonist pre-treatment. Calcium responses were not detected in other cell types required for neuromuscular signaling including enteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal, PDGFRα+ cells, and intestinal smooth muscle. TRPV4 activation led to rapid Ca2+ responses by a subpopulation of glial cells, followed by sustained Ca2+ signaling throughout the enteric glial network. Propagation of these waves was suppressed by inhibition of gap junctions or Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Coordinated glial signaling in response to GSK1016790A was also disrupted in acute TNBS colitis. The involvement of TRPV4 in the initiation and propagation of colonic motility patterns was examined in vitro. Conclusions We reveal a previously unappreciated role for TRPV4 in the initiation of distension-evoked colonic motility. These observations provide new insights into the functional role of TRPV4 activation in the gut, with important implications for how TRPV4 may influence critical processes including inflammatory signaling and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Rajasekhar
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Centre for Dynamic Imaging, WEHI, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stuart T Johnston
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Edmund J Crampin
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yinghan She
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jesse J DiCello
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Luke Sorensen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin Mc Lee
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sebastian K King
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Surgical Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Emily M Eriksson
- Population Health and Immunity, WEHI, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Mao X, Shen J. Potential roles of enteric glial cells in Crohn's disease: A critical review. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13536. [PMID: 37551711 PMCID: PMC10771111 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells in the enteric nervous system are critical for the regulation of gastrointestinal homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests two-way communication between enteric glial cells and both enteric neurons and immune cells. These interactions may be important in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic relapsing disease characterized by a dysregulated immune response. Structural abnormalities in glial cells have been identified in CD. Furthermore, classical inflammatory pathways associated with CD (e.g., the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway) function in enteric glial cells. However, the specific mechanisms by which enteric glial cells contribute to CD have not been summarized in detail. In this review, we describe the possible roles of enteric glial cells in the pathogenesis of CD, including the roles of glia-immune interactions, neuronal modulation, neural plasticity, and barrier integrity. Additionally, the implications for the development of therapeutic strategies for CD based on enteric glial cell-mediated pathogenic processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Mao
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaoshan Branch, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMinistry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive DiseaseShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaoshan Branch, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMinistry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive DiseaseShanghaiChina
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25
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Yan M, Man S, Sun B, Ma L, Guo L, Huang L, Gao W. Gut liver brain axis in diseases: the implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:443. [PMID: 38057297 PMCID: PMC10700720 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01673-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-liver-brain axis is a three-way highway of information interaction system among the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and nervous systems. In the past few decades, breakthrough progress has been made in the gut liver brain axis, mainly through understanding its formation mechanism and increasing treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss various complex networks including barrier permeability, gut hormones, gut microbial metabolites, vagus nerve, neurotransmitters, immunity, brain toxic metabolites, β-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, and epigenetic regulation in the gut-liver-brain axis. Some therapies containing antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), polyphenols, low FODMAP diet and nanotechnology application regulate the gut liver brain axis. Besides, some special treatments targeting gut-liver axis include farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonists and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) analogs. Targeting gut-brain axis embraces cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), antidepressants and tryptophan metabolism-related therapies. Targeting liver-brain axis contains epigenetic regulation and Aβ metabolism-related therapies. In the future, a better understanding of gut-liver-brain axis interactions will promote the development of novel preventative strategies and the discovery of precise therapeutic targets in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuli Man
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China.
| | - Benyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, 300072, Tianjin, China.
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Zhou L, Lian H, Yin Y, Zheng YS, Han YX, Liu GQ, Wang ZY. New insights into muscularis macrophages in the gut: from their origin to therapeutic targeting. Immunol Res 2023; 71:785-799. [PMID: 37219708 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Muscularis macrophages, as the most abundant immune cells in the intestinal muscularis externa, exhibit tissue protective phenotype in the steady state. Owing to tremendous advances in technology, we now know the fact that muscularis macrophages are a heterogeneous population of cells which could be divided into different functional subsets depending on their anatomic niches. There is emerging evidence showing that these subsets, through molecular interactions with their neighbours, take part in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes in the gut. In this review, we summarize recent progress (particularly over the past 4 years) on distribution, morphology, origin and functions of muscularis macrophages and, where possible, the characteristics of specific subsets in response to the microenvironment they occupy, with particular emphasis on their role in muscular inflammation. Furthermore, we also integrate their role in inflammation-related gastrointestinal disorders, such as post-operative ileus and diabetic gastroparesis, in order to propose future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hui Lian
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Zheng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu-Xin Han
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gao-Qi Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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27
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Morales-Soto W, Gonzales J, Jackson WF, Gulbransen BD. Enteric glia promote visceral hypersensitivity during inflammation through intercellular signaling with gut nociceptors. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadg1668. [PMID: 37988454 PMCID: PMC10733972 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adg1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation in the intestines causes abdominal pain that is challenging to manage. The terminals of sensory neurons innervating the gut are surrounded by glia. Here, using a mouse model of acute colitis, we found that enteric glia contribute to visceral pain by secreting factors that sensitized sensory nerves innervating the gut in response to inflammation. Acute colitis induced a transient increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the intestines of male and female mice. Of these, IL-1β was produced in part by glia and augmented the opening of the intercellular communication hemichannel connexin-43 in glia, which made normally innocuous stimuli painful in female mice. Chemogenetic glial activation paired with calcium imaging in nerve terminals demonstrated that glia sensitized gut-innervating nociceptors only under inflammatory conditions. This inflammatory, glial-driven visceral hypersensitivity involved an increased abundance of the enzyme COX-2 in glia, resulting in greater production and release of prostaglandin E2 that activated EP4 receptors on sensory nerve terminals. Blocking EP4 receptors reduced nociceptor sensitivity in response to glial stimulation in tissue samples from colitis-model mice, and impairing glial connexin-43 reduced visceral hypersensitivity induced by IL-1β in female mice. The findings suggest that therapies targeting enteric glial-neuron signaling might alleviate visceral pain caused by inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmarie Morales-Soto
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - William F. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
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28
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McClain JL, Morales-Soto W, Gonzales J, Parmar V, Demireva EY, Gulbransen BD. Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Histamine Degradation by Enteric Glial Histamine N-Methyltransferase (HNMT) on Visceral Hypersensitivity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1651. [PMID: 38002333 PMCID: PMC10669271 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine is a neuromodulator that affects gut motility and visceral sensitivity through intrinsic and extrinsic neural pathways, yet the mechanisms regulating histamine availability in these pathways remain poorly understood. Here, we show that enteric glia contribute to histamine clearance in the enteric nervous system (ENS) through their expression of the enzyme histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT). Glial HNMT expression was initially assessed using immunolabeling and gene expression, and functionally tested using CRISPR-Cas9 to create a Cre-dependent conditional Hnmt ablation model targeting glia. Immunolabeling, calcium imaging, and visceromotor reflex recordings were used to assess the effects on ENS structure and visceral hypersensitivity. Immunolabeling and gene expression data show that enteric neurons and glia express HNMT. Deleting Hnmt in Sox10+ enteric glia increased glial histamine levels and altered visceromotor responses to colorectal distension in male mice, with no effect in females. Interestingly, deleting glial Hnmt protected males from histamine-driven visceral hypersensitivity. These data uncover a significant role for glial HNMT in histamine degradation in the gut, which impacts histamine-driven visceral hypersensitivity in a sex-dependent manner. Changes in the capacity of glia to clear histamines could play a role in the susceptibility to developing visceral pain in disorders of the gut-brain interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon L. McClain
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (J.L.M.); (W.M.-S.); (J.G.)
| | - Wilmarie Morales-Soto
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (J.L.M.); (W.M.-S.); (J.G.)
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (J.L.M.); (W.M.-S.); (J.G.)
| | - Visha Parmar
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (J.L.M.); (W.M.-S.); (J.G.)
| | - Elena Y. Demireva
- Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility, Institute for Quantitative Health and Engineering, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (J.L.M.); (W.M.-S.); (J.G.)
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Sun A, Hu A, Lin J, Wang L, Xie C, Shi Y, Hong Q, Zhao G. Involvement of iNOS-induced reactive enteric glia cells in gastrointestinal motility disorders of postoperative Ileus mice. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102312. [PMID: 37459999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI) is the cessation or reduction of gastrointestinal (GI) motility after surgery. Reactive enteric glial cells (EGCs) are critical for maintaining bowel function. However, the triggering mechanisms and downstream effects of reactive EGCs in POI were poorly understood. The goal of this current study was to investigate whether the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-driven reactive EGCs participated in GI motility disorders and mechanisms underlying altered GI motility in POI. Intestinal manipulation (IM)-induced POI mice and iNOS-/- mice were used in the study. Longitudinal muscle and myenteric plexuses (LMMPs) from the distal small intestine were stained by immunofluorescence. Our results found that the GI motility disorders occurred in the IM-induced POI mice, and reactive EGCs were observed in LMMPs. Glial metabolic inhibitor gliotoxin fluorocitrate (FC) treatment or iNOS gene knockout attenuated GI motility dysfunction. In addition, we also found that FC treatment or iNOS gene knockout significantly inhibited the fluorescence intensity macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which reduced M2 phenotype macrophages activation in LMMPs of IM-induced POI mice. Our findings demonstrated that iNOS-driven reactive EGCs played a key role and were tightly linked to the MMs homeostasis in the POI mice. EGCs are emerging as a new frontier in neurogastroenterology and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - An Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - Jialing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - Linan Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - Chuangbo Xie
- Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China.
| | - Qingxiong Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China.
| | - Gaofeng Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510000, China.
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Thomasi B, Valdetaro L, Ricciardi MC, Gonçalves de Carvalho M, Fialho Tavares I, Tavares-Gomes AL. Enteric glia as a player of gut-brain interactions during Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1281710. [PMID: 38027511 PMCID: PMC10644407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1281710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric glia has been shown as a potential component of neuroimmune interactions that signal in the gut-brain axis during Parkinson's disease (PD). Enteric glia are a peripheral glial type found in the enteric nervous system (ENS) that, associated with enteric neurons, command various gastrointestinal (GI) functions. They are a unique cell type, with distinct phenotypes and distribution in the gut layers, which establish relevant neuroimmune modulation and regulate neuronal function. Comprehension of enteric glial roles during prodromal and symptomatic phases of PD should be a priority in neurogastroenterology research, as the reactive enteric glial profile, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and colonic inflammation have been verified during the prodromal phase of PD-a moment that may be interesting for interventions. In this review, we explore the mechanisms that should govern enteric glial signaling through the gut-brain axis to understand pathological events and verify the possible windows and pathways for therapeutic intervention. Enteric glia directly modulate several functional aspects of the intestine, such as motility, visceral sensory signaling, and immune polarization, key GI processes found deregulated in patients with PD. The search for glial biomarkers, the investigation of temporal-spatial events involving glial reactivity/signaling, and the proposal of enteric glia-based therapies are clearly demanded for innovative and intestine-related management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Carolina Ricciardi
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Fialho Tavares
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neurobiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Tavares-Gomes
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neurobiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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van Baarle L, Stakenborg M, Matteoli G. Enteric neuro-immune interactions in intestinal health and disease. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101819. [PMID: 37632991 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is an autonomous neuronal circuit that regulates many processes far beyond the peristalsis in the gastro-intestinal tract. This circuit, consisting of enteric neurons and enteric glial cells, can engage in many intercellular interactions shaping the homeostatic microenvironment in the gut. Perhaps the most well documented interactions taking place, are the intestinal neuro-immune interactions which are essential for the fine-tuning of oral tolerance. In the context of intestinal disease, compelling evidence demonstrates both protective and detrimental roles for this bidirectional neuro-immune signaling. This review discusses the different immune cell types that are recognized to engage in neuronal crosstalk during intestinal health and disease. Highlighting the molecular pathways involved in the neuro-immune interactions might inspire novel strategies to target intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies van Baarle
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 box 701, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Stakenborg
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 box 701, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 box 701, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Lucarini E, Micheli L, Toti A, Ciampi C, Margiotta F, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C. Anti-Hyperalgesic Efficacy of Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALCAR) Against Visceral Pain Induced by Colitis: Involvement of Glia in the Enteric and Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14841. [PMID: 37834289 PMCID: PMC10573187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of abdominal pain in patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) still represents a problem because of the lack of effective treatments. Acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR) has proved useful in the treatment of different types of chronic pain with excellent tolerability. The present work aimed at evaluating the anti-hyperalgesic efficacy of ALCAR in a model of persistent visceral pain associated with colitis induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) injection. Two different protocols were applied. In the preventive protocol, ALCAR was administered daily starting 14 days to 24 h before the delivery of DNBS. In the interventive protocol, ALCAR was daily administered starting the same day of DNBS injection, and the treatment was continued for 14 days. In both cases, ALCAR significantly reduced the establishment of visceral hyperalgesia in DNBS-treated animals, though the interventive protocol showed a greater efficacy than the preventive one. The interventive protocol partially reduced colon damage in rats, counteracting enteric glia and spinal astrocyte activation resulting from colitis, as analyzed by immunofluorescence. On the other hand, the preventive protocol effectively protected enteric neurons from the inflammatory insult. These findings suggest the putative usefulness of ALCAR as a food supplement for patients suffering from IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.C.); (F.M.); (L.D.C.M.); (C.G.)
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Mazzotta E, Grants I, Villalobos-Hernandez E, Chaudhuri S, McClain JL, Seguella L, Kendig DM, Blakeney BA, Murthy SK, Schneider R, Leven P, Wehner S, Harzman A, Grider JR, Gulbransen BD, Christofi FL. BQ788 reveals glial ET B receptor modulation of neuronal cholinergic and nitrergic pathways to inhibit intestinal motility: Linked to postoperative ileus. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2550-2576. [PMID: 37198101 PMCID: PMC11085045 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ET-1 signalling modulates intestinal motility and inflammation, but the role of ET-1/ETB receptor signalling is poorly understood. Enteric glia modulate normal motility and inflammation. We investigated whether glial ETB signalling regulates neural-motor pathways of intestinal motility and inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied ETB signalling using: ETB drugs (ET-1, SaTX, BQ788), activity-dependent stimulation of neurons (high K+ -depolarization, EFS), gliotoxins, Tg (Ednrb-EGFP)EP59Gsat/Mmucd mice, cell-specific mRNA in Sox10CreERT2 ;Rpl22-HAflx or ChATCre ;Rpl22-HAflx mice, Sox10CreERT2 ::GCaMP5g-tdT, Wnt1Cre2 ::GCaMP5g-tdT mice, muscle tension recordings, fluid-induced peristalsis, ET-1 expression, qPCR, western blots, 3-D LSM-immunofluorescence co-labelling studies in LMMP-CM and a postoperative ileus (POI) model of intestinal inflammation. KEY RESULTS In the muscularis externa ETB receptor is expressed exclusively in glia. ET-1 is expressed in RiboTag (ChAT)-neurons, isolated ganglia and intra-ganglionic varicose-nerve fibres co-labelled with peripherin or SP. ET-1 release provides activity-dependent glial ETB receptor modulation of Ca2+ waves in neural evoked glial responses. BQ788 reveals amplification of glial and neuronal Ca2+ responses and excitatory cholinergic contractions, sensitive to L-NAME. Gliotoxins disrupt SaTX-induced glial-Ca2+ waves and prevent BQ788 amplification of contractions. The ETB receptor is linked to inhibition of contractions and peristalsis. Inflammation causes glial ETB up-regulation, SaTX-hypersensitivity and glial amplification of ETB signalling. In vivo BQ788 (i.p., 1 mg·kg-1 ) attenuates intestinal inflammation in POI. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Enteric glial ET-1/ETB signalling provides dual modulation of neural-motor circuits to inhibit motility. It inhibits excitatory cholinergic and stimulates inhibitory nitrergic motor pathways. Amplification of glial ETB receptors is linked to muscularis externa inflammation and possibly pathogenic mechanisms of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio Mazzotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Iveta Grants
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Samhita Chaudhuri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathon L McClain
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Derek M Kendig
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bryan A Blakeney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Srinivasa K Murthy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Patrick Leven
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alan Harzman
- Department of GI Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John R Grider
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Fedias L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Chen O, Luo X, Ji RR. Macrophages and microglia in inflammation and neuroinflammation underlying different pain states. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2023; 3:381-407. [PMID: 38283253 PMCID: PMC10811354 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Pain is a main symptom in inflammation, and inflammation induces pain via inflammatory mediators acting on nociceptive neurons. Macrophages and microglia are distinct cell types, representing immune cells and glial cells, respectively, but they share similar roles in pain regulation. Macrophages are key regulators of inflammation and pain. Macrophage polarization plays different roles in inducing and resolving pain. Notably, macrophage polarization and phagocytosis can be induced by specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). SPMs also potently inhibit inflammatory and neuropathic pain via immunomodulation and neuromodulation. In this review, we discuss macrophage signaling involved in pain induction and resolution, as well as in maintaining physiological pain. Microglia are macrophage-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and drive neuroinflammation and pathological pain in various inflammatory and neurological disorders. Microglia-produced inflammatory cytokines can potently regulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission as neuromodulators. We also highlight sex differences in macrophage and microglial signaling in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Thus, targeting macrophage and microglial signaling in distinct locations via pharmacological approaches, including immunotherapies, and non-pharmacological approaches will help to control chronic inflammation and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Deng Z, Li D, Yan X, Lan J, Han D, Fan K, Chang J, Ma Y. Activation of GABA receptor attenuates intestinal inflammation by modulating enteric glial cells function through inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Life Sci 2023; 329:121984. [PMID: 37527767 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Emerging research indicates that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) provides substantial benefits during enteritis. Nevertheless, GABA signaling roles on enteric glial cells (EGCs) remain unknown. The study's objective was to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of GABA signaling on EGCs in vitro and in vivo. MAIN METHODS We established LPS-induced mouse models and stimulated EGCs with LPS to mimic intestinal inflammation, and combined GABA, GABAA receptor (GABAAR) or GABAB receptor (GABABR) agonists to explore the exact mechanisms of GABA signaling. KEY FINDINGS EGCs were immunopositive for GAD65, GAD67, GAT1, GABAARα1, GABAARα3, and GABABR1, indicating GABAergic and GABAceptive properties. GABA receptor activation significantly inhibited the high secretions of proinflammatory factors in EGCs upon LPS stimulation. Interestingly, we found that EGCs express immune-related molecules such as CD16, CD32, CD80, CD86, MHC II, iNOS, Arg1, and CD206, thus establishing their characterization of E1 and E2 phenotype. EGCs exposed to LPS mainly acted as E1 phenotype, whereas GABABR activation strongly promoted EGCs polarization into E2 phenotype. Transcriptome analysis of EGCs indicated that GABA, GABAAR or GABABR agonists treatment participated in various biological processes, however all of these treatments exhibit inhibitory effects on NF-κB pathway. Notably, in LPS-induced mice, activation of GABABR mitigated intestinal damage through modulating inflammatory factors expressions, strengthening sIgA and IgG levels, inhibiting NF-κB pathway and facilitating EGCs to transform into E2 phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory actions of GABA signaling system offer in enteritis via regulating EGCs-polarized function through impeding NF-κB pathway, thus providing potential targets for intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yan
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Feed and Livestock and Poultry Products Quality & Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Lan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deping Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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36
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Bubeck M, Becker C, Patankar JV. Guardians of the gut: influence of the enteric nervous system on the intestinal epithelial barrier. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1228938. [PMID: 37692784 PMCID: PMC10485265 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1228938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal surface forms one of the largest areas of the body, which is in direct contact with the environment. Co-ordinated sensory functions of immune, epithelial, and neuronal cells ensure the timely detection of noxious queues and potential pathogens and elicit proportional responses to mitigate the threats and maintain homeostasis. Such tuning and maintenance of the epithelial barrier is constantly ongoing during homeostasis and its derangement can become a gateway for systemic consequences. Although efforts in understanding the gatekeeping functions of immune cells have led the way, increasing number of studies point to a crucial role of the enteric nervous system in fine-tuning and maintaining this delicate homeostasis. The identification of immune regulatory functions of enteric neuropeptides and glial-derived factors is still in its infancy, but has already yielded several intriguing insights into their important contribution to the tight control of the mucosal barrier. In this review, we will first introduce the reader to the current understanding of the architecture of the enteric nervous system and the epithelial barrier. Next, we discuss the key discoveries and cellular pathways and mediators that have emerged as links between the enteric nervous, immune, and epithelial systems and how their coordinated actions defend against intestinal infectious and inflammatory diseases. Through this review, the readers will gain a sound understanding of the current neuro-immune-epithelial mechanisms ensuring intestinal barrier integrity and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Bubeck
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay V. Patankar
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
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Linan-Rico A, Ochoa-Cortes F, Schneider R, Christofi FL. Mini-review: Enteric glial cell reactions to inflammation and potential therapeutic implications for GI diseases, motility disorders, and abdominal pain. Neurosci Lett 2023; 812:137395. [PMID: 37451357 PMCID: PMC10952371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glial cells are emerging as critical players in the regulation of intestinal motility, secretion, epithelial barrier function, and gut homeostasis in health and disease. Enteric glia react to intestinal inflammation by converting to a 'reactive glial phenotype' and enteric gliosis, contributing to neuroinflammation, enteric neuropathy, bowel motor dysfunction and dysmotility, diarrhea or constipation, 'leaky gut', and visceral pain. The focus of the minireview is on the impact of inflammation on enteric glia reactivity in response to diverse insults such as intestinal surgery, ischemia, infections (C. difficile infection, HIV-Tat-induced diarrhea, endotoxemia and paralytic ileus), GI diseases (inflammatory bowel diseases, diverticular disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, colorectal cancer) and functional GI disorders (postoperative ileus, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome). Significant progress has been made in recent years on molecular pathogenic mechanisms of glial reactivity and enteric gliosis, resulting in enteric neuropathy, disruption of motility, diarrhea, visceral hypersensitivity and abdominal pain. There is a growing number of glial molecular targets with therapeutic implications that includes receptors for interleukin-1 (IL-1R), purines (P2X2R, A2BR), PPARα, lysophosphatidic acid (LPAR1), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4R), estrogen-β receptor (ERβ) adrenergic α-2 (α-2R) and endothelin B (ETBR), connexin-43 / Colony-stimulating factor 1 signaling (Cx43/CSF1) and the S100β/RAGE signaling pathway. These exciting new developments are the subject of the minireview. Some of the findings in pre-clinical models may be translatable to humans, raising the possibility of designing future clinical trials to test therapeutic application(s). Overall, research on enteric glia has resulted in significant advances in our understanding of GI pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda Linan-Rico
- University Center for Biomedical Research, National Council of Humanities Science and Technology (CONAHCYT)-University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Fernando Ochoa-Cortes
- Escuela Superior de Huejutla, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo, México
| | | | - Fievos L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Scantlen MD, Majd H, Fattahi F. Modeling enteric glia development, physiology and disease using human pluripotent stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2023; 811:137334. [PMID: 37315730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enteric glia play an integral role in many functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, but they have not been characterized comprehensively compared to other cells of the gut. Enteric glia are a specialized type of neuroglia in the enteric nervous system (ENS) that support neurons and interact with other cells of the gut such as immune and epithelial cells. The ENS is diffusely spread throughout the GI tract, making it extremely difficult to access and manipulate. As a result, it has remained extremely understudied. Nevertheless, much more is known about enteric neurons than enteric glia despite the glia being 6 times more abundant in humans [1]. In the past two decades, our understanding of enteric glia has greatly expanded and their many roles in the gut have been described and reviewed elsewhere [2-5]. While the field has made substantial progress, there are still a multitude of open questions about enteric glia biology and their role in disease. Many of these questions have remained intractable due to technical limitations of currently available experimental models of the ENS. In this review, we describe the benefits and limitations of the models commonly used to study enteric glia and discuss the ways in which a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) derived enteric glia model could help advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan D Scantlen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Homa Majd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA; Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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Kuil LE, Kakiailatu NJ, Windster JD, Bindels E, Zink JT, van der Zee G, Hofstra RM, Shepherd IT, Melotte V, Alves MM. Unbiased characterization of the larval zebrafish enteric nervous system at a single cell transcriptomic level. iScience 2023; 26:107070. [PMID: 37426341 PMCID: PMC10329177 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) regulates many gastrointestinal functions including peristalsis, immune regulation and uptake of nutrients. Defects in the ENS can lead to severe enteric neuropathies such as Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). Zebrafish have proven to be fruitful in the identification of genes involved in ENS development and HSCR pathogenesis. However, composition and specification of enteric neurons and glial subtypes at larval stages, remains mainly unexplored. Here, we performed single cell RNA sequencing of zebrafish ENS at 5 days post-fertilization. We identified vagal neural crest progenitors, Schwann cell precursors, and four clusters of differentiated neurons. In addition, a previously unrecognized elavl3+/phox2bb-population of neurons and cx43+/phox2bb-enteric glia was found. Pseudotime analysis supported binary neurogenic branching of ENS differentiation, driven by a notch-responsive state. Taken together, we provide new insights on ENS development and specification, proving that the zebrafish is a valuable model for the study of congenital enteric neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Kuil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi J.M. Kakiailatu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D. Windster
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joke T.M. Zink
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gaby van der Zee
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert M.W. Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria M. Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Le Berre C, Naveilhan P, Rolli-Derkinderen M. Enteric glia at center stage of inflammatory bowel disease. Neurosci Lett 2023; 809:137315. [PMID: 37257681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing, the expanding body of knowledge does not simplify the equation but rather reveals diverse, interconnected, and complex mechanisms in IBD. In addition to immune overactivation, defects in intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) functioning, dysbiosis, and structural and functional abnormalities of the enteric nervous system are emerging as new elements contributing to the development of IBD. In addition to molecular changes in IBD, enteric glia from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) exhibits the inability to strengthen the IEB; these defects are not observed in patients with ulcerative colitis. In addition, there is a growing body of work describing that enteric glia interacts with not only enterocytes and enteric neurons but also other local cellular neighbours. Thus, because of their functions as connectors and regulators of immune cells, IEB, and microbiota, enteric glia could be the keystone of digestive homeostasis that is lacking in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Le Berre
- Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie et Assistance Nutritionnelle, Inserm CIC 1413, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD), CHU Nantes, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, F-44000 Nantes, France; Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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Dharshika C, Gonzales J, Chow A, Morales-Soto W, Gulbransen BD. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression in the enteric nervous system and contributions of glial STING in disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14553. [PMID: 37309618 PMCID: PMC10266835 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate host-microbe interactions are essential for enteric glial development and subsequent gastrointestinal function, but the potential mechanisms of microbe-glial communication are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that enteric glia express the pattern recognition receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and communicate with the microbiome through this pathway to modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. METHODS In situ transcriptional labeling and immunohistochemistry were used to examine STING and IFNβ expression in enteric neurons and glia. Glial-STING KO mice (Sox10CreERT2+/- ;STINGfl/fl ) and IFNβ ELISA were used to characterize the role of enteric glia in canonical STING activation. The role of glial STING in gastrointestinal inflammation was assessed in the 3% DSS colitis model. RESULTS Enteric glia and neurons express STING, but only enteric neurons express IFNβ. While both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses produce IFNβ with STING activation, enteric glial STING plays a minor role in its production and seems more involved in autophagy processes. Furthermore, deleting enteric glial STING does not affect weight loss, colitis severity, or neuronal cell proportions in the DSS colitis model. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data support canonical roles for STING and IFNβ signaling in the enteric nervous system through enteric neurons but that enteric glia do not use these same mechanisms. We propose that enteric glial STING may utilize alternative signaling mechanisms and/or is only active in particular disease conditions. Regardless, this study provides the first glimpse of STING signaling in the enteric nervous system and highlights a potential avenue of neuroglial-microbial communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dharshika
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 804 Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Jacques Gonzales
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Aaron Chow
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Wilmarie Morales-Soto
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824 USA
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Schneider KM, Blank N, Alvarez Y, Thum K, Lundgren P, Litichevskiy L, Sleeman M, Bahnsen K, Kim J, Kardo S, Patel S, Dohnalová L, Uhr GT, Descamps HC, Kircher S, McSween AM, Ardabili AR, Nemec KM, Jimenez MT, Glotfelty LG, Eisenberg JD, Furth EE, Henao-Mejia J, Bennett FC, Pierik MJ, Romberg-Camps M, Mujagic Z, Prinz M, Schneider CV, Wherry EJ, Bewtra M, Heuckeroth RO, Levy M, Thaiss CA. The enteric nervous system relays psychological stress to intestinal inflammation. Cell 2023; 186:2823-2838.e20. [PMID: 37236193 PMCID: PMC10330875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mental health profoundly impacts inflammatory responses in the body. This is particularly apparent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which psychological stress is associated with exacerbated disease flares. Here, we discover a critical role for the enteric nervous system (ENS) in mediating the aggravating effect of chronic stress on intestinal inflammation. We find that chronically elevated levels of glucocorticoids drive the generation of an inflammatory subset of enteric glia that promotes monocyte- and TNF-mediated inflammation via CSF1. Additionally, glucocorticoids cause transcriptional immaturity in enteric neurons, acetylcholine deficiency, and dysmotility via TGF-β2. We verify the connection between the psychological state, intestinal inflammation, and dysmotility in three cohorts of IBD patients. Together, these findings offer a mechanistic explanation for the impact of the brain on peripheral inflammation, define the ENS as a relay between psychological stress and gut inflammation, and suggest that stress management could serve as a valuable component of IBD care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Markus Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Niklas Blank
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yelina Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katharina Thum
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Lundgren
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lev Litichevskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madeleine Sleeman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Klaas Bahnsen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simon Kardo
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shaan Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lenka Dohnalová
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Giulia T Uhr
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hélène C Descamps
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susanna Kircher
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alana M McSween
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ashkan Rezazadeh Ardabili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kelsey M Nemec
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica T Jimenez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lila G Glotfelty
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua D Eisenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emma E Furth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marie J Pierik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Romberg-Camps
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co-MIK), Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Zlatan Mujagic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolin V Schneider
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meenakshi Bewtra
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maayan Levy
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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D Magalhães J, Candeias E, Melo-Marques I, Silva DF, Esteves AR, Empadinhas N, Cardoso SM. Intestinal infection triggers mitochondria-mediated α-synuclein pathology: relevance to Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:166. [PMID: 37249642 PMCID: PMC11072242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. In the prodromal phase several autonomic symptoms including orthostatic hypotension and constipation are correlated with increased α-synuclein pathology in peripheral tissues. It is currently accepted that some idiopathic PD cases may start in the gut (body-first PD) with accumulation of pathological α-synuclein in enteric neurons that may subsequently propagate caudo-rostrally to the central nervous system. In addition to the already-established regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking, α-synuclein also seems to play a role in neuronal innate immunity after infection. Our goal was to understand if seeding the gut with the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes by oral gavage would impact gut immunity and eventually the central nervous system. Our results demonstrate that L. monocytogenes infection induced oligomerization of α-synuclein in the ileum, along with a pronounced pro-inflammatory local and systemic response that ultimately culminated in neuronal mitochondria dysfunction. We propose that, having evolved from ancestral endosymbiotic bacteria, mitochondria may be directly targeted by virulence factors of intracellular pathogens, and that mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation resulting also from the activation of the innate immune system at the gut level, trigger innate immune responses in midbrain neurons, which include α-synuclein oligomerization and neuroinflammation, all of which hallmarks of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- João D Magalhães
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine and Experimental Biology (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Melo-Marques
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana F Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Bagyánszki M, Bódi N. Key elements determining the intestinal region-specific environment of enteric neurons in type 1 diabetes. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2704-2716. [PMID: 37274063 PMCID: PMC10237112 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i18.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, as a metabolic disorder, is accompanied with several gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, like abdominal pain, gastroparesis, diarrhoea or constipation. Serious and complex enteric nervous system damage is confirmed in the background of these diabetic motility complaints. The anatomical length of the GI tract, as well as genetic, developmental, structural and functional differences between its segments contribute to the distinct, intestinal region-specific effects of hyperglycemia. These observations support and highlight the importance of a regional approach in diabetes-related enteric neuropathy. Intestinal large and microvessels are essential for the blood supply of enteric ganglia. Bidirectional morpho-functional linkage exists between enteric neurons and enteroglia, however, there is also a reciprocal communication between enteric neurons and immune cells on which intestinal microbial composition has crucial influence. From this point of view, it is more appropriate to say that enteric neurons partake in multidirectional communication and interact with these key players of the intestinal wall. These interplays may differ from segment to segment, thus, the microenvironment of enteric neurons could be considered strictly regional. The goal of this review is to summarize the main tissue components and molecular factors, such as enteric glia cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, gut vasculature, intestinal epithelium, gut microbiota, immune cells, enteroendocrine cells, pro-oxidants, antioxidant molecules and extracellular matrix, which create and determine a gut region-dependent neuronal environment in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Bagyánszki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Bódi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
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45
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Conti Bellocchi MC, Crinò SF, De Marchi G, De Pretis N, Ofosu A, Caldart F, Ciccocioppo R, Frulloni L. A Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview of Intestinal and Systemic Diseases Associated with Pancreatic Disorders: Causality or Casualty? Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051393. [PMID: 37239064 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between chronic intestinal disease, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease (CelD), and pancreatic disorders has been little investigated. Although an increased risk of acute pancreatitis (AP), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with or without chronic pancreatitis, and chronic asymptomatic pancreatic hyperenzymemia have been described in these patients, the pathogenetic link remains unclear. It may potentially involve drugs, altered microcirculation, gut permeability/motility with disruption of enteric-mediated hormone secretion, bacterial translocation, and activation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue related to chronic inflammation. In addition, the risk of pancreatic cancer seems to be increased in both IBD and CelD patients with unknown pathogenesis. Finally, other systemic conditions (e.g., IgG4-related disease, sarcoidosis, vasculitides) might affect pancreatic gland and the intestinal tract with various clinical manifestations. This review includes the current understandings of this enigmatic association, reporting a clinical and pathophysiological overview about this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Francesco Crinò
- Diagnostic and Interventional Endoscopy of Pancreas, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia De Marchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Nicolò De Pretis
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrew Ofosu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Federico Caldart
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Frulloni
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Pancreas Institute, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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46
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Hegarty LM, Jones GR, Bain CC. Macrophages in intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023:10.1038/s41575-023-00769-0. [PMID: 37069320 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, yet appear to be drivers of inflammation in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). How these peacekeepers become powerful aggressors in IBD is still unclear, but technological advances have revolutionized our understanding of many facets of their biology. In this Review, we discuss the progress made in understanding the heterogeneity of intestinal macrophages, the functions they perform in gut health and how the environment and origin can control the differentiation and longevity of these cells. We describe how these processes might change in the context of chronic inflammation and how aberrant macrophage behaviour contributes to IBD pathology, and discuss how therapeutic approaches might target dysregulated macrophages to dampen inflammation and promote mucosal healing. Finally, we set out key areas in the field of intestinal macrophage biology for which further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizi M Hegarty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gareth-Rhys Jones
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Calum C Bain
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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47
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Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. The enteric nervous system. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1487-1564. [PMID: 36521049 PMCID: PMC9970663 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in terms of the numbers of structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers and types of signaling molecules utilized. The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water occurs in a hostile luminal environment that contains a large and diverse microbiota. At the core of regulatory control of the digestive and defensive functions of the gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex system of neurons and glia in the gut wall. In this review, we discuss 1) the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion and 2) how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota, and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function. We highlight developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of enteric neural control. These include a new understanding of the molecular architecture of the ENS, the organization and function of enteric motor circuits, and the roles of enteric glia. We explore the transduction of luminal stimuli by enteroendocrine cells, the regulation of intestinal barrier function by enteric neurons and glia, local immune control by the ENS, and the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the ENS. Multifunctional enteric neurons work together with enteric glial cells, macrophages, interstitial cells, and enteroendocrine cells integrating an array of signals to initiate outputs that are precisely regulated in space and time to control digestion and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Claudino Dos Santos JC, Lima MPP, Brito GADC, Viana GSDB. Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in parkinson disease pathogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101812. [PMID: 36455790 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis or simple gut-brain axis (GBA) is a complex and interactive bidirectional communication network linking the gut to the brain. Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiome have been linked to GBA dysfunction, central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, and dopaminergic degeneration, as those occurring in Parkinson's disease (PD). Besides inflammation, the activation of brain microglia is known to play a central role in the damage of dopaminergic neurons. Inflammation is attributed to the toxic effect of aggregated α-synuclein, in the brain of PD patients. It has been suggested that the α-synuclein misfolding might begin in the gut and spread "prion-like", via the vagus nerve into the lower brainstem and ultimately to the midbrain, known as the Braak hypothesis. In this review, we discuss how the microbiota-gut-brain axis and environmental influences interact with the immune system to promote a pro-inflammatory state that is involved in the initiation and progression of misfolded α-synuclein proteins and the beginning of the early non-motor symptoms of PD. Furthermore, we describe a speculative bidirectional model that explains how the enteric glia is involved in the initiation and spreading of inflammation, epithelial barrier disruption, and α-synuclein misfolding, finally reaching the central nervous system and contributing to neuroinflammatory processes involved with the initial non-motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Claudino Dos Santos
- Medical School of the Christus University Center - UNICHRISTUS, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Graduate Program in Morphofunctional Sciences, Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Gerly Anne de Castro Brito
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Morphology Department of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Baghdadi MB, Kim TH. The multiple roles of enteric glial cells in intestinal homeostasis and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023:S1084-9521(23)00005-8. [PMID: 36658046 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex network of neurons and glial cells, also called the "second brain". Enteric glial cells, one of the major cell types in the ENS, are located throughout the entire gut wall. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated their critical requirement for gut physiology. Notably, recent studies have shown that enteric glial cells control new aspects of gut function such as regulation of intestinal stem cell behavior and immunity. In addition, the emergence of single-cell genomics technologies has revealed enteric glial cell heterogeneity and plasticity. In this review, we discuss established and emerging concepts regarding the roles of mammalian enteric glial cells and their heterogeneity in gut development, homeostasis, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem B Baghdadi
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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50
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Jooss T, Zhang J, Zimmer B, Rezzonico-Jost T, Rissiek B, Felipe Pelczar P, Seehusen F, Koch-Nolte F, Magnus T, Zierler S, Huber S, Schemann M, Grassi F, Nicke A. Macrophages and glia are the dominant P2X7-expressing cell types in the gut nervous system-No evidence for the role of neuronal P2X7 receptors in colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:180-193. [PMID: 36634819 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The blockade or deletion of the pro-inflammatory P2X7 receptor channel has been shown to reduce tissue damage and symptoms in models of inflammatory bowel disease, and P2X7 receptors on enteric neurons were suggested to mediate neuronal death and associated motility changes. Here, we used P2X7-specific antibodies and nanobodies, as well as a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic P2X7-EGFP reporter mouse model and P2rx7-/- controls to perform a detailed analysis of cell type-specific P2X7 expression and possible overexpression effects in the enteric nervous system of the distal colon. In contrast to previous studies, we did not detect P2X7 in neurons but found dominant expression in glia and macrophages, which closely interact with the neurons. The overexpression of P2X7 per se did not induce significant pathological effects. Our data indicate that macrophages and/or glia account for P2X7-mediated neuronal damage in inflammatory bowel disease and provide a refined basis for the exploration of P2X7-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jooss
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Béla Zimmer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Rezzonico-Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Frauke Seehusen
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schemann
- Human Biology, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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