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Aguilar GR, Vidal B, Ji H, Evenblij J, Ji H, Valperga G, Liao CP, Fang-Yen C, Hobert O. Functional analysis of conserved C. elegans bHLH family members uncovers lifespan control by a peptidergic hub neuron. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.12.603289. [PMID: 39071424 PMCID: PMC11275782 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.12.603289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom, several members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family act as proneural genes during early steps of nervous system development. Roles of bHLH genes in specifying terminal differentiation of postmitotic neurons have been less extensively studied. We analyze here the function of five C. elegans bHLH genes, falling into three phylogenetically conserved subfamilies, which are continuously expressed in a very small number of postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system. We show (a) that two orthologs of the vertebrate bHLHb4/b5 genes, called hlh-17 and hlh-32, function redundantly to specify the identity of a single head interneuron (AUA), as well as an individual motor neuron (VB2), (b) that the PTF1a ortholog hlh-13 acts as a terminal selector to control terminal differentiation and function of the sole octopaminergic neuron class in C. elegans, RIC, and (c) that the NHLH1/2 ortholog hlh-15 controls terminal differentiation and function of the peptidergic AVK head interneuron class, a known neuropeptidergic signaling hub in the animal. Strikingly, through null mutant analysis and cell-specific rescue experiments, we find that loss of hlh-15/NHLH in the peptidergic AVK neurons and the resulting abrogation of neuropeptide secretion causes a substantially expanded lifespan of the animal, revealing an unanticipated impact of a central, peptidergic hub neuron in regulating lifespan, which we propose to be akin to hypothalamic control of lifespan in vertebrates. Taken together, our functional analysis reveals themes of bHLH gene function during terminal differentiation that are complementary to the earlier lineage specification roles of other bHLH family members. However, such late functions are much more sparsely employed by members of the bHLH transcription factor family, compared to the function of the much more broadly employed homeodomain transcription factor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Robert Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Berta Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Hongzhu Ji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Joke Evenblij
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hongfei Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Giulio Valperga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Chien-Po Liao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Oliver Hobert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY
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2
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Di Bella DJ, Domínguez-Iturza N, Brown JR, Arlotta P. Making Ramón y Cajal proud: Development of cell identity and diversity in the cerebral cortex. Neuron 2024; 112:2091-2111. [PMID: 38754415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the beautiful images of Santiago Ramón y Cajal provided a first glimpse into the immense diversity and complexity of cell types found in the cerebral cortex, neuroscience has been challenged and inspired to understand how these diverse cells are generated and how they interact with each other to orchestrate the development of this remarkable tissue. Some fundamental questions drive the field's quest to understand cortical development: what are the mechanistic principles that govern the emergence of neuronal diversity? How do extrinsic and intrinsic signals integrate with physical forces and activity to shape cell identity? How do the diverse populations of neurons and glia influence each other during development to guarantee proper integration and function? The advent of powerful new technologies to profile and perturb cortical development at unprecedented resolution and across a variety of modalities has offered a new opportunity to integrate past knowledge with brand new data. Here, we review some of this progress using cortical excitatory projection neurons as a system to draw out general principles of cell diversification and the role of cell-cell interactions during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J Di Bella
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Nuria Domínguez-Iturza
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Juliana R Brown
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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3
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Li X, Hao S, Zou S, Tu X, Kong W, Jiang T, Chen JG. Cortex-restricted deletion of Foxp1 impairs barrel formation and induces aberrant tactile responses in a mouse model of autism. Mol Autism 2023; 14:34. [PMID: 37691105 PMCID: PMC10494400 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children and young people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display touch defensiveness or avoidance (hypersensitivity), or engage in sensory seeking by touching people or objects (hyposensitivity). Abnormal sensory responses have also been noticed in mice lacking ASD-associated genes. Tactile sensory information is normally processed by the somatosensory system that travels along the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex. The neurobiology behind tactile sensory abnormalities, however, is not fully understood. METHODS We employed cortex-specific Foxp1 knockout (Foxp1-cKO) mice as a model of autism in this study. Tactile sensory deficits were measured by the adhesive removal test. The mice's behavior and neural activity were further evaluated by the whisker nuisance test and c-Fos immunofluorescence, respectively. We also studied the dendritic spines and barrel formation in the primary somatosensory cortex by Golgi staining and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Foxp1-cKO mice had a deferred response to the tactile environment. However, the mice exhibited avoidance behavior and hyper-reaction following repeated whisker stimulation, similar to a fight-or-flight response. In contrast to the wild-type, c-Fos was activated in the basolateral amygdala but not in layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex of the cKO mice. Moreover, Foxp1 deficiency in cortical neurons altered the dendrite development, reduced the number of dendritic spines, and disrupted barrel formation in the somatosensory cortex, suggesting impaired somatosensory processing may underlie the aberrant tactile responses. LIMITATIONS It is still unclear how the defective thalamocortical connection gives rise to the hyper-reactive response. Future experiments with electrophysiological recording are needed to analyze the role of thalamo-cortical-amygdala circuits in the disinhibiting amygdala and enhanced fearful responses in the mouse model of autism. CONCLUSIONS Foxp1-cKO mice have tactile sensory deficits while exhibit hyper-reactivity, which may represent fearful and emotional responses controlled by the amygdala. This study presents anatomical evidence for reduced thalamocortical connectivity in a genetic mouse model of ASD and demonstrates that the cerebral cortex can be the origin of atypical sensory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Shishuai Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, 317500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Galazo MJ, Sweetser DA, Macklis JD. Tle4 controls both developmental acquisition and early post-natal maturation of corticothalamic projection neuron identity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112957. [PMID: 37561632 PMCID: PMC10542749 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Identities of distinct neuron subtypes are specified during embryonic development, then maintained during post-natal maturation. In cerebral cortex, mechanisms controlling early acquisition of neuron-subtype identities have become increasingly understood. However, mechanisms controlling neuron-subtype identity stability during post-natal maturation are largely unexplored. We identify that Tle4 is required for both early acquisition and post-natal stability of corticothalamic neuron-subtype identity. Embryonically, Tle4 promotes acquisition of corticothalamic identity and blocks emergence of core characteristics of subcerebral/corticospinal projection neuron identity, including gene expression and connectivity. During the first post-natal week, when corticothalamic innervation is ongoing, Tle4 is required to stabilize corticothalamic neuron identity, limiting interference from differentiation programs of developmentally related neuron classes. We identify a deacetylation-based epigenetic mechanism by which TLE4 controls Fezf2 expression level by corticothalamic neurons. This contributes to distinction of cortical output subtypes and ensures identity stability for appropriate maturation of corticothalamic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Galazo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David A Sweetser
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Medical Genetics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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5
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Song JHT, Ruven C, Patel P, Ding F, Macklis JD, Sahni V. Cbln1 Directs Axon Targeting by Corticospinal Neurons Specifically toward Thoraco-Lumbar Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1871-1887. [PMID: 36823038 PMCID: PMC10027075 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0710-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticospinal neurons (CSN) are centrally required for skilled voluntary movement, which necessitates that they establish precise subcerebral connectivity with the brainstem and spinal cord. However, molecular controls regulating specificity of this projection targeting remain largely unknown. We previously identified that developing CSN subpopulations exhibit striking axon targeting specificity in the spinal white matter. These CSN subpopulations with segmentally distinct spinal projections are also molecularly distinct; a subset of differentially expressed genes between these distinct CSN subpopulations regulate differential axon projection targeting. Rostrolateral CSN extend axons exclusively to bulbar-cervical segments (CSNBC-lat), while caudomedial CSN (CSNmedial) are more heterogeneous, with distinct, intermingled subpopulations extending axons to either bulbar-cervical or thoraco-lumbar segments. Here, we report, in male and female mice, that Cerebellin 1 (Cbln1) is expressed specifically by CSN in medial, but not lateral, sensorimotor cortex. Cbln1 shows highly dynamic temporal expression, with Cbln1 levels in CSN highest during the period of peak axon extension toward thoraco-lumbar segments. Using gain-of-function experiments, we identify that Cbln1 is sufficient to direct thoraco-lumbar axon extension by CSN. Misexpression of Cbln1 in CSNBC-lat either by in utero electroporation, or by postmitotic AAV-mediated gene delivery, redirects these axons past their normal bulbar-cervical targets toward thoracic segments. Further, Cbln1 overexpression in postmitotic CSNBC-lat increases the number of CSNmedial axons that extend past cervical segments into the thoracic cord. Collectively, these results identify that Cbln1 functions as a potent molecular control over thoraco-lumbar CSN axon extension, part of an integrated network of controls over segmentally-specific CSN axon projection targeting.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Corticospinal neurons (CSN) exhibit remarkable diversity and precision of axonal projections to targets in the brainstem and distinct spinal segments; the molecular basis for this targeting diversity is largely unknown. CSN subpopulations projecting to distinct targets are also molecularly distinguishable. Distinct subpopulations degenerate in specific motor neuron diseases, further suggesting that intrinsic molecular differences might underlie differential vulnerability to disease. Here, we identify a novel molecular control, Cbln1, expressed by CSN extending axons to thoraco-lumbar spinal segments. Cbln1 is sufficient, but not required, for CSN axon extension toward distal spinal segments, and Cbln1 expression is controlled by recently identified, CSN-intrinsic regulators of axon extension. Our results identify that Cbln1, together with other regulators, coordinates segmentally precise CSN axon targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet H T Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Carolin Ruven
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Payal Patel
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Frances Ding
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
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6
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Ramirez M, Badayeva Y, Yeung J, Wu J, Abdalla-Wyse A, Yang E, Trost B, Scherer SW, Goldowitz D. Temporal analysis of enhancers during mouse cerebellar development reveals dynamic and novel regulatory functions. eLife 2022; 11:74207. [PMID: 35942939 PMCID: PMC9398453 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified active enhancers in the mouse cerebellum at embryonic and postnatal stages which provides a view of novel enhancers active during cerebellar development. The majority of cerebellar enhancers have dynamic activity between embryonic and postnatal development. Cerebellar enhancers were enriched for neural transcription factor binding sites with temporally specific expression. Putative gene targets displayed spatially restricted expression patterns, indicating cell-type specific expression regulation. Functional analysis of target genes indicated that enhancers regulate processes spanning several developmental epochs such as specification, differentiation and maturation. We use these analyses to discover one novel regulator and one novel marker of cerebellar development: Bhlhe22 and Pax3, respectively. We identified an enrichment of de novo mutations and variants associated with autism spectrum disorder in cerebellar enhancers. Furthermore, by comparing our data with relevant brain development ENCODE histone profiles and cerebellar single-cell datasets we have been able to generalize and expand on the presented analyses, respectively. We have made the results of our analyses available online in the Developing Mouse Cerebellum Enhancer Atlas (https://goldowitzlab.shinyapps.io/developing_mouse_cerebellum_enhancer_atlas/), where our dataset can be efficiently queried, curated and exported by the scientific community to facilitate future research efforts. Our study provides a valuable resource for studying the dynamics of gene expression regulation by enhancers in the developing cerebellum and delivers a rich dataset of novel gene-enhancer associations providing a basis for future in-depth studies in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ramirez
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yuliya Badayeva
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joshua Wu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayasha Abdalla-Wyse
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Erin Yang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brett Trost
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Goldowitz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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7
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Nano PR, Bhaduri A. Evaluation of advances in cortical development using model systems. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:408-427. [PMID: 35644985 PMCID: PMC10924780 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared with that of even the closest primates, the human cortex displays a high degree of specialization and expansion that largely emerges developmentally. Although decades of research in the mouse and other model systems has revealed core tenets of cortical development that are well preserved across mammalian species, small deviations in transcription factor expression, novel cell types in primates and/or humans, and unique cortical architecture distinguish the human cortex. Importantly, many of the genes and signaling pathways thought to drive human-specific cortical expansion also leave the brain vulnerable to disease, as the misregulation of these factors is highly correlated with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, creating a comprehensive understanding of human-specific cognition and disease remains challenging. Here, we review key stages of cortical development and highlight known or possible differences between model systems and the developing human brain. By identifying the developmental trajectories that may facilitate uniquely human traits, we highlight open questions in need of approaches to examine these processes in a human context and reveal translatable insights into human developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Nano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Jin Y, Gao X, Lu M, Chen G, Yang X, Ren N, Song Y, Hou C, Li J, Liu Q, Gao J. Loss of BAF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling ATPase Brg1 causes multiple malformations of cortical development in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3504-3520. [PMID: 35666215 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding subunits of the BAF (BRG1/BRM-associated factor) complex cause various neurodevelopmental diseases. However, the underlying pathophysiology remains largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the function of Brg1, a core ATPase of BAF complexes, in the developing cerebral cortex. Loss of Brg1 causes several morphological defects resembling human malformations of cortical development (MCDs), including microcephaly, cortical dysplasia, cobblestone lissencephaly, and periventricular heterotopia. We demonstrated that neural progenitor cell (NPC) renewal, neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, apoptotic cell death, pial basement membrane, and apical junctional complexes, which are associated with MCD formation, were impaired after Brg1 deletion. Furthermore, transcriptome profiling indicated that a large number of genes were deregulated. The deregulated genes were closely related to MCD formation, and most of these genes were bound by Brg1. Cumulatively, our study indicates an essential role of Brg1 in cortical development and provides a new possible pathogenesis underlying Brg1-based BAF complex-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Jin
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Miaoqing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Ge Chen
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Naixia Ren
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yuning Song
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Congzhe Hou
- Department of Reproductive medicine, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Jiangxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Laboratory Animal Science, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
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9
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Harb K, Richter M, Neelagandan N, Magrinelli E, Harfoush H, Kuechler K, Henis M, Hermanns-Borgmeyer I, Calderon de Anda F, Duncan K. Pum2 and TDP-43 refine area-specific cytoarchitecture post-mitotically and modulate translation of Sox5, Bcl11b, and Rorb mRNAs in developing mouse neocortex. eLife 2022; 11:55199. [PMID: 35262486 PMCID: PMC8906809 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neocortex, functionally distinct areas process specific types of information. Area identity is established by morphogens and transcriptional master regulators, but downstream mechanisms driving area-specific neuronal specification remain unclear. Here, we reveal a role for RNA-binding proteins in defining area-specific cytoarchitecture. Mice lacking Pum2 or overexpressing human TDP-43 show apparent ‘motorization’ of layers IV and V of primary somatosensory cortex (S1), characterized by dramatic expansion of cells co-expressing Sox5 and Bcl11b/Ctip2, a hallmark of subcerebral projection neurons, at the expense of cells expressing the layer IV neuronal marker Rorβ. Moreover, retrograde labeling experiments with cholera toxin B in Pum2; Emx1-Cre and TDP43A315T mice revealed a corresponding increase in subcerebral connectivity of these neurons in S1. Intriguingly, other key features of somatosensory area identity are largely preserved, suggesting that Pum2 and TDP-43 may function in a downstream program, rather than controlling area identity per se. Transfection of primary neurons and in utero electroporation (IUE) suggest cell-autonomous and post-mitotic modulation of Sox5, Bcl11b/Ctip2, and Rorβ levels. Mechanistically, we find that Pum2 and TDP-43 directly interact with and affect the translation of mRNAs encoding Sox5, Bcl11b/Ctip2, and Rorβ. In contrast, effects on the levels of these mRNAs were not detectable in qRT-PCR or single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization assays, and we also did not detect effects on their splicing or polyadenylation patterns. Our results support the notion that post-transcriptional regulatory programs involving translational regulation and mediated by Pum2 and TDP-43 contribute to elaboration of area-specific neuronal identity and connectivity in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawssar Harb
- Neuronal Translational Control Group, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Richter
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nagammal Neelagandan
- Neuronal Translational Control Group, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elia Magrinelli
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hend Harfoush
- Neuronal Translational Control Group, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Kuechler
- Neuronal Translational Control Group, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melad Henis
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Irm Hermanns-Borgmeyer
- Transgenic Service Group, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Froylan Calderon de Anda
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kent Duncan
- Neuronal Translational Control Group, Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Tocco C, Bertacchi M, Studer M. Structural and Functional Aspects of the Neurodevelopmental Gene NR2F1: From Animal Models to Human Pathology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767965. [PMID: 34975398 PMCID: PMC8715095 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly and maturation of the mammalian brain result from an intricate cascade of highly coordinated developmental events, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Any impairment of this delicate multi-factorial process can lead to complex neurodevelopmental diseases, sharing common pathogenic mechanisms and molecular pathways resulting in multiple clinical signs. A recently described monogenic neurodevelopmental syndrome named Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf Optic Atrophy Syndrome (BBSOAS) is caused by NR2F1 haploinsufficiency. The NR2F1 gene, coding for a transcriptional regulator belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, is known to play key roles in several brain developmental processes, from proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors to migration and identity acquisition of neocortical neurons. In a clinical context, the disruption of these cellular processes could underlie the pathogenesis of several symptoms affecting BBSOAS patients, such as intellectual disability, visual impairment, epilepsy, and autistic traits. In this review, we will introduce NR2F1 protein structure, molecular functioning, and expression profile in the developing mouse brain. Then, we will focus on Nr2f1 several functions during cortical development, from neocortical area and cell-type specification to maturation of network activity, hippocampal development governing learning behaviors, assembly of the visual system, and finally establishment of cortico-spinal descending tracts regulating motor execution. Whenever possible, we will link experimental findings in animal or cellular models to corresponding features of the human pathology. Finally, we will highlight some of the unresolved questions on the diverse functions played by Nr2f1 during brain development, in order to propose future research directions. All in all, we believe that understanding BBSOAS mechanisms will contribute to further unveiling pathophysiological mechanisms shared by several neurodevelopmental disorders and eventually lead to effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tocco
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
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11
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Huang Z. Simplifying cell fate map by determining lineage history of core pathway activation during fate specification. TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2022; 15:53-62. [PMID: 37396969 PMCID: PMC10312135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how a single genome gives rise to the diversity of cell fates. In essence, each cell fate in the human body is a unique but stable output state of the genome, maintained by positive and negative feedbacks from both inside and outside the cell (a stable cell state). Traditionally, defining a cell fate means identifying a unique combination of transcriptional factors expressed by the specific cell type. The hundreds of transcriptional factors in the genome, however, have complicated the task of simplifying cell fate representation and obtaining insights into its regulation. Moreover, results from this approach provides only a mostly static picture, with each cell fate/state disconnected from one another. An alternative approach instead defines cell fates by determining their relationship to each other, through identifying the signaling pathways that control each step of their lineage transition from a common progenitor during development. Decades of studies have shown only a handful of signaling pathways are sufficient to specify all cell fates in the body, simplifying the execution of such a strategy. In this review, I will argue this alternative approach is not only feasible but also has the potential of simplifying the cell fate landscape as well as facilitating the engineering of different cell fates for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
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12
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Hupalo D, Forsberg CW, Goldberg J, Kremen WS, Lyons MJ, Soltis AR, Viollet C, Ursano RJ, Stein MB, Franz CE, Sun YV, Vaccarino V, Smith NL, Dalgard CL, Wilkerson MD, Pollard HB. Rare variant association study of veteran twin whole-genomes links severe depression with a nonsynonymous change in the neuronal gene BHLHE22. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:295-306. [PMID: 34664540 PMCID: PMC9148382 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1980316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disease with known genetic associations, but without known links to rare variation in the human genome. Here we aim to identify rare genetic variants associated with MDD using deep whole-genome sequencing data in an independent population. METHODS We report the sequencing of 1,688 whole genomes in a large sample of male-male Veteran twins. Depression status was classified based on a structured diagnostic interview according to DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. Searching only rare variants in genomic regions from recent GWAS on MDD, we used the optimised sequence kernel association test and Fisher's Exact test to fine map loci associated with severe depression. RESULTS Our analysis identified one gene associated with severe depression, basic helix loop helix e22 (PAdjusted = 0.03) via SKAT-O test between unrelated severely depressed cases compared to unrelated non-depressed controls. The same gene BHLHE22 had a non-silent variant rs13279074 (PAdjusted = 0.032) based on a single variant Fisher's Exact test between unrelated severely depressed cases compared to unrelated non-depressed controls. CONCLUSION The gene BHLHE22 shows compelling genetic evidence of directly impacting the severe depression phenotype. Together these results advance understanding of the genetic contribution to major depressive disorder in a new cohort and link a rare variant to severe forms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hupalo
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher W. Forsberg
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack Goldberg
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Seattle, WA, USA;,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry and of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA;,VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony R. Soltis
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Coralie Viollet
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry and of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yan V. Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas L. Smith
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Seattle, WA, USA;,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA;,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew D. Wilkerson
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA;,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harvey B. Pollard
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, and Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA;,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Boitnott A, Garcia-Forn M, Ung DC, Niblo K, Mendonca D, Park Y, Flores M, Maxwell S, Ellegood J, Qiu LR, Grice DE, Lerch JP, Rasin MR, Buxbaum JD, Drapeau E, De Rubeis S. Developmental and Behavioral Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of DDX3X Syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:742-755. [PMID: 34344536 PMCID: PMC8571043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the X-linked gene DDX3X account for approximately 2% of intellectual disability in females, often comorbid with behavioral problems, motor deficits, and brain malformations. DDX3X encodes an RNA helicase with emerging functions in corticogenesis and synaptogenesis. METHODS We generated a Ddx3x haploinsufficient mouse (Ddx3x+/- females) with construct validity for DDX3X loss-of-function mutations. We used standardized batteries to assess developmental milestones and adult behaviors, as well as magnetic resonance imaging and immunostaining of cortical projection neurons to capture early postnatal changes in brain development. RESULTS Ddx3x+/- females showed physical, sensory, and motor delays that evolved into behavioral anomalies in adulthood, including hyperactivity, anxiety-like behaviors, cognitive impairments in specific tasks (e.g., contextual fear memory but not novel object recognition memory), and motor deficits. Motor function declined with age but not if mice were previously exposed to behavioral training. Developmental and behavioral changes were associated with a reduction in brain volume, with some regions (e.g., cortex and amygdala) disproportionally affected. Cortical thinning was accompanied by defective cortical lamination, indicating that Ddx3x regulates the balance of glutamatergic neurons in the developing cortex. CONCLUSIONS These data shed new light on the developmental mechanisms driving DDX3X syndrome and support construct and face validity of this novel preclinical mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Boitnott
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marta Garcia-Forn
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dévina C Ung
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kristi Niblo
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Danielle Mendonca
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yeaji Park
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Flores
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Biology, New York University, College of Arts and Science, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Sylvia Maxwell
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Bronx High School of Science, NY 10468, USA
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Lily R Qiu
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Dorothy E Grice
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, ON M5T 3H7, Canada.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, ON M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Mladen-Roko Rasin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elodie Drapeau
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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14
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Transcription factor 4 controls positioning of cortical projection neurons through regulation of cell adhesion. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6562-6577. [PMID: 33963287 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of neural circuits depends on precise neuronal positioning in the cortex, which occurs via a tightly coordinated process of neuronal differentiation, migration, and terminal localization. Deficits in this process have been implicated in several psychiatric disorders. Here, we show that the transcription factor Tcf4 controls neuronal positioning during brain development. Tcf4-deficient neurons become mispositioned in clusters when their migration to the cortical plate is complete. We reveal that Tcf4 regulates the expression of cell adhesion molecules to control neuronal positioning. Furthermore, through in vivo extracellular electrophysiology, we show that neuronal functions are disrupted after the loss of Tcf4. TCF4 mutations are strongly associated with schizophrenia and cause Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, which is characterized by severe intellectual disability. Thus, our results not only reveal the importance of neuronal positioning in brain development but also provide new insights into the potential mechanisms underlying neurological defects linked to TCF4 mutations.
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15
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Terkelsen T, Brasch-Andersen C, Illum N, Busa T, Missirian C, Chandler K, Holden ST, Jensen UB, Fagerberg CR. Mono-allelic loss of YTHDF3 and neurodevelopmental disorder: clinical features of four individuals with 8q12.3 deletions. Clin Genet 2021; 101:208-213. [PMID: 34708403 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The YTH domain family member 3 gene (YTHDF3) encodes a reader of the abundant N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) modification of eukaryotic mRNA, which plays an essential role in regulating mRNA stability and is necessary to achieve normal development of the central nervous system in animal models. YTHDF3 has not previously been implicated in Mendelian disease despite a high probability of loss of function intolerance and statistical evidence of enrichment for gene-disruptive de novo variants in large-scale studies of individuals with intellectual disability and/or developmental delay. We report four individuals with deletion of 8q12.3, deletion size 1.38-2.60 Mb, encompassing YTHDF3, three of them were de novo, and in one case, the inheritance was unknown. Common features of the individuals (age range, 4-22 years) were developmental delay and/or intellectual disability. Two individuals underwent squint surgery. We suggest that haploinsufficiency of YTHDF3 causes a neurodevelopmental disorder with developmental delay and intellectual disability of variable degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorkild Terkelsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Brasch-Andersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Illum
- H. C. Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Département de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Marseille-Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Département de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Marseille-Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Kate Chandler
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon T Holden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Uffe Birk Jensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christina R Fagerberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Affiliated Member of European Reference Network, ERN-ITHACA
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16
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Sahni V, Shnider SJ, Jabaudon D, Song JHT, Itoh Y, Greig LC, Macklis JD. Corticospinal neuron subpopulation-specific developmental genes prospectively indicate mature segmentally specific axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109843. [PMID: 34686320 PMCID: PMC8653526 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For precise motor control, distinct subpopulations of corticospinal neurons (CSN) must extend axons to distinct spinal segments, from proximal targets in the brainstem and cervical cord to distal targets in thoracic and lumbar spinal segments. We find that developing CSN subpopulations exhibit striking axon targeting specificity in spinal white matter, which establishes the foundation for durable specificity of adult corticospinal circuitry. Employing developmental retrograde and anterograde labeling, and their distinct neocortical locations, we purified developing CSN subpopulations using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify genes differentially expressed between bulbar-cervical and thoracolumbar-projecting CSN subpopulations at critical developmental times. These segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from the earliest stages of axon extension, enabling prospective identification even before eventual axon targeting decisions are evident in the spinal cord. This molecular delineation extends beyond simple spatial separation of these subpopulations in the cortex. Together, these results identify candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Janet H T Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Luciano C Greig
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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17
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Sahni V, Itoh Y, Shnider SJ, Macklis JD. Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 exert complementary dual-directional developmental control over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109842. [PMID: 34686337 PMCID: PMC8697027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex executes highly skilled movement, necessitating that it connects accurately with specific brainstem and spinal motor circuitry. Corticospinal neurons (CSN) must correctly target specific spinal segments, but the basis for this targeting remains unknown. In the accompanying report, we show that segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from early development, identifying candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific axon targeting. Here, we functionally investigate two of these candidate molecular controls, Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 (Klhl14), identifying their critical roles in directing CSN axons to appropriate spinal segmental levels in the white matter prior to axon collateralization. Crim1 and Klhl14 are specifically expressed by distinct CSN subpopulations and regulate their differental white matter projection targeting-Crim1 directs thoracolumbar axon extension, while Klhl14 limits axon extension to bulbar-cervical segments. These molecular regulators of descending spinal projections constitute the first stages of a dual-directional set of complementary controls over CSN diversity for segmentally and functionally distinct circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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18
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Iguchi T, Oka Y, Yasumura M, Omi M, Kuroda K, Yagi H, Xie MJ, Taniguchi M, Bastmeyer M, Sato M. Mutually Repulsive EphA7-EfnA5 Organize Region-to-Region Corticopontine Projection by Inhibiting Collateral Extension. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4795-4808. [PMID: 33906900 PMCID: PMC8260171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0367-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of skilled movements and motor planning relies on the formation of regionally restricted brain circuits that connect cortex with subcortical areas during embryonic development. Layer 5 neurons that are distributed across most cortical areas innervate the pontine nuclei (basilar pons) by protrusion and extension of collateral branches interstitially along their corticospinal extending axons. Pons-derived chemotropic cues are known to attract extending axons, but molecules that regulate collateral extension to create regionally segregated targeting patterns have not been identified. Here, we discovered that EphA7 and EfnA5 are expressed in the cortex and the basilar pons in a region-specific and mutually exclusive manner, and that their repulsive activities are essential for segregating collateral extensions from corticospinal axonal tracts in mice. Specifically, EphA7 and EfnA5 forward and reverse inhibitory signals direct collateral extension such that EphA7-positive frontal and occipital cortical areas extend their axon collaterals into the EfnA5-negative rostral part of the basilar pons, whereas EfnA5-positive parietal cortical areas extend their collaterals into the EphA7-negative caudal part of the basilar pons. Together, our results provide a molecular basis that explains how the corticopontine projection connects multimodal cortical outputs to their subcortical targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our findings put forward a model in which region-to-region connections between cortex and subcortical areas are shaped by mutually exclusive molecules to ensure the fidelity of regionally restricted circuitry. This model is distinct from earlier work showing that neuronal circuits within individual cortical modalities form in a topographical manner controlled by a gradient of axon guidance molecules. The principle that a shared molecular program of mutually repulsive signaling instructs regional organization-both within each brain region and between connected brain regions-may well be applicable to other contexts in which information is sorted by converging and diverging neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuichi Iguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui 910-3190, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Misato Yasumura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Omi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuroda
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Min-Jue Xie
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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19
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Xu L, Zheng Y, Li X, Wang A, Huo D, Li Q, Wang S, Luo Z, Liu Y, Xu F, Wu X, Wu M, Zhou Y. Abnormal neocortex arealization and Sotos-like syndrome-associated behavior in Setd2 mutant mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eaba1180. [PMID: 33523829 PMCID: PMC7775761 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proper formation of area identities of the cerebral cortex is crucial for cognitive functions and social behaviors of the brain. It remains largely unknown whether epigenetic mechanisms, including histone methylation, regulate cortical arealization. Here, we removed SETD2, the methyltransferase for histone 3 lysine-36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), in the developing dorsal forebrain in mice and showed that Setd2 is required for proper cortical arealization and the formation of cortico-thalamo-cortical circuits. Moreover, Setd2 conditional knockout mice exhibit defects in social interaction, motor learning, and spatial memory, reminiscent of patients with the Sotos-like syndrome bearing SETD2 mutations. SETD2 maintains the expression of clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) genes in an H3K36me3 methyltransferase-dependent manner. Aberrant cortical arealization was recapitulated in cPcdh heterozygous mice. Together, our study emphasizes epigenetic mechanisms underlying cortical arealization and pathogenesis of the Sotos-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Andi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dawei Huo
- Department of Cell Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qinglan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shikang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
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20
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Aviel-Shekler K, Hamshawi Y, Sirhan W, Getselter D, Srikanth KD, Malka A, Piran R, Elliott E. Gestational diabetes induces behavioral and brain gene transcription dysregulation in adult offspring. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:412. [PMID: 33239620 PMCID: PMC7688640 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) includes a strong genetic component and a complicated environmental component. Recent evidence indicates that maternal diabetes, including gestational diabetes, is associated with an increased prevalence of ASD. While previous studies have looked into possible roles for maternal diabetes in neurodevelopment, there are few studies into how gestational diabetes, with no previous diabetic or metabolic phenotype, may affect neurodevelopment. In this study, we have specifically induced gestational diabetes in mice, followed by behavioral and molecular phenotyping of the mice offspring. Pregnant mice were injected with STZ a day after initiation of pregnancy. Glucose levels increased to diabetic levels between E7 and E14 in pregnancy in a subset of the pregnant animals. Male offspring of Gestational Diabetic mothers displayed increased repetitive behaviors with no dysregulation in the three-chambered social interaction test. RNA-seq analysis revealed a dysregulation in genes related to forebrain development in the frontal cortex and a dysregulation of a network of neurodevelopment and immune related genes in the striatum. Together, these results give evidence that gestational diabetes can induce changes in adulthood behavior and gene transcription in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Aviel-Shekler
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yara Hamshawi
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Worood Sirhan
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Dmitriy Getselter
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Kolluru D. Srikanth
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Assaf Malka
- grid.22098.310000 0004 1937 0503Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ron Piran
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
| | - Evan Elliott
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
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21
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De León Reyes NS, Bragg-Gonzalo L, Nieto M. Development and plasticity of the corpus callosum. Development 2020; 147:147/18/dev189738. [PMID: 32988974 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) connects the cerebral hemispheres and is the major mammalian commissural tract. It facilitates bilateral sensory integration and higher cognitive functions, and is often affected in neurodevelopmental diseases. Here, we review the mechanisms that contribute to the development of CC circuits in animal models and humans. These species comparisons reveal several commonalities. First, there is an early period of massive axonal projection. Second, there is a postnatal temporal window, varying between species, in which early callosal projections are selectively refined. Third, sensory-derived activity influences axonal refinement. We also discuss how defects in CC formation can lead to mild or severe CC congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia S De León Reyes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Bragg-Gonzalo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, (CNB-CSIC) Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Clark EA, Rutlin M, Capano LS, Aviles S, Saadon JR, Taneja P, Zhang Q, Bullis JB, Lauer T, Myers E, Schulmann A, Forrest D, Nelson SB. Cortical RORβ is required for layer 4 transcriptional identity and barrel integrity. eLife 2020; 9:e52370. [PMID: 32851975 PMCID: PMC7492084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor beta (RORβ) is a transcription factor (TF) and marker of layer 4 (L4) neurons, which are distinctive both in transcriptional identity and the ability to form aggregates such as barrels in rodent somatosensory cortex. However, the relationship between transcriptional identity and L4 cytoarchitecture is largely unknown. We find RORβ is required in the cortex for L4 aggregation into barrels and thalamocortical afferent (TCA) segregation. Interestingly, barrel organization also degrades with age in wildtype mice. Loss of RORβ delays excitatory input and disrupts gene expression and chromatin accessibility, with down-regulation of L4 and up-regulation of L5 genes, suggesting a disruption in cellular specification. Expression and binding site accessibility change for many other TFs, including closure of neurodevelopmental TF binding sites and increased expression and binding capacity of activity-regulated TFs. Lastly, a putative target of RORβ, Thsd7a, is down-regulated without RORβ, and Thsd7a knock-out alone disrupts TCA organization in adult barrels.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/chemistry
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Female
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/chemistry
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 2/chemistry
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 2/metabolism
- Somatosensory Cortex/chemistry
- Somatosensory Cortex/cytology
- Somatosensory Cortex/metabolism
- Somatosensory Cortex/physiology
- Thalamus/chemistry
- Thalamus/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptome/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Clark
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Michael Rutlin
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Lucia S Capano
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Samuel Aviles
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Jordan R Saadon
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Praveen Taneja
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - James B Bullis
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Timothy Lauer
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Emma Myers
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | | | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, NIDDKBethesdaUnited States
| | - Sacha B Nelson
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
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23
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Sjöstedt E, Zhong W, Fagerberg L, Karlsson M, Mitsios N, Adori C, Oksvold P, Edfors F, Limiszewska A, Hikmet F, Huang J, Du Y, Lin L, Dong Z, Yang L, Liu X, Jiang H, Xu X, Wang J, Yang H, Bolund L, Mardinoglu A, Zhang C, von Feilitzen K, Lindskog C, Pontén F, Luo Y, Hökfelt T, Uhlén M, Mulder J. An atlas of the protein-coding genes in the human, pig, and mouse brain. Science 2020; 367:367/6482/eaay5947. [PMID: 32139519 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The brain, with its diverse physiology and intricate cellular organization, is the most complex organ of the mammalian body. To expand our basic understanding of the neurobiology of the brain and its diseases, we performed a comprehensive molecular dissection of 10 major brain regions and multiple subregions using a variety of transcriptomics methods and antibody-based mapping. This analysis was carried out in the human, pig, and mouse brain to allow the identification of regional expression profiles, as well as to study similarities and differences in expression levels between the three species. The resulting data have been made available in an open-access Brain Atlas resource, part of the Human Protein Atlas, to allow exploration and comparison of the expression of individual protein-coding genes in various parts of the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Sjöstedt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Fagerberg
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Karlsson
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Mitsios
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Csaba Adori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Oksvold
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edfors
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Feria Hikmet
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinrong Huang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 80000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yutao Du
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 80000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhanying Dong
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 80000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ling Yang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 80000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Lars Bolund
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 80000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kalle von Feilitzen
- Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 266555, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 80000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Aizawa S, Okada T, Keino-Masu K, Doan TH, Koganezawa T, Akiyama M, Tamaoka A, Masu M. Abnormal Pyramidal Decussation and Bilateral Projection of the Corticospinal Tract Axons in Mice Lacking the Heparan Sulfate Endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:333. [PMID: 32038163 PMCID: PMC6985096 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) plays an important role in controlling voluntary movement. Because the CST has a long trajectory throughout the brain toward the spinal cord, many axon guidance molecules are required to navigate the axons correctly during development. Previously, we found that double-knockout (DKO) mouse embryos lacking the heparan sulfate endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2, showed axon guidance defects of the CST owing to the abnormal accumulation of Slit2 protein on the brain surface. However, postnatal development of the CST, especially the pyramidal decussation and spinal cord projection, could not be assessed because DKO mice on a C57BL/6 background died soon after birth. We recently found that Sulf1/2 DKO mice on a mixed C57BL/6 and CD-1/ICR background can survive into adulthood and therefore investigated the anatomy and function of the CST in the adult DKO mice. In Sulf1/2 DKO mice, abnormal dorsal deviation of the CST fibers on the midbrain surface persisted after maturation of the CST. At the pyramidal decussation, some CST fibers located near the midline crossed the midline, whereas others located more laterally extended ipsilaterally. In the spinal cord, the crossed CST fibers descended in the dorsal funiculus on the contralateral side and entered the contralateral gray matter normally, whereas the uncrossed fibers descended in the lateral funiculus on the ipsilateral side and entered the ipsilateral gray matter. As a result, the CST fibers that originated from 1 side of the brain projected bilaterally in the DKO spinal cord. Consistently, microstimulation of 1 side of the motor cortex evoked electromyogram responses only in the contralateral forelimb muscles of the wild-type mice, whereas the same stimulation evoked bilateral responses in the DKO mice. The functional consequences of the CST defects in the Sulf1/2 DKO mice were examined using the grid-walking, staircase, and single pellet-reaching tests, which have been used to evaluate motor function in mice. Compared with the wild-type mice, the Sulf1/2 DKO mice showed impaired performance in these tests, indicating deficits in motor function. These findings suggest that disruption of Sulf1/2 genes leads to both anatomical and functional defects of the CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Aizawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Okada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuko Keino-Masu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tri Huu Doan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tadachika Koganezawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Akiyama
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Masu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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25
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Hahn MA, Jin SG, Li AX, Liu J, Huang Z, Wu X, Kim BW, Johnson J, Bilbao ADV, Tao S, Yim JA, Fong Y, Goebbels S, Schwab MH, Lu Q, Pfeifer GP. Reprogramming of DNA methylation at NEUROD2-bound sequences during cortical neuron differentiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax0080. [PMID: 31681843 PMCID: PMC6810389 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of DNA methylation changes that occur during neurogenesis in vivo remain unknown. We used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to quantitate DNA cytosine modifications in differentiating neurons and their progenitors isolated from mouse brain at the peak of embryonic neurogenesis. Localized DNA hypomethylation was much more common than hypermethylation and often occurred at putative enhancers within genes that were upregulated in neurons and encoded proteins crucial for neuronal differentiation. The hypomethylated regions strongly overlapped with mapped binding sites of the key neuronal transcription factor NEUROD2. The 5-methylcytosine oxidase ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) interacted with NEUROD2, and its reaction product 5-hydroxymethylcytosine accumulated at the demethylated regions. NEUROD2-targeted differentially methylated regions retained higher methylation levels in Neurod2 knockout mice, and inducible expression of NEUROD2 caused TET2-associated demethylation at its in vivo binding sites. The data suggest that the reorganization of DNA methylation in developing neurons involves NEUROD2 and TET2-mediated DNA demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Hahn
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Seung-Gi Jin
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Arthur X. Li
- Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jiancheng Liu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Shu Tao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jacob A. Yim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus H. Schwab
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Cellular Neurophysiology and Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.P.P.); (Q.L.)
| | - Gerd P. Pfeifer
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.P.P.); (Q.L.)
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26
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Cadwell CR, Bhaduri A, Mostajo-Radji MA, Keefe MG, Nowakowski TJ. Development and Arealization of the Cerebral Cortex. Neuron 2019; 103:980-1004. [PMID: 31557462 PMCID: PMC9245854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult cortical areas consist of specialized cell types and circuits that support unique higher-order cognitive functions. How this regional diversity develops from an initially uniform neuroepithelium has been the subject of decades of seminal research, and emerging technologies, including single-cell transcriptomics, provide a new perspective on area-specific molecular diversity. Here, we review the early developmental processes that underlie cortical arealization, including both cortex intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as embodied by the protomap and protocortex hypotheses, respectively. We propose an integrated model of serial homology whereby intrinsic genetic programs and local factors establish early transcriptomic differences between excitatory neurons destined to give rise to broad "proto-regions," and activity-dependent mechanisms lead to progressive refinement and formation of sharp boundaries between functional areas. Finally, we explore the potential of these basic developmental processes to inform our understanding of the emergence of functional neural networks and circuit abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn R Cadwell
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mohammed A Mostajo-Radji
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew G Keefe
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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27
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Shiraishi RD, Miyashita S, Yamashita M, Adachi T, Shimoda MM, Owa T, Hoshino M. Expression of transcription factors and signaling molecules in the cerebellar granule cell development. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 34:119068. [PMID: 31437514 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.119068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) and granule cells (GCs) constitute a good model system to investigate proliferation of neural precursors and differentiation of neurons. During development, GCPs proliferate in the outer external granule cell layer (outer EGL) and then exit the cell cycle in the inner EGL to become GCs, which inwardly migrate to the inner granule cell layer (IGL). Misregulation of GCP proliferation or GC differentiation leads to maldevelopment of the cerebellum and the formation of a cerebellar tumor, medulloblastoma. Despite many efforts in this field, the mechanisms underlying GC development remain elusive. In this study, we performed detailed immunostaining in the developing cerebellum, with particular focus on GCPs and GCs, looking at several transcription factors, signaling molecules, cell cycle regulators, some of which are known to regulate neural development. Interestingly, we found distinct distribution patterns of certain proteins within the outer and inner EGL, suggesting the existence of subpopulations of GCPs and GCs in those layers. This study provides a basis for future studies on the cerebellar GC development and medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo D Shiraishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of NCNP Brain Function and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, Tokyo, 113- 8510, Japan
| | - Sathoshi Miyashita
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamashita
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of NCNP Brain Function and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, TMDU, Tokyo, 113- 8510, Japan
| | - Toma Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advance Science and Engineering, TWIns, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Mana M Shimoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advance Science and Engineering, TWIns, Waseda University, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Tomoo Owa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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28
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Michalski N, Petit C. Genes Involved in the Development and Physiology of Both the Peripheral and Central Auditory Systems. Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 42:67-86. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genetic approach, based on the study of inherited forms of deafness, has proven to be particularly effective for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the peripheral auditory system, the cochlea and its afferent auditory neurons, and how this system extracts the physical parameters of sound. Although this genetic dissection has provided little information about the central auditory system, scattered data suggest that some genes may have a critical role in both the peripheral and central auditory systems. Here, we review the genes controlling the development and function of the peripheral and central auditory systems, focusing on those with demonstrated intrinsic roles in both systems and highlighting the current underappreciation of these genes. Their encoded products are diverse, from transcription factors to ion channels, as are their roles in the central auditory system, mostly evaluated in brainstem nuclei. We examine the ontogenetic and evolutionary mechanisms that may underlie their expression at different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Michalski
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;,
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1120, 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Petit
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;,
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1120, 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
- Syndrome de Usher et Autres Atteintes Rétino-Cochléaires, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
- Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
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29
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Ma NX, Yin JC, Chen G. Transcriptome Analysis of Small Molecule-Mediated Astrocyte-to-Neuron Reprogramming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:82. [PMID: 31231645 PMCID: PMC6558402 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reprogramming of astrocytes into neurons represents a promising approach to regenerate new neurons for brain repair, but the underlying mechanisms driving this trans-differentiation process are not well understood. We have recently identified four small molecules – CHIR99021, DAPT, LDN193189, and SB431542 – that can efficiently reprogram cultured human fetal astrocytes into functional neurons. Here we employ the next generation of RNA-sequencing technology to investigate the transcriptome changes during the astrocyte-to-neuron (AtN) conversion process. We found that the four small molecules can rapidly activate the hedgehog signaling pathway while downregulating many glial genes such as FN1 and MYL9 within 24 h of treatment. Chemical reprogramming is mediated by several waves of differential gene expression, including upregulation of hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, and Notch signaling pathways, together with downregulation of TGF-β and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Our gene network analyses reveal many well-connected hub genes such as repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMA), neuronatin (NNAT), neurogenin 2 (NEUROG2), NPTX2, MOXD1, JAG1, and GAP43, which may coordinate the chemical reprogramming process. Together, these findings provide critical insights into the molecular cascades triggered by a combination of small molecules that eventually leads to chemical conversion of astrocytes into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Xin Ma
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jiu-Chao Yin
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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30
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Tang T, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cai Z, Lu Z, Li L, Huang R, Hagelkruys A, Matthias P, Zhang H, Seiser C, Xie Y. HDAC1 and HDAC2 Regulate Intermediate Progenitor Positioning to Safeguard Neocortical Development. Neuron 2019; 101:1117-1133.e5. [PMID: 30709655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitors with distinct potential to generate progeny are associated with a spatially distinct microenvironment. Neocortical intermediate progenitors (IPs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the developing brain generate neurons for all cortical layers and are essential for cortical expansion. Here, we show that spatial control of IP positioning is essential for neocortical development. We demonstrate that HDAC1 and HDAC2 regulate the spatial positioning of IPs to form the SVZ. Developmental stage-specific depletion of both HDAC1 and HDAC2 in radial glial progenitors results in mispositioning of IPs at the ventricular surface, where they divide and differentiate into neurons, thereby leading to the cortical malformation. We further identified the proneural gene Neurogenin2 as a key target of HDAC1 and HDAC2 for regulating IP positioning. Our results demonstrate the importance of the spatial positioning of neural progenitors in cortical development and reveal a mechanism underlying the establishment of the SVZ microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Tang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zheping Cai
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiheng Lu
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Leiting Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Ru Huang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Sciences, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3888 Chenhua Road, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Christian Seiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yunli Xie
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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31
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Remarkable complexity and variability of corticospinal tract defects in adult Semaphorin 6A knockout mice. Brain Res 2018; 1710:209-219. [PMID: 30599138 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) has a complex and long trajectory that originates in the cerebral cortex and ends in the spinal cord. Semaphorin 6A (Sema6A), a member of the semaphorin family, is an important regulator of CST axon guidance. Previous studies have shown that postnatal Sema6A mutant mice have CST defects at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and medulla. However, the routes the aberrant fibers take throughout the Sema6A mutant brain remain unknown. In this study, we performed 3D reconstruction of immunostained CST fibers to reevaluate the details of the abnormal CST trajectories in the brains of adult Sema6A mutant mice. Our results showed that the axon guidance defects reported in early postnatal mutants were consistently observed in adulthood. Those abnormal trajectories revealed by 3D analysis of brain sections were, however, more complex and variable than previously thought. In addition, 3D analysis allowed us to identify a few new patterns of aberrant projections. First, a subset of fibers that separated from and descended in parallel to the main bundle projected laterally at the caudal pons, subsequently changed direction by turning caudally, and extended to the medulla. Second, some abnormal fibers returned to the correct trajectory after deviating substantially from the original tract. Third, some fibers reached the pyramidal decussation normally but did not enter the dorsal funiculus. Section immunostaining combined with 3D reconstruction is a powerful method to track long projection fibers and to examine the entire nerve tracts of both normal and abnormal animals.
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32
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Holley ZL, Bland KM, Casey ZO, Handwerk CJ, Vidal GS. Cross-Regional Gradient of Dendritic Morphology in Isochronically-Sourced Mouse Supragranular Pyramidal Neurons. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:103. [PMID: 30564104 PMCID: PMC6288488 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Architectonic heterogeneity in neurons is thought to be important for equipping the mammalian cerebral cortex with an adaptable network that can organize the manifold totality of information it receives. To this end, the dendritic arbors of supragranular pyramidal neurons, even those of the same class, are known to vary substantially. This diversity of dendritic morphology appears to have a rostrocaudal configuration in some brain regions of various species. For example, in humans and non-human primates, neurons in more rostral visual association areas (e.g., V4) tend to have more complex dendritic arbors than those in the caudal primary visual cortex. A rostrocaudal configuration is not so clear in any region of the mouse, which is increasingly being used as a model for neurodevelopmental disorders that arise from dysfunctional cerebral cortical circuits. Therefore, in this study we investigated the complexity of dendritic arbors of neurons distributed throughout a broad area of the mouse cerebral cortex. We reduced selection bias by labeling neurons restricted to become supragranular pyramidal neurons using in utero electroporation. While we observed that the simple rostrocaudal position, cortical depth, or even functional region of a neuron was not directly related to its dendritic morphology, a model that instead included a caudomedial-to-rostrolateral gradient accounted for a significant amount of the observed dendritic morphological variance. In other words, rostrolateral neurons from our data set were generally more complex when compared to caudomedial neurons. Furthermore, dividing the cortex into a visual area and a non-visual area maintained the power of the relationship between caudomedial-to-rostrolateral position and dendritic complexity. Our observations therefore support the idea that dendritic morphology of mouse supragranular excitatory pyramidal neurons across much of the tangential plane of the cerebral cortex is partly shaped by a developmental gradient spanning several functional regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Logan Holley
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Katherine M Bland
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | - Zachary O Casey
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
| | | | - George S Vidal
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
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33
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Transcriptional control of long-range cortical projections. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Chang M, Suzuki N, Kawai HD. Laminar specific gene expression reveals differences in postnatal laminar maturation in mouse auditory, visual, and somatosensory cortex. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2257-2284. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minzi Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics; Graduate School of Engineering; Hachioji Tokyo 192-8577 Japan
| | - Nobuko Suzuki
- Department of Bioinformatics; Graduate School of Engineering; Hachioji Tokyo 192-8577 Japan
| | - Hideki Derek Kawai
- Department of Bioinformatics; Graduate School of Engineering; Hachioji Tokyo 192-8577 Japan
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Hachioji Tokyo 192-8577 Japan
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35
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Bertacchi M, Parisot J, Studer M. The pleiotropic transcriptional regulator COUP-TFI plays multiple roles in neural development and disease. Brain Res 2018; 1705:75-94. [PMID: 29709504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are expressed in a dynamic fashion both in time and space during brain development, and exert their roles by activating a cascade of multiple target genes. This implies that understanding the precise function of a transcription factor becomes a challenging task. In this review, we will focus on COUP-TFI (or NR2F1), a nuclear receptor belonging to the superfamily of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and considered to be one of the major transcriptional regulators orchestrating cortical arealization, cell-type specification and maturation. Recent data have unraveled the multi-faceted functions of COUP-TFI in the development of several mouse brain structures, including the neocortex, hippocampus and ganglionic eminences. Despite NR2F1 mutations and deletions in humans have been linked to a complex neurodevelopmental disease mainly associated to optic atrophy and intellectual disability, its role during the formation of the retina and optic nerve remains unclear. In light of its major influence in cortical development, we predict that its haploinsufficiency might be the cause of other cognitive diseases, not identified so far. Mouse models offer a unique opportunity of dissecting COUP-TFI function in different regions during brain assembly; hence, the importance of comparing and discussing common points linking mouse models to human patients' symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bertacchi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Josephine Parisot
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
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36
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The logistics of afferent cortical specification in mice and men. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 76:112-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Leone DP, Panagiotakos G, Heavner WE, Joshi P, Zhao Y, Westphal H, McConnell SK. Compensatory Actions of Ldb Adaptor Proteins During Corticospinal Motor Neuron Differentiation. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1686-1699. [PMID: 26830346 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many genes that specify neocortical projection neuron subtypes have been identified, the downstream effectors that control differentiation of those subtypes remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the LIM domain-binding proteins Ldb1 and Ldb2 exhibit dynamic and inversely correlated expression patterns during cerebral cortical development. Ldb1-deficient brains display severe defects in proliferation and changes in regionalization, phenotypes resembling those of Lhx mutants. Ldb2-deficient brains, on the other hand, exhibit striking phenotypes affecting layer 5 pyramidal neurons: Immature neurons have an impaired capacity to segregate into mature callosal and subcerebral projection neurons. The analysis of Ldb2 single-mutant mice reveals a compensatory role of Ldb1 for Ldb2 during corticospinal motor neuron (CSMN) differentiation. Animals lacking both Ldb1 and Ldb2 uncover the requirement for Ldb2 during CSMN differentiation, manifested as incomplete CSMN differentiation, and ultimately leading to a failure of the corticospinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino P Leone
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Pushkar Joshi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yangu Zhao
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, Program in Genomics of Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heiner Westphal
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, Program in Genomics of Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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38
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Gil-Ibañez P, García-García F, Dopazo J, Bernal J, Morte B. Global Transcriptome Analysis of Primary Cerebrocortical Cells: Identification of Genes Regulated by Triiodothyronine in Specific Cell Types. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:706-717. [PMID: 26534908 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine (T3) are crucial for cerebral cortex development acting through regulation of gene expression. To define the transcriptional program under T3 regulation, we have performed RNA-Seq of T3-treated and untreated primary mouse cerebrocortical cells. The expression of 1145 genes or 7.7% of expressed genes was changed upon T3 addition, of which 371 responded to T3 in the presence of cycloheximide indicating direct transcriptional regulation. The results were compared with available transcriptomic datasets of defined cellular types. In this way, we could identify targets of T3 within genes enriched in astrocytes and neurons, in specific layers including the subplate, and in specific neurons such as prepronociceptin, cholecystokinin, or cortistatin neurons. The subplate and the prepronociceptin neurons appear as potentially major targets of T3 action. T3 upregulates mostly genes related to cell membrane events, such as G-protein signaling, neurotransmission, and ion transport and downregulates genes involved in nuclear events associated with the M phase of cell cycle, such as chromosome organization and segregation. Remarkably, the transcriptomic changes induced by T3 sustain the transition from fetal to adult patterns of gene expression. The results allow defining in molecular terms the elusive role of thyroid hormones on neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gil-Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-García
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Computational Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Bioinformatics of Rare Diseases (BIER), CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.,Functional Genomics Node, INB at CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Bernal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morte
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Caveolin1 Identifies a Specific Subpopulation of Cerebral Cortex Callosal Projection Neurons (CPN) Including Dual Projecting Cortical Callosal/Frontal Projection Neurons (CPN/FPN). eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0234-17. [PMID: 29379878 PMCID: PMC5780842 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0234-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is composed of many distinct subtypes of neurons that must form precise subtype-specific connections to enable the cortex to perform complex functions. Callosal projection neurons (CPN) are the broad population of commissural neurons that connect the cerebral hemispheres via the corpus callosum (CC). Currently, how the remarkable diversity of CPN subtypes and connectivity is specified, and how they differentiate to form highly precise and specific circuits, are largely unknown. We identify in mouse that the lipid-bound scaffolding domain protein Caveolin 1 (CAV1) is specifically expressed by a unique subpopulation of Layer V CPN that maintain dual ipsilateral frontal projections to premotor cortex. CAV1 is expressed by over 80% of these dual projecting callosal/frontal projection neurons (CPN/FPN), with expression peaking early postnatally as axonal and dendritic targets are being reached and refined. CAV1 is localized to the soma and dendrites of CPN/FPN, a unique population of neurons that shares information both between hemispheres and with premotor cortex, suggesting function during postmitotic development and refinement of these neurons, rather than in their specification. Consistent with this, we find that Cav1 function is not necessary for the early specification of CPN/FPN, or for projecting to their dual axonal targets. CPN subtype-specific expression of Cav1 identifies and characterizes a first molecular component that distinguishes this functionally unique projection neuron population, a population that expands in primates, and is prototypical of additional dual and higher-order projection neuron subtypes.
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40
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Oishi K, Nakajima K. Subtype Specification of Cerebral Cortical Neurons in Their Immature Stages. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:238-244. [PMID: 29185180 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The diversification of neuronal subtypes during corticogenesis is fundamental to the establishment of the complex cortical structure. Although subtype specification has been assumed to occur in neural progenitor cells, increasing evidence has begun to reveal the plasticity of subtype determination in immature neurons. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the regulation of subtype specification during later periods of neuronal differentiation, such as the post-mitotic and post-migratory stages. We also discuss thalamocortical axons as an extra-cortical cue that provides information on the subtype determination of immature cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Oishi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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41
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Sekine M, Makino T. Inference of Causative Genes for Alzheimer's Disease Due to Dosage Imbalance. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:2396-2407. [PMID: 28666362 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) have recently drawn attention as an important genetic factor for diseases, especially common neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because most of the pathogenic CNV regions overlap with multiple genes, it has been challenging to identify the true disease-causing genes amongst them. Notably, a recent study reported that CNV regions containing ohnologs, which are dosage-sensitive genes, are likely to be deleterious. Utilizing the unique feature of ohnologs could be useful for identifying causative genes with pathogenic CNVs, however its effectiveness is still unclear. Although it has been reported that AD is strongly affected by CNVs, most of AD-causing genes with pathogenic CNVs have not been identified yet. Here, we show that dosage-sensitive ohnologs within CNV regions reported in patients with AD are related to the nervous system and are highly expressed in the brain, similar to other known susceptible genes for AD. We found that CNV regions in patients with AD contained dosage-sensitive genes, which are ohnologs not overlapping with control CNV regions, frequently. Furthermore, these dosage-sensitive genes in pathogenic CNV regions had a strong enrichment in the nervous system for mouse knockout phenotype and high expression in the brain similar to the known susceptible genes for AD. Our results demonstrated that selecting dosage-sensitive ohnologs out of multiple genes with pathogenic CNVs is effective in identifying the causative genes for AD. This methodology can be applied to other diseases caused by dosage imbalance and might help to establish the medical diagnosis by analysis of CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuka Sekine
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Makino
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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42
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Zic-Proteins Are Repressors of Dopaminergic Forebrain Fate in Mice and C. elegans. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10611-10623. [PMID: 28972122 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3888-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the postnatal forebrain regionalized neural stem cells along the ventricular walls produce olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons with varying neurotransmitter phenotypes and positions. To understand the molecular basis of this region-specific variability we analyzed gene expression in the postnatal dorsal and lateral lineages in mice of both sexes from stem cells to neurons. We show that both lineages maintain transcription factor signatures of their embryonic site of origin, the pallium and subpallium. However, additional factors, including Zic1 and Zic2, are postnatally expressed in the dorsal stem cell compartment and maintained in the lineage that generates calretinin-positive GABAergic neurons for the OB. Functionally, we show that Zic1 and Zic2 induce the generation of calretinin-positive neurons while suppressing dopaminergic fate in the postnatal dorsal lineage. We investigated the evolutionary conservation of the dopaminergic repressor function of Zic proteins and show that it is already present in C. elegansSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The vertebrate brain generates thousands of different neuron types. In this work we investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this variability. Using a genomics approach we identify the transcription factor signatures of defined neural stem cells and neuron populations. Based thereon we show that two related transcription factors, Zic1 and Zic2, are essential to control the balance between two defined neuron types in the postnatal brain. We show that this mechanism is conserved in evolutionary very distant species.
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43
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Hennig KM, Fass DM, Zhao WN, Sheridan SD, Fu T, Erdin S, Stortchevoi A, Lucente D, Cody JD, Sweetser D, Gusella JF, Talkowski ME, Haggarty SJ. WNT/β-Catenin Pathway and Epigenetic Mechanisms Regulate the Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome and Schizophrenia Risk Gene TCF4. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2017; 3:53-71. [PMID: 28879201 DOI: 10.1159/000475666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation within the transcription factor TCF4 locus can cause the intellectual disability and developmental disorder Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), whereas single-nucleotide polymorphisms within noncoding regions are associated with schizophrenia. These genetic findings position TCF4 as a link between transcription and cognition; however, the neurobiology of TCF4 remains poorly understood. Here, we quantitated multiple distinct TCF4 transcript levels in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors and differentiated neurons, and PTHS patient fibroblasts. We identify two classes of pharmacological treatments that regulate TCF4 expression: WNT pathway activation and inhibition of class I histone deacetylases. In PTHS fibroblasts, both of these perturbations upregulate a subset of TCF4 transcripts. Finally, using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing in conjunction with genome-wide transcriptome analysis, we identified TCF4 target genes that may mediate the effect of TCF4 loss on neuroplasticity. Our studies identify new pharmacological assays, tools, and targets for the development of therapeutics for cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Hennig
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven D Sheridan
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ting Fu
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexei Stortchevoi
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jannine D Cody
- Chromosome 18 Clinical Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,The Chromosome 18 Registry and Research Society, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - David Sweetser
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cited2 Regulates Neocortical Layer II/III Generation and Somatosensory Callosal Projection Neuron Development and Connectivity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:6403-19. [PMID: 27307230 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4067-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The neocortex contains hundreds to thousands of distinct subtypes of precisely connected neurons, allowing it to perform remarkably complex tasks of high-level cognition. Callosal projection neurons (CPN) connect the cerebral hemispheres via the corpus callosum, integrating cortical information and playing key roles in associative cognition. CPN are a strikingly diverse set of neuronal subpopulations, and development of this diversity requires precise control by a complex, interactive set of molecular effectors. We have found that the transcriptional coregulator Cited2 regulates and refines two stages of CPN development. Cited2 is expressed broadly by progenitors in the embryonic day 15.5 subventricular zone, during the peak of superficial layer CPN birth, with a progressive postmitotic refinement in expression, becoming restricted to CPN of the somatosensory cortex postnatally. We generated progenitor-stage and postmitotic forebrain-specific Cited2 conditional knock-out mice, using the Emx1-Cre and NEX-Cre mouse lines, respectively. We demonstrate that Cited2 functions in progenitors, but is not necessary postmitotically, to regulate both (1) broad generation of layer II/III CPN and (2) acquisition of precise area-specific molecular identity and axonal/dendritic connectivity of somatosensory CPN. This novel CPN subtype-specific and area-specific control from progenitor action of Cited2 adds yet another layer of complexity to the multistage developmental regulation of neocortical development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study identifies Cited2 as a novel subtype-specific and area-specific control over development of distinct subpopulations within the broad population of callosal projection neurons (CPN), whose axons connect the two cerebral hemispheres via the corpus callosum (CC). Currently, how the remarkable diversity of CPN subtypes is specified, and how they differentiate to form highly precise and specific circuits, are largely unknown. We found that Cited2 functions within subventricular zone progenitors to both broadly regulate generation of superficial layer CPN throughout the neocortex, and to refine precise area-specific development and connectivity of somatosensory CPN. Gaining insight into molecular development and heterogeneity of CPN will advance understanding of both diverse functions of CPN and of the remarkable range of neurodevelopmental deficits correlated with CPN/CC development.
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45
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Greig LC, Woodworth MB, Greppi C, Macklis JD. Ctip1 Controls Acquisition of Sensory Area Identity and Establishment of Sensory Input Fields in the Developing Neocortex. Neuron 2017; 90:261-77. [PMID: 27100196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While transcriptional controls over the size and relative position of cortical areas have been identified, less is known about regulators that direct acquisition of area-specific characteristics. Here, we report that the transcription factor Ctip1 functions in primary sensory areas to repress motor and activate sensory programs of gene expression, enabling establishment of sharp molecular boundaries defining functional areas. In Ctip1 mutants, abnormal gene expression leads to aberrantly motorized corticocortical and corticofugal output connectivity. Ctip1 critically regulates differentiation of layer IV neurons, and selective loss of Ctip1 in cortex deprives thalamocortical axons of their receptive "sensory field" in layer IV, which normally provides a tangentially and radially defined compartment of dedicated synaptic territory. Therefore, although thalamocortical axons invade appropriate cortical regions, they are unable to organize into properly configured sensory maps. Together, these data identify Ctip1 as a critical control over sensory area development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano C Greig
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mollie B Woodworth
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chloé Greppi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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46
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Neurog2 and Ascl1 together regulate a postmitotic derepression circuit to govern laminar fate specification in the murine neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4934-E4943. [PMID: 28584103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701495114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A derepression mode of cell-fate specification involving the transcriptional repressors Tbr1, Fezf2, Satb2, and Ctip2 operates in neocortical projection neurons to specify six layer identities in sequence. Less well understood is how laminar fate transitions are regulated in cortical progenitors. The proneural genes Neurog2 and Ascl1 cooperate in progenitors to control the temporal switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis. Here we asked whether these proneural genes also regulate laminar fate transitions. Several defects were observed in the derepression circuit in Neurog2-/-;Ascl1-/- mutants: an inability to repress expression of Tbr1 (a deep layer VI marker) during upper-layer neurogenesis, a loss of Fezf2+/Ctip2+ layer V neurons, and precocious differentiation of normally late-born, Satb2+ layer II-IV neurons. Conversely, in stable gain-of-function transgenics, Neurog2 promoted differentiative divisions and extended the period of Tbr1+/Ctip2+ deep-layer neurogenesis while reducing Satb2+ upper-layer neurogenesis. Similarly, acute misexpression of Neurog2 in early cortical progenitors promoted Tbr1 expression, whereas both Neurog2 and Ascl1 induced Ctip2. However, Neurog2 was unable to influence the derepression circuit when misexpressed in late cortical progenitors, and Ascl1 repressed only Satb2. Nevertheless, neurons derived from late misexpression of Neurog2 and, to a lesser extent, Ascl1, extended aberrant subcortical axon projections characteristic of early-born neurons. Finally, Neurog2 and Ascl1 altered the expression of Ikaros and Foxg1, known temporal regulators. Proneural genes thus act in a context-dependent fashion as early determinants, promoting deep-layer neurogenesis in early cortical progenitors via input into the derepression circuit while also influencing other temporal regulators.
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47
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Regulatory Mechanisms of Metamorphic Neuronal Remodeling Revealed Through a Genome-Wide Modifier Screen in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017; 206:1429-1443. [PMID: 28476867 PMCID: PMC5500141 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.200378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, neuronal remodeling shapes neuronal connections to establish fully mature and functional nervous systems. Our previous studies have shown that the RNA-binding factor alan shepard (shep) is an important regulator of neuronal remodeling during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster, and loss of shep leads to smaller soma size and fewer neurites in a stage-dependent manner. To shed light on the mechanisms by which shep regulates neuronal remodeling, we conducted a genetic modifier screen for suppressors of shep-dependent wing expansion defects and cellular morphological defects in a set of peptidergic neurons, the bursicon neurons, that promote posteclosion wing expansion. Out of 702 screened deficiencies that covered 86% of euchromatic genes, we isolated 24 deficiencies as candidate suppressors, and 12 of them at least partially suppressed morphological defects in shep mutant bursicon neurons. With RNA interference and mutant alleles of individual genes, we identified Daughters against dpp (Dad) and Olig family (Oli) as shep suppressor genes, and both of them restored the adult cellular morphology of shep-depleted bursicon neurons. Dad encodes an inhibitory Smad protein that inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, raising the possibility that shep interacted with BMP signaling through antagonism of Dad. By manipulating expression of the BMP receptor tkv, we found that activated BMP signaling was sufficient to rescue loss-of-shep phenotypes. These findings reveal mechanisms of shep regulation during neuronal development, and they highlight a novel genetic shep interaction with the BMP signaling pathway that controls morphogenesis in mature, terminally differentiated neurons during metamorphosis.
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48
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Fame RM, Dehay C, Kennedy H, Macklis JD. Subtype-Specific Genes that Characterize Subpopulations of Callosal Projection Neurons in Mouse Identify Molecularly Homologous Populations in Macaque Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1817-1830. [PMID: 26874185 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Callosal projection neurons (CPN) interconnect the neocortical hemispheres via the corpus callosum and are implicated in associative integration of multimodal information. CPN have undergone differential evolutionary elaboration, leading to increased diversity of cortical neurons-and more extensive and varied connections in neocortical gray and white matter-in primates compared with rodents. In mouse, distinct sets of genes are enriched in discrete subpopulations of CPN, indicating the molecular diversity of rodent CPN. Elements of rodent CPN functional and organizational diversity might thus be present in the further elaborated primate cortex. We address the hypothesis that genes controlling mouse CPN subtype diversity might reflect molecular patterns shared among mammals that arose prior to the divergence of rodents and primates. We find that, while early expression of the examined CPN-enriched genes, and postmigratory expression of these CPN-enriched genes in deep layers are highly conserved (e.g., Ptn, Nnmt, Cited2, Dkk3), in contrast, the examined genes expressed by superficial layer CPN show more variable levels of conservation (e.g., EphA3, Chn2). These results suggest that there has been evolutionarily differential retraction and elaboration of superficial layer CPN subpopulations between mouse and macaque, with independent derivation of novel populations in primates. Together, these data inform future studies regarding CPN subpopulations that are unique to primates and rodents, and indicate putative evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Colette Dehay
- Inserm U1208, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Inserm U1208, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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49
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Yang X, Feng S, Tang K. COUP-TF Genes, Human Diseases, and the Development of the Central Nervous System in Murine Models. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:275-301. [PMID: 28527575 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COUP-TFI and -TFII are members of the steroid/thyroid nuclear receptor superfamily. Recent clinical studies reveal that COUP-TFI gene mutations are associated with Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome displaying symptoms of optic atrophy, intellectual disability, hypotonia, seizure, autism spectrum disorders, oromotor dysfunction, thin corpus callosum, or hearing defects, and COUP-TFII gene mutations lead to congenital heart defects and/or congenital diaphragmatic hernia with developmental delay and mental defects. In this review, we first describe the functions of COUP-TF genes in the morphogenesis of mouse forebrain including cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala complex, hypothalamus, and cortical interneuron. Then, we address their roles in the development of cerebellum, glial cells, neural crest cells, and adult neuronal stem cells. Clearly, the investigations on the functions of COUP-TF genes in the developing mouse central nervous system will benefit not only the understanding of neurodevelopment, but also the etiology of human mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Yang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Su Feng
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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50
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Kanduc D, Shoenfeld Y. From HBV to HPV: Designing vaccines for extensive and intensive vaccination campaigns worldwide. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1054-1061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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