1
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Liu JR, Jiang EY, Sukhbaatar O, Zhang WH, Zhang MZ, Yang GF, Gu YC. Natural and synthetic 5-(3'-indolyl)oxazoles: Biological activity, chemical synthesis and advanced molecules. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 39152525 DOI: 10.1002/med.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
5-(3'-Indolyl)oxazole moiety is a privileged heterocyclic scaffold, embedded in many biologically interesting natural products and potential therapeutic agents. Compounds containing this scaffold, whether from natural sources or synthesized, have demonstrated a wide array of biological activities. This has piqued the interest of synthetic chemists, leading to a large number of reported synthetic approaches to 5-(3'-indolyl)oxazole scaffold in recent years. In this review, we comprehensively overviewed the different biological activities and chemical synthetic methods for the 5-(3'-indolyl)oxazole scaffold reported in the literatures from 1963 to 2024. The focus of this study is to highlight the significance of 5-(3'-indolyl)oxazole derivatives as the lead compounds for the lead discovery of anticancer, pesticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, to summarize the synthetic methods for the 5-(3'-indolyl)oxazole scaffold. In addition, the reported mechanism of action of 5-(3'-indolyl)oxazoles and advanced molecules studied in animal models are also reviewed. Furthermore, this review offers perspectives on how 5-(3'-indolyl)oxazole scaffold as a privileged structure might be exploited in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Rui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - En-Yu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Otgonpurev Sukhbaatar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Wei-Hua Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
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2
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Ma XD, Ma FY, Jiao MM, Li JT, Duan XF. Modular and Regioselective Synthesis of Benzo-Fused Five-Membered Rings Enabled by Co/Ti Synergism. Org Lett 2024; 26:6658-6663. [PMID: 39083395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The regiocontrol in constructing benzo-fused five-membered rings by C-H cyclization remains an important challenge. We report a highly general and regioselective methodology to access such heterocycles and indenones, where under the catalysis of CoBr2/bipyridine, aryl titanates, alkynes and EX2 (E = NR, S(O), RP(O), R2Si, CO, etc.) were assembled to various heterocycles and indenones in a modular manner. Unprecedented 1,2-Co/Ti heterobimetallic arylene and benzotitanole intermediates have played crucial roles in these syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Miao-Miao Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jun-Ting Li
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xin-Fang Duan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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3
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Zheng Y, Chen C, Lu Y, Huang S. Recent advances in electrochemically enabled construction of indoles from non-indole-based substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8516-8525. [PMID: 39036971 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Indole motifs are important heterocycles found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and materials. Although there are well-established classical name reactions for indole synthesis, these transformations often require harsh reaction conditions, have a limited substrate scope, and exhibit poor regioselectivity. As a result, organic synthesis chemists have been exploring efficient and practical methods, leading to numerous strategies for synthesizing a variety of functionalized indoles. In recent years, electrochemistry has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable synthetic tool, with widespread applications in organic synthesis. This technology allows for elegant synthetic routes to be developed for the construction of indoles under external oxidant-free conditions. This feature article specifically focuses on recent advancements in indole synthesis from non-indole-based substrates, as well as the mechanisms underlying these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chunxi Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yanju Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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4
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Chebieb A, Cha JK. A Cascade Synthesis of Indoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10293-10298. [PMID: 38963688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
We report herein an expedient method for the regioselective synthesis of indoles from o-haloanilines and α-ketol-derived N-tosylhydrazones. This two-step, modular synthesis of N-H indoles can be carried out conveniently without purification of intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Chebieb
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis LCSCO, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Jin Kun Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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5
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Grosso C, Alves C, Sase TJ, Alves NG, Cardoso AL, Lemos A, Pinho e Melo TMVD. Selective Synthesis of 3-(1 H-Tetrazol-5-yl)-indoles from 2 H-Azirines and Arynes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29282-29289. [PMID: 39005823 PMCID: PMC11238228 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
A new selective synthetic approach to indole derivatives bearing a tetrazole moiety has been developed. Arynes, generated in situ from o-(trimethylsilyl)aryl triflates and KF, reacted smoothly with 2-(2-benzyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2H-azirines to give 3-(2-benzyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-indole derivatives with high selectivity. Deprotection of the tetrazole moiety gave 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Grosso
- University
of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry
Center−Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Alves
- University
of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry
Center−Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Terver J. Sase
- University
of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry
Center−Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno G. Alves
- University
of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry
Center−Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Cardoso
- University
of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry
Center−Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Américo Lemos
- University
of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry
Center−Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- FCT,
University of Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Teresa M. V. D. Pinho e Melo
- University
of Coimbra, Coimbra Chemistry
Center−Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS) and Department
of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Weindl C, Hintermann L. Synthesis of Indolines via Base-Mediated C-H Activation and Defluorinative C-N Coupling, with no Need for Transition-Metals. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401034. [PMID: 38693605 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Syntheses of (partially) aromatic nitrogen heterocycles increasingly rely on transition-metal catalyzed C-C- and C-N-cross-coupling reactions. Here we describe a different approach to the synthesis of indolines by a domino C(sp3)-H activation, 1,2-addition, and defluorinative SNAr-cyclization sequence to provide the target 1,2-diarylindolines (1,2-diaryl-2,3-dihydroindoles) from ortho-fluorinated methyl-arenes and N-aryl imines (benzylidene anilines) in a cyclocondensation that is mediated by potassium hexamethyldisilazide (KHMDS) as base exclusively. This transition-metal-free process via C-H and C-F bond activation provides a one-step entry into a wide array of indoline scaffolds (43 examples, up to 96 % yield). This privileged substructure is common in natural products and pharmaceuticals alike, and cannot be accessed by traditional condensation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weindl
- School of Natural Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
- TUM Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
| | - Lukas Hintermann
- School of Natural Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
- TUM Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, Garching bei München, 85748, Germany
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7
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Dhameliya TM, Vekariya DD, Bhatt PR, Kachroo T, Virani KD, Patel KR, Bhatt S, Dholakia SP. Synthetic account on indoles and their analogues as potential anti-plasmodial agents. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8. [PMID: 38709459 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria caused by P. falciparum, has been recognized as one of the major infectious diseases causing the death of several patients as per the reports from the World Health Organization. In search of effective therapeutic agents against malaria, several research groups have started working on the design and development of novel heterocycles as anti-malarial agents. Heterocycles have been recognized as the pharmacophoric features for the different types of medicinally important activities. Among all these heterocycles, nitrogen containing aza-heterocycles should not be underestimated owing to their wide therapeutic window. Amongst the aza-heterocycles, indoles and fused indoles such as marinoquinolines, isocryptolepines and their regioisomers, manzamines, neocryptolenines, and indolones have been recognized as anti-malarial agents active against P. falciparum. The present work unleashes the synthetic attempts of anti-malarial indoles and fused indoles through cyclocondensation, Fischer-indole synthesis, etc. along with the brief discussions on structure-activity relationships, in vitro or in vivo studies for the broader interest of these medicinal chemists, working on their design and development as potential anti-malarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India.
- Present Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Drashtiben D Vekariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja R Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarun Kachroo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kumkum D Virani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushi R Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Shelly Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip P Dholakia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
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8
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Hosseinchi Qareaghaj O, Ghaffarzadeh M, Azizi N. Ultrafast and efficient continuous flow organic synthesis with a modified extruder-grinder system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9671. [PMID: 38671008 PMCID: PMC11053142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The study introduces a groundbreaking continuous system that combines an extruder and grinder to enable catalyst-free and solvent-free reactions under mild conditions. This temperature-controlled system facilitates the synthesis of highly functionalized chromenes, which have valuable applications in generating combinatorial libraries and complex target molecules. The newly developed mill extruder machine offers several advantages for industrial production on a large scale. It effectively reduces waste, saves energy, and enhances time efficiency. This system represents a significant advancement in the field, providing a new strategy for one-pot synthesis of various types of highly functionalized spirooxindoles and chromenes. Remarkably, these reactions can be accomplished within a short timeframe of 2-10 min, yielding impressive results of 75-98%. The results demonstrate superior performance compared to traditional reaction methods, making it an appealing tool and hotspot area of research in green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ghaffarzadeh
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmedin Azizi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Liu Y, Gu X, Zhang X, Xu M, Zhang Z, Liang T. Iodine-mediated oxidative triple functionalization of indolines with azoles and diazonium salts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4613-4616. [PMID: 38587256 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
We report an innovative synthetic strategy for the generation of polysubstituted indoles from indolines, aryldiazonium salts, and azoles. The methodology encompasses an electrophilic substitution reaction affording C5-indoline intermediates which undergo an iodine-mediated oxidative transformation coupled with C-H functionalization to yield the indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoting Gu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meilan Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Sadeghi M. The untold story of starch as a catalyst for organic reactions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12676-12702. [PMID: 38645516 PMCID: PMC11027044 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Starch is one of the members of the polysaccharide family. This biopolymer has shown many potential applications in different fields such as catalytic reactions, water treatment, packaging, and food industries. In recent years, using starch as a catalyst has attracted much attention. From a catalytic point of view, starch can be used in organic chemistry reactions as a catalyst or catalyst support. Reports show that as a catalyst, simple starch can promote many heterocyclic compound reactions. On the other hand, functionalized starch is not only capable of advancing the synthesis of heterocycles but also is a good candidate catalyst for other reactions including oxidation and coupling reactions. This review tries to provide a fair survey of published organic reactions which include using starch as a catalyst or a part of the main catalyst. Therefore, the other types of starch applications are not the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sadeghi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan P.O. Box: 87317-51167 Kashan Iran
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11
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Ghosh P, Karak A, Mahapatra AK. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes based on indole scaffold. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2690-2718. [PMID: 38465421 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02057f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Indoles are the most versatile organic N-heterocyclic compounds widely present in bioactive natural products and used in different fields such as coordination chemistry, pharmacy, dyes, and medicine, as well as in the biology and polymer industries. More recently, the indole scaffold has been widely used in analytical chemistry for the design and development of small-molecule fluorescent chemosensors in the fields of molecular recognition and molecular imaging. The indole-based chemosensor derivatives contain heteroatoms like N-, O-, and S-, through which they interact with analytes (cations, anions, and neutral species), producing measurable analytical signals that can be used for the fluorimetric and colorimetric detection of different analytes in biological, agricultural and environmental samples. This review focuses on indole-based small-molecule fluorimetric and colorimetric chemosensors for detecting cations, anions, and neutral species in a comprehensive manner. Furthermore, the recognition mechanisms are discussed in detail, which could help researchers design and develop more powerful and efficient fluorescent chemosensors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pintu Ghosh
- Molecular Sensor and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711103, West Bengal, India.
| | - Anirban Karak
- Molecular Sensor and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711103, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ajit Kumar Mahapatra
- Molecular Sensor and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711103, West Bengal, India.
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12
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Zou L, Qi Y, Shen L, Huang Y, Huang J, Xia Z, Fan M, Fan W, Chai GB, Shi QZ, Zhang Q, Yan C. The neural representations of valence transformation in indole processing. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae167. [PMID: 38652554 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Indole is often associated with a sweet and floral odor typical of jasmine flowers at low concentrations and an unpleasant, animal-like odor at high concentrations. However, the mechanism whereby the brain processes this opposite valence of indole is not fully understood yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying indole valence encoding in conversion and nonconversion groups using the smelling task to arouse pleasantness. For this purpose, 12 conversion individuals and 15 nonconversion individuals participated in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm with low (low-indole) and high (high-indole) indole concentrations in which valence was manipulated independent of intensity. The results of this experiment showed that neural activity in the right amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and insula was associated with valence independent of intensity. Furthermore, activation in the right orbitofrontal cortex in response to low-indole was positively associated with subjective pleasantness ratings. Conversely, activation in the right insula and amygdala in response to low-indole was positively correlated with anticipatory hedonic traits. Interestingly, while amygdala activation in response to high-indole also showed a positive correlation with these hedonic traits, such correlation was observed solely with right insula activation in response to high-indole. Additionally, activation in the right amygdala in response to low-indole was positively correlated with consummatory pleasure and hedonic traits. Regarding olfactory function, only activation in the right orbitofrontal cortex in response to high-indole was positively correlated with olfactory identification, whereas activation in the insula in response to low-indole was negatively correlated with the level of self-reported olfactory dysfunction. Based on these findings, valence transformation of indole processing in the right orbitofrontal cortex, insula, and amygdala may be associated with individual hedonic traits and perceptual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiquan Zou
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, South Shatai Road 1023, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, South Shatai Road 1023, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 20062, China
| | - Yanyang Huang
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, South Shatai Road 1023, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- Chemical Senses and Mental Health Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, South Shatai Road 1023, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 20062, China
| | - Mingxia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wu Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Road 2, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guo-Bi Chai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Road 2, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qing-Zhao Shi
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Road 2, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Fengyang Road 2, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai 20062, China
- Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science of Anhui Province on Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intelligence Intervention, South Jiuhua Road 189, Hefei 241002, China
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13
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Elsherbeni S, Melen RL, Pulis AP, Morrill LC. Accessing Highly Substituted Indoles via B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed Secondary Alkyl Group Transfer. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4244-4248. [PMID: 38389441 PMCID: PMC10949240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a synthetic method to access a range of highly substituted indoles via the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed transfer of 2° alkyl groups from amines. The transition-metal-free catalytic approach has been demonstrated across a broad range of indoles and amine 2° alkyl donors, including various substituents on both reacting components, to access useful C(3)-alkylated indole products. The alkyl transfer process can be performed using Schlenk line techniques in combination with commercially available B(C6F5)3·nH2O and solvents, which obviates the requirement for specialized equipment (e.g., glovebox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma
A. Elsherbeni
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K.
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, U.K.
| | | | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K.
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14
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Zhang G, Yang B, Yang J, Zhang J. Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Larock Indole Synthesis to Access Axially Chiral N-Arylindoles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5493-5501. [PMID: 38350095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Larock indole synthesis is one of the most straightforward and efficient methods for the synthesis of indoles; however, there has been no asymmetric version yet for the construction of indole-based axially chiral N-arylindoles since its initial report in 1991. Herein we report the first example of an asymmetric Larock indole synthesis by employing a chiral sulfinamide phosphine (SadPhos) ligand (Ming-Phos) with palladium. It allows rapid construction of a wide range of axially chiral N-arylindole compounds in good yields up to 98:2 er. The application of this unique chiral scaffold as an organocatalyst is promising. Furthermore, a kinetic study has revealed that the alkyne migratory insertion is the rate-determining step, which has been proven by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Additionally, DFT studies also suggest that the N-C dihedral difference caused by the steric hindrance of the ligand contributes to enantioselectivity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Tokushige K, Abe T. On Demand Synthesis of C3-N1' Bisindoles by a Formal Umpolung Strategy: First Total Synthesis of (±)-Rivularin A. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302963. [PMID: 37988219 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a straightforward synthesis of C3-N1' bisindolines is achieved by a formal umpolung strategy. The protocols were tolerant of a wide variety of substituents on the indole and indoline ring. In addition, the C3-N1' bisindolines could be converted to C3-N1' indole-indolines and C3-N1'-bisindoles. Also, we have successfully synthesized (±)-rivularin A through a biomimetic late-stage tribromination as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tokushige
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 7008530, Japan
| | - Takumi Abe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 7008530, Japan
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16
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Tsybulin SV, Kaplanskiy MV, Antonov AS. Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzo[cd]Indoles via the Reaction of 1-Halo-8-lithionaphthalenes with Nitriles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303768. [PMID: 38197193 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
A simple and effective organolithium approach to the synthesis of 2-substituted benzo[cd]indoles from peri-dihalonaphthalenes and nitriles has been developed. The reaction proceeds via a surprisingly easy intramolecular aromatic nucleophilic substitution facilitated by the "clothespin effect". The discovered transformation provides good isolated yields, allows usage of an extensive range of nitriles, and demonstrates a good substituents tolerance. UV-absorption and NMR spectra of the obtained benzo[cd]indoles and their protonated forms demonstrated exclusive protonation to the indole nitrogen atom even in the presence of two NMe2 groups in positions 5 and 6 (i. e. "proton sponge" moiety).
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Affiliation(s)
- Semyon V Tsybulin
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Mark V Kaplanskiy
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Antonov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Champagne SE, Chiang CH, Gemmel PM, Brooks CL, Narayan ARH. Biocatalytic Stereoselective Oxidation of 2-Arylindoles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2728-2735. [PMID: 38237569 PMCID: PMC11214688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
3-Hydroxyindolenines can be used to access several structural motifs that are featured in natural products and pharmaceutical compounds, yet the chemical synthesis of 3-hydroxyindolenines is complicated by overoxidation, rearrangements, and complex product mixtures. The selectivity possible in enzymatic reactions can overcome these challenges and deliver enantioenriched products. Herein, we present the development of an asymmetric biocatalytic oxidation of 2-arylindole substrates aided by a curated library of flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FDMOs) sampled from an ancestral sequence space, a sequence similarity network, and a deep-learning-based latent space model. From this library of FDMOs, a previously uncharacterized enzyme, Champase, from the Valley fever fungus, Coccidioides immitis strain RS, was found to stereoselectively catalyze the oxidation of a variety of substituted indole substrates. The promiscuity of this enzyme is showcased by the oxidation of a wide variety of substituted 2-arylindoles to afford the respective 3-hydroxyindolenine products in moderate to excellent yields and up to 95:5 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Champagne
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Chang-Hwa Chiang
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Philipp M. Gemmel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Charles L. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Enhanced Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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18
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Zhang B, Erb FR, Vasilopoulos A, Voight EA, Alexanian EJ. General Synthesis of N-Alkylindoles from N, N-Dialkylanilines via [4 + 1] Annulative Double C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26540-26544. [PMID: 38029320 PMCID: PMC10789186 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Strategies enabling the construction of indoles and novel polycyclic heterocycles from simple building blocks streamline syntheses in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report a C-H functionalization approach to N-alkylindoles proceeding via a double, site-selective C(sp3)-H/C(sp2)-H [4 + 1] annulation of readily accessed N,N-dialkylanilines. This protocol features a site-selective hydrogen atom transfer by a tuned N-tBu amidyl radical and addition of a sulfonyl diazo coupling partner, which promotes highly site-selective homolytic aromatic substitution of the (hetero)aromatic core. Mild decarboxylation of the annulation product enables the overall introduction of a carbyne equivalent into the N,N-dialkylaniline scaffold. Furthermore, the site-selectivity and mild conditions of the indolization facilitate direct access to N-alkyl indole scaffolds in late-stage functionalization (LSF) settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Frederik R. Erb
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | | | - Eric A. Voight
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Erik J. Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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19
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Mocci R, Atzori L, Baratta W, De Luca L, Porcheddu A. N-Alkylation of aromatic amines with alcohols by using a commercially available Ru complex under mild conditions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34847-34851. [PMID: 38035248 PMCID: PMC10688395 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An N-alkylation procedure has been developed under very mild conditions using a known commercially available Ru-based catalyst. As a result, a wide range of aromatic primary amines has been selectively alkylated with several primary alcohols, yielding the corresponding secondary amines in high yields. The methodology also enables the methylation of anilines in refluxing methanol and the preparation of a set of heterocycles in a straightforward way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato (CA) Italy
| | - Luciano Atzori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato (CA) Italy
| | - Walter Baratta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine via delle Scienze 206 33100 Udine Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, FIsiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Università degli Studi di Sassari via Vienna 2 07100 Sassari Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.S. 554 bivio per Sestu 09042 Monserrato (CA) Italy
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20
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Altia M, Anbarasan P. An interrupted Heyns rearrangement approach for the regioselective synthesis of acylindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13747-13750. [PMID: 37916280 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and general method for the synthesis of 2- and 3-acylindoles has been achieved with high regioselectivity from o-acylanilines and α-hydroxycarbonyl or its equivalent. The strategy involves the intramolecular trapping of an in situ generated aminoenol intermediate and an interrupted Heyns rearrangement pathway, followed by aromatization or rearrangement/aromatization. Important features include excellent regiocontrol, good functional group tolerance, operational simplicity and application to gram-scale synthesis and the synthesis of an anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Altia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
| | - Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India.
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21
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Pazur EJ, Tasker NR, Wipf P. C3-Functionalization of indoles with α-heteroaryl-substituted methyl alcohols. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8651-8657. [PMID: 37873703 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01432k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The transition metal-free Cs2CO3/Oxone®-mediated C3-alkylation of indoles proceeds in moderate to high yields with a variety of C4-C7 functionalized indoles and is applicable to 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxymethyl pyridines and related electron-deficient heterocycles, permitting novel late-stage drug functionalizations. Preliminary mechanistic studies support a hydrogen autotransfer-type chain process starting with an initial oxidation of the alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde, followed by a subsequent condensation onto indole and reduction/hydride delivery from another equivalent of the primary alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Pazur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Nikhil R Tasker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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22
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Zhou F, Jin H, Zhang Y, Li J, Walsh PJ, Lin S. Base-Promoted Tandem Synthesis of 2-Substituted Indoles and N-Fused Polycyclic Indoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:7132-7136. [PMID: 37751201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein is developed a base-promoted approach for the synthesis of C2-substituted indoles and N-fused polycyclic indoles via 5-endo-dig cyclization of 2-alkynyl anilines, followed by a 1,3'-acyl migration or a dearomatizing Michael addition process. A range of N-H free indoles and 8,9-dihydropyrido[1,2-a]indol-6(7H)-one scaffolds were synthesized in good to excellent yields with broad scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhou
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Jin
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shengzhang Lin
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China
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23
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Fantozzi N, Volle JN, Porcheddu A, Virieux D, García F, Colacino E. Green metrics in mechanochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6680-6714. [PMID: 37691600 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00997h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of new green methodologies and their broader adoption for promoting sustainable development in chemistry laboratories and industry play a significant role in society, due to the economic importance of chemistry and its widespread presence in everyday life. Therefore, a sustainable approach to chemistry contributes to the well-being of the worldwide population and complies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) and the European Green Deal. The review highlights how batch and continuous mechanochemical methods are an eco-friendly approach for organic synthesis, with a lower environmental footprint in most cases, compared to solution-based procedures. The assessment is objectively based on the use of green metrics (e.g., atom and real atom economy, E-factor, process mass intensity, material parameter recovery, Eco-scale, stoichiometric factor, etc.) and indicators (e.g. DOZN tool and life cycle assessment, LCA, studies) applied to organic transformations such as synthesis of the amide bond, carbamates, heterocycles, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), porphyrins, porous organic polymers (POPs), metal- or acid-catalysed processes, multicomponent and condensation reactions, rearrangements, etc. The generalized absence of bulk solvents, the precise control over the stoichiometry (i.e., using agents in a stoichiometrically rather than in excess), and the more selective reactions enabling simplified work-up procedures are the distinctive factors, marking the superiority of mechanochemical processes over solution-based chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Noël Volle
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - David Virieux
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, Oviedo, 33006, Asturias, Spain.
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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24
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Ledermann N, Moubsit AE, Müller TJJ. Consecutive four-component synthesis of trisubstituted 3-iodoindoles by an alkynylation-cyclization-iodination-alkylation sequence. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1379-1385. [PMID: 37736394 PMCID: PMC10509542 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A library of 19 differently substituted 3-iodoindoles is generated by a consecutive four-component reaction starting from ortho-haloanilines, terminal alkynes, N-iodosuccinimide, and alkyl halides in yields of 11-69%. Initiated by a copper-free alkynylation, followed by a base-catalyzed cyclizive indole formation, electrophilic iodination, and finally electrophilic trapping of the intermediary indole anion with alkyl halides provides a concise one-pot synthesis of 3-iodoindoles. The latter are valuable substrates for Suzuki arylations, which are exemplified with the syntheses of four derivatives, some of them are blue emitters in solution and in the solid state, in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ledermann
- Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alae-Eddine Moubsit
- Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Chahal M, Dhillon S, Rani P, Kumari G, Aneja DK, Kinger M. Unravelling the synthetic and therapeutic aspects of five, six and fused heterocycles using Vilsmeier-Haack reagent. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26604-26629. [PMID: 37674485 PMCID: PMC10478505 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04309f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to encapsulate the synthetic protocols and medicinal aspects of a wide range of heterocyclic compounds using the Vilsmeier-Haack (V. H.) reagent. These derivatives act as excellent precursors having different aryl ring functionalities and could be used for the synthesis of a variety of heterocyclic scaffolds. The V. H. reagent, a versatile reagent in organic chemistry, is used to formylate various heterocyclic compounds of medicinal interest. Due to the different chemical interactions, efficacy, and potency of V. H. reagents, plenty of heterocyclic compounds can be synthesized which serve as a constituent in various novel medications and acts as a bridge between biology and chemistry. These carboxylate moieties can effectively cooperate as precursors for several multi-component reactions (MCR) including Strecker synthesis, Bucherer-Berg reaction and post-MCR cyclization, modified variants with various pharmaceutical applications such as anti-tumor, anti-convulsant, anti-chitosomal and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Chahal
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University Bhiwani 127021 Haryana India
| | - Sudeep Dhillon
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University Bhiwani 127021 Haryana India
| | - Priyanka Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University Bhiwani 127021 Haryana India
| | - Ginna Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University Bhiwani 127021 Haryana India
| | - Deepak Kumar Aneja
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University Bhiwani 127021 Haryana India
| | - Mayank Kinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University Bhiwani 127021 Haryana India
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26
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Fnaiche A, Bueno B, McMullin CL, Gagnon A. On the Barton Copper-Catalyzed C3-Arylation of Indoles using Triarylbismuth bis(trifluoroacetate) Reagents. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200465. [PMID: 36843381 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
We disclose herein our detailed investigation into the Barton copper-promoted C3-arylation of indoles using triarylbismuth bis(trifluoroacetates). The arylation of unsubstituted 1H-indole using Barton's conditions gave a low yield of the C3-arylated indole, along with small amounts of the product of double C2/C3-arylation and traces of the product of C2 arylation. On the contrary, the arylation of indoles blocked at the C2 position is highly efficient, affording the desired products of C3-arylation in good to excellent yields. The reaction operates under simple conditions, shows good substrate scope, excellent functional group compatibility, and allows the transfer of electron-neutral or deficient aryl groups. Computational studies propose a mechanism involving a trifluoroacetate-assisted C-H activation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fnaiche
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bianca Bueno
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Alexandre Gagnon
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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27
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Kuang Y, Maeda K, Matsubara R, Hayashi M. One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Substiuted Indoles from 2-(2-Nitro-1-phenylethyl)cyclohexanone Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5791-5800. [PMID: 37023265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a one-pot synthesis of 3-substituted indoles from 2-(2-nitro-1-phenylethyl)cyclohexanone derivatives catalyzed by Pd/C is reported. The starting materials can be easily prepared by the reaction of substituted ketones and nitroalkenes. The facile experimental procedure comprises the treatment of 2-(2-nitro-1-phenylethyl)cyclohexanone derivatives with H2 as a hydrogen donor in the presence of 10 mol % Pd/C. Subsequently, the exchange of H2 with CH2═CH2 as a hydrogen acceptor affords a variety of 3-substituted indoles in high yields. The formation of intermediate nitrones is essential for a smooth reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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28
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Ramachanderan R, Schramm S, Schaefer B. Migraine drugs. CHEMTEXTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-023-00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAccording to recent studies, migraine affects more than 1 billion people worldwide, making it one of the world’s most prevalent diseases. Although this highly debilitating illness has been known since ancient times, the first therapeutic drugs to treat migraine, ergotamine (Gynergen) and dihydroergotamine (Dihydergot), did not appear on the market until 1921 and 1946, respectively. Both drugs originated from Sandoz, the world’s leading pharmaceutical company in ergot alkaloid research at the time. Historically, ergot alkaloids had been primarily used in obstetrics, but with methysergide (1-methyl-lysergic acid 1′-hydroxy-butyl-(2S)-amide), it became apparent that they also held some potential in migraine treatment. Methysergide was the first effective prophylactic drug developed specifically to prevent migraine attacks in 1959. On the basis of significantly improved knowledge of migraine pathophysiology and the discovery of serotonin and its receptors, Glaxo was able to launch sumatriptan in 1992. It was the first member from the class of triptans, which are selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists. Recent innovations in acute and preventive migraine therapy include lasmiditan, a selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist from Eli Lilly, the gepants, which are calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists discovered at Merck & Co and BMS, and anti-CGRP/receptor monoclonal antibodies from Amgen, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and others.
Graphical abstract
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29
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Egbujor MC, Tucci P, Onyeije UC, Emeruwa CN, Saso L. NRF2 Activation by Nitrogen Heterocycles: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062751. [PMID: 36985723 PMCID: PMC10058096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several nitrogen heterocyclic analogues have been applied to clinical practice, and about 75% of drugs approved by the FDA contain at least a heterocyclic moiety. Thus, nitrogen heterocycles are beneficial scaffolds that occupy a central position in the development of new drugs. The fact that certain nitrogen heterocyclic compounds significantly activate the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway and upregulate the expression of NRF2-dependent genes, especially HO-1 and NQO1, underscores the need to study the roles and pharmacological effects of N-based heterocyclic moieties in NRF2 activation. Furthermore, nitrogen heterocycles exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. NRF2-activating molecules have been of tremendous research interest in recent times due to their therapeutic roles in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress-mediated diseases. A comprehensive review of the NRF2-inducing activities of N-based heterocycles and their derivatives will broaden their therapeutic prospects in a wide range of diseases. Thus, the present review, as the first of its kind, provides an overview of the roles and effects of nitrogen heterocyclic moieties in the activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway underpinning their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in several diseases, their pharmacological properties and structural-activity relationship are also discussed with the aim of making new discoveries that will stimulate innovative research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melford C Egbujor
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Rhema University Nigeria, Aba 453115, Nigeria
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Ugomma C Onyeije
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 420007, Nigeria
| | - Chigbundu N Emeruwa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Rhema University Nigeria, Aba 453115, Nigeria
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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30
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Suryawanshi MD, Suryawanshi GD, Mhaske PC, Karpe DG, Kamble KR, Rode SJ, Sudrik VA, Lawande SP. Design, Synthesis of 3-(5-Substituted Phenyl-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-1H-indole and Its Microbial Activity. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201017. [PMID: 36808804 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Fischer indole synthesis of indole by using phenyl-hydrazine and acetaldehyde resulted 1H-Indole while phenyl-hydrazine reacted with malonaldehyde gives 1H-Indole-3-carbaldehyde. Also Vilsmeier-Haack formylation of 1H-Indole gives 1H-Indole-3-carbaldehyde. 1H-Indole-3-carbaldehyde were oxidized to form 1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid. 1H-Indole reacted with excess of BuLi at -78 °C using dry ice also gives 1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid. Obtained 1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid was converted to ester and ester in to acid hydrazide. Finally 1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid hydrazide reacted with substituted carboxylic acid gives microbial active indole substituted oxadiazoles. Synthesized compounds 9a-j showing promising in vitro anti microbial activities against S. aureus bacteria compared with Streptomycin. Compound 9a, 9f and 9g showing activities against E. coli compared with standards. Compound 9a and 9f are found potent active against B. subtilis compared with reference standard while compound 9a, 9c and 9j active against S. typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar D Suryawanshi
- Department of Chemistry, Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, 413701, Shrigonda, Ahmednagar (M. S.), India
| | - Ganesh D Suryawanshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dada Patil Mahavidyalaya, 414402, Karjat, Ahmednagar (M.S.), India
| | - Pravin C Mhaske
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parshurambhau College, 411030, Pune (M.S.), India
| | - Dnyaneshwar G Karpe
- Department of Chemistry, Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, 413701, Shrigonda, Ahmednagar (M. S.), India
| | - Komal R Kamble
- Department of Chemistry, Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, 413701, Shrigonda, Ahmednagar (M. S.), India
| | - Sagar J Rode
- Department of Chemistry, Dada Patil Mahavidyalaya, 414402, Karjat, Ahmednagar (M.S.), India
| | - Vilas A Sudrik
- Department of Chemistry, Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, 413701, Shrigonda, Ahmednagar (M. S.), India
| | - Shamrao P Lawande
- Department of Chemistry, Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Mahavidyalaya, 413701, Shrigonda, Ahmednagar (M. S.), India
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31
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Mindt M, Ferrer L, Bosch D, Cankar K, Wendisch VF. De novo tryptophanase-based indole production by metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1621-1634. [PMID: 36786915 PMCID: PMC10006044 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Indole has an increasing interest in the flavor and fragrance industry. It is used in dairy products, tea drinks, and fine fragrances due to its distinct floral odor typical of jasmine blossoms. The current production of indole based on isolation from coal tar is non-sustainable and its isolation from plants is often unprofitable due to low yields. To offer an alternative to the conventional production, biosynthesis of indole has been studied recently. A glucose-based indole production was achieved by employing the Corynebacterium glutamicum tryptophan synthase α-subunit (TrpA) or indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL) from wheat Triticum aestivum in a genetically-engineered C. glutamicum strain. In addition, a highly efficient bioconversion process using C. glutamicum heterologously expressing tryptophanase gene (tnaA) from Providencia rettgeri as a biocatalyst was developed. In this work, de novo indole production from glucose was enabled by expressing the P. rettgeri tnaA in a tryptophan-producing C. glutamicum strain. By metabolic engineering of a C. glutamicum shikimate accumulating base strain, tryptophan production of 2.14 ± 0.02 g L-1 was achieved. Introduction of the tryptophanase form P. rettgeri enabled indole production, but to low titers, which could be improved by sequestering indole into the water-immiscible solvent tributyrin during fermentation and a titer of 1.38 ± 0.04 g L-1 was achieved. The process was accelerated by decoupling growth from production increasing the volumetric productivity about 4-fold to 0.08 g L-1 h-1. KEY POINTS: • Efficient de novo indole production via tryptophanases from glucose • Increased indole titers by product sequestration and improved precursor supply • Decoupling growth from production accelerated indole production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mindt
- Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Axxence Aromatic GmbH, Emmerich am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lenny Ferrer
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Translational Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dirk Bosch
- Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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32
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Roy MS, Meng X, Koda K, Shrestha A, Putman JI, Gout D, Armstrong DW, Lovely CJ. Total synthesis of haploscleridamine, villagorgin A and an approach towards lissoclin C. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1422-1434. [PMID: 36723147 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01908f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of asymmetric total syntheses of three indole-imidazole alkaloids from histidine are described. A common advanced piperidinone was contructed via a ring-closing metathesis which was then subjected to a modified Fischer indole synthesis. Deprotection of an N-tosyl group via a dissolving metal reduction affords haploscleridamine which upon reaction with aqueous formaldehyde in trifluoroethanol provided villagorgin A. On closer examination, it was found that villagorgin A was produced as a byproduct during the reductive detosylation in the presence of magnesium and methanol. Attempts to obtain the brominated haploscleridamine congener, lissoclin C through use of bromophenyl hydrazone were thwarted by reductive debromination during deprotection efforts. Investigation of the enantiopurity of the synthetic natural products revealed production of almost racemic materials in some batches as the result of partial racemization of an early stage intermediate. A revised approach routinely provided scalemic haploscleridamine and villagorgin in 30% ee. Analysis of the enantiomer composition of all intermediates by HPLC using columns with chiral stationary phases; this analysis revealed several steps where erosion of enantiomer composition occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX76019-0065, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Meng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX76019-0065, USA.
| | - Karuna Koda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX76019-0065, USA.
| | - Andrina Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX76019-0065, USA.
| | - Joshua I Putman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX76019-0065, USA.
| | - Delphine Gout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX76019-0065, USA.
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX76019-0065, USA.
| | - Carl J Lovely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX76019-0065, USA.
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33
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Leonel G, Klann I, Back DF, Iglesias BA, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Electrophile-Promoted Nucleophilic Cyclization of 2-Alkynylindoles to Give 4-Substituted Oxazinoindolones. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202847. [PMID: 36322046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of 4-organoselanyl oxazinoindolone derivatives by the cascade cyclization of N-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-alkynylindoles using iron(III) chloride and diorganyl diselenides as promoters was developed. This protocol was applied to a series of N-(alkoxycarbonyl)-2-alkynylindoles containing different substituents. The reaction conditions also tolerated a variety of diorganyl diselenides having both electron donating and electron withdrawing groups. However, the reaction did not work for diorganyl disulfides and ditellurides. The reaction mechanism seems to proceed via an ionic pathway and the cooperative action between iron(III) chloride and diorganyl diselenides is crucial for successful cyclization. We also found that using the same starting materials, by simply changing the electrophilic source to iodine, led to the formation of 4-iodo-oxazinoindolones. The high reactivity of Csp2 -Se and Csp2 -I bonds were tested under cross-coupling conditions leading to the preparation of a new class of functionalized indole derivatives. In addition, the absorption, emission and electrochemical properties of 4-organoselanyl oxazinoindolones showed an important relationship with the substituents of the aromatic rings. The advantages of the methodology include the use of electrophilic to promote the cyclization reaction and functionalization of the indole ring, and the electronic properties presented by the prepared compounds can be exploited as probes, analyte detectors and optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Leonel
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica, Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Isabella Klann
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica, Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Davi F Back
- Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos Departamento de Química, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Bernardo A Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos Departamento de Química, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica, Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica, Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, CCNE, UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
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34
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Sun YF, Tang QQ, Zhang Y, Yang F, Liu YJ, Cong W. Crystal structure of 1-(2-iodobenzoyl)-6-methoxy-1 H-indole-3-carbaldehyde, C 17H 12INO 3. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2022-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
C17H12INO3, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.5319(5) Å, b = 7.9745(5) Å, c = 25.1313(17) Å, β = 98.459(7)°, V = 1493.04(17) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0272, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.0595, T = 199.98(10) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , 264003 , P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Tang
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department , Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. , Yantai , 264003 , P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , 264003 , P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , 264003 , P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , 264003 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Cong
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Prescription Effect and Clinical Evaluation of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , 264003 , P. R. China
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35
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Mathada BS, Yernale NG. Current Advances in Transition Metal-Free Access to Indoles. A Review. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2022.2151810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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36
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Synthesis and Reactions of 3-Halogenated 2-CF 3-Indoles. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248822. [PMID: 36557954 PMCID: PMC9785211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Halogenation of 2-trifluoromethylindole afforded 3-chloro-, 3-bromo- and 3-iodo derivatives in up to 98% yield. Methyl-, benzyl- and tosyl-groups can be installed at the nitrogen atom of prepared indoles in high yields by base catalyzed reaction with the corresponding alkylating (sulfonylating) reagents. A high synthetic utility of the prepared haloindoles in the reaction with various nucleophilies was shown. The reaction with 4-methylthiophenol and copper cyanide afforded the corresponding sulfides and nitriles in high yield. Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling with phenyl boronic acid and phenylacetylene gave the corresponding 3-phenyl-2-CF3-indoles and acetylenic derivatives in 72-98% yield.
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37
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Mondal A, van Gemmeren M. Silver-Free C-H Activation: Strategic Approaches towards Realizing the Full Potential of C-H Activation in Sustainable Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210825. [PMID: 36062882 PMCID: PMC9828228 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds is considered as one of the most attractive techniques in synthetic organic chemistry because it bears the potential to shorten synthetic routes as well as to produce complementary product scopes compared to traditional synthetic strategies. However, many current methods employ silver salts as additives, leading to stoichiometric metal waste and thereby preventing the full potential of C-H activation to be exploited. Therefore, the development of silver-free protocols has recently received increasing attention. Mechanistically, silver can serve various roles in C-H activation and thus, avoiding the use of silver requires different approaches based on the role it serves in a given process. In this Review, we present the comparison of silver-based and silver-free methods. Focusing on the strategic approaches to develop silver-free C-H activation, we provide the reader with the means to develop sustainable methods for C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Mondal
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 3648149MünsterGermany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische ChemieChristian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielOtto-Hahn-Platz 424118KielGermany
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38
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Mohanta PP, Behera AK, Pati HN. Novel, Practical, and Efficient Process for the Preparation of 4,5-Dichloroindole. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajaya Kumar Behera
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, JyotiVihar, Burla 768019, Odisha, India
| | - Hari Narayan Pati
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, JyotiVihar, Burla 768019, Odisha, India
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39
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Liu Y, Li J, Zhou G, Zhang J, Teng Y, Bai Z, Liu T. Design, synthesis and anticancer activity studies of novel indole derivatives as Bcl-2/Mcl-1 dual inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Yaragorla S, Arun D. Arylation and Aryne Insertion into C-Acylimines: A Simple, Flexible, and Divergent Synthesis of C2-Aryl Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14250-14263. [PMID: 36219251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We reveal a direct strategy for the flexible synthesis of C2-aryl/heteroaryl indoles without transition metal catalysts. The synthesis involves a one-pot, four-component reaction of readily available starting materials to offer diversity around the indole moiety with a broad substrate scope and high yields. The reaction proceeds via the Friedel-Crafts C-arylation of C-acylimine formed in situ, followed by N-arylation with aryne, a formal [3+2] cycloaddition, and a subsequent aromatization cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Yaragorla
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Doma Arun
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, India
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41
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Wang Z, Zhang Z, Li Z. Switchable Synthesis of 2-Methylene-3-aminoindolines and 2-Methyl-3-aminoindoles Using Calcium Carbide as a Solid Alkyne Source. Org Lett 2022; 24:8067-8071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Zeshuai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
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42
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Sontakke GS, Ghosh C, Pal K, Volla CMR. Regioselective Dichotomy in Ru(II)-Catalyzed C-H Annulation of Aryl Pyrazolidinones with 1,3-Diynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14103-14114. [PMID: 36226324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a substrate-controlled regiodivergent strategy for the selective synthesis of C3 or C2-alkynylated indoles via ruthenium-catalyzed [3 + 2]-annulation of readily available pyrazolidinones and 1,3-diynes. Remarkably, C3-alkynylated indoles were obtained in good yields when 1,4-diarylbuta-1,3-diynes were employed as the coupling partners. On the other hand, dialkyl-1,3-diynes led to the selective formation of C2-alkynylated indoles. The key features of the strategy are the operationally simple conditions and external-oxidant-free, broad-scope, and substrate-switchable indole synthesis. Scale-up reactions and further transformations expanded the synthetic utility of the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali S Sontakke
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chiranjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chandra M R Volla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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43
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Wagener T, Pierau M, Heusler A, Glorius F. Synthesis of Saturated N-Heterocycles via a Catalytic Hydrogenation Cascade. Adv Synth Catal 2022; 364:3366-3371. [PMID: 36589139 PMCID: PMC9796080 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are prominent motifs found in various natural products and pharmaceuticals. Despite the increasing interest in this class of compounds, the synthesis of saturated bicyclic azacycles requires tedious multi-step syntheses. Herein, we present a one-pot protocol for the synthesis of octahydroindoles, decahydroquinolines, and octahydroindolizines through a cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagener
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Marco Pierau
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Arne Heusler
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
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44
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Wei P, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Ying J, Wu XF. Cobalt-catalyzed direct functionalization of indoles with isocyanides. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Wang JS, Zhang J, Wang S, Ying J, Li CY, Wu XF. Palladium-catalyzed domino carbonylative cyclization to access functionalized heterocycles. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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46
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Iron-catalyzed reductive cyclization of nitroarenes: Synthesis of aza-heterocycles and DFT calculations. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Van Lommel R, Bettens T, Barlow TMA, Bertouille J, Ballet S, De Proft F. A Quantum Chemical Deep-Dive into the π-π Interactions of 3-Methylindole and Its Halogenated Derivatives—Towards an Improved Ligand Design and Tryptophan Stacking. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080935. [PMID: 36015083 PMCID: PMC9414876 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-covalent π-π stacking interactions often play a key role in the stability of the secondary and tertiary structures of peptides and proteins, respectively, and can be a means of ensuring the binding of ligands within protein and enzyme binding sites. It is generally accepted that minor structural changes to the aromatic ring, such as substitution, can have a large influence on these interactions. Nevertheless, a thorough understanding of underpinning phenomena guiding these key interactions is still limited. This is especially true for larger aromatic structures. To expand upon this knowledge, elaborate ab initio calculations were performed to investigate the effect of halogenation on the stability of 3-methylindole stacking. 3-Methylindole served as a representation of the tryptophan side chain, and is a frequently used motif in drug design and development. Moreover, an expression is derived that is able to accurately predict the interaction stability of stacked halogenated 3-methylindole dimers as well as halogenated toluene dimers, based on monomer level calculated DFT descriptors. We aim for this expression to provide the field with a straightforward and reliable method to assess the effect of halogenation on the π-π stacking interactions between aromatic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Van Lommel
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (R.V.L.); (S.B.); (F.D.P.)
| | - Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Thomas M. A. Barlow
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry (ORGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.M.A.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jolien Bertouille
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry (ORGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.M.A.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry (ORGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.M.A.B.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.V.L.); (S.B.); (F.D.P.)
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (R.V.L.); (S.B.); (F.D.P.)
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De S, Aamna B, Sahu R, Parida S, Behera SK, Dan AK. Seeking heterocyclic scaffolds as antivirals against dengue virus. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114576. [PMID: 35816877 PMCID: PMC9250831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most typical viral infection categorized in the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). It is transmitted via the female Aedes aegypti mosquito to humans and majorly puts risk to the lives of more than half of the world. Recent advancements in medicinal chemistry have led to the design and development of numerous potential heterocyclic scaffolds as antiviral drug candidates for the inhibition of the dengue virus (DENV). Thus, in this review, we have discussed the significance of inhibitory and antiviral activities of nitrogen, oxygen, and mixed (nitrogen-sulfur and nitrogen-oxygen) heterocyclic scaffolds that are published in the last seven years (2016–2022). Furthermore, we have also discussed the probable mechanisms of action and the diverse structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the heterocyclic scaffolds. In addition, this review has elaborately outlined the mechanism of viral infection and the life cycle of DENV in the host cells. The wide set of heterocycles and their SARs will aid in the development of pharmaceuticals that will allow the researchers to synthesize the promising anti-dengue drug candidate in the future.
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Chang X, Chen X, Lu S, Zhao Y, Ma Y, Zhang D, Yang L, Sun P. Electrochemical [3+2] Cycloaddition of Anilines and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds: Construction of Multisubstituted Indoles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Chang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica CHINA
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P. R. China CHINA
| | - Sixian Lu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica CHINA
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P. R. China CHINA
| | | | | | - Lan Yang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica CHINA
| | - Peng Sun
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica CHINA
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Zhao M, Li X, Zhang X, Shao Z. Efficient Synthesis of C3-Alkylated and Alkenylated Indoles via Manganese-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200483. [PMID: 35771722 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic dehydrogenation of alcohols is essential for the sustainable production of valuable products. This provids a new strategy for green organic synthesis in chemical industries. Herein, we describe a manganese-based catalytic system that enables the efficient synthesis of C3-alkylated indoles from benzyl alcohols and indoles via the borrowing hydrogen process. Furthermore, dehydrogenative coupling of 2-arylethanols and indoles yields C3-alkenylated indoles. Meanwhile, reacting 2-aminophenethanol instead of indoles can also obtain the corresponding indole products with high selectivity under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqin Zhao
- Henan University, College of Tobacco Science, CHINA
| | - Xinyan Li
- Henan Agricultural University, College of Tobacco Science, CHINA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Henan Agricultural University, College of Tobacco Science, CHINA
| | - Zhihui Shao
- Henan Agricultural University, College of Tobacco Science, Wenhua Road, 450002, Zhengzhou, CHINA
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