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Yang Z, Wang M, Fan S, Zhang Z, Zhang D, He J, Li T, Wei R, Wang P, Dawood M, Li W, Wang L, Wang S, Yuan Y, Shang H. GhPME36 aggravates susceptibility to Liriomyza sativae by affecting cell wall biosynthesis in cotton leaves. BMC Biol 2024; 22:197. [PMID: 39256779 PMCID: PMC11389454 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton is an important economic crop and a host of Liriomyza sativae. Pectin methylesterase (PME)-mediated pectin metabolism plays an indispensable role in multiple biological processes in planta. However, the pleiotropic functions of PME often lead to unpredictable effects on crop resistance to pests. Additionally, whether and how PME affects susceptibility to Liriomyza sativae remain unclear. RESULTS Here, we isolated GhPME36, which is located in the cell wall, from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Interestingly, the overexpression of GhPME36 in cotton caused severe susceptibility to Liriomyza sativae but increased leaf biomass in Arabidopsis. Cytological observations revealed that the cell wall was thinner with more demethylesterified pectins in GhPME36-OE cotton leaves than in WT leaves, whereas the soluble sugar content of GhPME36-OE cotton leaf cell walls was accordingly higher; both factors attracted Liriomyza sativae to feed on GhPME36-OE cotton leaves. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that glucose was significantly differentially accumulated. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed DEGs enriched in glucose metabolic pathways when GhPME36 was overexpressed, suggesting that GhPME36 aggravates susceptibility to Liriomyza sativae by affecting both the structure and components of cell wall biosynthesis. Moreover, GhPME36 interacts with another pectin-modifying enzyme, GhC/VIF1, to maintain the dynamic stability of pectin methyl esterification. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results reveal the cytological and molecular mechanisms by which GhPME36 aggravates susceptibility to Liriomyza sativae. This study broadens the knowledge of PME function and provides new insights into plant resistance to pests and the safety of genetically modified plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Menglei Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Senmiao Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Doudou Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jie He
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Tongyi Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Renhui Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Muhammad Dawood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Weijie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shaogan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Youlu Yuan
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
| | - Haihong Shang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Henan Grain and Cotton Crops Research Institute, Zhengzhou, China.
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Del Corpo D, Coculo D, Greco M, De Lorenzo G, Lionetti V. Pull the fuzes: Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100931. [PMID: 38689495 PMCID: PMC11371470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Coculo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Mugabe D, Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi M, Rajcan I. Genetic diversity and genome-wide association study of partial resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot in a Canadian soybean germplasm panel. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:201. [PMID: 39127987 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Developing genetically resistant soybean cultivars is key in controlling the destructive Sclerotinia Stem Rot (SSR) disease. Here, a GWAS study in Canadian soybeans identified potential marker-trait associations and candidate genes, paving the way for more efficient breeding methods for SSR. Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the most important diseases leading to significant soybean yield losses in Canada and worldwide. Developing soybean cultivars that are genetically resistant to the disease is the most inexpensive and reliable method to control the disease. However, breeding for resistance is hampered by the highly complex nature of genetic resistance to SSR in soybean. This study sought to understand the genetic basis underlying SSR resistance particularly in soybean grown in Canada. Consequently, a panel of 193 genotypes was assembled based on maturity group and genetic diversity as representative of Canadian soybean cultivars. Plants were inoculated and screened for SSR resistance in controlled environments, where variation for SSR phenotypic response was observed. The panel was also genotyped via genotyping-by-sequencing and the resulting genotypic data were imputed using BEAGLE v5 leading to a catalogue of 417 K SNPs. Through genome-wide association analyses (GWAS) using FarmCPU method with threshold of FDR-adjusted p-values < 0.1, we identified significant SNPs on chromosomes 2 and 9 with allele effects of 16.1 and 14.3, respectively. Further analysis identified three potential candidate genes linked to SSR disease resistance within a 100 Kb window surrounding each of the peak SNPs. Our results will be important in developing molecular markers that can speed up the breeding for SSR resistance in Canadian grown soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deus Mugabe
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Istvan Rajcan
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Taheri A, Kennedy JF. Pectin-associated immune responses in plant-microbe interactions: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132790. [PMID: 38823736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of pectin, a complex polysaccharide found in the plant cell wall, in mediating immune responses during interactions between plants and microbes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying pectin-mediated immune responses and to understand how these interactions shape plant-microbe communication. Pectin acts as a signaling molecule, triggering immune responses such as the production of antimicrobial compounds, reinforcement of the cell wall, and activation of defense-related genes. Pectin functions as a target for pathogen-derived enzymes, enabling successful colonization by certain microbial species. The document discusses the complexity of pectin-based immune signaling networks and their modulation by various factors, including pathogen effectors and host proteins. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding the crosstalk between pectin-mediated immunity and other defense pathways to develop strategies for enhancing plant resistance against diseases. The insights gained from this study have implications for the development of innovative approaches to enhance crop protection and disease management in agriculture. Further investigations into the components and mechanisms involved in pectin-mediated immunity will pave the way for future advancements in plant-microbe interaction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, University of agricultural Sciences and natural resources of Gorgan, Iran.
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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5
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Qin Z, Yan C, Yang K, Wang Q, Wang Z, Gou C, Feng H, Jin Q, Dai X, Maitikadir Z, Hao H, Wang L. Genome-wide identification of walnut (Juglans regia) PME gene family members and expression analysis during infection with Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis pathogens. Genomics 2024; 116:110860. [PMID: 38776985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Walnuts exhibit a higher resistance to diseases, though they are not completely immune. This study focuses on the Pectin methylesterase (PME) gene family to investigate whether it is involved in disease resistance in walnuts. These 21 genes are distributed across 12 chromosomes, with four pairs demonstrating homology. Variations in conserved motifs and gene structures suggest diverse functions within the gene family. Phylogenetic and collinear gene pairs of the PME family indicate that the gene family has evolved in a relatively stable way. The cis-acting elements and gene ontology enrichment of these genes, underscores their potential role in bolstering walnuts' defense mechanisms. Transcriptomic analyses were conducted under conditions of Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis infestation and verified by RT-qPCR. The results showed that certain JrPME family genes were activated in response, leading to the hypothesis that some members may confer resistance to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Chengcai Yan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Kaiying Yang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Qinpeng Wang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Changqing Gou
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Hongzu Feng
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Qiming Jin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Xianxing Dai
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Zulihumar Maitikadir
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China
| | - Haiting Hao
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Alar, Ministry of Agriculture/ Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Southern Xinjiang, College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China.
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Meng S, Yan X, Piao Y, Li S, Wang X, Jiang J, Liang Y, Pang W. Multiple transcription factors involved in the response of Chinese cabbage against Plasmodiophora brassicae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1391173. [PMID: 38903421 PMCID: PMC11187285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1391173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Clubroot disease, which is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, leads to the formation of galls, commonly known as pathogen-induced tumors, on the roots of infected plants. The identification of crucial regulators of host tumor formation is essential to unravel the mechanisms underlying the proliferation and differentiation of P. brassicae within plant cells. To gain insight into this process, transcriptomic analysis was conducted to identify key genes associated with both primary and secondary infection of P. brassicae in Chinese cabbage. Our results demonstrate that the k-means clustering of subclass 1, which exhibited specific trends, was closely linked to the infection process of P. brassicae. Of the 1610 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) annotated in subclass 1, 782 were identified as transcription factors belonging to 49 transcription factor families, including bHLH, B3, NAC, MYB_related, WRKY, bZIP, C2H2, and ERF. In the primary infection, several genes, including the predicted Brassica rapa probable pectate lyase, RPM1-interacting protein 4-like, L-type lectin-domain-containing receptor kinase, G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine, B. rapa photosystem II 22 kDa protein, and MLP-like protein, showed significant upregulation. In the secondary infection stage, 45 of 50 overlapping DEGs were upregulated. These upregulated DEGs included the predicted B. rapa endoglucanase, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, WRKY transcription factor, NAC domain-containing protein, cell division control protein, auxin-induced protein, and protein variation in compound-triggered root growth response-like and xyloglucan glycosyltransferases. In both the primary and secondary infection stages, the DEGs were predicted to be Brassica rapa putative disease resistance proteins, L-type lectin domain-containing receptor kinases, ferredoxin-NADP reductases, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthases, histone deacetylases, UDP-glycosyltransferases, putative glycerol-3-phosphate transporters, and chlorophyll a-binding proteins, which are closely associated with plant defense responses, biosynthetic processes, carbohydrate transport, and photosynthesis. This study revealed the pivotal role of transcription factors in the initiation of infection and establishment of intracellular parasitic relationships during the primary infection stage, as well as the proliferation and differentiation of the pathogen within the host cell during the secondary infection stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Meng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinglan Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenxing Pang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Logistics of defense: The contribution of endomembranes to plant innate immunity. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307066. [PMID: 38551496 PMCID: PMC10982075 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogens cause plant diseases that threaten food security. Unlike mammals, plants lack an adaptive immune system and rely on their innate immune system to recognize and respond to pathogens. Plant response to a pathogen attack requires precise coordination of intracellular traffic and signaling. Spatial and/or temporal defects in coordinating signals and cargo can lead to detrimental effects on cell development. The role of intracellular traffic comes into a critical focus when the cell sustains biotic stress. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the post-immune activation logistics of plant defense. Specifically, we focus on packaging and shipping of defense-related cargo, rerouting of intracellular traffic, the players enabling defense-related traffic, and pathogen-mediated subversion of these pathways. We highlight the roles of the cytoskeleton, cytoskeleton-organelle bridging proteins, and secretory vesicles in maintaining pathways of exocytic defense, acting as sentinels during pathogen attack, and the necessary elements for building the cell wall as a barrier to pathogens. We also identify points of convergence between mammalian and plant trafficking pathways during defense and highlight plant unique responses to illustrate evolutionary adaptations that plants have undergone to resist biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D. Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Wang Z, Liu T, Wu W, Shi W, Shi J, Mo F, Du C, Wang C, Yang Z. Genome-Wide Identification of the Pectate Lyase Gene Family in Potato and Expression Analysis under Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1322. [PMID: 38794393 PMCID: PMC11125077 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Pectin is a structural polysaccharide and a major component of plant cell walls. Pectate lyases are a class of enzymes that degrade demethylated pectin by cleaving the α-1,4-glycosidic bond, and they play an important role in plant growth and development. Currently, little is known about the PL gene family members and their involvement in salt stress in potato. In this study, we utilized bioinformatics to identify members of the potato pectate lyase gene family and analyzed their gene and amino acid sequence characteristics. The results showed that a total of 27 members of the pectate lyase gene family were identified in potato. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these genes were divided into eight groups. Analysis of their promoters indicated that several members' promoter regions contained a significant number of hormone and stress response elements. Further, we found that several members responded positively to salt treatment under single salt and mixed salt stress. Since StPL18 exhibited a consistent expression pattern under both single and mixed salt stress conditions, its subcellular localization was determined. The results indicated that StPL18 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The results will establish a foundation for analyzing the functions of potato pectate lyase family members and their expression under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhongmin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830000, China; (Z.W.); (T.L.); (W.W.); (W.S.); (J.S.); (F.M.); (C.D.); (C.W.)
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9
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Lee IH, Choi BY, Kim DS, Han H, Kim YH, Shim D. Temporal Transcriptome Profiling of Pinus densiflora Infected with Pine Wood Nematode Reveals Genetically Programmed Changes upon Pine Wilt Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:982-989. [PMID: 38451552 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0397-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pine, an evergreen conifer, is widely distributed worldwide. It is economically, scientifically, and ecologically important. However, pine wilt disease (PWD) induced by the pine wood nematode (PWN) adversely affects pine trees. Many studies have been conducted on the PWN and its beetle vectors to prevent the spread of PWD. However, studies providing a comprehensive understanding of the pine tree transcriptome in response to PWN infection are lacking. Here, we performed temporal profiling of the pine tree transcriptome using PWD-infected red pine trees, Pinus densiflora, inoculated with the PWN by RNA sequencing. Our analysis revealed that defense-responsive genes involved in cell wall modification, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid-related processes were significantly enriched 2 weeks after PWD infection. Furthermore, some WRKY-type and MYB-type transcription factors were upregulated 2 weeks after PWD infection, suggesting that these transcription factors might be responsible for the genome-wide reprogramming of defense-responsive genes in the early PWD stage. Our comprehensive transcriptome analysis will assist in developing PWD-resistant pine trees and identifying genes to diagnose PWD at the early stage of infection, during which large-scale phenotypic changes are absent in PWD-infected pine trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Hwan Lee
- Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Young Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Kim
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Han
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
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Wojtasik W, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Burgberger M, Boba A, Szopa J, Kulma A, Mierziak J. Endophytic non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum reorganizes the cell wall in flax seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1352105. [PMID: 38590745 PMCID: PMC10999547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1352105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a crop producing valuable products like seeds and fiber. However, its cultivation faces challenges from environmental stress factors and significant yield losses due to fungal infections. The major threat is Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lini, causing fusarium wilt of flax. Interestingly, within the Fusarium family, there are non-pathogenic strains known as biocontrols, which protect plants from infections caused by pathogenic strains. When exposed to a non-pathogenic strain, flax exhibits defense responses similar to those seen during pathogenic infections. This sensitization process activates immune reactions, preparing the plant to better combat potential pathogenic strains. The plant cell wall is crucial for defending against pathogens. It serves as the primary barrier, blocking pathogen entry into plant cells. Methods The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of treating flax with a non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain, focusing on cell wall remodeling. The infection's progress was monitored by determining the fungal DNA content and microscopic observation. The plant defense response was confirmed by an increase in the level of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes transcripts. The reorganization of flax cell wall during non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain infection was examined using Infrared spectroscopy (IR), determination of cell wall polymer content, and analysis of mRNA level of genes involved in their metabolism. Results and discussion IR analysis revealed reduced cellulose content in flax seedlings after treatment with Fo47 and that the cellulose chains were shorter and more loosely bound. Hemicellulose content was also reduced but only after 12h and 36h. The total pectin content remained unchanged, while the relative share of simple sugars and uronic acids in the pectin fractions changed over time. In addition, a dynamic change in the level of methylesterification of carboxyl groups of pectin was observed in flax seedlings treated with Fo47 compared to untreated seedlings. The increase in lignin content was observed only 48 hours after the treatment with non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Analysis of mRNA levels of cell wall polymer metabolism genes showed significant changes over time in all analyzed genes. In conclusion, the research suggests that the rearrangement of the cell wall is likely one of the mechanisms behind flax sensitization by the non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain. Understanding these processes could help in developing strategies to enhance flax's resistance to fusarium wilt and improve its overall yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Economics and Business, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Burgberger
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Mierziak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
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11
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Mierziak J, Wojtasik W. Epigenetic weapons of plants against fungal pathogens. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:175. [PMID: 38443788 PMCID: PMC10916060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants face constant exposure to biotic stress caused by fungal attacks. The plant's response to various biotic stresses relies heavily on its ability to rapidly adjust the transcriptome. External signals are transmitted to the nucleus, leading to activation of transcription factors that subsequently enhance the expression of specific defense-related genes. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications and DNA methylation, which are closely linked to chromatin states, regulate gene expression associated with defense against biotic stress. Additionally, chromatin remodelers and non-coding RNA play a significant role in plant defense against stressors. These molecular modifications enable plants to exhibit enhanced resistance and productivity under diverse environmental conditions. Epigenetic mechanisms also contribute to stress-induced environmental epigenetic memory and priming in plants, enabling them to recall past molecular experiences and utilize this stored information for adaptation to new conditions. In the arms race between fungi and plants, a significant aspect is the cross-kingdom RNAi mechanism, whereby sRNAs can traverse organismal boundaries. Fungi utilize sRNA as an effector molecule to silence plant resistance genes, while plants transport sRNA, primarily through extracellular vesicles, to pathogens in order to suppress virulence-related genes. In this review, we summarize contemporary knowledge on epigenetic mechanisms of plant defense against attack by pathogenic fungi. The role of epigenetic mechanisms during plant-fungus symbiotic interactions is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mierziak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland.
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12
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Harris FM, Mou Z. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Systemic Signaling. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:308-327. [PMID: 37665354 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0104-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular damage inflicted by wounding, pathogen infection, and herbivory releases a variety of host-derived metabolites, degraded structural components, and peptides into the extracellular space that act as alarm signals when perceived by adjacent cells. These so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) function through plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors to regulate wound and immune responses. In plants, DAMPs act as elicitors themselves, often inducing immune outputs such as calcium influx, reactive oxygen species generation, defense gene expression, and phytohormone signaling. Consequently, DAMP perception results in a priming effect that enhances resistance against subsequent pathogen infections. Alongside their established function in local tissues, recent evidence supports a critical role of DAMP signaling in generation and/or amplification of mobile signals that induce systemic immune priming. Here, we summarize the identity, signaling, and synergy of proposed and established plant DAMPs, with a focus on those with published roles in systemic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
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13
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Clark KR, Goldberg Oppenheimer P. Vibrational spectroscopic profiling of biomolecular interactions between oak powdery mildew and oak leaves. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:959-970. [PMID: 38189096 PMCID: PMC10828924 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01392h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Oak powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic fungus Erysiphe alphitoides, is a prevalent disease affecting oak trees, such as English oak (Quercus robur). While mature oak populations are generally less susceptible to this disease, it can endanger young oak seedlings and new leaves on mature trees. Although disruptions of photosynthate and carbohydrate translocation have been observed, accurately detecting and understanding the specific biomolecular interactions between the fungus and the leaves of oak trees is currently lacking. Herein, via hybrid Raman spectroscopy combined with an advanced artificial neural network algorithm, the underpinning biomolecular interactions between biological soft matter, i.e., Quercus robur leaves and Erysiphe alphitoides, are investigated and profiled, generating a spectral library and shedding light on the changes induced by fungal infection and the tree's defence response. The adaxial surfaces of oak leaves are categorised based on either the presence or absence of Erysiphe alphitoides mildew and further distinguishing between covered or not covered infected leaf tissues, yielding three disease classes including healthy controls, non-mildew covered and mildew-covered. By analysing spectral changes between each disease category per tissue type, we identified important biomolecular interactions including disruption of chlorophyll in the non-vein and venule tissues, pathogen-induced degradation of cellulose and pectin and tree-initiated lignification of cell walls in response, amongst others, in lateral vein and mid-vein tissues. Via our developed computational algorithm, the underlying biomolecular differences between classes were identified and allowed accurate and rapid classification of disease with high accuracy of 69.6% for non-vein, 73.5% for venule, 82.1% for lateral vein and 85.6% for mid-vein tissues. Interfacial wetting differences between non-mildew covered and mildew-covered tissue were further analysed on the surfaces of non-vein and venule tissue. The overall results demonstrated the ability of Raman spectroscopy, combined with advanced AI, to act as a powerful and specific tool to probe foliar interactions between forest pathogens and host trees with the simultaneous potential to probe and catalogue molecular interactions between biological soft matter, paving the way for exploring similar relations in broader forest tree-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran R Clark
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
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14
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Kohli M, Bansal H, Mishra GP, Dikshit HK, Reddappa SB, Roy A, Sinha SK, Shivaprasad K, Kumari N, Kumar A, Kumar RR, Nair RM, Aski M. Genome-wide association studies for earliness, MYMIV resistance, and other associated traits in mungbean ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) using genotyping by sequencing approach. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16653. [PMID: 38288464 PMCID: PMC10823994 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) remains a major constraint in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.)) production; while short-duration genotypes offer multiple crop cycles per year and help in escaping terminal heat stress, especially during summer cultivation. A comprehensive genotyping by sequencing (GBS)-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analysis was conducted using 132 diverse mungbean genotypes for traits like flowering time, YMD resistance, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value, trichome density, and leaf area. The frequency distribution revealed a wide range of values for all the traits. GBS studies identified 31,953 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) across all 11 mungbean chromosomes and were used for GWAS. Structure analysis revealed the presence of two genetically distinct populations based on ΔK. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) varied throughout the chromosomes and at r2 = 0.2, the mean LD decay was estimated as 39.59 kb. Two statistical models, mixed linear model (MLM) and Bayesian-information and Linkage-disequilibrium Iteratively Nested Keyway (BLINK) identified 44 shared SNPs linked with various candidate genes. Notable candidate genes identified include FPA for flowering time (VRADI10G01470; chr. 10), TIR-NBS-LRR for mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) resistance (VRADI09G06940; chr. 9), E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RIE1 for SPAD value (VRADI07G28100; chr. 11), WRKY family transcription factor for leaf area (VRADI03G06560; chr. 3), and LOB domain-containing protein 21 for trichomes (VRADI06G04290; chr. 6). In-silico validation of candidate genes was done through digital gene expression analysis using Arabidopsis orthologous (compared with Vigna radiata genome). The findings provided valuable insight for marker-assisted breeding aiming for the development of YMD-resistant and early-maturing mungbean varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Kohli
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Hina Bansal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | - Anirban Roy
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Sinha
- Biotechnology, National Institute of Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - K.M. Shivaprasad
- Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nikki Kumari
- Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Division of Seed Science and Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ranjeet R. Kumar
- Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Muraleedhar Aski
- Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Delhi, India
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15
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De la Rubia AG, Largo-Gosens A, Yusta R, Sepúlveda-Orellana P, Riveros A, Centeno ML, Sanhueza D, Meneses C, Saez-Aguayo S, García-Angulo P. A novel pectin methylesterase inhibitor, PMEI3, in common bean suggests a key role of pectin methylesterification in Pseudomonas resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:364-390. [PMID: 37712879 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying susceptibility to and defense against Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) have not yet been clarified. To investigate these, 15-day-old plants of the variety Riñón were infected with Pph and the transcriptomic changes at 2 h and 9 h post-infection were analysed. RNA-seq analysis showed an up-regulation of genes involved in defense/signaling at 2 h, most of them being down-regulated at 9 h, suggesting that Pph inhibits the transcriptomic reprogramming of the plant. This trend was also observed in the modulation of 101 cell wall-related genes. Cell wall composition changes at early stages of Pph infection were associated with homogalacturonan methylation and the formation of egg boxes. Among the cell wall genes modulated, a pectin methylesterase inhibitor 3 (PvPMEI3) gene, closely related to AtPMEI3, was detected. PvPMEI3 protein was located in the apoplast and its pectin methylesterase inhibitory activity was demonstrated. PvPMEI3 seems to be a good candidate to play a key role in Pph infection, which was supported by analysis of an Arabidopsis pmei3 mutant, which showed susceptibility to Pph, in contrast to resistant Arabidopsis Col-0 plants. These results indicate a key role of the degree of pectin methylesterification in host resistance to Pph during the first steps of the attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso G De la Rubia
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Dpto Ingenieria y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Dpto Ingenieria y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Ricardo Yusta
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), 7800003, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sepúlveda-Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Aníbal Riveros
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - María Luz Centeno
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Dpto Ingenieria y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), 7800003, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
- Chilean fruits cell wall Components as Biotechnological resources (CHICOBIO), Proyecto Anillo ACT210025, Santiago, Chile
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Dpto Ingenieria y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
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16
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Wei F, Liang X, Shi JC, Luo JN, Qiu LJ, Li XX, Lu LJ, Wen YQ, Feng JY. Pan-Genomic Analysis Identifies the Chinese Strain as a New Subspecies of Xanthomonas fragariae. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:45-49. [PMID: 37555725 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0933-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas fragariae is classified as a quarantine pathogen by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. It commonly induces typical angular leaf spot (ALS) symptoms in strawberry leaves. X. fragariae strains from China (YL19, SHAQP01, and YLX21) exhibit ALS symptoms in leaves and more severe symptoms of dry cavity rot in strawberry crowns. Conversely, strains from other countries do not cause severe dry cavity rot symptoms in strawberries. After employing multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), average nucleotide identity (ANI), and amino acid identity (AAI), we determined that Chinese strains of X. fragariae are genetically distinct from other strains and can be considered a new subspecies. Subsequent analysis of 63 X. fragariae genomes published at NCBI using IPGA and EDGAR3.0 revealed the pan-genomic profile, with 1,680 shared genes present in all 63 strains, including 71 virulence-related genes. Additionally, we identified 123 genes exclusive to all the Chinese strains, encompassing 12 virulence-related genes. The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of XopD, XopG1, CE8, GT2, and GH121 out of 12 virulence-related genes of Chinese strains (YL19) exhibited a constant increase in the early stages (6, 24, 54, and 96 hours postinoculation [hpi]) of strawberry leaf infected by YL19. So, the presence of XopD, XopG1, CE8, GT2, and GH121 in Chinese strains may play important roles in the early infection process of Chinese strains. These findings offer novel insights into comprehending the population structure and variation in the pathogenic capacity of X. fragariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing-Nan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Juan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Yue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Jiang S, Pan L, Zhou Q, Xu W, He F, Zhang L, Gao H. Analysis of the apoplast fluid proteome during the induction of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16324. [PMID: 37876907 PMCID: PMC10592298 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plant-pathogen interactions occur in the apoplast comprising the cell wall matrix and the fluid in the extracellular space outside the plasma membrane. However, little is known regarding the contribution of the apoplastic proteome to systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Methods Specifically, SAR was induced by inoculating plants with Pst DC3000 avrRps4. The apoplast washing fluid (AWF) was collected from the systemic leaves of the SAR-induced or mock-treated plants. A label free quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to identified the proteins related to SAR in AWF. Results A total of 117 proteins were designated as differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs), including numerous pathogenesis-related proteins, kinases, glycosyl hydrolases, and redox-related proteins. Functional enrichment analyses shown that these DAPs were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolic process, cell wall organization, hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, and positive regulation of catalytic activity. Comparative analysis of proteome data indicated that these DAPs were selectively enriched in the apoplast during the induction of SAR. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate the apoplastic proteome is involved in SAR. The data presented herein may be useful for future investigations on the molecular mechanism mediating the establishment of SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Jiang
- College of Survey and Planning, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Fuge He
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China
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18
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Mirande-Ney C, Arnaudin Q, Durambur G, Plasson C, Bernard S, Chamot C, Grivotte J, Mati-Baouche N, Driouich A, Brebion J, Hennequart F, Lerouge P, Boulogne I. LAM2: An Unusual Laminaran Structure for a Novel Plant Elicitor Candidate. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1483. [PMID: 37892165 PMCID: PMC10605138 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminarans are of interest because they have been shown to induce various immune responses in animals and plants. These β-D-glucans differ from each other by their branching rate, which is possibly responsible for their biological activities. In the present study, we characterized a laminaran fraction extracted from Laminaria hyperborea and named LAM2 using sugar composition and structural analyses (NMR). Then, we evaluated its activity as a potential plant elicitor in vitro on tomato seedlings using gene expression analysis and cell wall immunofluorescence labeling. Our study showed that LAM2 isolated from L. hyperborea is a succinylated laminaran which significantly enhanced the plant defense of tomato seedlings and induced cell wall modifications, suggesting a higher elicitor activity than the laminaran standard extracted from Laminaria digitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Mirande-Ney
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Quentin Arnaudin
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gaëlle Durambur
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Carole Plasson
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
- INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, University of Rouen Normandie, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Chamot
- INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN, University of Rouen Normandie, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Julie Grivotte
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Narimane Mati-Baouche
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jeremy Brebion
- ALGAIA R&D Center, 91 Rue Edouard Branly, F-50000 Saint-Lô, France
| | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, University of Rouen Normandie, IRIB, F-76000 Rouen, France
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19
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Kim SJ, Bhandari DD, Sokoloski R, Brandizzi F. Immune activation during Pseudomonas infection causes local cell wall remodeling and alters AGP accumulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:541-557. [PMID: 37496362 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell boundary generally comprises constituents of the primary and secondary cell wall (CW) that are deposited sequentially during development. Although it is known that the CW acts as a barrier against phytopathogens and undergoes modifications to limit their invasion, the extent, sequence, and requirements of the pathogen-induced modifications of the CW components are still largely unknown, especially at the level of the polysaccharide fraction. To address this significant knowledge gap, we adopted the compatible Pseudomonas syringae-Arabidopsis thaliana system. We found that, despite systemic signaling actuation, Pseudomonas infection leads only to local CW modifications. Furthermore, by utilizing a combination of CW and immune signaling-deficient mutants infected with virulent or non-virulent bacteria, we demonstrated that the pathogen-induced changes in CW polysaccharides depend on the combination of pathogen virulence and the host's ability to mount an immune response. This results in a pathogen-driven accumulation of CW hexoses, such as galactose, and an immune signaling-dependent increase in CW pentoses, mainly arabinose, and xylose. Our analyses of CW changes during disease progression also revealed a distinct spatiotemporal pattern of arabinogalactan protein (AGP) deposition and significant modifications of rhamnogalacturonan sidechains. Furthermore, genetic analyses demonstrated a critical role of AGPs, specifically of the Arabinoxylan Pectin Arabinogalactan Protein1, in limiting pathogen growth. Collectively, our results provide evidence for the actuation of significant remodeling of CW polysaccharides in a compatible host-pathogen interaction, and, by identifying AGPs as critical elements of the CW in plant defense, they pinpoint opportunities to improve plants against diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deepak D Bhandari
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rylee Sokoloski
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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20
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Huang Y, Li Y, Zou K, Wang Y, Ma Y, Meng D, Luo H, Qu J, Li F, Xuan Y, Du W. The Resistance of Maize to Ustilago maydis Infection Is Correlated with the Degree of Methyl Esterification of Pectin in the Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14737. [PMID: 37834187 PMCID: PMC10573042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Common smut caused by Ustilago maydis is one of the dominant fungal diseases in plants. The resistance mechanism to U. maydis infection involving alterations in the cell wall is poorly studied. In this study, the resistant single segment substitution line (SSSL) R445 and its susceptible recurrent parent line Ye478 of maize were infected with U. maydis, and the changes in cell wall components and structure were studied at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 days postinfection. In R445 and Ye478, the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin increased by varying degrees, and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity increased. The changes in hemicellulose and pectin in the cell wall after U. maydis infection were analyzed via immunolabeling using monoclonal antibodies against hemicellulsic xylans and high/low-methylated pectin. U. maydis infection altered methyl esterification of pectin, and the degree of methyl esterification was correlated with the resistance of maize to U. maydis. Furthermore, the relationship between methyl esterification of pectin and host resistance was validated using 15 maize inbred lines with different resistance levels. The results revealed that cell wall components, particularly pectin, were important factors affecting the colonization and propagation of U. maydis in maize, and methyl esterification of pectin played a role in the resistance of maize to U. maydis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingni Huang
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yang Li
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kunkun Zou
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Dexuan Meng
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Haishan Luo
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jianzhou Qu
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wanli Du
- Specialty Corn Institute, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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21
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Tsyganova AV, Seliverstova EV, Tsyganov VE. Comparison of the Formation of Plant-Microbial Interface in Pisum sativum L. and Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13850. [PMID: 37762151 PMCID: PMC10531038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Different components of the symbiotic interface play an important role in providing positional information during rhizobial infection and nodule development: successive changes in cell morphology correspond to subsequent changes in the molecular architecture of the apoplast and the associated surface structures. The localisation and distribution of pectins, xyloglucans, and cell wall proteins in symbiotic nodules of Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula were studied using immunofluorescence and immunogold analysis in wild-type and ineffective mutant nodules. As a result, the ontogenetic changes in the symbiotic interface in the nodules of both species were described. Some differences in the patterns of distribution of cell wall polysaccharides and proteins between wild-type and mutant nodules can be explained by the activation of defence reaction or premature senescence in mutants. The absence of fucosylated xyloglucan in the cell walls in the P. sativum nodules, as well as its predominant accumulation in the cell walls of uninfected cells in the M. truncatula nodules, and the presence of the rhamnogalacturonan I (unbranched) backbone in meristematic cells in P. sativum can be attributed to the most striking species-specific features of the symbiotic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Tsyganova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (E.V.S.); (V.E.T.)
| | - Elena V. Seliverstova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (E.V.S.); (V.E.T.)
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (E.V.S.); (V.E.T.)
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22
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Coculo D, Del Corpo D, Martínez MO, Vera P, Piro G, De Caroli M, Lionetti V. Arabidopsis subtilases promote defense-related pectin methylesterase activity and robust immune responses to botrytis infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107865. [PMID: 37467533 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants involve a fine modulation of pectin methylesterase (PME) activity against microbes. PME activity can promote the cell wall stiffening and the production of damage signals able to induce defense responses and plant resistance to pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PME activation during disease remain largely unknown. In this study, we explored the role of subtilases (SBTs) as PME activators in Arabidopsis immunity. By using biochemical and reverse genetic approaches, we found that the expression of SBT3.3 and SBT3.5 influences the induction of defense-related PME activity and resistance to the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Arabidopsis sbt3.3 and sbt3.5 knockout mutants showed decreased induction of PME activity and increased susceptibility to the fungus. SBT3.3 expression was stimulated by oligogalacturonides. Overexpression of SBT3.3 overactivated PME activity during fungal infection and enhanced resistance to B. cinerea. A negative correlation was observed between SBT3.3 expression and cell wall methyl ester content in the genotypes analyzed after B. cinerea infection. Increased expression of defense-related genes, including PAD3, CYP81F2 and WAK2, was also revealed in SBT3.3 overexpressing lines. We also demonstrated that SBT3.3 and pro-PME17 are both secreted into the cell wall using distinct protein secretion pathways and different kinetics. Our results propose SBT3.3 and SBT3.5 as modulators of PME activity in Arabidopsis against Botrytis to promptly boost immunity limiting the growth-defense trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Coculo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Corpo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel Ozáez Martínez
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politecnica de La Innovacion, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Vera
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politecnica de La Innovacion, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università Del Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; CIABC, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Kumar R, Meghwanshi GK, Marcianò D, Ullah SF, Bulone V, Toffolatti SL, Srivastava V. Sequence, structure and functionality of pectin methylesterases and their use in sustainable carbohydrate bioproducts: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 244:125385. [PMID: 37330097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are enzymes that play a critical role in modifying pectins, a class of complex polysaccharides in plant cell walls. These enzymes catalyze the removal of methyl ester groups from pectins, resulting in a change in the degree of esterification and consequently, the physicochemical properties of the polymers. PMEs are found in various plant tissues and organs, and their activity is tightly regulated in response to developmental and environmental factors. In addition to the biochemical modification of pectins, PMEs have been implicated in various biological processes, including fruit ripening, defense against pathogens, and cell wall remodelling. This review presents updated information on PMEs, including their sources, sequences and structural diversity, biochemical properties and function in plant development. The article also explores the mechanisms of PME action and the factors influencing enzyme activity. In addition, the review highlights the potential applications of PMEs in various industrial sectors related to biomass exploitation, food, and textile industries, with a focus on development of bioproducts based on eco-friendly and efficient industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Silvia Laura Toffolatti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Gao C, Li C, Li Z, Liu Y, Li J, Guo J, Mao J, Fang F, Wang C, Deng X, Zheng Z. Comparative transcriptome profiling of susceptible and tolerant citrus species at early and late stage of infection by " Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus". FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191029. [PMID: 37389294 PMCID: PMC10301834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), is the most destructive disease threatening global citrus industry. Most commercial cultivars were susceptible to HLB, although some showed tolerant to HLB phenotypically. Identifying tolerant citrus genotypes and understanding the mechanism correlated with tolerance to HLB is essential for breeding citrus variety tolerance/resistance to HLB. In this study, the graft assay with CLas-infected bud were performed in four citrus genotypes, including Citrus reticulata Blanco, C. sinensis, C. limon, and C. maxima. HLB tolerance was observed in C. limon and C. maxima, while C. Blanco and C. sinensis were susceptible to HLB. The time-course transcriptomic analysis revealed a significant variation in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to HLB between susceptible and tolerant cultivar group at early and late infection stage. Functional analysis of DEGs indicated that the activation of genes involved in SA-mediated defense response, PTI, cell wall associated immunity, endochitinase, phenylpropanoid and alpha-linolenic/linoleic lipid metabolism played an important in the tolerance of C. limon and C. maxima to HLB at early infection stage. In addition, the overactive plant defense combined with the stronger antibacterial activity (antibacterial secondary and lipid metabolism) and the suppression of pectinesterase were contributed to the long-term tolerance to HLB in C. limon and C. maxima at late infection stage. Particularly, the activation of ROS scavenging genes (catalases and ascorbate peroxidases) could help to reduce HLB symptoms in tolerant cultivars. In contrast, the overexpression of genes involved in oxidative burst and ethylene metabolism, as well as the late inducing of defense related genes could lead to the early HLB symptom development in susceptible cultivars at early infection stage. The weak defense response and antibacterial secondary metabolism, and the induce of pectinesterase were responsible for sensitivity to HLB in C. reticulata Blanco and C. sinensis at late infection stage. This study provided new insights into the tolerance/sensitivity mechanism against HLB and valuable guidance for breeding of HLB-tolerant/resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuixiao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiana Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Mamaeva A, Lyapina I, Knyazev A, Golub N, Mollaev T, Chudinova E, Elansky S, Babenko VV, Veselovsky VA, Klimina KM, Gribova T, Kharlampieva D, Lazarev V, Fesenko I. RALF peptides modulate immune response in the moss Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1077301. [PMID: 36818838 PMCID: PMC9933782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1077301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALFs) are cysteine-rich peptides that regulate multiple physiological processes in plants. This peptide family has considerably expanded during land plant evolution, but the role of ancient RALFs in modulating stress responses is unknown.Results: Here, we used the moss Physcomitrium patens as a model to gain insight into the role of RALF peptides in the coordination of plant growth and stress response in non-vascular plants. The quantitative proteomic analysis revealed concerted downregulation of M6 metalloprotease and some membrane proteins, including those involved in stress response, in PpRALF1, 2 and 3 knockout (KO) lines. The subsequent analysis revealed the role of PpRALF3 in growth regulation under abiotic and biotic stress conditions, implying the importance of RALFs in responding to various adverse conditions in bryophytes. We found that knockout of the PpRALF2 and PpRALF3 genes resulted in increased resistance to bacterial and fungal phytopathogens, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Fusarium solani, suggesting the role of these peptides in negative regulation of the immune response in P. patens. Comparing the transcriptomes of PpRALF3 KO and wild-type plants infected by F. solani showed that the regulation of genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and those involved in cell wall modification and biogenesis was different in these two genotypes. CONCLUSION Thus, our study sheds light on the function of the previously uncharacterized PpRALF3 peptide and gives a clue to the ancestral functions of RALF peptides in plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mamaeva
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Lyapina
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Knyazev
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina Golub
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Mollaev
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Chudinova
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Elansky
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav V. Babenko
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Veselovsky
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia M. Klimina
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gribova
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Kharlampieva
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vassili Lazarev
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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26
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Yao M, Wang X, Long J, Bai S, Cui Y, Wang Z, Liu C, Liu F, Wang Z, Li Q. Identification of Key Modules and Candidate Genes for Powdery Mildew Resistance of Wheat-Agropyron cristatum Translocation Line WAT-2020-17-6 by WGCNA. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:335. [PMID: 36679048 PMCID: PMC9864619 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the serious diseases of wheat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) is a long-term threat to wheat production. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore new powdery mildew-resistant genes for breeding. The wild relative species of wheat provide gene resources for resistance to powdery mildew breeding. Agropyron cristatum (2n = 4x = 28, genomes PPPP) is an important wild relative of wheat, carrying excellent genes for high yield, disease resistance, and stress resistance, which can be used for wheat improvement. To understand the molecular mechanism of powdery mildew resistance in the wheat-A. cristatum translocation line WAT2020-17-6, transcriptome sequencing was performed, and the resistance genes were analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). In the results, 42,845 differentially expressed genes were identified and divided into 18 modules, of which six modules were highly correlated with powdery mildew resistance. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the six interested modules related to powdery mildew resistance were significantly enriched in N-methyltransferase activity, autophagy, mRNA splicing via spliceosome, chloroplast envelope, and AMP binding. The candidate hub genes of the interested modules were further identified, and their regulatory relationships were analyzed based on co-expression data. The temporal expression pattern of the 12 hub genes was verified within 96 h after powdery mildew inoculation by RT-PCR assay. In this study, we preliminarily explained the resistance mechanism of the wheat-A. cristatum translocation lines and obtained the hub candidate genes, which laid a foundation in the exploration of resistance genes in A. cristatum for powdery mildew-resistant breeding in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Yao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiaohui Long
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Shuangyu Bai
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Fenglou Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhangjun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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27
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Swaminathan S, Lionetti V, Zabotina OA. Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243539. [PMID: 36559656 PMCID: PMC9781063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant-pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga A. Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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28
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Badmi R, Tengs T, Brurberg MB, Elameen A, Zhang Y, Haugland LK, Fossdal CG, Hytönen T, Krokene P, Thorstensen T. Transcriptional profiling of defense responses to Botrytis cinerea infection in leaves of Fragaria vesca plants soil-drenched with β-aminobutyric acid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1025422. [PMID: 36570914 PMCID: PMC9772985 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1025422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grey mold caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can affect leaves, flowers, and berries of strawberry, causing severe pre- and postharvest damage. The defense elicitor β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) is reported to induce resistance against B. cinerea and many other pathogens in several crop plants. Surprisingly, BABA soil drench of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) plants two days before B. cinerea inoculation caused increased infection in leaf tissues, suggesting that BABA induce systemic susceptibility in F. vesca. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved in B. cinerea susceptibility in leaves of F. vesca plants soil drenched with BABA, we used RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptional reprogramming 24 h post-inoculation. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infected vs. uninfected leaf tissue in BABA-treated plants was 5205 (2237 upregulated and 2968 downregulated). Upregulated genes were involved in pathogen recognition, defense response signaling, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (terpenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways), while downregulated genes were involved in photosynthesis and response to auxin. In control plants not treated with BABA, we found a total of 5300 DEGs (2461 upregulated and 2839 downregulated) after infection. Most of these corresponded to those in infected leaves of BABA-treated plants but a small subset of DEGs, including genes involved in 'response to biologic stimulus', 'photosynthesis' and 'chlorophyll biosynthesis and metabolism', differed significantly between treatments and could play a role in the induced susceptibility of BABA-treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Badmi
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Torstein Tengs
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Abdelhameed Elameen
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Lisa Karine Haugland
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Timo Hytönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, National Institute of Agricultural Botany- East Malling Research Station, East Malling, United Kingdom
| | - Paal Krokene
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Tage Thorstensen
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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da Silva Leite R, Neves do Nascimento M, Hernandéz-Navarro S, Miguel Ruiz Potosme N, Karthikeyan S. Use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for analysis of water deficit tolerance in Physalis peruviana L. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121551. [PMID: 35779475 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Treatments that allow plants to better tolerate water deficit become essential, such as the application of chemical priming. In addition, it is essential to use analyses capable of measuring these effects at the biomolecular level, complementing the other physiological evaluations. In view of the above, this study aimed to evaluate the use of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy for analyses of water deficit tolerance in Physalis peruviana plants. For this, samples of leaves, stems and roots of plants subjected to different pretreatments with proline (10 mM and 20 mM), sodium nitroprusside (SNP 25 μM and 50 μM) and H2O as control, aiming at increasing tolerance to water deficit, were evaluated. The chemical agents used attenuated water deficit in P. peruviana plants, influencing phenotypic characterization and spectral analyses. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicates that different functional groups present in leaves, stems and roots were influenced by water deficit and priming treatments. Changes in lipid levels contributed to reducing water losses by increasing the thickness of cuticular wax. Accumulation of proteins and carbohydrates promoted osmoregulation and maintenance of the water status of plants. Thus, water deficit causes changes in the functional groups present in the organs of P. peruviana, and the ATR-FTIR technique is able to detect these biomolecular changes, helping in the selection of priming treatments to increase tolerance to water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeu da Silva Leite
- Biological Sciences Department, State University of Feira de Santana, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil; Agriculture and Forestry Engineering Department, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Castilla y Leon, Spain; Baiano Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Campus Xique-Xique, 47400-000 Xique-Xique, Brazil.
| | - Marilza Neves do Nascimento
- Biological Sciences Department, State University of Feira de Santana, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Salvador Hernandéz-Navarro
- Agriculture and Forestry Engineering Department, Universidad de Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Castilla y Leon, Spain
| | - Norlan Miguel Ruiz Potosme
- Superior Polytechnic School, European University Miguel de Cervantes, 47012 Valladolid, Castilla y Leon, Spain
| | - Sivakumaran Karthikeyan
- Department of Physics, Dr. Ambedkar Government Arts College, 600039 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kumar R, Kumar S, Bulone V, Srivastava V. Biochemical Characterization and Molecular Insights into Substrate Recognition of Pectin Methylesterase from Phytophthora Infestans. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6023-6032. [PMID: 36382180 PMCID: PMC9647417 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are a class of carbohydrate-active enzymes that act on the O6-methyl ester groups of the homogalacturonan component of pectins, resulting in de-esterification of the substrate polymers and formation of pectate and methanol. PMEs occur in higher plants and microorganisms, including fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and archaea. Microbial PMEs play a crucial role in pathogens’ invasion of plant tissues. Here, we have determined the structural and functional properties of Pi-PME, a PME from the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans. This enzyme exhibits maximum activity at alkaline pH (8.5) and is active over a wide temperature range (25–50 °C). In silico determination of the structure of Pi-PME reveals that the protein consists essentially of three parallel β-sheets interconnected by loops that adopt an overall β-helix organization. The loop regions in the vicinity of the active site are extended compared to plant and fungal PMEs, but they are shorter than the corresponding bacterial and insect regions. Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that Pi-PME interacts most strongly with partially de-methylated homogalacturonans, suggesting that it preferentially uses this type of substrates. The results are compared and discussed with other known PMEs from different organisms, highlighting the specific features of Pi-PME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajender Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park Campus, Sturt Road, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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Chowdhury J, Kemppainen M, Delhomme N, Shutava I, Zhou J, Takahashi J, Pardo AG, Lundberg‐Felten J. Laccaria bicolor pectin methylesterases are involved in ectomycorrhiza development with Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:639-655. [PMID: 35794841 PMCID: PMC9796311 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses between soil fungi and tree roots requires modification of root cell walls. The pectin-mediated adhesion between adjacent root cells loosens to accommodate fungal hyphae in the Hartig net, facilitating nutrient exchange between partners. We investigated the role of fungal pectin modifying enzymes in Laccaria bicolor for ECM formation with Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides. We combine transcriptomics of cell-wall-related enzymes in both partners during ECM formation, immunolocalisation of pectin (Homogalacturonan, HG) epitopes in different methylesterification states, pectin methylesterase (PME) activity assays and functional analyses of transgenic L. bicolor to uncover pectin modification mechanisms and the requirement of fungal pectin methylesterases (LbPMEs) for ECM formation. Immunolocalisation identified remodelling of pectin towards de-esterified HG during ECM formation, which was accompanied by increased LbPME1 expression and PME activity. Overexpression or RNAi of the ECM-induced LbPME1 in transgenic L. bicolor lines led to reduced ECM formation. Hartig Nets formed with LbPME1 RNAi lines were shallower, whereas those formed with LbPME1 overexpressors were deeper. This suggests that LbPME1 plays a role in ECM formation potentially through HG de-esterification, which initiates loosening of adjacent root cells to facilitate Hartig net formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Chowdhury
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Basic and Applied MicrobiologyNational University of Quilmes (UNQ), and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
| | - Iryna Shutava
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterUmeå University90187UmeåSweden
| | - Junko Takahashi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
| | - Alejandro G. Pardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Mycology, Department of Science and Technology, Institute of Basic and Applied MicrobiologyNational University of Quilmes (UNQ), and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)B1876BXDBernalArgentina
| | - Judith Lundberg‐Felten
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science CenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden
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32
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Guzha A, McGee R, Scholz P, Hartken D, Lüdke D, Bauer K, Wenig M, Zienkiewicz K, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Vlot AC, Wiermer M, Haughn G, Ischebeck T. Cell wall-localized BETA-XYLOSIDASE4 contributes to immunity of Arabidopsis against Botrytis cinerea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1794-1813. [PMID: 35485198 PMCID: PMC9237713 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls constitute physical barriers that restrict access of microbial pathogens to the contents of plant cells. The primary cell wall of multicellular plants predominantly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, and its composition can change upon stress. BETA-XYLOSIDASE4 (BXL4) belongs to a seven-member gene family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), one of which encodes a protein (BXL1) involved in cell wall remodeling. We assayed the influence of BXL4 on plant immunity and investigated the subcellular localization and enzymatic activity of BXL4, making use of mutant and overexpression lines. BXL4 localized to the apoplast and was induced upon infection with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in a jasmonoyl isoleucine-dependent manner. The bxl4 mutants showed a reduced resistance to B. cinerea, while resistance was increased in conditional overexpression lines. Ectopic expression of BXL4 in Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells rescued a bxl1 mutant phenotype, suggesting that, like BXL1, BXL4 has both xylosidase and arabinosidase activity. We conclude that BXL4 is a xylosidase/arabinosidase that is secreted to the apoplast and its expression is upregulated under pathogen attack, contributing to immunity against B. cinerea, possibly by removal of arabinose and xylose side-chains of polysaccharides in the primary cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert McGee
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Denise Hartken
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen Germany
| | | | - Kornelia Bauer
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- UMK Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - George Haughn
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Liu J, Willick IR, Hiraki H, Forand AD, Lawrence JR, Swerhone GDW, Wei Y, Ghosh S, Lee YK, Olsen JE, Usadel B, Wormit A, Günl M, Karunakaran C, Dynes JJ, Tanino KK. Cold and exogenous calcium alter Allium fistulosum cell wall pectin to depress intracellular freezing temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3807-3822. [PMID: 35298622 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
De-methyl esterification of homogalacturonan and subsequent cross-linking with Ca2+ is hypothesized to enhance the freezing survival of cold acclimated plants by reducing the porosity of primary cell walls. To test this theory, we collected leaf epidermal peels from non- (23/18 °C) and cold acclimated (2 weeks at 12/4 °C) Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Cold acclimation enhanced the temperature at which half the cells survived freezing injury by 8 °C (LT50 =-20 °C), and reduced tissue permeability by 70-fold compared with non-acclimated epidermal cells. These effects were associated with greater activity of pectin methylesterase (PME) and a reduction in the methyl esterification of homogalacturonan. Non-acclimated plants treated with 50 mM CaCl2 accumulated higher concentrations of galacturonic acid, Ca2+ in the cell wall, and a lower number of visible cell wall pores compared with that observed in cold acclimated plants. Using cryo-microscopy, we observed that 50 mM CaCl2 treatment did not lower the LT50 of non-acclimated cells, but reduced the lethal intracellular ice nucleation to temperatures observed in cold acclimated epidermal cells. We postulate that the PME-homogalacturonan-mediated reduction in cell wall porosity is integral to intracellular freezing avoidance strategies in cold acclimated herbaceous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ian R Willick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hayato Hiraki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ariana D Forand
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John R Lawrence
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - George D W Swerhone
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Department of Food and Bioproducts Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yeon Kyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Björn Usadel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Aachen, Germany
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wormit
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Günl
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Karen K Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Khan MN, Ahmed I, Ud Din I, Noureldeen A, Darwish H, Khan M. Proteomic insight into soybean response to flooding stress reveals changes in energy metabolism and cell wall modifications. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264453. [PMID: 35511817 PMCID: PMC9070951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a legume crop enriched with proteins and oil. It is frequently exposed to anthropogenic and natural flooding that limits its growth and yield. Current study applied gel-free proteomic techniques to unravel soybean response mechanism to flooding stress. Two-days-old soybeans were flooded for 4 days continuously and root samples were collected at days 2 to 6 for proteomic and enzymatic analyses. Age-matched untreated soybeans were collected as control. After protein extraction, purification and tryptic digestion, the peptides were analyzed on nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 539 and 472 proteins with matched peptides 2 or more were identified in control and flooded seedlings, respectively. Among these 364 proteins were commonly identified in both control and flooded soybeans. Fourty-two protein's abundances were changed 4-fold after 2-days of flooding stress as compared to starting point. The cluster analysis showed that highly increased proteins included cupin family proteins, enolase, pectin methylesterase inhibitor, glyoxalase II, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldolase. The enzyme assay of enolase and pectin methylesterase inhibitor confirmed protein abundance changes. These findings suggest that soybean adopts the less energy consuming strategies and brings biochemical and structural changes in the cell wall to effectively respond to flooding stress and for the survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Nawaz Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmed
- Bio Resources Conservation Institute, National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Israr Ud Din
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Noureldeen
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeer Darwish
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Khan
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
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35
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Coculo D, Lionetti V. The Plant Invertase/Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Superfamily. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863892. [PMID: 35401607 PMCID: PMC8990755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Invertases (INVs) and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are essential enzymes coordinating carbohydrate metabolism, stress responses, and sugar signaling. INVs catalyzes the cleavage of sucrose into glucose and fructose, exerting a pivotal role in sucrose metabolism, cellulose biosynthesis, nitrogen uptake, reactive oxygen species scavenging as well as osmotic stress adaptation. PMEs exert a dynamic control of pectin methylesterification to manage cell adhesion, cell wall porosity, and elasticity, as well as perception and signaling of stresses. INV and PME activities can be regulated by specific proteinaceous inhibitors, named INV inhibitors (INVIs) and PME Inhibitors (PMEIs). Despite targeting different enzymes, INVIs and PMEIs belong to the same large protein family named "Plant Invertase/Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Superfamily." INVIs and PMEIs, while showing a low aa sequence identity, they share several structural properties. The two inhibitors showed mainly alpha-helices in their secondary structure and both form a non-covalent 1:1 complex with their enzymatic counterpart. Some PMEI members are organized in a gene cluster with specific PMEs. Although the most important physiological information was obtained in Arabidopsis thaliana, there are now several characterized INVI/PMEIs in different plant species. This review provides an integrated and updated overview of this fascinating superfamily, from the specific activity of characterized isoforms to their specific functions in plant physiology. We also highlight INVI/PMEIs as biotechnological tools to control different aspects of plant growth and defense. Some isoforms are discussed in view of their potential applications to improve industrial processes. A review of the nomenclature of some isoforms is carried out to eliminate confusion about the identity and the names of some INVI/PMEI member. Open questions, shortcoming, and opportunities for future research are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “C. Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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36
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Wilmowicz E, Kućko A, Alché JDD, Czeszewska-Rosiak G, Florkiewicz AB, Kapusta M, Karwaszewski J. Remodeling of Cell Wall Components in Root Nodules and Flower Abscission Zone under Drought in Yellow Lupine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031680. [PMID: 35163603 PMCID: PMC8836056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that yellow lupine is highly sensitive to soil water deficits since this stressor disrupts nodule structure and functioning, and at the same time triggers flower separation through abscission zone (AZ) activation in the upper part of the plant. Both processes require specific transformations including cell wall remodeling. However, knowledge about the involvement of particular cell wall elements in nodulation and abscission in agronomically important, nitrogen-fixing crops, especially under stressful conditions, is still scarce. Here, we used immuno-fluorescence techniques to visualize dynamic changes in cell wall compounds taking place in the root nodules and flower AZ of Lupinus luteus following drought. The reaction of nodules and the flower AZ to drought includes the upregulation of extensins, galactans, arabinans, xylogalacturonan, and xyloglucans. Additionally, modifications in the localization of high- and low-methylated homogalacturonans and arabinogalactan proteins were detected in nodules. Collectively, we determined for the first time the drought-associated modification of cell wall components responsible for their remodeling in root nodules and the flower AZ of L. luteus. The involvement of these particular molecules and their possible interaction in response to stress is also deeply discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(56)-611-44-61
| | - Agata Kućko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Juan De Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - Grażyna Czeszewska-Rosiak
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Bogumiła Florkiewicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 Street, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Karwaszewski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
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Mandalà G, Ceoloni C, Busato I, Favaron F, Tundo S. Transgene pyramiding in wheat: Combination of deoxynivalenol detoxification with inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes to contrast Fusarium Head Blight and Crown Rot. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111059. [PMID: 34763853 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and Crown Rot (FCR) are major diseases of wheat crops, causing extensive damages and mycotoxin contamination. In this work, we investigated the possibility to improve resistance to either or both diseases by combining different resistance mechanisms. To this aim, we stacked in the same wheat genotype transgenes controlling the DON-to-D3G conversion by specific UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGT) and the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) by glycosidase inhibitors. We obtained: i) a durum wheat UGT+PMEI double-transgenic line constitutively expressing the HvUGT13248 and AcPMEI genes, coding for a barley UGT and a kiwi pectin methylesterase inhibitor, respectively; ii) a bread wheat UGT+PGIP line, expressing in floral tissues the HvUGT13248 gene and constitutively the PvPGIP2 gene, coding for a bean polygalacturonase inhibiting protein. We observed that both UGT+PMEI and UGT+PGIP plants exhibited increased resistance against Fusarium graminearum in FHB, further reducing by 10-20 % FHB symptoms as compared to the lines carrying the individual transgenes, and of up to 50 % as compared to wild-type plants. On the other hand, double-transgenic UGT+PMEI seedlings exhibited similar FCR symptoms as the UGT single transgenic line after infection with F. culmorum, indicating no contribution of the PMEI transgene to FCR resistance. This result is also supported by the inability of AcPMEI or PvPGIP2, constitutively expressed in durum wheat transgenic lines, to counteract F. graminearum in FCR. We also verified that F. graminearum produces PG and PME activity on infected wheat crown. We conclude that CWDEs inhibition combined with UGT-based DON detoxification contribute in an additive manner to limiting F. graminearum in FHB. Conversely, UGT-based DON detoxification is the only mechanism contributing to resistance observed against FCR. Indeed, the reinforcement of pectin does not enhance resistance against FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mandalà
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Carla Ceoloni
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Isabella Busato
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TeSAF), University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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Potential Roles of Modified Pectin Targeting Galectin-3 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. J 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/j4040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified pectin (MP) is a bioactive complex polysaccharide that is broken down into smaller fragments of units and used as an oral dietary supplement for cell proliferation. MP is safe and non-toxic with promising therapeutic properties with regard to targeting galectin-3 (GAL-3) toward the prevention and inhibition of viral infections through the modulation of the immune response and anti-inflammatory cytokine effects. This effect of MP as a GAL-3 antagonism, which has shown benefits in preclinical and clinical models, may be of relevance to the progression of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The outbreak of emerging infectious diseases continues to pose a threat to human health. Further to the circulation of multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, an effective and alternative therapeutic approach to combat it has become pertinent. The use of MP as a GAL-3 inhibitor could serve as an antiviral agent blocking against the SARS-CoV-2-binding spike protein. This review highlights the potential effects of MP in viral infections, its proposed role as a GAL-3 inhibitor, and the associated function concerning a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Coexpression of Fungal Cell Wall-Modifying Enzymes Reveals Their Additive Impact on Arabidopsis Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101070. [PMID: 34681168 PMCID: PMC8533531 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present study, we created transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing two fungal acetylesterases and a fungal feruloylesterase that acts on cell wall polysaccharides and studied their possible complementary additive effects on host defense reactions against the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. Our results showed that the Arabidopsis plants overexpressing two acetylesterases together contributed significantly higher resistance to B. cinerea in comparison with single protein expression. Conversely, coexpression of either of the acetyl esterases together with feruloylesterase compensates the latter’s negative impact on plant resistance. The results also provided evidence that combinatorial coexpression of some cell wall polysaccharide-modifying enzymes might exert an additive effect on plant immune response by constitutively priming plant defense pathways even before pathogen invasion. These findings have potential uses in protecting valuable crops against pathogens. Abstract The plant cell wall (CW) is an outer cell skeleton that plays an important role in plant growth and protection against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Signals and molecules produced during host–pathogen interactions have been proven to be involved in plant stress responses initiating signal pathways. Based on our previous research findings, the present study explored the possibility of additively or synergistically increasing plant stress resistance by stacking beneficial genes. In order to prove our hypothesis, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively overexpressing three different Aspergillus nidulans CW-modifying enzymes: a xylan acetylesterase, a rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase and a feruloylesterase. The two acetylesterases were expressed either together or in combination with the feruloylesterase to study the effect of CW polysaccharide deacetylation and deferuloylation on Arabidopsis defense reactions against a fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing two acetylesterases together showed higher CW deacetylation and increased resistance to B. cinerea in comparison to wild-type (WT) Col-0 and plants expressing single acetylesterases. While the expression of feruloylesterase alone compromised plant resistance, coexpression of feruloylesterase together with either one of the two acetylesterases restored plant resistance to the pathogen. These CW modifications induced several defense-related genes in uninfected healthy plants, confirming their impact on plant resistance. These results demonstrated that coexpression of complementary CW-modifying enzymes in different combinations have an additive effect on plant stress response by constitutively priming the plant defense pathways. These findings might be useful for generating valuable crops with higher protections against biotic stresses.
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Amplification, sequencing and characterization of pectin methyl esterase inhibitor 51 gene in Tectona grandis L.f. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5451-5460. [PMID: 34588855 PMCID: PMC8459126 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tectona grandis L.f. (Teak), a very important source of incomparable timber, withstands a wide range of tropical deciduous conditions. We achieved partial amplification of pectin methylesterase inhibitor 51 (PMEI) gene in teak by E. pilularis cinnamoyl Co-A reductase (CCR) gene specific primer. The amplified teak gene was of 750 bp, 79% identity and 97% query cover with PMEI of Sesamum indicum. The phylogenetic tree clustered the amplified gene with PMEI of database plant species, Erythranthe guttata and Sesamum indicum (87% bootstrap value). On conversion to amino acid sequence, the obtained protein comprised 237 amino acids. However, PMEI region spanned from 24 to 171 amino acids, 15.94 kDa molecular weight, 8.97 pI value and C697H1117N199O211S9 molecular formula with four conserved cysteine residues as disulfide bridges. 25.9 % protein residues were hydrophilic, 42.7% hydrophobic and 31.2% neutral. Teak 3D PMEI protein structure corresponded well with Arabidopsis thaliana and Actinidia deliciosa PMEIs. The gene maintains integrity of pectin component of middle lamella of primary cell wall and confers tolerance against various kinds of stresses. Teak conferred with overexpression of PMEI may secure a wide adaptability as well as luxuriant timber productivity and quality in adverse/ fluctuating/ scarce climatic and environmental conditions of tropical forests.
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Shin Y, Chane A, Jung M, Lee Y. Recent Advances in Understanding the Roles of Pectin as an Active Participant in Plant Signaling Networks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1712. [PMID: 34451757 PMCID: PMC8399534 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is an abundant cell wall polysaccharide with essential roles in various biological processes. The structural diversity of pectins, along with the numerous combinations of the enzymes responsible for pectin biosynthesis and modification, plays key roles in ensuring the specificity and plasticity of cell wall remodeling in different cell types and under different environmental conditions. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding various aspects of pectin, from its biosynthetic and modification processes to its biological roles in different cell types. In particular, we describe recent findings that cell wall modifications serve not only as final outputs of internally determined pathways, but also as key components of intercellular communication, with pectin as a major contributor to this process. The comprehensive view of the diverse roles of pectin presented here provides an important basis for understanding how cell wall-enclosed plant cells develop, differentiate, and interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Shin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Andrea Chane
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Minjung Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Yuree Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (Y.S.); (A.C.); (M.J.)
- Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Wan J, He M, Hou Q, Zou L, Yang Y, Wei Y, Chen X. Cell wall associated immunity in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:3. [PMID: 37676546 PMCID: PMC10429498 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent infection by pathogens. In this review, we summarize advances on relationship between cell wall and immunity in plants. In particular, we outline current progresses regarding the regulation of the cell wall components, including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin, on plant disease resistance. We also discuss the impacts of cell wall-derived cellodextrin, oligogalacturonic acid and xyloglucan/xylan oligosaccharides as potent elicitors or signal molecules to trigger plant immune response. We further propose future studies on dissecting the molecular regulation of cell wall on plant immunity, which have potentials in practical application of crop breeding aiming at improvement of plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxue Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, 621000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Witoń D, Sujkowska-Rybkowska M, Dąbrowska-Bronk J, Czarnocka W, Bernacki M, Szechyńska-Hebda M, Karpiński S. MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 impacts leaf development, temperature, and stomatal movement in hybrid aspen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:2190-2204. [PMID: 34010410 PMCID: PMC8331162 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement and density influence plant water use efficiency and thus biomass production. Studies in model plants within controlled environments suggest MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 (MPK4) may be crucial for stomatal regulation. We present functional analysis of MPK4 for hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) grown under natural field conditions for several seasons. We provide evidence of the role of MPK4 in the genetic and environmental regulation of stomatal formation, differentiation, signaling, and function; control of the photosynthetic and thermal status of leaves; and growth and acclimation responses. The long-term acclimation manifested as variations in stomatal density and distribution. Short-term acclimation responses were derived from changes in the stomatal aperture. MPK4 localized in the cytoplasm of guard cells (GCs) was a positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent stomatal closure and nitric oxide metabolism in the ABA-dependent pathways, while to a lesser extent, it was involved in ABA-induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation. MPK4 also affected the stomatal aperture through deregulation of microtubule patterns and cell wall structure and composition, including via pectin methyl-esterification, and extensin levels in the GC wall. Deregulation of leaf anatomy (cell compaction) and stomatal movement, together with increased light energy absorption, resulted in altered leaf temperature, photosynthesis, cell death, and biomass accumulation in mpk4 transgenic plants. Divergence between absorbed energy and assimilated energy is a bottleneck, and MPK4 can participate in the control of energy dissipation (thermal effects). Furthermore, MPK4 can participate in balancing the photosynthetic energy distribution via its effective use in growth or redirection to acclimation/defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02776, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Dąbrowska-Bronk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02776, Poland
| | - Weronika Czarnocka
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02776, Poland
| | - Maciej Bernacki
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Raszyn 05090, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow 30239, Poland
- The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Błonie 05870, Poland
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw 02776, Poland
- Author for communication:
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Stefanowicz K, Szymanska-Chargot M, Truman W, Walerowski P, Olszak M, Augustyniak A, Kosmala A, Zdunek A, Malinowski R. Plasmodiophora brassicae-Triggered Cell Enlargement and Loss of Cellular Integrity in Root Systems Are Mediated by Pectin Demethylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:711838. [PMID: 34394168 PMCID: PMC8359924 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.711838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gall formation on the belowground parts of plants infected with Plasmodiophora brassicae is the result of extensive host cellular reprogramming. The development of these structures is a consequence of increased cell proliferation followed by massive enlargement of cells colonized with the pathogen. Drastic changes in cellular growth patterns create local deformities in the roots and hypocotyl giving rise to mechanical tensions within the tissue of these organs. Host cell wall extensibility and recomposition accompany the growth of the gall and influence pathogen spread and also pathogen life cycle progression. Demethylation of pectin within the extracellular matrix may play an important role in P. brassicae-driven hypertrophy of host underground organs. Through proteomic analysis of the cell wall, we identified proteins accumulating in the galls developing on the underground parts of Arabidopsis thaliana plants infected with P. brassicae. One of the key proteins identified was the pectin methylesterase (PME18); we further characterized its expression and conducted functional and anatomic studies in the knockout mutant and used Raman spectroscopy to study the status of pectin in P. brassicae-infected galls. We found that late stages of gall formation are accompanied with increased levels of PME18. We have also shown that the massive enlargement of cells colonized with P. brassicae coincides with decreases in pectin methylation. In pme18-2 knockout mutants, P. brassicae could still induce demethylation; however, the galls in this line were smaller and cellular expansion was less pronounced. Alteration in pectin demethylation in the host resulted in changes in pathogen distribution and slowed down disease progression. To conclude, P. brassicae-driven host organ hypertrophy observed during clubroot disease is accompanied by pectin demethylation in the extracellular matrix. The pathogen hijacks endogenous host mechanisms involved in cell wall loosening to create an optimal cellular environment for completion of its life cycle and eventual release of resting spores facilitated by degradation of demethylated pectin polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Truman
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Walerowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Olszak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Augustyniak
- Centre for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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De la Rubia AG, Mélida H, Centeno ML, Encina A, García-Angulo P. Immune Priming Triggers Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Resistance to Halo Blight Disease in Common Bean. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081514. [PMID: 34451558 PMCID: PMC8401974 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacity of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). In the first instance we confirmed that INA-pretreated plants were more resistant to Pph, which was in line with the enhanced production of H2O2 of the primed plants after elicitation with the peptide flg22. Thereafter, CWs from plants subjected to the different treatments (non- or Pph-inoculated on non- or INA-pretreated plants) were isolated to study their composition and properties. As a result, the Pph inoculation modified the bean CW to some extent, mostly the pectic component, but the CW was as vulnerable to enzymatic hydrolysis as in the case of non-inoculated plants. By contrast, the INA priming triggered a pronounced CW remodeling, both on the cellulosic and non-cellulosic polysaccharides, and CW proteins, which resulted in a CW that was more resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. In conclusion, the increased bean resistance against Pph produced by INA priming can be explained, at least partially, by a drastic CW remodeling.
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Zamora-Ballesteros C, Pinto G, Amaral J, Valledor L, Alves A, Diez JJ, Martín-García J. Dual RNA-Sequencing Analysis of Resistant ( Pinus pinea) and Susceptible ( Pinus radiata) Hosts during Fusarium circinatum Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5231. [PMID: 34063405 PMCID: PMC8156185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium circinatum causes one of the most important diseases of conifers worldwide, the pine pitch canker (PPC). However, no effective field intervention measures aiming to control or eradicate PPC are available. Due to the variation in host genetic resistance, the development of resistant varieties is postulated as a viable and promising strategy. By using an integrated approach, this study aimed to identify differences in the molecular responses and physiological traits of the highly susceptible Pinus radiata and the highly resistant Pinus pinea to F. circinatum at an early stage of infection. Dual RNA-Seq analysis also allowed to evaluate pathogen behavior when infecting each pine species. No significant changes in the physiological analysis were found upon pathogen infection, although transcriptional reprogramming was observed mainly in the resistant species. The transcriptome profiling of P. pinea revealed an early perception of the pathogen infection together with a strong and coordinated defense activation through the reinforcement and lignification of the cell wall, the antioxidant activity, the induction of PR genes, and the biosynthesis of defense hormones. On the contrary, P. radiata had a weaker response, possibly due to impaired perception of the fungal infection that led to a reduced downstream defense signaling. Fusarium circinatum showed a different transcriptomic profile depending on the pine species being infected. While in P. pinea, the pathogen focused on the degradation of plant cell walls, active uptake of the plant nutrients was showed in P. radiata. These findings present useful knowledge for the development of breeding programs to manage PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zamora-Ballesteros
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Pinto
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Joana Amaral
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Luis Valledor
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Artur Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Julio J. Diez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Martín-García
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
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Zhu X, Tang C, Li Q, Qiao X, Li X, Cai Y, Wang P, Sun Y, Zhang H, Zhang S, Wu J. Characterization of the pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene family in Rosaceae and role of PbrPMEI23/39/41 in methylesterified pectin distribution in pear pollen tube. PLANTA 2021; 253:118. [PMID: 33961146 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase inhibitor gene family in the seven Rosaceae species (including three pear cultivars) is characterized and three pectin methylesterase inhibitor genes are identified to regulate pollen tube growth in pear. Pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI) participates in a variety of biological processes in plants. However, the information and function of PMEI genes in Rosaceae are largely unknown. In this study, a total of 423 PMEI genes are identified in the genomes of seven Rosaceae species. The PMEI genes in pear are categorized into five subfamilies based on structural analysis and evolutionary analysis. WGD and TD are the main duplication events in the PMEI gene family of pear. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicates that PbrPMEI23, PbrPMEI39, and PbrPMEI41 are increasingly expressed during pear pollen tube growth. Under the treatment of recombinant proteins PbrPMEI23, PbrPMEI39 or PbrPMEI41, the content of methylesterified pectin at the region 5-20 μm from the pollen tube tip significantly increases, and the growth of pear pollen tubes is promoted. These results indicate that PMEI regulates the growth of pollen tubes by changing the distribution of methylesterified pectin in the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qionghou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yilin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, 201699, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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48
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Chen LH, Kračun SK, Nissen KS, Mravec J, Jørgensen B, Labavitch J, Stergiopoulos I. A diverse member of the fungal Avr4 effector family interacts with de-esterified pectin in plant cell walls to disrupt their integrity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabe0809. [PMID: 33962956 PMCID: PMC8104879 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted proteins that promote pathogen virulence. Although key to microbial infections, unlocking the intrinsic function of effectors remains a challenge. We have previously shown that members of the fungal Avr4 effector family use a carbohydrate-binding module of family 14 (CBM14) to bind chitin in fungal cell walls and protect them from host chitinases during infection. Here, we show that gene duplication in the Avr4 family produced an Avr4-2 paralog with a previously unknown effector function. Specifically, we functionally characterize PfAvr4-2, a paralog of PfAvr4 in the tomato pathogen Pseudocercospora fuligena, and show that although it contains a CBM14 domain, it does not bind chitin or protect fungi against chitinases. Instead, PfAvr4-2 interacts with highly de-esterified pectin in the plant's middle lamellae or primary cell walls and interferes with Ca2+-mediated cross-linking at cell-cell junction zones, thus loosening the plant cell wall structure and synergizing the activity of pathogen secreted endo-polygalacturonases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hung Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Stjepan K Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Karen S Nissen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John Labavitch
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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49
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Zou X, Du M, Liu Y, Wu L, Xu L, Long Q, Peng A, He Y, Andrade M, Chen S. CsLOB1 regulates susceptibility to citrus canker through promoting cell proliferation in citrus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1039-1057. [PMID: 33754403 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Citrus sinensis lateral organ boundary 1 (CsLOB1) was previously identified as a critical disease susceptibility gene for citrus bacterial canker, which is caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). However, the molecular mechanisms of CsLOB1 in citrus response to Xcc are still elusive. Here, we constructed transgenic plants overexpressing and RNAi-silencing of CsLOB1 using the canker-disease susceptible 'wanjincheng' orange (C. sinensis Osbeck) as explants. CsLOB1-overexpressing plants exhibited dwarf phenotypes with smaller and thicker leaf, increased branches and adventitious buds clustered on stems. These phenotypes were followed by a process of pustule- and canker-like development that exhibited enhanced cell proliferation. Pectin depolymerization and expansin accumulation were enhanced by CsLOB1 overexpression, while cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis were increased by CsLOB1 silence. Whilst overexpression of CsLOB1 increased susceptibility, RNAi-silencing of CsLOB1 enhanced resistance to canker disease without impairing pathogen entry. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CsLOB1 positively regulated cell wall degradation and modification processes, cytokinin metabolism, and cell division. Additionally, 565 CsLOB1-targeted genes were identified in chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) experiments. Motif discovery analysis revealed that the most highly overrepresented binding sites had a conserved 6-bp 'GCGGCG' consensus DNA motif. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data suggested that CsLOB1 directly activates the expression of four genes involved in cell wall remodeling, and three genes that participate in cytokinin and brassinosteroid hormone pathways. Our findings indicate that CsLOB1 promotes cell proliferation by mechanisms depending on cell wall remodeling and phytohormone signaling, which may be critical to citrus canker development and bacterial growth in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Zou
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
| | - Meixia Du
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
| | - Yunuo Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wu
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
| | - Lanzhen Xu
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
| | - Qin Long
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
| | - Aihong Peng
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
| | - Yongrui He
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
| | - Maxuel Andrade
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Shanchun Chen
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, P. R. China
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50
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Liu J, Zhang W, Long S, Zhao C. Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity under High Salinity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3260. [PMID: 33806816 PMCID: PMC8004791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis is a complex biological process in plants. In the rapidly growing cells or in the plants that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, the compositions and the structure of cell wall can be dynamically changed. To constantly monitor cell wall status, plants have evolved cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance system, which allows rapid cell growth and improved adaptation of plants to adverse environmental conditions without the perturbation of cell wall organization. Salt stress is one of the abiotic stresses that can severely disrupt CWI, and studies have shown that the ability of plants to sense and maintain CWI is important for salt tolerance. In this review, we highlight the roles of CWI in salt tolerance and the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of CWI under salt stress. The unsolved questions regarding the association between the CWI and salt tolerance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujie Long
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
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