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Zheng Q, Huang Y, Mu C, Hu X, Lai CSW. Selective Modulation of Fear Memory in Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400662. [PMID: 39382074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Sleep stabilizes memories for their consolidation, but how to modify specific fear memory during sleep remains unclear. Here, it is reported that using targeted memory reactivation (TMR) to reactivate prior fear learning experience in non-slow wave sleep (NS) inhibits fear memory consolidation, while TMR during slow wave sleep (SWS) enhances fear memory in mice. Replaying conditioned stimulus (CS) during sleep affects sleep spindle occurrence, leading to the reduction or enhancement of slow oscillation-spindle (SO-spindle) coupling in NS and SWS, respectively. Optogenetic inhibition of pyramidal neurons in the frontal association cortex (FrA) during TMR abolishes the behavioral effects of NS-TMR and SWS-TMR by modulating SO-spindle coupling. Notably, calcium imaging of the L2/3 pyramidal neurons in the FrA shows that CS during SWS selectively enhances the activity of neurons previously activated during fear conditioning (FC+ neurons), which significantly correlates with CS-elicited spindle power spectrum density. Intriguingly, these TMR-induced calcium activity changes of FC+ neurons further correlate with mice freezing behavior, suggesting their contributions to the consolidation of fear memories. The findings indicate that TMR can selectively weaken or strengthen fear memory, in correlation with modulating SO-spindle coupling and the reactivation of FC+ neurons during substages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Changrui Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Cora Sau Wan Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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2
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Sharman R, Kyle SD, Espie CA, Tamm S. Associations between self-reported sleep, overnight memory consolidation, and emotion perception: A large-scale online study in the general population. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14094. [PMID: 38009410 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies suggest that short or disrupted sleep impairs memory consolidation, mood, and perception of emotional stimuli. However, studies have chiefly relied on laboratory-based study designs and small sample sizes. The aim of this fully online and pre-registered study was to investigate the association between sleep and overnight memory consolidation, emotion perception, and affect in a large, self-selected UK sample. A total of 1646 participants (473 completed) took part in an online study, where they completed a declarative (word-pairs) memory task, emotion perception task (valence ratings of images), and rated their affect within 2 h of bed-time. The following morning, participants reported on their state affect, sleep for the previous night, completed a cued recall task for the previously presented word-pairs, rated the valence of previously viewed images, and completed a surprise recognition task. Demographic data and habitual sleep quality and duration (sleep traits) were also recorded. Habitual sleep traits were associated with immediate recall for the word-pairs task, while self-reported sleep parameters for the specific night were not associated with overnight memory consolidation. Neither habitual sleep traits, nor nightly sleep parameters were associated with unpleasantness ratings to negative stimuli or overnight habituation. Habitual poor sleep was associated with less positive and more negative affect, and morning affect was predicted by the specific night's sleep. This study suggests that overnight emotional processing and declarative memory may not be associated with self-reported sleep across individuals. More work is needed to understand how findings from laboratory-based studies extrapolate to real-world samples and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sharman
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon D Kyle
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin A Espie
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sandra Tamm
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Frisch N, Heischel L, Wanner P, Kern S, Gürsoy ÇN, Roig M, Feld GB, Steib S. An acute bout of high-intensity exercise affects nocturnal sleep and sleep-dependent memory consolidation. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14126. [PMID: 38112275 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute exercise has been shown to affect long-term memory and sleep. However, it is unclear whether exercise-induced changes in sleep architecture are associated with enhanced memory. Recently, it has been shown that exercise followed by a nap improved declarative memory. Whether these effects transfer to night sleep and other memory domains has not yet been studied. Here, we investigate the influence of exercise on nocturnal sleep architecture and associations with sleep-dependent procedural and declarative memory consolidation. Nineteen subjects (23.68 ± 3.97 years) were tested in a balanced cross-over design. In two evening sessions, participants either exercised (high-intensity interval training) or rested immediately after encoding two memory tasks: (1) a finger tapping task and (2) a paired-associate learning task. Subsequent nocturnal sleep was recorded by polysomnography. Retrieval was conducted the following morning. High-intensity interval training lead to an increased declarative memory retention (p = 0.047, d = 0.40) along with a decrease in REM sleep (p = 0.012, d = 0.75). Neither procedural memory nor NREM sleep were significantly affected. Exercise-induced changes in N2 showed a positive correlation with procedural memory retention which did not withstand multiple comparison correction. Exploratory analyses on sleep spindles and slow wave activity did not reveal significant effects. The present findings suggest an exercise-induced enhancement of declarative memory which aligns with changes in nocturnal sleep architecture. This gives additional support for the idea of a potential link between exercise-induced sleep modifications and memory formation which requires further investigation in larger scaled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Frisch
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Heischel
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wanner
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Kern
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Çağatay Necati Gürsoy
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gordon Benedikt Feld
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Steib
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Berres S, Erdfelder E, Kuhlmann BG. Does sleep benefit source memory? Investigating 12-h retention intervals with a multinomial modeling approach. Mem Cognit 2024:10.3758/s13421-024-01579-8. [PMID: 38831160 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-024-01579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
For retention intervals of up to 12 h, the active systems consolidation hypothesis predicts that sleep compared to wakefulness strengthens the context binding of memories previously established during encoding. Sleep should thus improve source memory. By comparing retention intervals filled with natural night sleep versus daytime wakefulness, we tested this prediction in two online source-monitoring experiments using intentionally learned pictures as items and incidentally learned screen positions and frame colors as source dimensions. In Experiment 1, we examined source memory by varying the spatial position of pictures on the computer screen. Multinomial modeling analyses revealed a significant sleep benefit in source memory. In Experiment 2, we manipulated both the spatial position and the frame color of pictures orthogonally to investigate source memory for two different source dimensions at the same time, also allowing exploration of bound memory for both source dimensions. The sleep benefit on spatial source memory replicated. In contrast, no source memory sleep benefit was observed for either frame color or bound memory of both source dimensions, probably as a consequence of a floor effect in incidental encoding of color associations. In sum, the results of both experiments show that sleep within a 12-h retention interval improves source memory for spatial positions, supporting the prediction of the active systems consolidation hypothesis. However, additional research is required to clarify the impact of sleep on source memory for other context features and bound memories of multiple source dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Berres
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, L13, 15-17, Room 425, 68161, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Edgar Erdfelder
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, L13, 15-17, Room 425, 68161, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Beatrice G Kuhlmann
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, L13, 15-17, Room 425, 68161, Mannheim, Germany.
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Jauch J, Becker M, Tetzlaff C, Fauth MJ. Differences in the consolidation by spontaneous and evoked ripples in the presence of active dendrites. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012218. [PMID: 38917228 PMCID: PMC11230591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ripples are a typical form of neural activity in hippocampal neural networks associated with the replay of episodic memories during sleep as well as sleep-related plasticity and memory consolidation. The emergence of ripples has been observed both dependent as well as independent of input from other brain areas and often coincides with dendritic spikes. Yet, it is unclear how input-evoked and spontaneous ripples as well as dendritic excitability affect plasticity and consolidation. Here, we use mathematical modeling to compare these cases. We find that consolidation as well as the emergence of spontaneous ripples depends on a reliable propagation of activity in feed-forward structures which constitute memory representations. This propagation is facilitated by excitable dendrites, which entail that a few strong synapses are sufficient to trigger neuronal firing. In this situation, stimulation-evoked ripples lead to the potentiation of weak synapses within the feed-forward structure and, thus, to a consolidation of a more general sequence memory. However, spontaneous ripples that occur without stimulation, only consolidate a sparse backbone of the existing strong feed-forward structure. Based on this, we test a recently hypothesized scenario in which the excitability of dendrites is transiently enhanced after learning, and show that such a transient increase can strengthen, restructure and consolidate even weak hippocampal memories, which would be forgotten otherwise. Hence, a transient increase in dendritic excitability would indeed provide a mechanism for stabilizing memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Jauch
- Third Institute for Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Becker
- Group of Computational Synaptic Physiology, Department for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Tetzlaff
- Group of Computational Synaptic Physiology, Department for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Jan Fauth
- Third Institute for Physics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Kern S, Nagel J, Gerchen MF, Gürsoy Ç, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Kirsch P, Dolan RJ, Gais S, Feld GB. Reactivation strength during cued recall is modulated by graph distance within cognitive maps. eLife 2024; 12:RP93357. [PMID: 38810249 PMCID: PMC11136493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Declarative memory retrieval is thought to involve reinstatement of neuronal activity patterns elicited and encoded during a prior learning episode. Furthermore, it is suggested that two mechanisms operate during reinstatement, dependent on task demands: individual memory items can be reactivated simultaneously as a clustered occurrence or, alternatively, replayed sequentially as temporally separate instances. In the current study, participants learned associations between images that were embedded in a directed graph network and retained this information over a brief 8 min consolidation period. During a subsequent cued recall session, participants retrieved the learned information while undergoing magnetoencephalographic recording. Using a trained stimulus decoder, we found evidence for clustered reactivation of learned material. Reactivation strength of individual items during clustered reactivation decreased as a function of increasing graph distance, an ordering present solely for successful retrieval but not for retrieval failure. In line with previous research, we found evidence that sequential replay was dependent on retrieval performance and was most evident in low performers. The results provide evidence for distinct performance-dependent retrieval mechanisms, with graded clustered reactivation emerging as a plausible mechanism to search within abstract cognitive maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kern
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Juliane Nagel
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Martin F Gerchen
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, Ruprecht Karl University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Çağatay Gürsoy
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, Ruprecht Karl University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Steffen Gais
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard-Karls-University TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Gordon B Feld
- Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, Ruprecht Karl University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
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7
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van der Heijden AC, Thevis J, Verhaegen J, Talamini LM. Sensational Dreams: The Prevalence of Sensory Experiences in Dreaming. Brain Sci 2024; 14:533. [PMID: 38928535 PMCID: PMC11202128 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dreaming, a widely researched aspect of sleep, often mirrors waking-life experiences. Despite the prevalence of sensory perception during wakefulness, sensory experiences in dreams remain relatively unexplored. Free recall dream reports, where individuals describe their dreams freely, may not fully capture sensory dream experiences. In this study, we developed a dream diary with direct questions about sensory dream experiences. Participants reported sensory experiences in their dreams upon awakening, over multiple days, in a home-based setting (n = 3476 diaries). Our findings show that vision was the most common sensory dream experience, followed by audition and touch. Olfaction and gustation were reported at equally low rates. Multisensory dreams were far more prevalent than unisensory dreams. Additionally, the prevalence of sensory dream experiences varied across emotionally positive and negative dreams. A positive relationship was found between on the one hand sensory richness and, on the other emotional intensity of dreams and clarity of dream recall, for both positive and negative dreams. These results underscore the variety of dream experiences and suggest a link between sensory richness, emotional content and dream recall clarity. Systematic registration of sensory dream experiences offers valuable insights into dream manifestation, aiding the understanding of sleep-related memory consolidation and other aspects of sleep-related information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. van der Heijden
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.v.d.H.); (J.V.)
| | - Jade Thevis
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.v.d.H.); (J.V.)
| | - Jill Verhaegen
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.v.d.H.); (J.V.)
| | - Lucia M. Talamini
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.C.v.d.H.); (J.V.)
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, 1001 NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gasparello A, Baldassarri A, Degasperi G, Cellini N. The impact of sleep on factual memory retention over 24 hr. J Sleep Res 2024:e14237. [PMID: 38754902 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Although a period of sleep seems to benefit the retention of declarative memories, recent studies have challenged both the size of this effect and its active influence on memory consolidation. This study aimed to further investigate the effect of sleep and its time dependency on the consolidation of factual information. In a within-subjects design, 48 participants (Mage = 24.37 ± 4.18 years, 31F) were asked to learn several facts in a multi-sensory "flashcard-like" memory task at 21:00 hours (sleep first condition) or at 09:00 hours (wake first condition). Then, in each condition, participants performed an immediate recall test (T0), and two delayed tests 12 hr (T1) and 24 hr (T2) later. Participants' sleep was recorded at their homes with a portable device. Results revealed that memory retention was better after a night of sleep compared with wakefulness, regardless of the delay from encoding (a few hr versus 12+ hr), but the sleep effect was modest. The decline in memory during the wake period following sleep was smaller compared with the decline observed during the 12 hr of wakefulness after encoding. However, after 24 hr from the encoding, when all participants experienced a period of both sleep and wakefulness, memory performance in the two conditions was similar. Overall, our data suggest that sleep exerts a small, yet beneficial, influence on memory retention by likely reducing interference and actively stabilizing memory traces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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9
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Howell SN, Griesbach GS. Sex Differences in Sleep Architecture After Traumatic Brain Injury: Potential Implications on Short-Term Episodic Memory and Recovery. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:3-12. [PMID: 38249321 PMCID: PMC10797171 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake disturbances (SWDs) are common after TBI and often extend into the chronic phase of recovery. Such disturbances in sleep can lead to deficits in executive functioning, attention, and memory consolidation, which may ultimately impact the recovery process. We examined whether SWDs post-TBI were associated with morbidity during the post-acute period. Particular attention was placed on the impact of sleep architecture on learning and memory. Because women are more likely to report SWDs, we examined sex as a biological variable. We also examined subjective quality of life, depression, and disability levels. Data were retrospectively analyzed for 57 TBI patients who underwent an overnight polysomnography. Medical records were reviewed to determine cognitive and functional status during the period of the sleep evaluation. Consideration was given to medications, owing to the fact that a high number of these are likely to have secondary influences on sleep characteristics. Women showed higher levels of disability and reported more depression and lower quality of life. A sex-dependent disruption in sleep architecture was observed, with women having lower percent time in REM sleep. An association between percent time in REM and better episodic memory scores was found. Melatonin utilization had a positive impact on REM duration. Improvements in understanding the impact of sleep-wake disturbances on post-TBI outcome will aid in defining targeted interventions for this population. Findings from this study support the hypothesis that decreases in REM sleep may contribute to chronic disability and underlie the importance of considering sex differences when addressing sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace S. Griesbach
- Centre for Neuro Skills, Bakersfield, California, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Zhang D, Peng Z, Van Pul C, Overeem S, Chen W, Dudink J, Andriessen P, Aarts RM, Long X. Combining Cardiorespiratory Signals and Video-Based Actigraphy for Classifying Preterm Infant Sleep States. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1792. [PMID: 38002883 PMCID: PMC10670397 DOI: 10.3390/children10111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The classification of sleep state in preterm infants, particularly in distinguishing between active sleep (AS) and quiet sleep (QS), has been investigated using cardiorespiratory information such as electrocardiography (ECG) and respiratory signals. However, accurately differentiating between AS and wake remains challenging; therefore, there is a pressing need to include additional information to further enhance the classification performance. To address the challenge, this study explores the effectiveness of incorporating video-based actigraphy analysis alongside cardiorespiratory signals for classifying the sleep states of preterm infants. The study enrolled eight preterm infants, and a total of 91 features were extracted from ECG, respiratory signals, and video-based actigraphy. By employing an extremely randomized trees (ET) algorithm and leave-one-subject-out cross-validation, a kappa score of 0.33 was achieved for the classification of AS, QS, and wake using cardiorespiratory features only. The kappa score significantly improved to 0.39 when incorporating eight video-based actigraphy features. Furthermore, the classification performance of AS and wake also improved, showing a kappa score increase of 0.21. These suggest that combining video-based actigraphy with cardiorespiratory signals can potentially enhance the performance of sleep-state classification in preterm infants. In addition, we highlighted the distinct strengths and limitations of video-based actigraphy and cardiorespiratory data in classifying specific sleep states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (D.Z.); (Z.P.); (C.V.P.); (S.O.); (R.M.A.)
- Department of Personal and Preventive Care, Philips Research, 5556 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zheng Peng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (D.Z.); (Z.P.); (C.V.P.); (S.O.); (R.M.A.)
- Department of Clinical Physics, Máxima Medical Center, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carola Van Pul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (D.Z.); (Z.P.); (C.V.P.); (S.O.); (R.M.A.)
- Department of Clinical Physics, Máxima Medical Center, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Overeem
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (D.Z.); (Z.P.); (C.V.P.); (S.O.); (R.M.A.)
- Sleep Medicine Center, Kempenhaeghe, 5591 VE Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Chen
- The Center for Intelligent Medical Electronics, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Jeroen Dudink
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter Andriessen
- Department of Neonatology, Máxima Medical Center, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Ronald M. Aarts
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (D.Z.); (Z.P.); (C.V.P.); (S.O.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Xi Long
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AP Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (D.Z.); (Z.P.); (C.V.P.); (S.O.); (R.M.A.)
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11
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Concetti C, Peleg-Raibstein D, Burdakov D. Hypothalamic MCH Neurons: From Feeding to Cognitive Control. FUNCTION 2023; 5:zqad059. [PMID: 38020069 PMCID: PMC10667013 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern neuroscience is progressively elucidating that the classic view positing distinct brain regions responsible for survival, emotion, and cognitive functions is outdated. The hypothalamus demonstrates the interdependence of these roles, as it is traditionally known for fundamental survival functions like energy and electrolyte balance, but is now recognized to also play a crucial role in emotional and cognitive processes. This review focuses on lateral hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, producing the neuropeptide MCH-a relatively understudied neuronal population with integrative functions related to homeostatic regulation and motivated behaviors, with widespread inputs and outputs throughout the entire central nervous system. Here, we review early findings and recent literature outlining their role in the regulation of energy balance, sleep, learning, and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Concetti
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
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12
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Simon L, Admon R. From childhood adversity to latent stress vulnerability in adulthood: the mediating roles of sleep disturbances and HPA axis dysfunction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1425-1435. [PMID: 37391592 PMCID: PMC10425434 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is a prominent predisposing risk factor for latent stress vulnerability, expressed as an elevated likelihood of developing stress-related psychopathology upon subsequent exposure to trauma in adulthood. Sleep disturbances have emerged as one of the most pronounced maladaptive behavioral outcomes of childhood adversity and are also a highly prevalent core feature of stress-related psychopathology, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). After reviewing the extensive literature supporting these claims, the current review addresses the notion that childhood adversity-induced sleep disturbances may play a causal role in elevating individuals' stress vulnerability in adulthood. Corroborating this, sleep disturbances that predate adult trauma exposure have been associated with an increased likelihood of developing stress-related psychopathology post-exposure. Furthermore, novel empirical evidence suggests that sleep disturbances, including irregularity of the sleep-wake cycle, mediate the link between childhood adversity and stress vulnerability in adulthood. We also discuss cognitive and behavioral mechanisms through which such a cascade may evolve, highlighting the putative role of impaired memory consolidation and fear extinction. Next, we present evidence to support the contribution of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to these associations, stemming from its critical role in stress and sleep regulatory pathways. Childhood adversity may yield bi-directional effects within the HPA stress and sleep axes in which sleep disturbances and HPA axis dysfunction reinforce each other, leading to elevated stress vulnerability. To conclude, we postulate a conceptual path model from childhood adversity to latent stress vulnerability in adulthood and discuss the potential clinical implications of these notions, while highlighting directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Simon
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roee Admon
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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13
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Golkashani HA, Ghorbani S, Leong RLF, Ong JL, Chee MWL. Advantage conferred by overnight sleep on schema-related memory may last only a day. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2023; 4:zpad019. [PMID: 37193282 PMCID: PMC10155747 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Study Objectives Sleep contributes to declarative memory consolidation. Independently, schemas benefit memory. Here we investigated how sleep compared with active wake benefits schema consolidation 12 and 24 hours after initial learning. Methods Fifty-three adolescents (age: 15-19 years) randomly assigned into sleep and active wake groups participated in a schema-learning protocol based on transitive inference (i.e. If B > C and C > D then B > D). Participants were tested immediately after learning and following 12-, and 24-hour intervals of wake or sleep for both the adjacent (e.g. B-C, C-D; relational memory) and inference pairs: (e.g.: B-D, B-E, and C-E). Memory performance following the respective 12- and 24-hour intervals were analyzed using a mixed ANOVA with schema (schema, no-schema) as the within-participant factor, and condition (sleep, wake) as the between-participant factor. Results Twelve hours after learning, there were significant main effects of condition (sleep, wake) and schema, as well as a significant interaction, whereby schema-related memory was significantly better in the sleep condition compared to wake. Higher sleep spindle density was most consistently associated with greater overnight schema-related memory benefit. After 24 hours, the memory advantage of initial sleep was diminished. Conclusions Overnight sleep preferentially benefits schema-related memory consolidation following initial learning compared with active wake, but this advantage may be eroded after a subsequent night of sleep. This is possibly due to delayed consolidation that might occur during subsequent sleep opportunities in the wake group. Clinical Trial Information Name: Investigating Preferred Nap Schedules for Adolescents (NFS5) URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04044885. Registration: NCT04044885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Aghayan Golkashani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shohreh Ghorbani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Lynn Ong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Yuksel C, Denis D, Coleman J, Oh A, Cox R, Morgan A, Sato E, Stickgold R. Emotional memories are enhanced when reactivated in slow wave sleep, but impaired when reactivated in REM. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530661. [PMID: 36909630 PMCID: PMC10002730 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep supports memory consolidation. However, it is not completely clear how different sleep stages contribute to this process. While rapid eye movement sleep (REM) has been traditionally implicated in the processing of emotionally charged material, recent studies indicate a role for slow wave sleep (SWS) in strengthening the memories of emotional stimuli. Here, to directly examine which sleep stage is primarily involved in emotional memory consolidation, we used targeted memory reactivation (TMR) in REM and SWS during a daytime nap. We also examined neural oscillations associated with TMR-related changes in memory. Contrary to our hypothesis, reactivation of emotional stimuli during REM led to impaired memory. Meanwhile, reactivation of emotional stimuli in SWS improved memory and was strongly correlated with the product of times spent in REM and SWS (%SWS Ã- %REM). When this variable was taken into account, reactivation significantly enhanced memory, with larger reactivation benefits compared to reactivation in REM. Notably, sleep spindle activity was modulated by emotional valence, and delta/theta activity was correlated with the memory benefit for both emotional and neutral items. Finally, we found no evidence that emotional memories benefited from TMR more than did neutral ones. Our results provide direct evidence for a complementary role of both REM and SWS in emotional memory consolidation, and suggest that REM may separately facilitate forgetting. In addition, our findings expand upon recent evidence indicating a link between sleep spindles and emotional processing.
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15
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Chen J, Chen B. Learning new meanings for known
L2
words: Long‐term semantic representation is updated to integrate new information after consolidation. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14228. [PMID: 36416572 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous research about learning new meanings for known words in second language (L2) has found that semantic relatedness, i.e., congruency, between new and existing meanings benefits encoding and explicit memory of new meanings, and reduces instant interference on accessing existing meanings. However, they did not take the memory consolidation process into account. Thus, integration of new meaning into long-term semantic memory, update of existing meaning representation, and the impact of semantic relatedness between new and existing meanings in this process remain unclear. The present study used the event-related potential (ERP) technique to explore these questions. We asked Chinese students to learn English known words' subdominant meanings variedly related to existing meanings and probed semantic representations with EEG recorded in primed lexical decision tasks four times before and after consolidation. We found that new meaning needs to go through offline consolidation to get integrated. Semantic relatedness/congruency boosted new meaning integration, not by directly expediting it during encoding or preliminary offline consolidation, but by promoting the update of existing meaning representation first, which presumably paved the way for better incorporation of new meaning in the long run. The whole pattern of results implies that long-term semantic representation of existing meaning is updated to integrate related new meaning after consolidation, which not only draws a clearer picture of L2 ambiguous word acquisition but also bears broader implications for research on memory updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Baoguo Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology Beijing Normal University Beijing China
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16
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Lacaux C, Andrillon T, Arnulf I, Oudiette D. Memory loss at sleep onset. Cereb Cortex Commun 2022; 3:tgac042. [PMID: 36415306 PMCID: PMC9677600 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Every night, we pass through a transitory zone at the borderland between wakefulness and sleep, named the first stage of nonrapid eye movement sleep (N1). N1 sleep is associated with increased hippocampal activity and dream-like experiences that incorporate recent wake materials, suggesting that it may be associated with memory processing. Here, we investigated the specific contribution of N1 sleep in the processing of memory traces. Participants were asked to learn the precise locations of 48 objects on a grid and were then tested on their memory for these items before and after a 30-min rest during which participants either stayed fully awake or transitioned toward N1 or deeper (N2) sleep. We showed that memory recall was lower (10% forgetting) after a resting period, including only N1 sleep compared to N2 sleep. Furthermore, the ratio of alpha/theta power (an electroencephalography marker of the transition toward sleep) correlated negatively with the forgetting rate when taking into account all sleepers (N1 and N2 groups combined), suggesting a physiological index for memory loss that transcends sleep stages. Our findings suggest that interrupting sleep onset at N1 may alter sleep-dependent memory consolidation and promote forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lacaux
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Mov'it team, Inserm, CNRS, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital , Paris 75013 , France
| | - Thomas Andrillon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Mov'it team, Inserm, CNRS, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital , Paris 75013 , France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Mov'it team, Inserm, CNRS, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital , Paris 75013 , France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service des Pathologies du Sommeil, National Reference Centre for Narcolepsy , 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013 , France
| | - Delphine Oudiette
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Mov'it team, Inserm, CNRS, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital , Paris 75013 , France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service des Pathologies du Sommeil, National Reference Centre for Narcolepsy , 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013 , France
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17
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Sleep targets highly connected global and local nodes to aid consolidation of learned graph networks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15086. [PMID: 36064730 PMCID: PMC9445065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our long-term knowledge is organised in complex networks. Sleep is thought to be critical for abstracting knowledge and enhancing important item memory for long-term retention. Thus, sleep should aid the development of memory for networks and the abstraction of their structure for efficient storage. However, this remains unknown because past sleep studies have focused on discrete items. Here we explored the impact of sleep (night-sleep/day-wake within-subject paradigm with 25 male participants) on memory for graph-networks where some items were important due to dense local connections (degree centrality) or, independently, important due to greater global connections (closeness/betweenness centrality). A network of 27 planets (nodes) sparsely interconnected by 36 teleporters (edges) was learned via discrete associations without explicit indication of any network structure. Despite equivalent exposure to all connections in the network, we found that memory for the links between items with high local connectivity or high global connectivity were better retained after sleep. These results highlight that sleep has the capacity for strengthening both global and local structure from the world and abstracting over multiple experiences to efficiently form internal networks of knowledge.
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18
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Moula Z, Powell J, Brocklehurst S, Karkou V. Feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of school-based dance movement psychotherapy for children with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Front Psychol 2022; 13:883334. [PMID: 36072049 PMCID: PMC9443698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.883334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSchools have been increasingly employing dance movement psychotherapists to support children cope with daily worries and stress, express and understand their emotions, develop self-awareness and self-esteem. However, evidence on the impact of dance movement psychotherapy as a tool for prevention of mental health difficulties in childhood remains limited.MethodsSixteen children (aged 7–9) with mild emotional and behavioral difficulties from two primary schools were randomly assigned to a Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP) intervention or to a waiting list, within a larger pilot cross-over randomized controlled study which aimed to (a) test whether all elements of study design can work together and run smoothly in a full-scale RCT; and (b) investigate the effectiveness of arts therapies in improving children’s health related quality of life (HRQOL; EQ-5D-Y), wellbeing and life functioning (Child Outcome Rating Scale; CORS), emotional and behavioral difficulties (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ), and duration of sleep (Fitbits). The therapeutic process was also evaluated through interviews with children, participant observations, the Children’s Session Rating Scale (CSRS), and ratings of adherence to the therapeutic protocol.ResultsThe findings indicated that DMP led to improvements in children’s life functioning, wellbeing, duration of sleep, emotional and behavioral difficulties, but not in quality of life. The improvements were maintained at the follow-up stages, up to 6 months post-intervention. Interviews with children also suggested positive outcomes, such as self-expression; emotional regulation; mastery and acceptance of emotions; improved self-confidence and self-esteem; reduced stress; and development of positive relationships. However, children would have preferred smaller groups and longer sessions.ConclusionThis study indicated that all outcome measures would be suitable for inclusion in a larger randomized controlled trial, though the EQ-5D-Y is not recommended as a stand-alone measure due to its lack of sensitivity and specificity for young participants. The adherence to the therapeutic protocol ratings differed between children and adults, highlighting the need to include children’s voice in future research. Strategies are also proposed of how to conduct randomization of participants in ways that do not hinder the therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Moula
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Zoe Moula,
| | - Joanne Powell
- Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine and Faculty of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Brocklehurst
- Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine and Faculty of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Karkou
- Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine and Faculty of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
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19
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Mason A, Madan CR, Simonsen N, Spetch ML, Ludvig EA. Biased confabulation in risky choice. Cognition 2022; 229:105245. [PMID: 35961162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
When people make risky decisions based on past experience, they must rely on memory. The nature of the memory representations that support these decisions is not yet well understood. A key question concerns the extent to which people recall specific past episodes or whether they have learned a more abstract rule from their past experience. To address this question, we examined the precision of the memories used in risky decisions-from-experience. In three pre-registered experiments, we presented people with risky options, where the outcomes were drawn from continuous ranges (e.g., 100-190 or 500-590), and then assessed their memories for the outcomes experienced. In two preferential tasks, people were more risk seeking for high-value than low-value options, choosing as though they overweighted the outcomes from more extreme ranges. Moreover, in two preferential tasks and a parallel evaluation task, people were very poor at recalling the exact outcomes encountered, but rather confabulated outcomes that were consistent with the outcomes they had seen and were biased towards the more extreme ranges encountered. This common pattern suggests that the observed decision bias in the preferential task reflects a basic cognitive process to overweight extreme outcomes in memory. These results highlight the importance of the edges of the distribution in providing the encoding context for memory recall. They also suggest that episodic memory influences decision-making through gist memory and not through direct recall of specific instances.
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20
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Harkotte M, Contreras MP, Inostroza M, Born J. Effects of Information Load on Schema and Episodic Memory Formation. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:923713. [PMID: 35903219 PMCID: PMC9315445 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.923713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of semantic memories is assumed to result from the abstraction of general, schema-like knowledge across multiple experiences, while at the same time, episodic details from individual experiences are forgotten. Against this backdrop, our study examined the effects of information load (high vs. low) during encoding on the formation of episodic and schema memory using an elaborated version of an object-place recognition (OPR) task in rats. The task allowed for the abstraction of a spatial rule across four (low information load) or eight (high information load) encoding episodes (spaced apart by a 20 min interval) in which the rats could freely explore two objects in an open field arena. After this encoding phase, animals were left undisturbed for 24 h and then tested either for the expression of schema memory, i.e., for the spatial rule, or memory for an individual encoding episode. Rats in the high information load condition exhibited a more robust schema memory for the spatial rule than in the low information load condition. In contrast, rats in the low load condition showed more robust memory for individual learning episodes than in the high information load condition. Our findings of opposing effects might point to an information-load-dependent competitive relationship between processes of schema and episodic memory formation, although other explanations are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Harkotte
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
| | - María P. Contreras
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marion Inostroza
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jan Born
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21
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Benedikt Feld G, Fungisai Gerchen M. In search of systems consolidation. Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:137-138. [DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2080652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Benedikt Feld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Fungisai Gerchen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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22
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Brodin ATS, Gabulya S, Wellfelt K, Karlsson TE. Five Hours Total Sleep Deprivation Does Not Affect CA1 Dendritic Length or Spine Density. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:854160. [PMID: 35359703 PMCID: PMC8964138 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.854160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is essential for long term memory function. However, the neuroanatomical consequences of sleep loss are disputed. Sleep deprivation has been reported to cause both decreases and increases of dendritic spine density. Here we use Thy1-GFP expressing transgenic mice to investigate the effects of acute sleep deprivation on the dendritic architecture of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We found that 5 h of sleep deprivation had no effect on either dendritic length or dendritic spine density. Our work suggests that no major neuroanatomical changes result from a single episode of sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarolta Gabulya
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Wellfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tobias E. Karlsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Tobias E. Karlsson,
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Early development of sleep and brain functional connectivity in term-born and preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:771-786. [PMID: 33859364 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The proper development of sleep and sleep-wake rhythms during early neonatal life is crucial to lifelong neurological well-being. Recent data suggests that infants who have poor quality sleep demonstrate a risk for impaired neurocognitive outcomes. Sleep ontogenesis is a complex process, whereby alternations between rudimentary brain states-active vs. wake and active sleep vs. quiet sleep-mature during the last trimester of pregnancy. If the infant is born preterm, much of this process occurs in the neonatal intensive care unit, where environmental conditions might interfere with sleep. Functional brain connectivity (FC), which reflects the brain's ability to process and integrate information, may become impaired, with ensuing risks of compromised neurodevelopment. However, the specific mechanisms linking sleep ontogenesis to the emergence of FC are poorly understood and have received little investigation, mainly due to the challenges of studying causal links between developmental phenomena and assessing FC in newborn infants. Recent advancements in infant neuromonitoring and neuroimaging strategies will allow for the design of interventions to improve infant sleep quality and quantity. This review discusses how sleep and FC develop in early life, the dynamic relationship between sleep, preterm birth, and FC, and the challenges associated with understanding these processes. IMPACT: Sleep in early life is essential for proper functional brain development, which is essential for the brain to integrate and process information. This process may be impaired in infants born preterm. The connection between preterm birth, early development of brain functional connectivity, and sleep is poorly understood. This review discusses how sleep and brain functional connectivity develop in early life, how these processes might become impaired, and the challenges associated with understanding these processes. Potential solutions to these challenges are presented to provide direction for future research.
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24
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Ryan TJ, Frankland PW. Forgetting as a form of adaptive engram cell plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:173-186. [PMID: 35027710 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or 'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical extension of this idea is that forgetting occurs when engram cells cannot be reactivated. Forms of 'natural forgetting' vary considerably in terms of their underlying mechanisms, time course and reversibility. However, we suggest that all forms of forgetting involve circuit remodelling that switches engram cells from an accessible state (where they can be reactivated by natural recall cues) to an inaccessible state (where they cannot). In many cases, forgetting rates are modulated by environmental conditions and we therefore propose that forgetting is a form of neuroplasticity that alters engram cell accessibility in a manner that is sensitive to mismatches between expectations and the environment. Moreover, we hypothesize that disease states associated with forgetting may hijack natural forgetting mechanisms, resulting in reduced engram cell accessibility and memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul W Frankland
- Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Sleep promotes the formation of dendritic filopodia and spines near learning-inactive existing spines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2114856118. [PMID: 34873044 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114856118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in synaptic connections are believed to underlie long-term memory storage. Previous studies have suggested that sleep is important for synapse formation after learning, but how sleep is involved in the process of synapse formation remains unclear. To address this question, we used transcranial two-photon microscopy to investigate the effect of postlearning sleep on the location of newly formed dendritic filopodia and spines of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex of adolescent mice. We found that newly formed filopodia and spines were partially clustered with existing spines along individual dendritic segments 24 h after motor training. Notably, posttraining sleep was critical for promoting the formation of dendritic filopodia and spines clustered with existing spines within 8 h. A fraction of these filopodia was converted into new spines and contributed to clustered spine formation 24 h after motor training. This sleep-dependent spine formation via filopodia was different from retraining-induced new spine formation, which emerged from dendritic shafts without prior presence of filopodia. Furthermore, sleep-dependent new filopodia and spines tended to be formed away from existing spines that were active at the time of motor training. Taken together, these findings reveal a role of postlearning sleep in regulating the number and location of new synapses via promoting filopodial formation.
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Azzam MB, Easteal RA. Pedagogical Strategies for the Enhancement of Medical Education. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2021; 31:2041-2048. [PMID: 34950531 PMCID: PMC8651936 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-021-01385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clearly, memory and learning are essential to medical education. To make memory and learning more robust and long-term, educators should turn to the advances in neuroscience and cognitive science to direct their efforts. This paper describes the memory pathways and stages with emphasis leading to long-term memory storage. Particular stress is placed on this storage as a construct known as schema. Leading from this background, several pedagogical strategies are described: cognitive load, dual encoding, spiral syllabus, bridging and chunking, sleep consolidation, and retrieval practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B. Azzam
- Faculty of Education, Western University, London, ON N6G 1G7 Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Ronald A. Easteal
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
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Amaerjiang N, Xiao H, Zunong J, Shu W, Li M, Pérez-Escamilla R, Hu Y. Sleep disturbances in children newly enrolled in elementary school are associated with parenting stress in China. Sleep Med 2021; 88:247-255. [PMID: 34798441 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of children's sleep disturbances among students newly enrolled in elementary school, and explored the association between the two during the child's transition from kindergarten to elementary school. METHODS In 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,510 newly enrolled school kids and their parents in Beijing. Children's sleep characteristics were evaluated using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), and parenting stress characteristics were assessed with the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between children's sleep and parenting stress. RESULTS A total of 77.9% of children newly enrolled in elementary school had sleep disturbances and 15.6% of parents had experienced parenting stress. When examining the relationship between children's sleep disturbances and parenting stress, monthly family income over US$1,550 was a protective factor and children with sleep disturbances were associated with higher risk of parenting stress. Two subscales from the CSHQ were associated with higher parenting stress risk: sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. Similarly, parents experiencing parenting stress had children with higher risk of sleep disturbances. This risk was also higher for children from parents screening positive in the PSI-SF subscales for parental distress and difficult child. CONCLUSIONS We found that children's sleep disturbances and parenting stress were common and there was a bidirectional association between the two during this transition time. Schools and communities need to provide timely psychological support for children and parents to address major stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubiya Amaerjiang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Huidi Xiao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jiawulan Zunong
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wen Shu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Menglong Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | | | - Yifei Hu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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28
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Matsumoto S, Tsunematsu T. Association between Sleep, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's Disease. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1127. [PMID: 34827122 PMCID: PMC8614785 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The majority of neurodegenerative diseases are pathologically associated with protein misfolding and aggregation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of dementia that slowly affects memory and cognitive function, and is characterized by the aggregation of the β-amyloid protein and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder typically resulting in rigidity and tremor, which is pathologically linked to the aggregation of α-synuclein, particularly in dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Sleep disorders commonly occur in AD and PD patients, and it can precede the onset of these diseases. For example, cognitively normal older individuals who have highly fragmented sleep had a 1.5-fold increased risk of subsequently developing AD. This suggests that sleep abnormalities may be a potential biomarker of these diseases. In this review, we describe the alterations of sleep in AD and PD, and discuss their potential in the early diagnosis of these diseases. We further discuss whether sleep disturbance could be a target for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Matsumoto
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;
| | - Tomomi Tsunematsu
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;
- Super-Network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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29
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Solano A, Riquelme LA, Perez-Chada D, Della-Maggiore V. Motor Learning Promotes the Coupling between Fast Spindles and Slow Oscillations Locally over the Contralateral Motor Network. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2493-2507. [PMID: 34649283 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from us and others suggest that traditionally declarative structures mediate some aspects of the encoding and consolidation of procedural memories. This evidence points to the existence of converging physiological pathways across memory systems. Here, we examined whether the coupling between slow oscillations (SO) and spindles, a mechanism well established in the consolidation of declarative memories, is relevant for the stabilization of human motor memories. To this aim, we conducted an electroencephalography study in which we quantified various parameters of these oscillations during a night of sleep that took place immediately after learning a visuomotor adaptation (VMA) task. We found that VMA increased the overall density of fast (≥12 Hz), but not slow (<12 Hz), spindles during nonrapid eye movement sleep, stage 3 (NREM3). This modulation occurred rather locally over the hemisphere contralateral to the trained hand. Although adaptation learning did not affect the density of SOs, it substantially enhanced the number of fast spindles locked to the active phase of SOs. The fact that only coupled spindles predicted overnight memory retention points to the relevance of this association in motor memory consolidation. Our work provides evidence in favor of a common mechanism at the basis of the stabilization of declarative and motor memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Solano
- IFIBIO Houssay, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Luis A Riquelme
- IFIBIO Houssay, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Daniel Perez-Chada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Service, Austral University Hospital, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ, Argentina
| | - Valeria Della-Maggiore
- IFIBIO Houssay, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
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30
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Kaldun JC, Lone SR, Humbert Camps AM, Fritsch C, Widmer YF, Stein JV, Tomchik SM, Sprecher SG. Dopamine, sleep, and neuronal excitability modulate amyloid-β-mediated forgetting in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001412. [PMID: 34613972 PMCID: PMC8523056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the main causes of age-related dementia and neurodegeneration. However, the onset of the disease and the mechanisms causing cognitive defects are not well understood. Aggregation of amyloidogenic peptides is a pathological hallmark of AD and is assumed to be a central component of the molecular disease pathways. Pan-neuronal expression of Aβ42Arctic peptides in Drosophila melanogaster results in learning and memory defects. Surprisingly, targeted expression to the mushroom bodies, a center for olfactory memories in the fly brain, does not interfere with learning but accelerates forgetting. We show here that reducing neuronal excitability either by feeding Levetiracetam or silencing of neurons in the involved circuitry ameliorates the phenotype. Furthermore, inhibition of the Rac-regulated forgetting pathway could rescue the Aβ42Arctic-mediated accelerated forgetting phenotype. Similar effects are achieved by increasing sleep, a critical regulator of neuronal homeostasis. Our results provide a functional framework connecting forgetting signaling and sleep, which are critical for regulating neuronal excitability and homeostasis and are therefore a promising mechanism to modulate forgetting caused by toxic Aβ peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer C. Kaldun
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Shahnaz R. Lone
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Cornelia Fritsch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yves F. Widmer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Seth M. Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Simon G. Sprecher
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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31
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Wittkuhn L, Chien S, Hall-McMaster S, Schuck NW. Replay in minds and machines. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:367-388. [PMID: 34371078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experience-related brain activity patterns reactivate during sleep, wakeful rest, and brief pauses from active behavior. In parallel, machine learning research has found that experience replay can lead to substantial performance improvements in artificial agents. Together, these lines of research suggest replay has a variety of computational benefits for decision-making and learning. Here, we provide an overview of putative computational functions of replay as suggested by machine learning and neuroscientific research. We show that replay can lead to faster learning, less forgetting, reorganization or augmentation of experiences, and support planning and generalization. In addition, we highlight the benefits of reactivating abstracted internal representations rather than veridical memories, and discuss how replay could provide a mechanism to build internal representations that improve learning and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Wittkuhn
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Samson Chien
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sam Hall-McMaster
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas W Schuck
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Choi SH, Kwon HB, Jin HW, Yoon H, Lee MH, Lee YJ, Park KS. Weak closed-loop vibrational stimulation improves the depth of slow-wave sleep and declarative memory consolidation. Sleep 2021; 44:6047580. [PMID: 33367712 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a unique behavioral state that affects body functions and memory. Although previous studies suggested stimulation methods to enhance sleep, a new method is required that is practical for long-term and unconstrained use by people. In this study, we used a novel closed-loop vibration stimulation method that delivers a stimulus in interaction with the intrinsic heart rhythm and examined the effects of stimulation on sleep and memory. Twelve volunteers participated in the experiment and each underwent one adaptation night and two experimental conditions-a stimulation condition (STIM) and a no-stimulation condition (SHAM). The heart rate variability analysis showed a significant increase in the normalized high frequency and the normalized low frequency significantly decreased under the STIM during the slow-wave sleep (SWS) stage. Furthermore, the synchronization ratio between the heartbeat and the stimulus significantly increased under the STIM in the SWS stage. From the electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral analysis, EEG relative powers of slow-wave activity and theta frequency bands showed a significant increase during the STIM in the SWS stage. Additionally, memory retention significantly increased under the STIM compared to the SHAM. These findings suggest that the closed-loop stimulation improves the SWS-stage depth and memory retention, and further provides a new technique for sleep enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ho Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Bin Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Jin
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heenam Yoon
- Department of Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Suk Park
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
This review will explore the role of memory consolidation in speech-motor learning. Existing frameworks of speech-motor control account for the protracted time course of building the speech-motor representation. These perspectives converge on the speech-motor representation as a multimodal unit that is comprised of auditory, motor, and linguistic information. Less is known regarding the memory mechanisms that support the emergence of a generalized speech-motor unit from instances of speech production. Here, we consider the broader learning and memory consolidation literature and how it may apply to speech-motor learning. We discuss findings from relevant domains on the stabilization, enhancement, and generalization of learned information. Based on this literature, we provide our predictions for the division of labor between conscious and unconscious memory systems in speech-motor learning, and the subsequent effects of time and sleep to memory consolidation. We identify both the methodological challenges, as well as the practical importance, of advancing this work empirically. This discussion provides a foundation for building a memory-based framework for speech-motor learning.
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34
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Feld GB, Bergmann TO, Alizadeh-Asfestani M, Stuke V, Wriede JP, Soekadar S, Born J. Specific changes in sleep oscillations after blocking human metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the absence of altered memory function. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:652-667. [PMID: 33899580 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211005627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep consolidates declarative memory by repeated replay linked to the cardinal oscillations of non-rapid eye movement (NonREM) sleep. However, there is so far little evidence of classical glutamatergic plasticity induced by this replay. Rather, we have previously reported that blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors does not affect sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory. AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in memory processing during sleep. METHODS In two placebo-controlled within-subject crossover experiments with 20 healthy humans each, we used fenobam to block mGluR5 during sleep. In Experiment I, participants learned word-pairs (declarative task) and a finger sequence (procedural task) in the evening, then received the drug and recall was tested the next morning. To cover possible effects on synaptic renormalization processes during sleep, in Experiment II participants learned new word-pairs in the morning after sleep. RESULTS/OUTCOMES Surprisingly, fenobam neither reduced retention of memory across sleep nor new learning after sleep, although it severely altered sleep architecture and memory-relevant EEG oscillations. In NonREM sleep, fenobam suppressed 12-15 Hz spindles but augmented 2-4 Hz delta waves, whereas in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep it suppressed 4-8 Hz theta and 16-22 Hz beta waves. Notably, under fenobam NonREM spindles became more consistently phase-coupled to the slow oscillation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS Our findings indicate that mGluR5-related plasticity is not essential for memory processing during sleep, even though mGlurR5 are strongly implicated in the regulation of the cardinal sleep oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon B Feld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Til O Bergmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany.,Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marjan Alizadeh-Asfestani
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Viola Stuke
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Wriede
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Surjo Soekadar
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University Medical Centre Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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35
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Kroczek LOH, Gunter TC. The time course of speaker-specific language processing. Cortex 2021; 141:311-321. [PMID: 34118750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Listeners are sensitive to a speaker's individual language use and generate expectations for particular speakers. It is unclear, however, how such expectations affect online language processing. In the present EEG study, we presented thirty-two participants with auditory sentence stimuli of two speakers. Speakers differed in their use of two particular syntactic structures, easy subject-initial SOV structures and more difficult object-initial OSV structures. One speaker, the SOV-Speaker, had a high proportion of SOV sentences (75%) and a low proportion of OSV sentences (25%), and vice-versa for the OSV-Speaker. Participants were exposed to the speakers' individual language use in a training session followed by a test session on the consecutive day. ERP-results show that early stages of sentence processing are driven by syntactic processing only and are unaffected by speaker-specific expectations. In a late stage, however, an interaction between speaker and syntax information was observed. For the SOV-Speaker condition, the classical P600-effect reflected the effort of processing difficult and unexpected sentence structures. For the OSV-Speaker condition, both structures elicited different responses on frontal electrodes, possibly indexing effort to switch from a local speaker model to a global model of language use. Overall, the study identifies distinct neural mechanisms related to speaker-specific expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon O H Kroczek
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas C Gunter
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Understanding of the evolved biological function of sleep has advanced considerably in the past decade. However, no equivalent understanding of dreams has emerged. Contemporary neuroscientific theories often view dreams as epiphenomena, and many of the proposals for their biological function are contradicted by the phenomenology of dreams themselves. Now, the recent advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has finally provided the novel conceptual framework within which to understand the evolved function of dreams. Notably, all DNNs face the issue of overfitting as they learn, which is when performance on one dataset increases but the network's performance fails to generalize (often measured by the divergence of performance on training versus testing datasets). This ubiquitous problem in DNNs is often solved by modelers via "noise injections" in the form of noisy or corrupted inputs. The goal of this paper is to argue that the brain faces a similar challenge of overfitting and that nightly dreams evolved to combat the brain's overfitting during its daily learning. That is, dreams are a biological mechanism for increasing generalizability via the creation of corrupted sensory inputs from stochastic activity across the hierarchy of neural structures. Sleep loss, specifically dream loss, leads to an overfitted brain that can still memorize and learn but fails to generalize appropriately. Herein this "overfitted brain hypothesis" is explicitly developed and then compared and contrasted with existing contemporary neuroscientific theories of dreams. Existing evidence for the hypothesis is surveyed within both neuroscience and deep learning, and a set of testable predictions is put forward that can be pursued both in vivo and in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hoel
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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37
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Kurinec CA, Whitney P, Hinson JM, Hansen DA, Van Dongen HPA. Sleep Deprivation Impairs Binding of Information with Its Context. Sleep 2021; 44:6262625. [PMID: 33940625 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding information to its context in long-term memory is critical for many tasks, including memory tasks and decision making. Failure to associate information to its context could be an important aspect of sleep deprivation effects on cognition, but little is known about binding problems from being sleep-deprived at the time of encoding. We studied how sleep deprivation affects binding using a well-established paradigm testing the ability to remember auditorily presented words (items) and their speakers (source context). In a laboratory study, 68 healthy young adults were randomly assigned to total sleep deprivation or a well-rested control condition. Participants completed an affective item and source memory task twice: once after 7h awake during baseline and again 24h later, after nearly 31h awake in the total sleep deprivation condition or 7h awake in the control condition. Participants listened to negative, positive, and neutral words presented by a male or female speaker and were immediately tested for recognition of the words and their respective speakers. Recognition of items declined during sleep deprivation, but even when items were recognized accurately, recognition of their associated sources also declined. Negative items were less bound with their sources than positive or neutral items,but sleep deprivation did not significantly affect this pattern.Our findings indicate that learning while sleep-deprived disrupts the binding of information to its context independent of item valence. Such binding failures may contribute to sleep deprivation effects on tasks requiring the ability to bind new information together in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Kurinec
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Paul Whitney
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - John M Hinson
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Devon A Hansen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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38
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Drews HJ. Connecting sleep, the neurocognitive memory system, and Bourdieu's habitus concept: Is sleep a generative force of the habitus? JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Johannes Drews
- Department of Mental Health Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Department of Sociology Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel Germany
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39
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Kolibius LD, Born J, Feld GB. Vast Amounts of Encoded Items Nullify but Do Not Reverse the Effect of Sleep on Declarative Memory. Front Psychol 2021; 11:607070. [PMID: 33488465 PMCID: PMC7821853 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep strengthens memories by repeatedly reactivating associated neuron ensembles. Our studies show that although long-term memory for a medium number of word-pairs (160) benefits from sleep, a large number (320) does not. This suggests an upper limit to the amount of information that has access to sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation, which is possibly linked to the availability of reactivation opportunities. Due to competing processes of global forgetting that are active during sleep, we hypothesized that even larger amounts of information would enhance the proportion of information that is actively forgotten during sleep. In the present study, we aimed to induce such forgetting by challenging the sleeping brain with vast amounts of to be remembered information. For this, 78 participants learned a very large number of 640 word-pairs interspersed with periods of quiet awake rest over the course of an entire day and then either slept or stayed awake during the night. Recall was tested after another night of regular sleep. Results revealed comparable retention rates between the sleep and wake groups. Although this null-effect can be reconciled with the concept of limited capacities available for sleep-dependent consolidation, it contradicts our hypothesis that sleep would increase forgetting compared to the wake group. Additional exploratory analyses relying on equivalence testing and Bayesian statistics reveal that there is evidence against sleep having a detrimental effect on the retention of declarative memory at high information loads. We argue that forgetting occurs in both wake and sleep states through different mechanisms, i.e., through increased interference and through global synaptic downscaling, respectively. Both of these processes might scale similarly with information load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D. Kolibius
- School of Psychology, Cognition and Oscillations Lab, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute for Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes Research & Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gordon B. Feld
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Post-learning micro- and macro-structural neuroplasticity changes with time and sleep. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 191:114369. [PMID: 33338474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the fact that our brain can partially modify both structure and function to adequately respond to novel environmental stimulations. Neuroplasticity mechanisms are not only operating during the acquisition of novel information (i.e., online) but also during the offline periods that take place after the end of the actual learning episode. Structural brain changes as a consequence of learning have been consistently demonstrated on the long term using non-invasive neuroimaging methods, but short-term changes remained more elusive. Fortunately, the swift development of advanced MR methods over the last decade now allows tracking fine-grained cerebral changes on short timescales beyond gross volumetric modifications stretching over several days or weeks. Besides a mere effect of time, post-learning sleep mechanisms have been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation and promote long-lasting changes in neural networks. Sleep was shown to contribute to structural modifications over weeks of prolonged training, but studies evidencing more rapid post-training sleep structural effects linked to memory consolidation are still scarce in human. On the other hand, animal studies convincingly show how sleep might modulate synaptic microstructure. We aim here at reviewing the literature establishing a link between different types of training/learning and the resulting structural changes, with an emphasis on the role of post-training sleep and time in tuning these modifications. Open questions are raised such as the role of post-learning sleep in macrostructural changes, the links between different MR structural measurement-related modifications and the underlying microstructural brain processes, and bidirectional influences between structural and functional brain changes.
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Moula Z, Powell J, Karkou V. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Arts Therapies Interventions on Measures of Quality of Life and Wellbeing: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study in Primary Schools. Front Psychol 2020; 11:586134. [PMID: 33384642 PMCID: PMC7769838 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decades there has been a change in the way schooling is perceived recognizing that children's learning is closely linked to children's health. Children spend most of their time at school, which is often the place where problems are identified and interventions are offered, not only for treatment but also prevention. Embedding arts therapies into the educational system may help address children's emerging needs and have a positive impact on their wellbeing. METHODS A pilot cross-over randomized controlled design was employed to investigate the effectiveness of an arts therapies intervention on a series of child- and teacher-reported outcome measures, specifically, health related quality of life (assessed using a HRQOL scale; EQ-5D-Y), wellbeing and life functioning (assessed using the child outcome rating scale; CORS), emotional and behavioral difficulties (assessed using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire; SDQ), as well as duration of sleep (assessed using Fitbits). Sample size calculations for future large-scale studies were also performed, and the sustained impact of the intervention was evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up. The pluralistic theoretical and therapeutic framework of this intervention was informed by a systematic review on school-based arts therapies interventions and is presented in detail in the study protocol. Participants were 62 children with mild emotional and behavioral difficulties. RESULTS Improvements in HRQOL and CORS were greater in those engaged in the arts therapies intervention than the control groups and were maintained at the follow-up stages. Significant improvements were only found for duration of sleep (P = 0.002) and SDQ (P = 0.008). Minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) as defined in the published protocol were found for CORS, SDQ and duration of sleep, but not HRQOL. DISCUSSION Findings indicate that the arts therapies interventions were having a clinically significant effect on life functioning, duration of sleep, emotional and behavioral difficulties. Findings also indicate a small effect size for health related quality of life, suggesting the intervention was having a small positive effect on this outcome measure. The study indicates that all outcome measures assessed here would be suitable for inclusion in a larger randomized controlled study utilizing these arts therapies interventions, and that a sample size of 225 participants would be required if these outcome measures were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Moula
- Research Centre for Arts and Wellbeing, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Wakefulness impairs selective consolidation of relevant trauma-associated memories resulting in more frequent intrusions. Behav Res Ther 2020; 136:103776. [PMID: 33276275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that sleep reduces intrusive memories after analog trauma. This effect is assumed to be caused by sleep's impact on memory consolidation. However, the underlying processes of this phenomenon have not been uncovered. Thus, the current study investigates the hypothesis that sleep reduces intrusive memories by supporting the selective consolidation of relevant memories. Seventy-five participants were exposed to traumatic picture stories before nocturnal sleep or wakefulness during daytime. Memory for relevant and irrelevant trauma-associated stimuli was assessed prior to and after the retention period. Consistent with the hypothesis, results demonstrate reduced memory loss for relevant as opposed to irrelevant trauma-associated stimuli after sleep but not after wakefulness. Moreover, an incremental retention benefit for relevant trauma-associated stimuli was negatively correlated with the number of intrusive trauma memories after wakefulness. These results suggest that lack of sleep impairs selective gating of relevant trauma-associated memories, thereby enhancing intrusion development after trauma.
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Hermann W, Schmitz-Peiffer H, Kasper E, Fauser M, Franke C, Wienecke M, Otto K, Löhle M, Brandt MD, Reichmann H, Storch A. Sleep Disturbances and Sleep Disordered Breathing Impair Cognitive Performance in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:689. [PMID: 32903712 PMCID: PMC7438827 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep disturbances and impairment of cognitive function are among the most frequent non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with negative implications on quality of life of patients and caregivers. Despite the fact that sleep disturbances are a major issue in PD patients, only limited data are available regarding interactions of sleep disturbances and cognitive performance. Objective This post hoc analysis of the RaSPar trial was therefore designed to further elucidate sleep disturbances and their impact on cognition in PD. Methods Twenty-six PD patients with sleep disturbances were evaluated thoroughly including assessments of patients’ subjective and objective sleep quality by interview, questionnaires, and polysomnography (PSG). Cognitive performance was assessed by Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment (PANDA) and Test of Attentional Performance (TAP), and associations of sleep and cognitive function were evaluated. Results We did not detect differences in cognitive performance between patients with and without rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Instead, cognitive impairment, particularly affecting cognitive domains attention, executive function/working memory, and semantic memory, was associated with impaired PSG-measured sleep quality (e.g., sleep efficiency) and sleep disordered breathing (SDB) (Apnea-Hypopnea Index > 5/h). Global cognitive performance was decreased in patients with SDB (PANDA score 23.2 ± 3.5 vs. 26.9 ± 2.2, P = 0.020, unpaired two-sided t-test). Conclusion Sleep apnea and other sleep disturbances impair cognitive performance in PD and should be evaluated in routine care, and treatment options such as continuous airway pressure therapy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Sleep Centre, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Kasper
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christiana Franke
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Miriam Wienecke
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Sleep Centre, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karolin Otto
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Löhle
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Moritz D Brandt
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Sleep Centre, Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Research Site Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Tambini A, D'Esposito M. Causal Contribution of Awake Post-encoding Processes to Episodic Memory Consolidation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3533-3543.e7. [PMID: 32735812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stable representations of past experience are thought to depend on processes that unfold after events are initially encoded into memory. Post-encoding reactivation and hippocampal-cortical interactions are leading candidate mechanisms thought to support memory retention and stabilization across hippocampal-cortical networks. Although putative consolidation mechanisms have been observed during sleep and periods of awake rest, the direct causal contribution of awake consolidation mechanisms to later behavior is unclear, especially in humans. Moreover, it has been argued that observations of putative consolidation processes are epiphenomenal and not causally important, yet there are few tools to test the functional contribution of these mechanisms in humans. Here, we combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and fMRI to test the role of awake consolidation processes by targeting hippocampal interactions with lateral occipital cortex (LOC). We applied theta-burst TMS to LOC (and a control site) to interfere with an extended window (approximately 30-50 min) after memory encoding. Behaviorally, post-encoding TMS to LOC selectively impaired associative memory retention compared to multiple control conditions. In the control TMS condition, we replicated prior reports of post-encoding reactivation and memory-related hippocampal-LOC interactions during periods of awake rest using fMRI. However, post-encoding LOC TMS reduced these processes, such that post-encoding reactivation in LOC and memory-related hippocampal-LOC functional connectivity were no longer present. By targeting and manipulating post-encoding neural processes, these findings highlight the direct contribution of awake time periods to episodic memory consolidation. This combined TMS-fMRI approach provides an opportunity for causal manipulations of human memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Tambini
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA.
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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45
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Moreno A. Molecular mechanisms of forgetting. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6912-6932. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Moreno
- Danish Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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Asfestani MA, Brechtmann V, Santiago J, Peter A, Born J, Feld GB. Consolidation of Reward Memory during Sleep Does Not Require Dopaminergic Activation. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1688-1703. [PMID: 32459129 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Sleep enhances memories, especially if they are related to future rewards. Although dopamine has been shown to be a key determinant during reward learning, the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission for amplifying reward-related memories during sleep remains unclear. In this study, we scrutinize the idea that dopamine is needed for the preferential consolidation of rewarded information. We impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission, thereby aiming to wipe out preferential sleep-dependent consolidation of high- over low-rewarded memories during sleep. Following a double-blind, balanced, crossover design, 17 young healthy men received the dopamine d2-like receptor blocker sulpiride (800 mg) or placebo, after learning a motivated learning task. The task required participants to memorize 80 highly and 80 lowly rewarded pictures. Half of them were presented for a short (750 msec) and a long (1500 msec) duration, respectively, which permitted dissociation of the effects of reward on sleep-associated consolidation from those of mere encoding depth. Retrieval was tested after a retention interval of approximately 22 hr that included 8 hr of nocturnal sleep. As expected, at retrieval, highly rewarded memories were remembered better than lowly rewarded memories, under placebo. However, there was no evidence for an effect of reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission with sulpiride during sleep on this differential retention of rewarded information. This result indicates that dopaminergic activation likely is not required for the preferential consolidation of reward-associated memory. Rather, it appears that dopaminergic activation only tags such memories at encoding for intensified reprocessing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João Santiago
- University of Tübingen.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.,University Hospital of Tübingen
| | - Jan Born
- University of Tübingen.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
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Smith R, Schwartenbeck P, Parr T, Friston KJ. An Active Inference Approach to Modeling Structure Learning: Concept Learning as an Example Case. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:41. [PMID: 32508611 PMCID: PMC7250191 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within computational neuroscience, the algorithmic and neural basis of structure learning remains poorly understood. Concept learning is one primary example, which requires both a type of internal model expansion process (adding novel hidden states that explain new observations), and a model reduction process (merging different states into one underlying cause and thus reducing model complexity via meta-learning). Although various algorithmic models of concept learning have been proposed within machine learning and cognitive science, many are limited to various degrees by an inability to generalize, the need for very large amounts of training data, and/or insufficiently established biological plausibility. Using concept learning as an example case, we introduce a novel approach for modeling structure learning-and specifically state-space expansion and reduction-within the active inference framework and its accompanying neural process theory. Our aim is to demonstrate its potential to facilitate a novel line of active inference research in this area. The approach we lay out is based on the idea that a generative model can be equipped with extra (hidden state or cause) "slots" that can be engaged when an agent learns about novel concepts. This can be combined with a Bayesian model reduction process, in which any concept learning-associated with these slots-can be reset in favor of a simpler model with higher model evidence. We use simulations to illustrate this model's ability to add new concepts to its state space (with relatively few observations) and increase the granularity of the concepts it currently possesses. We also simulate the predicted neural basis of these processes. We further show that it can accomplish a simple form of "one-shot" generalization to new stimuli. Although deliberately simple, these simulation results highlight ways in which active inference could offer useful resources in developing neurocomputational models of structure learning. They provide a template for how future active inference research could apply this approach to real-world structure learning problems and assess the added utility it may offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Philipp Schwartenbeck
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Rapid acquisition through fast mapping: stable memory over time and role of prior knowledge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:177-189. [PMID: 32295838 PMCID: PMC7164514 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050138.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been intensive debates on whether healthy adults acquire new word knowledge through fast mapping (FM) by a different mechanism from explicit encoding (EE). In this study, we focused on this issue and investigated to what extent retention interval, prior knowledge (PK), and lure type modulated memory after FM and EE. Healthy young participants were asked to learn novel word-picture associations through both FM and EE. Half of the pictures were from familiar categories (i.e., high PK) and the other half were from unfamiliar categories (i.e., low PK). After 10 min and 1 wk, the participants were tested by forced-choice (FC) tasks, with lures from different categories (Experiment 1) or from the same categories of the target pictures (Experiment 2). Pseudowords were used to denote names of the novel pictures and baseline performance was controlled for each task. The results showed that in both Experiments 1 and 2, memory performance remained stable after FM, while it declined after EE from 10 min to 1 wk. Moreover, the effect of PK appeared at 10 min after FM while at 1 wk after EE in Experiment 2. PK enhanced memory of word-picture associations when the lures were from the same categories (Experiment 2), rather than from different categories (Experiment 1). These results were largely confirmed in Experiment 3 when encoding condition was manipulated as a between-subjects factor, while lure type as a within-subjects factor. The findings suggest that different from EE, FM facilitates rapid acquisition and consolidation of word-picture knowledge, and highlight that PK plays an important role in this process by enhancing access to detailed information.
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Carroll CM, Hsiang H, Snyder S, Forsberg J, Dash MB. Cortical zeta-inhibitory peptide injection reduces local sleep need. Sleep 2020; 42:5306948. [PMID: 30722054 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Local sleep need within cortical circuits exhibits extensive interregional variability and appears to increase following learning during preceding waking. Although the biological mechanisms responsible for generating sleep need are unclear, this local variability could arise as a consequence of wake-dependent synaptic plasticity. To test whether cortical synaptic strength is a proximate driver of sleep homeostasis, we developed a novel experimental approach to alter local sleep need. One hour prior to light onset, we injected zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP), a pharmacological antagonist of protein kinase Mζ, which can produce pronounced synaptic depotentiation, into the right motor cortex of freely behaving rats. When compared with saline control, ZIP selectively reduced slow-wave activity (SWA; the best electrophysiological marker of sleep need) within the injected motor cortex without affecting SWA in a distal cortical site. This local reduction in SWA was associated with a significant reduction in the slope and amplitude of individual slow waves. Local ZIP injection did not significantly alter the amount of time spent in each behavioral state, locomotor activity, or EEG/LFP power during waking or REM sleep. Thus, local ZIP injection selectively produced a local reduction in sleep need; synaptic strength, therefore, may play a causal role in generating local homeostatic sleep need within the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sam Snyder
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
| | - Jade Forsberg
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
| | - Michael B Dash
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT.,Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT
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